Page 1 of 8

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 13 Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

Chapter 13 Power Series


Exercise 13A

1 f(x) =ln (1 +x) f(0) =ln 1 =0
f
1
(x) =
1
1 x +
f
1
(0) =
1
1
1 0
=
+

f
2
(x) =
2
1
(1 ) x

+
f
2
(0) =1
f
3
(x) =
3
2
(1 ) x +
f
3
(0) =2
f
4
(x) =
4
6
(1 ) x

+
f
4
(0) =6
Expansion f(x) =
2 3 4
1 1 1
...
2 3 4
x x x x + +
2 f(x) =(4 +x)
1/2
f(0) =2
f
1
(x) =
1
2
(4 +x)
1/2
.

f
1
(0) =
1
4

f
2
(x) =
1
4
(4 +x)
3/2
f
2
(0) =
1
32

f
3
(x) =
5/2
3
(4 )
8
x

+ f
3
(0) =
3 1 3
8 32 256
=
f
4
(x) =
7/2
5
(4 )
16
x

+ f
4
(0) =
5 1 5
16 128 2048

=
Expansion f(x) =2 +
2 3 4
1 1 3 5
...
4 2! 32 3! 256 4! 2048
x x x
x
| | | | | | | |
+ + + +
| | | |
\ . \ . \ . \ .

2 3 4
1 1 1 5
2 ...
4 64 512 49152
x x x x = + + +
3 f(x) =e
4x
f(0) =e
0
=1
f
1
(x) =4e
4x
f
1
(0) =4
f
2
(x) =16e
4x
f
2
(0) =16
f
3
(x) =64e
4x
f
3
(0) =64
f
4
(x) =256e
4x
f
4
(0) =256
f(x) =1 +4x +16
2
2
x | |
|
\ .
+64
3 4
256 ...
3! 4!
x x | | | |
+ +
| |
\ . \ .

2 3 4
32 32
=1+4 +8 + + ...
3 3
x x x x +
4 f(x) =(1 +x)
n
f(0) =1
f
1
(x) =n(1 +x)
n1
f
1
(0) =n
f
2
(x) =n(n 1) (1 +x)
n 2
f
2
(0) =n(n 1)
f
3
(x) =n(n 1) (n 2) (1 +x)
n3
f
3
(0) =n(n 1)(n 2)
f
4
(x) =n(n 1) (n 2) (n 3) (1 +x)
n4
f
4
(0) =n(n 1)(n 2)(n 3)
2 3 4
( 1) ( 1)( 2) ( 1)( 2)( 3)
( ) 1 ...
2! 3! 4!
n n n n n n n n n
f x nx x x x

= + + + + +
5 f(x) =tan x
f
1
(x) =sec
2
x
f
2
(x) =2 sec x sec x tan x
Page 2 of 8


Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 13 Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

=2 sec
2
x tan x
f
3
(x) =2 sec
4
x +4 sec
2
x tan
2
x
f
4
(x) =8 sec
3
x sec x tan x +4 sec
2
x (2 tan x sec
2
x) +4 tan
2
x (2 sec
2
x tan x)
f(0) =tan 0 =0
f
1
(0) =sec
2
0 =1
f
2
(0) =2 sec
2
0 tan 0 =0
f
3
(0) =2
f
4
(0) =0
f(x) =
3
2
3!
x x + +
3
1
3
x x = + +
6 f(x) =sin
1
(x)
f
1
(x) =
2 1/2
2
1
(1 )
1
x
x

f
2
(x) =x(1 x
2
)
3/2
f
3
(x) =(1 x
2
)
3/2
+x
2 5/2
3
( 2 )(1 )
2
x x

(
| |

| (
\ .


2 3/2 2 2 5/2
(1 ) 3 (1 ) x x x

= +
f
4
(x) =
2 5/2 2 5/2
3
( 2 )(1 ) 6 (1 )
2
x x x x

+ +3x
2

2 7/2
5
( 2 ) (1 )
2
x x

(

(


5 7
2 3 2
2 2
9 (1 ) 15 (1 ) x x x x

= +
f(0) =0, f
1
(0) =1, f
2
(0) =0, f
3
(0) =1, f
4
(0) =0
sin
1
(x) =x +
3
1
3!
x +L
7 f(x) =tan
1
(x)
f
1
(x) =
2 1
2
1
(1 )
1
x
x

= +
+

f
2
(x) =2x(1 +x
2
)
2

f
3
(x) =2(1 +x
2
)
2
+4 (x) (2x) (1 +x
2
)
3
=2 (1 +x
2
)
2
+8x
2
(1 +x
2
)
3
f
4
(x) =4 (1 +x
2
)
3
(2x) +16x (1 +x
2
)
3
48x
3
(1 +x
2
)
4

=24x(1 +x
2
)
3
48x
3
(1 +x
2
)
4

f(0) =0, f
1
(0) =1, f
2
(0) =0, f
3
(0) =2, f
4
(0) =0
tan
1
(x) =x
3
2
3!
x +
3
1
3
x x = +
8 (a) y =e
x
cos x

d
sin cos
d
x x
y
e x e x
x
= +

d
sin
d
x
y
y e x
x
=
(b)
2
2
d d
cos sin
d d
x x
y y
e x e x
x x
=

2
2
d d d
d d d
y y y
y y
x x x
= +
Page 3 of 8


Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 13 Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013


2
2
d d
2
d d
y y
y
x x
| |
=
|
\ .


3 2
3 2
d d d
2
d d d
y y y
x x x
(
=
(


x =0, y =e
0
cos 0 =1

0
d
1 sin0 1
d
y
e
x
= =

2
2
d
2(11) 0
d
y
x
= =

3
3
d
2(0 1) 2
d
y
x
= =

3
3
2 1
1 1
3! 3
x
y x x x = + = + +
9 y =e
s 1n x
sin
d
cos
d
x
y
x e
x
=
d
cos
d
y
y x
x
=
2
2
d d
cos sin
d d
y y
x y x
x x
=
3 2
3 2
d d d d
cos sin cos sin
d d d d
y y y y
x x y x x
x x x x
=
2
2
d d
cos 2 sin cos
d d
y y
x x y x
x x
=
4 3 2 2
4 3 2 2
d d d d d d
cos sin 2 sin 2 cos sin cos
d d d d d d
y y y y y y
x x x x y x x
x x x x x x
= +
x =0, y =e
0
=1
sin0
d
cos0 1
d
y
e
x
= =
2
2
d
1
d
y
x
=
3
3
d
1 1 0
d
y
x
= =
4
4
d
2 1 3
d
y
x
= =
2 4
1 3
1 ...
2 24
y x x x = + + +
2 4
1 1
1 ...
2 8
x x x = + + +
10 cos
2
y x
| |
= +
|
\ .

2 3 4
2 3 4
d d d d
sin , cos , sin , cos ,
d 2 d 2 d 2 d 2
y y y y
x x x x
x x x x
| | | | | | | |
= + = + = + = +
| | | |
\ . \ . \ . \ .

5
5
d
sin
d 2
y
x
x
| |
= +
|
\ .

Page 4 of 8


Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 13 Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

2
2
d d
When 0, cos 0, sin 1, cos 0
2 d 2 d 2
y y
x y
x x

= = = = = = =
3 4
3 4
d d
sin 1, cos 0,
d 2 d 2
y y
x x

= = = =
5
5
d
sin 1
d 2
y
x

= =
3 5
(1) ( 1)
3! 5!
x x
y x = + +
3 5
3! 5!
x x
x = +
11 (a) ln (a +x) =y
1
d 1
( )
d
y
a x
x a x

= = +
+

2
2
2
d
( )
d
y
a x
x

= +
3
3
3
d
2( )
d
y
a x
x

= +
4
4
4
d
6( )
d
y
a x
x

= +
5
5
5
d
24( )
d
y
a x
x

= +
When x =0, y =ln a
d 1
d
y
x a
=
2
2 2
d 1
d
y
x a

=
3
3 3
d 2
d
y
x a
=
4
4 4
d 6
d
y
x a

=
5
5 5
d 24
d
y
x a
=
2 3 4 5
2 3 4 5
1 1 1 1 1
=ln a +
2 3 4 5
y x x x x x
a a a a a
+ +
(b) ln(a x) =ln a
2 3 4 5
2 3 4 5
1 1 1 1 1
...
2 3 4 5
x x x x x
a a a a a
+ +
(c) ln ln( ) ln( )
a x
a x a x
a x
+ | |
= +
|
\ .


3 5
3 5
2 2 2
3 5
x x x
a a a
= + +

3 5
3 5
2
3 5
x x x
a a a
(
= + + +
(

L
12 f(x) =sin
2
x f(0) =sin
2
0 =0
f
1
(x) =2 sin x cos x =sin 2x f
1
(0) =0
f
2
(x) =2 cos 2x f
2
(0) =2
f
3
(x) =4 sin 2x f
3
(0) =0
f
4
(x) =8 cos 2x f
4
(0) =8
f
5
(x) =16 sin 2x f
5
(0) =0
Page 5 of 8


Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 13 Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

f
6
(x) =32 cos 2x f
6
(0) =32
f
7
(x) =64sin2x f
7
(0) =0
f
8
(x) =128cos2x f
8
(0) =128
sin
2
x =
2 4 6 8
2 8 32 128
2! 4! 6! 8!
x x x x
+
13 e
x
=1 +x +
2 3 4
2! 3! 4!
x x x
+ +
f(x) =sin
1
(x) =
f
1
(x) =
2 1/2
2
1
(1 )
1
x
x

f
2
(x) =x (1 x
2
)
3/2
.

f
3
(x) =(1 x
2
)
3/2
+x
( ) ( )
5/2
2
2 3/2 1 x x

(

(


2 3/2 2 2 5/2
(1 ) 3 (1 ) . x x x

= +
4 2 5/2 2 5/2 2 2 7/2
3 5
( ) = ( 2 )(1 ) 6 (1 ) 3 ( 2 )(1 )
2 2
f x x x x x x x x

( | |
+ +
| (
\ .


5 7
2 3 2
2 2
9 (1 ) 15 (1 ) x x x x

= +
f(0) =0, f
1
(0) =1, f
2
(0) =0, f
3
(0) =0, f
4
(0) =0
sin
1
(x) =
3
6
x
x +
e
x
sin
1
(x) =
2 3 4 3
1 1 1 1
1 ... ...
2 6 24 6
x x x x x x
| || |
+ + + + + + +
| |
\ .\ .

2 3 4 5 3 4
1 1 1 1
...
2 6 24 6 6
x x x x x x x
1
= + + + + + + +
2 3 4
2 1
...
3 6
x x x x = + + + +
When x is small the terms in x
3
and higher can be ignored.

1 2
sin
x
e x x x

+
14 (a)
2 3 4
2
(2 ) (2 ) (2 )
1 2
2! 3! 4!
x
x x x
e x = + + + +
2 3 4
4 2
1 2 2
3 3
x x x x = + + + + +
(b)
1 2 3
1
(1 ) 1
1
x x x x
x

= + = + +
+


2
2 1
(1 )
1
x
x
e
e x
x

= +
+

( )
2 3 4 2 3 4
4 2
1 2 2 ... 1 ...
3 3
x x x x x x x x
| |
= + + + + + + + +
|
\ .

2 3 4 2 3 4 2 3 4 3 4 4
4 4 2
1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ...
3 3 3
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x = + + + + + + + + +
2 3 4
1 1
1 ...
3 3
x x x x = + + + + +
15 (a) y =(1 +x)
1/4
x =0, y =1
3/ 4
d 1
(1 )
d 4
y
x
x

= +
d 1
d 4
y
x
=
Page 6 of 8


Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 13 Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

2
7/ 4
2
d 3
(1 )
d 16
y
x
x

= +
2
2
d 3
d 16
y
x

=
3
11/ 4
3
d 21
(1 )
d 64
y
x
x

= +
3
3
d 21
d 64
y
x
=
4
15/4
4
d 231
(1 )
d 256
y
x
x

= +
4
4
d 231
d 256
y
x
=
2 3 4
1 3 7 77
1 ...
4 32 128 2048
y x x x x = + + +
1/ 4 1/ 4 4
1.03 (1.03) (1 0.03) = = +
2 3
1 3 7
1 (0.03) (0.03) (0.03) ...
4 32 128
= + +
1 0.0075 0.000084375 0.0000014765 ... = + +
1.00742 (5 dp)
(b) ln (1 +x) =
2 3 4
1 1 1
...
2 3 4
x x x x + +
ln (1.02) =ln (1 +0.02)

2 3 4
1 1 1
0.02 (0.02) (0.02) (0.02)
2 3 4
= +
0.02 0.0002 0.0000026667 0.0000000400 = +
=0.0198026267
From calculator ln (1.02) =0.0198026273, so the expansion is correct to 9 dp
16 Taylors Expansion about x =a:

2 3
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2! 3!
x a x a
f x f a x a f a f x f a

= + + + +L
f(x) =ln x

2
1
( ) f x
x
=

2
1
( ) f x
x

=
3
2
( ) f x
x
=
When x =2, f(2) =ln 2

1
( )
2
f x =

1
( )
4
f x

=
3
2 1
( )
2 4
f x = =
f(x) =ln 2 +(x 2)
1
2
| |
|
\ .
+
2 3
( 2) 1 ( 3) 1
...
2! 4 3! 4
x x | | | |
+ +
| |
\ . \ .

=ln 2 +
2 3
1 1 1
( 2) ( 2) ( 2)
2 8 24
x x x + +
17 f(x) =cosx
( ) f x =sin x
( ) f x =cos x
( ) f x =sin x
Page 7 of 8


Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 13 Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

3
cos
6 6 2
f
| |
= =
|
\ .

1
sin
6 6 2
f
| |
= =
|
\ .

3
cos
6 6 2
f
| |
= =
|
\ .

1
sin
6 6 2
f
| |
= + =
|
\ .

2 3
3 1 ( / 6) 3 ( / 6) 1
cos
2 6 2 2! 2 3! 2
x x
x x
| |
| | | | | |
= + + + +
|
| | |
|
\ . \ . \ .
\ .
K
2 3
3 1 1 3
2 2 6 4 6 12 6
x x x
| | | | | |
= + +
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
K
31 =
180 6

+
o

2 3
3 1 3 1
cos 31 = ...
2 2 180 4 180 12 180
| | | | | |
+ +
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
o

0.857166
=0.85717 (5 dp)
18 f(x) =e
x
cos x
f
1
(x) =e
x
sin x +e
x
cos x
2
( ) cos
x
f x e x = sin sin cos
x x x
e x e x e x +
=2e
x
sin x

f
3
(x) =2e
x
sin x 2e
x
cos x
4
( ) 2 cos 2 sin
x x
f x e x e x = 2 sin
x
e x + 2 cos
x
e x
=4e
x
cos x
When x =0, f(0) =e
0
cos 0 =1
f
1
(0) =e
0
sin 0 +e
0
cos 0 =1
f
2
(0) =2e
0
sin 0 =0
f
3
(0) =2e
0
sin 0 2e
0
cos 0 =2
f
4
(0) =4e
0
cos 0 =4
2 3 4
( 0) ( 0) ( 0)
cos 1 ( 0)(1) (0) ( 2) ( 4) ...
2! 3! 4!
x
x x x
e x x

= + + + + +
2 3 4
1 1 1
1 ...
2 3 6
x x x x = + + +
/3 /3
2 3 4
0 0
1 1 1
cos d 1 d
2 3 6
x
e x x x x x x x

+ +


/3
2 3 4 5
0
1 1 1 1
2 6 12 30
x x x x x

(
= + +
(


2 3 4 5
1 1 1 1
1.645(3dp)
3 2 3 6 3 12 3 30 3
| | | | | | | |
= + + =
| | | |
\ . \ . \ . \ .

19 f(x) =
1/2
1
x
x

=
When x =4, f(4) =
1
2

Page 8 of 8


Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 13 Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

f
1
(x) =
3/2
1
2
x

f
1
(4) =
3/2
1 1 1
2 4 16
+
| |
=
|
\ .

f
2
(x) =
5/2
3
4
x

f
2
(4) =
5/2
3 1 3
4 4 128
| |
=
|
\ .

f
3
(x) =
7/2
15
8
x

f
3
(4) =
7/2
15 1 15
8 4 1024
| |
=
|
\ .

Taylors expansion about x =4
f(x) =f(4) +(x 4) f
1
(4) +
2
( 4)
2!
x
f
2
(4) +
3
( 4)
3!
x
f
3
(4) +
2 3
1 1 1 ( 4) 3 ( 4) 15
( 4)
2 16 2! 128 3! 1024
x x
x
x
| | | | | |
= + + +
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
+
2 3
1 1 3 5
( 4) ( 4) ( 4) ...
2 16 256 2048
x x x = + +
When x =4.5
2 3
1 1 1 3 5
(4.5 4) (4.5 4) (4.5 4)
2 16 256 2048
4.5
= + +
2 3
1 1 3 5
0.5 0.5 0.5 ...
2 16 256 2048
= + +
=0.5 0.03125 +0.002929688 0.000305176
=0.471374512
=0.4714 (4 dp)