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4
 t,f'Dwmhtmabmf
t,f'Dwmhtmabmf (1)
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5
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 t½kPO
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20
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30-5/ 2003

22
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aoG;eD (201)
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a'gif;rav; (rEœav;)

24
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av;av;tdk (O\majr)
22-12/ 2007

25
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26
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erf;csifayrnf?

27
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37
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bmvkdvkdeJ@ 19 }udrfajrmuf ESpfywfvnfae@ukd
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1985 ckESpfrSm ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD&JŒ
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38
óudwifwGufqjyvkdufwmyg? 'DwGufqr_twkdif;
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a=unmvku d rf S awmfveS af &;tajccHa'otwGi;f
usefaewJh usaemfwkd@wawGod&ygawmhw,f?
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awG pnfum;okdufòrdufpGmusif;ycJhw,f? tJ'D
wke;f u usaemfw@dk &aJ bmfrsm;[m 1987 ck/ rqv
ppftpkd;&u aiGpuULrsm; w&m;r0ifa=unmjcif;
jzifh at;"m;jywkdufcJhr_tay: vlxk}uD;rausreyf
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39
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pOfrSm tckvkdwifjyxm;wmukd usaemfwkd@&Jabmf av;vH;k vlxw k udk yf u
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dk yf JG ukd wacGxkwfcJhovkd txufazmfjyyg usaemfwkd@ppf
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JG m; aygi;f pyfay;cJw h m cHa'otwGif; ppfa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;/ vlxkv_yf&Sm;

40
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41
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42
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43
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44
w,f? oifwef;umvtwGif; olwkd@&JŒaexkdifpm;
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taumuf twuftqif;rsm;ukd jzwfausm&f p+rJ
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ol&ed af usmfaZm
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45
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aeovdk jrwfAk'<&JŒtqkH;trudk aeovkcd pH m;&w,fv@kd ajymwwf
wqifhcH,l&m/ jrwfAk'<&JŒom; w,f? wjcm;Ak'<bmom jrefrm Ò Ò Ò

47
 ZifZif
(u)
pma&;olaexdkif&m *syefEdkifiH wmum'g
EdkbmbmòrdŒuae reufydkif;tvkyfvkyfwJh tmhq
ulqmòrdŒudk &xm;pD;oGm;&ygw,f/ tJ'DòrdŒudk
a&muf&if blwmuae rdepf20 avmuf tvkyf
vk y f w J h a e&mtxd jrpf u l ; wH w m;ay:ujzwf
av#muf & w,f / tvG e f a t;wJ h a qmif ; &moD
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f hJ
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pd w f y suf p &maumif ; vS y gw,f / taEG ; xnf
txyfxyf 0wf / acgif;pGyf/ vuftdwfawGeJ@ *syef
aqmif;tat;'%fudkumuG,fxm;ayrJh aqmif;
avwcsuf wdk;a0S@vdkufwdkif; toJcdkufoGm;yg
w,f? tvkyfoGm;tvkyfjyef jrpful;wHwm;ay:
av#muf&if; jrpfurf;ab;rSm uwWLyH;k awGywfywf
48
vnfum&H+yD; rdrdwudk,fpmtdyf&mtjzpfwnf
aqmufxm;=uwJh (Homeless )tdk;tdrfrJhrsm;udk
pma&;ol vSr;f =unf&h if; 'Davmufat;wJh aqmif;
rSm b,fvrkd sm; aexdik =f uygvrd v hf @kd awG;awmpOf;
pm;aerdygw,f?
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rJrh sm;udk &JawGu r=umc%armif;xkwv f @kd olw@kd
ydkifuwWLyHk;awGudk wGef;vSnf;av;awGay:wif+yD;
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trsm;}uD;&aeygvm;[k xl;qef;pGmoHk;oyfvdkuf pma&;q&mESifh owif;pmq&mjzpfol
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tcsr;f omqH;k Edik if /H twd;k wufq;kH Edik if H vl@ Invisible in America )[laom ‚if;.pmtkyw f iG f
tcGifhta&;tjynfh0qHk;EdkifiHvdk@aºuG;a=umfaewJh tar&duefEikd if rH S vltcsKŒd qif;&JwiG ;f eufyu kH kd T
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csrf;omwJh tar&duef }uD;rsm;omt&if;&Sif oef; =uyfa&m*gudk qdk;qdk;0g;
Edik if rH mS vloef;aygi;f 50 0g;cHpm;ae&onf? aq;
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tar&duef vlra_ A'ynm xdk@a=umifh emrnfysuf
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ygw,f? a[mif;udk 0,fp;D &onf?
oHk;rukefðzef;rukefEdkifatmif csrf;om rdcif[m um;a[mif;pD;+yD; um;r=umc%ysu+f yD;
ºuG,0f ol urBmo h ef;ºuG,o f al X;}uD;rsm;eJ@ tvGef tvkyfcGifudkr=umc% aemufusrSa&mufvm
qif;&JrGJaw+yD; t[m&csKdŒwJhiwfrGwfaoqHk;& onf? onfhtwGuf &mxl;wdk;zdk@/ vpmaumif;zdk@
onftxd/ vlom;csif;wlaomfvnf; r#wr_r&Sd tcGifhtvrf;enf;yg;oGm;ygonf? onfhtwGuf
onfhtajctaeawGudk awG@ae&ygw,f? a=umifh ysufpD;a[mif;EGrf;aeonfhvlaewdkufcef;
(UN),ltJefuxkwfjyefwJh a=unmcsuf xJrS ±kef;rxGufEdkifawmhacs? tJ'Duav;i,feJ@
wckrSm urBmhtcsrf;omqHk; oef;ºuG,folaX;oHk; rdcif[m urBmhtcsrf;omqHk;EdkifiHrSmae+y;D olwdk@
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_ efz;kd a=umuf&GHŒae&&Smonf[k a&;om;xm;ygw,f?

49
(c) udef;[k trnfwyfum taxmuftyHhay;ae
aqmif;yg;&JŒed'gef;tprSm a&;om;cJhwJh onfh qmqmum0gazmifa';&Sif;eJ@ edyGefazmif
twdkif; pma&;olñuHawG@cJh&aom *syefEdkifiHrS a';&Sif;&JŒ vkyfief;rsm;eJ@ywfoufolwOD;jzpfyg
tat;rdaoqH;k oGm;=uwJh td;k tdrrf ahJ wGvkd tar w,f?
&dum;rSmvnf; r=um;csit f qH;k ygy?J tvkyo f rm; 'kwd,urBmppftwGif;u *syefppfwyf
awG&JŒvkyftm;eJ@ &if;ESD;xkwfvkyfvdk@&wJh tvGef [m ArmjynfrSmoHk;ESpfoHk;rdk;aexdkifcJh+yD; *syefppf
rsm;jym;wJh tjrwftpGef;awG[m oef;ºuG,f wyf&duQmtjzpf ArmjynfxGuf&duQmudk oHk;pGJcJh+yD;
olaX;}uD;rsm;&JŒ b¾mwdu k rf sm;/ b%fpm&if;rsm; ArmjynfolawGudk yg;±dkufqufqHcJhygw,f? Arm
xJodk@ wzGJzGJ0ifa&mufaeygw,f? trsK;d orD;awGukd rk'ed ;f usichf yhJ gw,f? Armjynfol
ppftm%m&Sifpepf}uD;pdk;wJh ArmEdkifiHrSm vlxk[m tmCmwrxm;cJhygbl;? Armjynfol
awmh ppfAv kd cf sKyf}uD;rsm;omt&if;&Sif oef;ºuG,f vl x k u d k o wf j zwf a ewJ h p pf t k y f p k u d k td k ' D a t
olaX;}uD;rsm;jzpfae}u+yD;? jynfolvlxkuawmh axmufyHhaewm[m ppftm%m&Sifpepfoufqdk;
qif;&JrGJawumiwfrGwfae=u&ygw,f? tr_dufyHk &Snaf &;udt k m;ay;aewJt h wGuf *syefEikd if &H ŒJ vuf
awGrSm &SmazGpm;aomufae=u&wJh Armuav; &Sdtm%m&tpdk;& (LDP)rSmvnf; wpdyfwydkif;
i,fawGudkvnf; pdwfrcsrf;ajrhpGmawG@ae=u&yg wm0ef&ydS gw,f?
w,f? tcsKdΠtoufrjynfhao;wJhuav;rsm; wu,fawmh *syefEikd if eH @J vuf&t dS m%m
uawmh t&G,feJ@rr# vkyftm;rsm;n‡pf,lcdkif;ap & vpfb&,f'Drdku&ufwpfygwD ( LDP )[m 'Drdk
jcif;udck aH e=u&ygw,f? Armjynfov l x
l ak wG[m ua&pDEdkifiHppfppfvnf;r[kwfovdk 'Drdkua&pD
rdrdwdk@tem*wf aysmufqHk;ovdkcHpm;ae=u&yg &&Sdatmif yifyifyef;yef;tm;xkwfóud;pm;cJh&wm
w,f? vnf;r[kwfygbl;? 'ga=umifh 'Drdkua&pDudkwef
2007 =o*kwf/ pufwifbmvrSm oHCm bdk;vnf;rxm;ygbl;? 'kwd,urBmppfrwdkifcifu
awmfrsm;OD;aqmifwhJ vlxk ppf0g'Dacgif;aqmifawGeJ@
v_ y f & S m ;r_ } uD ; rS m &[ef ; xlaxmifvmcJw h hJ (LDP)
awmfrsm;/ ausmif;om;vl jzpf+y;D ppfwyfuo hJ @kd txuf
i,f r sm;eJ @ vl x k } uD ; tm; atmuftrdef@eJ@ tusKd;
ppf w yf u &uf & uf p uf ar#mf+yD; 'Drdkua&pDudk vdk
pufowfjzwfESdrfESif;cJhwm ovdktoHk;cswJh EdkifiHa&;
udk/ ajAmifususaxmufcH oduQmrJhwJh EdkifiHa&;ygwD
cJhol ArmEdkifiHqdkif&m *syef w&yfomjzpfygw,f?
oHtrwf}uD;a[mif; ,dk (LDP)&JΠordkif;
tdcsD,mrm*lcsDudk Armvl a=umif;udk jyefaumuf&
xku jyif;xefpmG uef@uu G f &if *syefjynfwiG ;f tkypf zk @JG
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,ae@ etz ppftkyfpkeJ@ ,mul Z mtzG J @ wzG J @ ud k
aygif;+yD; usef;rma&;pDrH óud;udkifol vusfmtpGef;

50
a&muf0g'DjzpfwJh ,dk&SDtdkudk'grmu tpðycJhjcif;
jzpfygw,f? 1934 ckEpS rf mS ud'k grm[m tpd;k &tzG@J
0ef}uD;tm;vHk;udk vkyf=uHowfjzwf&efpDpOfr_eJ@
axmifuscJhw,f? udk'grm axmifuv$wf+yD;
'kwd,urBmppftwGif;u w±kwfjynfrSm&SdwJh
*syefa&wyfudk vdktyfwJhypPnf;rsm;ay;oGif;&if;
ydkrdkcsrf;omvmcJhw,f/ ppf}uD;t+yD;tar&duefu
zrf;qD;xm;onfh tcsr;f omqH;k ppf&mZ0wfaumif
644 OD;teuf 'kwd,tcsrf;omqHk;jzpfw,f?
tar&d u ef a xmuf v S r f ; a&;awG u qd k A D , uf
jynfaxmifpkudkpdk;&drf+yD; *syefEdkifiHwGif;rSm&SdwJh
vuf0Jorm;rsm;udk taESmuft,Sufay;zdk@ udk'g
rmeJ@tay;t,lvyk +f y;D olw@kd &ŒJ tzG@J a[mif;awGqD
jyefv$wfvdkufw,f? udk'grm[m EdkifiHa&;ygwD
wcktjzpf vpfb&,fygwD (LDP )udk pwifzGJ@
pnf;vdkufw,f? ol@ygwDudk a&S;±dk;pOfvm LDP eJ@
1955 rSmaygi;f +yD; ,ae@txd / ESpaf ygi;f 50 ausmf
tm%m&vm+yD;,ae@ LDP jzpfapcJhw,f? udk
'grm ausmaxmufaemufcHay;cJhwJh cghcktJtd
wmemum[m aemiftcg0ef}uD;csKyfjzpfvm+yD;
0ef}uD;csKyf&JŒaemufuG,fu rif;q&mu udk'grm
jzpfw,f? wmemum[m jynfo@l vyk if ef;pDru H ed ;f
awGjzpfwJhvrf;/ wHwm;/ taqmuftOD;aqmuf
vkyfa&;awGrSm vmbfaiGrsm;,l+yD;EdkifiHa&;orm;
rsm;udk tojymEdkifiHa&;udk vrf;jycJhw,f? 1976
ckESpf tar&dueftxufv$wfawmftzGJ@cGJrS av
,mOfxkwfvkyfa&;aumfydka&;&Sif;u *syefEdkifiHa&;
orm;rsm;eJ@vkyfief;&Sifrsm;udk tar&duefa':vm
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vHk;axmifuscJhw,f?
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tajcwnf+yD; tkyfpkrsm;eJ@aygif;pnf;xm;wJhEdkifiH
a&;ygwDomjzpfw,f? EdkifiHa&;ygwDw&yfrSm &Sd&
r,fhoabmw&m;a&;tjrif bmrSr&SdcJhbl;?
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wJh t&if;ES;D qH;k vkyaf zmfuikd b f uf ppf&mZ0wfaumif
&,dktdcsd qmqmum0gjzpfw,f? qmqmum
0g[m *syefppfwyf&JŒ&ufpuf=urf;ñuwfa&;udk
aemufu, G u f óud;udik cf o
hJ l zufqpfwOD;jzpfw,f?
ppfumvtwGif;u &Sef[dkif;rSmaexdkif+yD;
*syefppfwyfudkw±kwfjynfr}uD;u pdefa&$rsm;vk
,ufcdk;,laxmufyHhaecJh+yD;? av,mOfysHwpif;eJ@
a&mrtxdyso H ef;um tm%m&Sif rlqv kd eD eD @J omG ;
a&mufawG@qckH +hJ y;D [pfwvmeJ@rawG@vu kd &f wmudk
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pm;0dik ;f rsm;wnfaxmifv@kd &&Sv d mwJah iGawGe@J ESpf
20 t=umrSm ol@trnfe@J qmqmum0gazmifa';
&Sif;udk zGJ@pnf;wnfaxmifvdkufw,f? tJ'Dazmif
a';&Sif;rSm ol[m t}uD;tuJjzpfvmw,f? edyGef
azmifa';&Si;f [mvnf;qmqmum0g&ŒJ tzG@J cjJG zpf
+yD; [dkwHk;uwnf;uArmEdkifiH[m tJ'Dazmifa';
&Si;f awGe@J wufwufºuGºuGvyk u f ikd cf =hJ uygw,f?
2000 jynfhESpf/ rwfvuxkwfa0onfh
jrefrmwdkif;owif;pmudk qmqmum0gazmifa';
&Sif;u wpdyfwydkif;aiGa=u;axmufyHhay;cJhwm
jzpfygw,f? qmqmum0g[m ,mulZmacgif;
aqmifudk'grmeJ@&if;ESD;ovdk/ axmifusazmfus
buf 1957 ckESpfrS 1960 txd 0ef}uD;csKyfjzpfcJh
ol edblqkuDuD&SDeJ@vnf; &if;ESD;w,f? uD&SD[m
wcsdefu =oZm}uD;wJh jrefrmhpnf;±Hk;v_H@aqmfa&;
tzGJ@eJ@ ukefoG,fa&;ukr`%D 11 ck&JΠtaxmuf
tyHheJ@ zGJ@pnf;xm;wJh *syef-jrefrmtoif;udk OD;
aqmifco hJ jl zpfw,f? tJ't D zG@J [m 1988 rwdik cf if
u ArmEdkifiHrSmtrnftrsKd;trsKd;eJ@ zGH@òzd;a&;pDrH
udef;awGrSm yg0ifvkyfaqmifcJh=uw,f?
qmqmum0gazmifa';&Sif;tzGJ@eJ@ Arm
EdkifiHqufqHa&;[m AdkvfcsKyfae0if;vufxufu
wnf;u qufqaH &;jzpfw,f? ,ckvnf; qmqm
um 0gazmifa';&Sif;eJ@ ol@tzGJ@cGJrsm;[m etz ppf
tkyfpkeJ@ tvGrf;oifh+yD;qufqHae=uygw,f? Adkvf
51

csKyfae0if;udk 'kwd,urBmppftwGif;u *syef
uifaywdik af c: vsKŒd 0Su&f u
J avhusiahf y;vdu
k jf cif;
jzpfygw,f?
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1990 a&G;aumufy&JG v'fukd todtrSwf
rðyvdkwJh ArmEdkifiHppftkyfpk[m 1988/ Edk0ifbm
vrSm EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_qdkif&mOya'opfudk
rufvHk;ay;xkwfjyef+yD;wJhaemuf tJ'DrufvHk;
a=umifh 1989 azazmf0g&DrSm *syefvuf&Sdtm%m
& (LDP)u ppftkyfpkudk w&m;0iftpdk;&tjzpf
todtrSwfðyvdkufw,f?
wqufxJrSmyJ 1989 pufwifbm 18
&uf ppftm%mrodrf;cifu ae0if; rqv eJ@
tpðyxm;wJah &tm;v#ypf pfe@J "mwfaiG@prD u H ed ;f awG
udk vkyfaqmifcJhw,f? tmpD,HEdkifiHawGuvnf;
*syef&JŒajcvSrf;awGudk=unfh+yD; oHa,mifvdkuf=u
w,f? 'DvdktajctaeawGa=umifh ppftkyfpk[m
1989 *sLvdkif 20 &ufup+yD; a':atmifqef;pk
=unfe@J acgi;f aqmifawGukd vuf&ZJ uf&zJ rf;qD;+yD;
ppfcHk±Hk;zGJ@um axmifeJ@csDzrf;qD;r_awG qufwdkuf
ðyvkyfcJhw,f? 1989 atmufwdkbmvrSm rkwWr
yifv,fauG@ obm0"mwfaiG@ &SmazGa&;pDrHudef;
twGuf *syef (LDP) tpdk;&[m Armppftkyfpkudk
tar&duefa':vm (15)oef; acs;aiG pmcsKyf csKyfchJ
52
w,f?
ppftyk pf [
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tyHheJ@ ppftiftm;udk 50 &mcdkifE_ef;wdk;
csJŒcJhw,f? tdk'Dat wcg&wdkif; 40 &m
cdkifE_ef; ppfvufeufypPnf;awG0,fyg
w,f? tJ'DppfvufeufawGeJ@yJ Arm
jynfolawGudk owfjzwfygw,f?
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wdkufyGJumvrSm tar&duefu qdkAD,uf&efum
uG,fa&;twGuf *syefuvusfmtpGef;a&muf
ppf0g'D ajratmuf&mZmawGudktoHk;cs+yD; EdkifiH
a&;t& *syefudkausmaxmufaemufuefay;cJh
w,f? tar&duefaps;uGuf}uD;udk &ufa&mpGmzGifh
ay;cJhjcif;eJ@ udk;&D;,m;ppfyGJwdk@[m *syefEdkifiHudk
w[kex f ;kd wd;k wufomG ;apwJt h "dutcsuv f nf;
jzpfapcJw h ,f? tar&duef&ŒJ yHak tmaxmufyjhH cif;
cH&wJh uGefjrLepfqef@usifa&; tm&Stm%m&Sif
EdkifiHrsm;[mvnf; t&nftaoG;aumif;vm+yD;
aps;aygwJh *syefxkwfrsm;.t"duaps;uGufrsm;
jzpfvm=uw,f? tar&duefeJ@taemuftkyfpk&JŒ
rsuEf mS omay;jcif;a=umifh uGejf rLepfqef@usiaf &;
tm%m&SifEdkifiHawG[m tm&S&JΠusm;awG/ e*g;
awGjzpfvm=u+yD; a&$xD;aqmif;cJh=uygw,f?
,ae@umvrSm tm%m&SifEdkifiHrsm;u
jynfov l xl ak wG[m 'Dru kd a&pDa&;&ifu h suv f mjcif;/
tajccHvlwef;pm;rsm;u 'Drdkua&pDrsufESmpm
us,jf yef@vmjcif;wd@k a=umifh tar&duefe@J taemuf
tkypf [ k m rdrw d @kd tm;ay;tm;ajrm‡ ufðycJw h hJ tm%m
&Sief @J tm%m&SiEf ikd if rH sm;&JΠ'Dru kd a&pDe@J v@l tcGithf
a&;csK;d azmufrr_ sm;udk rsuu f ,G ðf yvd@k r&awmhay?
ZifZif
Zefe0g&D-13/ 2008
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(azaz &ckid Of ;D ausmjf r tvGr;f ajy)

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65