Wastewater Engineering Shark

Kristof Van Hoye (449096) Wastewater Engineering
Wastewater Engineering
EG-M09
Course Assessment
Kristof Van Hoye
449096
- 1 -
CONEN!
1. Primary Treatment: BOD-removal
3
"ntro#u$tion %
&O' remo(a) e*$ien$y %
'esign +arameters
,
C-emi$a) $oagu)ation an# .o$$u)ants /
u0e an# +)ate sett)ers 1
Causes of )ow remo(a) e*$ien$ies 1
!e#imentation an# .otation2 a mat-emati$a) +oint of (iew 9
Con$)usion 33

4eferen$es
35

2. Secondary Treatment: Confguration
13

&at$-
3%
Continuous2 Mu)ti+)e an6s 36
Continuous2 4e$y$)ing 39

4eferen$es
55
A++en#i$es
5%
3. Sludge Treatment & Di!oal
2"

"ntro#u$tion 5,
"n$ineration 7 &io-Con 56
"n$ineration 56
&io-Con 59

4eferen$es
%%
- 2 -
8rimary reatment2 &O'-remo(a)
1. Introduction

In Wastewater treatment one considers stages! t"e first stage or t"e #rimary treatment is
#redominant$y a #"ysica$ or c"emica$ #rocess% &"is is in contrast wit" t"e secondary treatment
w"ic" is main$y a 'io$ogica$ #rocess% &"e t"ird stage inc$(des de-nitrification! sand fi$tration
and t"e destr(ction of )ir(ses! 'acteria et cetera (e%g% t"e (se of *V-$am#s in t"e +wansea
Waste Water &reatment Wor,s)
W"en wastewater enters a treatment #$ant it f$ows t"ro(g" screens! w"ere $arge o'-ects $i,e
stones are "e$d 'ac,% &"is is ca$$ed .+creening/%
In a grit c"am'er t"e f$ow wi$$ s$ow down in order to a$$ow t"e grit to fa$$ o(t% In t"ese two
#rocesses t"e $arger #arts are remo)ed from t"e wastewater! some a(t"ors refer to it as 'eing
t"e #re-treatment ot"ers consider it as 'eing a #art of t"e #rimary treatment% 0 fact is t"at t"e
most im#ortant stage in t"e #rimary treatment is t"e sett$ing of dirt in so ca$$ed #rimary
sedimentation tan,s% 1rimary sedimentation tan,s can 'e rectang($ar or circ($ar% &o increase
t"e sedimentation area one can (se t('e sett$ers%
In t"e +wansea Waste Water &reatment Wor,s one (ses #ara$$e$ #$ate se#arators (11+)% 0
disad)antage of t"e 11+ is t"at! d(e to t"e great area! it costs a $ot of time and money to c$ean
t"em 23o' 4en,ins! engineer at t"e +WW&W5 %&"e 'asic idea of a sett$er is t"at #artic$es wi$$
sediment d(e to gra)ity% &"e 'igger t"e #artic$es are t"e faster t"ey wi$$ sediment (+to,es)
6(e to "indering and com#action t"e )e$ocity decreases% If t"e #artic$es form aggregates t"ey
'ecome "ea)ier and t"e )e$ocity increases%
1rimary treatment may a$so ser)e as a form of f$ow e7(a$i8ation or di$(tion w"en e%g% water
wit" to9ic com#onents enters t"e treatment #$ant
&"e #(r#ose of #rimary treatment of waste water is to decrease t"e amo(nt of organic
com#o(nds (e9#ressed as :;6< :ioc"emica$ ;9ygen 6emand)! t"e +(s#ended +o$ids (++)!
#"os#"or! etc%! #resent in #o$$(ted water% It a$so red(ces t"e amo(nt of waste acti)ated s$(dge
in t"e acti)ated s$(dge #$ant% (Kie$y =%! 199>)
2. BOD removal efficiency
- -
&o ca$c($ate t"e :;6 remo)a$ efficiency one needs t"e :;6 concentrations of t"e eff$(ent
(:;6
e
) and inf$(ent (:;6
0
)
&"e efficiency is e9#ressed as<
E(?) @ 2(:;6
0
-:;6
e
)A:;6
0
5A100
&"e degree of :;6 remo)a$ de#ends on t"e design of t"e #rimary sett$ing tan,s (c"a#ter )<
an efficient$y designed and o#erated c$arifier can remo)e B0 to >0 #ercent of t"e s(s#ended
so$ids% 6(ring t"e remo)a$ of t"e s(s#ended so$ids 2B to 40 #ercent of t"e :;6
B
is remo)ed%
(Cetca$f D Eddy! 19>2) &"e remo)a$ of t"e organic materia$ (:;6) 'y #rimary treatment is
not t"e res($t of 'acteria w"o (se t"e organic com#o(nds as n(trients (w"ic" is t"e case in
secondary treatment) '(t is ca(sed 'y t"e gra)itationa$ sett$ement of t"e so$ids%
Industrial Wastewater : An Example from landers !Bel"ium#
;ne considers com#anies<
1% 0 t"inning-factory wit" wastewater containing >00 mgA$ s(s#ended so$ids!B 000 mgA$ E;6!
000 mgA$ :;6! 1B0 mgA$ F
tot
and 0 mgA$ 1
tot
2% 0 #otato #rocessing com#any wit" wastewater containing >00 mgA$ s(s#ended so$ids!
10 000 mgA$ E;6! 000 mgA$ :;6!1B0 mgA$ F
tot
en 200 mgA$ 1
tot
$% 0 #otato-#ee$ing factory wit" wastewater containing 1 100 mgA$ s(s#ended so$ids!6 000
mgA$ E;6! 2 B00 mgA$ :;6! 200 mgA$ F
tot
en 0 mgA$ 1
tot
(+o(rce< VI&;! G$emis" Instit(te for &ec"no$ogica$ In)estigation)
;n$y considering t"e :;6 remo)a$ we get<
%a&le 2.1 : an example on efficiency calculations!'I%O#
inf$(ent
:;6
eff$(ent
:;6
:;6
remo)ed efficiency efficiency
Eom#any mgA$ mgA$ mgA$ ?
1 000 1H00 1200 0!4 ()
2 000 1H00 1200 0!4 ()
2B00 1B00 1000 0!4 ()
&"e #rimary treatment of Eom#any 1 e9ists of sie)es! sedimentation and f$otation% Ceas(ring
t"e :;6 concentration of t"e water after eac" treatment ste# gi)es (s t"e o##ort(nity to
ca$c($ate t"e efficiencies of eac" ste#% It is im#ortant to mention t"at t"e efficiencies of t"e
considered ste#s wi$$ 'e different w"en (sed se#arate$y%
%a&le 2.2 : efficiency calculations : *ompany 1!'I%O#
:;6
3emo)ed
:;6
3emo)ed
:;6
c(m($ati)e
3emo)a$
Efficiency
3emo)a$
Efficiency
c(m($ati)e
mgA$ mgA$ mgA$ ? ?
inf$(ent 000
+ie)es 2HB0 1B0 1B0 B!0 B!0
eff$(ent +edimentation 2B6B 2HB 4B 10!0 14!B
G$otation 1>9B >>0 120B 0!0 40!2
- 4 -
In t"is case t"e "ig"est degree of :;6 remo)a$ is t"e res($t of f$otation% G$otation is a #rocess
in w"ic" so$ids (and :;6) attac" to sma$$ air '(''$es t"at wi$$ rise and so form frot" on t"e
to# of t"e tan, %Iater t"is frot" wi$$ 'e remo)ed%
+unicipal Waste Water
&y#ica$ inf$(ent data for CWW are
%a&le 2.$: typical influent data !+et*alf , Eddy-1./2#
:;6 220 mgA$
&ota$ +o$ids >20 mgA$
&"e com#osition of m(nici#a$ waste is $ess #redicta'$e t"an ind(stria$ waste
$. Desi"n 0arameters
&o design a #rimary sett$er fo$$owing #arameters are considered

flow
volume
time retention =
(E7(ation 1)

area surface
flow
rate loading surface
%
% % =
(E7(ation 2)

area surface
clarifier in solids
rate loading solids
%
% %
% % =
(E7(ation )

weirlength
flow
rate overflow weir = % %
(E7(ation 4)
0 $onger retention time and a $ower s(rface $oading rate (or s(rface o)erf$ow rate) wi$$
increase t"e remo)a$ efficiency (fig(re %1)% :(t a too $ong retention time or a too $ow s(rface
$oading rate may ca(se se#tic conditions%
&"(s! In order to o'tain satisfactory :;6-remo)a$! a good design of t"e #rimary sett$er is
indis#ensa'$e%
- B -
i"ure $.1: removal in function of surface overflow rate!+c12ee-1..1#
=ood :;6-remo)a$-efficiencies are ac"ie)ed w"en t"e 6etention &ime! +(rface Ioading
3ate! t"e Weir Ioading 3ate and t"e f$ow t"ro(g" )e$ocity "a)e fo$$owing )a$(es
%a&le $.1: typical desi"n criteria for primary settlers!3aria et al.#
Unit Range Typical
Detention Time h 1 to 4 2
Surface Loading Rate
m/m/
h 1.5 to 2.5 1.6
Weir Loading Rate m/m/d
125 to
500 250
Flow trough velocity m/min 0.6 to 3.6 0.9
;'eying t"ese )a$(es res($ts in fo$$owing dimensiona$-feat(res

%a&le $.2: typical features of primary settlers !+etcalf , Eddy-1./1#
range typical
Rectangular
Depth, m 3 to 5 3.6
Length, m 15 to 90
25 to
40
Width, m 3 to24 6 to 10
Circular
Depth, m 3 to 5 4.5
Diameter, m 3.6 to 60
12 to
45
Bottom lope, mm!m 60 to 160 80
Calculations:
Indeed a rectang($ar tan, wit" a ty#ica$ s(rface $oading rate of 1%6 mJAmKA"o(r or H%4
mJAmKAday and a de#t" of %B m (ty#ica$ )a$(e @ %6 m) "as a detention time of 2%2H "o(rs
((sing $inear inter#o$ation) t"is is s$ig"t$y "ig"er t"en t"e ty#ica$ )a$(e of Karia et a$%
%a&le $.$: detention time- surface loadin" rate and dept2 ( L)
D"T"#T$%# T$&", h
depth
- 6 -
urface'loading rate,
m(!m)*d + m +*, m - m , m
24 3 3.5 4 5
+. 2.3 .*/ 3 3.8
-0 1.5 1*0 2 2.5
60 1.2 1.4 1.6 2
80 0.9 1.1 1.2 1.5
100 0.7 0.8 1 1.2
120 0.6 0.7 0.8 1
*sing a s(rface o)erf$ow rate of H%4 mJAmKAd gi)es a :;6-remo)a$ of a'o(t > ? (fig(re 1)%
Iet (s consider an a)erage f$ow of B000 mJAd % (Kie$y =%!199>) &"e s(rface area re7(ired is
(E7(ation 2) 10 mK % If t"e de#t" of t"e rectang($ar tan, is %B m (ta'$e ) t"e tan,s "as a
)o$(me of 4B6 mJ% In t"at case t"e detention time is 2%19 "o(r (E7(ation 1)
(. *2emical coa"ulation and flocculants
E"emica$ coag($ation treatment can 'e effecti)e$y ado#ted to a treatment #$ant to im#ro)e t"e
s(s#ended so$ids and :;6 remo)a$% It can 'e (sed intermittent$y d(ring #eriods of "ig" f$ows
and "ea)y $oadings% It a$so can "e$# t"e #$ant to stay in com#$iance if it is consistent$y at or
'eyond its design f$ow ca#acity% Eoag($ation may a$so "e$# to remo)e ind(stria$ #o$$(tants
t"at co($d in"i'it 'io$ogica$ organisms and interfere wit" secondary treatment #rocesses%
W"en one adds c"emica$s to t"e #rimary sett$ing tan, one s#ea,s of EE1& or E"emica$
En"anced 1rimary &reatment% 6(e to t"e fact t"at t"e c"emica$s ca(se t"e s(s#ended so$ids to
c$(m# to getter! t"e sett$ing )e$ocity wi$$ increase en"ancing t"e treatment efficiency
(&a'$e 4%1)% &"e increased remo)a$ efficiency a$$ows to o#erate at greater o)erf$ow rates or
(sing sma$$er tan,s! sti$$ maintaining a "ig" remo)a$ of s(s#ended so$ids and :;6%
(*ni)ersity of Ieeds! EGC)
%a&le (.1 : 4emoval Efficiency for *E0% !5ational 4esearc2 *ouncil 67A-1..2#
+(s#ended +o$ids :;6
? ?
Eon)entiona$ 1rimary treatment 55 35
E"emica$$y En"anced 1rimary
&reatment 85 57
Eon)entiona$ 1rimary &reatment M
:io$ogica$ +econdary &reatment 91 85
0s on can see in ta'$e 1 t"e remo)a$ of s(s#ended so$ids (sing c"emica$s wi$$ 'e simi$ar to t"e
remo)a$ efficiency of con)entiona$ 1rimary treatment fo$$owed 'y secondary treatment% &"e
:;6-remo)a$ wi$$ increase significant$y to near 60?
%a&le (.2 : %reatment *osts for *E0% !5ational 4esearc2 *ouncil 67A-1..2#
Capital Operation and Total
- > -
Costs
aintanan!e
Costs Costs
"/ 10
m /d "/ 10 m /d
"/ 10
m /d
Eon)entiona$ 1rimary treatment
1.80 #
2.50 0.45 # 0.55 1*22 ' 1*.,
E"emica$$y En"anced 1rimary
&reatment
2.50 $
3.15 0.50 # 0.65 1*.2 ' 1*,,
Eon)entiona$ 1rimary &reatment
M
:io$ogica$ +econdary &reatment
5.35 #
5.80 0.70 # 0.95 .*22 ' .*,2
&"e costs are "ig"er (sing a f$occ($ant or a coag($ant% &"is is 7(ite $ogica$< ;ne "as to #ay for
t"e c"emica$s and t"e con)entiona$ tan,s "a)e to 'e ada#ted< e%g% in-ection e7(i#ment% 0$so
im#ortant is t"e #resence of a 8one in w"ic" t"e c"emica$s are "ea)i$y mi9ed wit" t"e
wastewater% &"e #(r#ose of t"is is to create a "omogeno(s $i7(id in $ess t"en B seconds (ra#id
mi9)
(.1 Examples (:aeyens 4% et a$! 199B)
Coagulants
Eoag($ants are sa$ts of "ig"-)a$ented meta$s
;n (ses GeE$2! Ge2(+o4) or co##eras and 0$2(+;4) or a$(m
Flocculants
G$occ($ants are "ig" mo$ec($ar cationic #o$y-e$ectro$ytes
8. %u&e and plate settlers
&o im#ro)e t"e so$ids and organic materia$ remo)a$ efficiency one can (se #$ate or t('e
sett$ers% &"ey consist of se)era$ #ara$$e$ #$ates of t('es made of 1VE or meta$% &"ese t('es are
inserted in t"e #rimary tan, at a 0 to 60N inc$ine% Wastewater f$ows t"ro(g" t"e t('es and
so$ids sett$e (#wards t"e wa$$s% (&i$man C%! 19H2)

i"ure 8.1: %u&e settler!&rentwood industries#
9. *auses of low removal efficiencies
- H -
&"e remo)a$ of so$ids and :;6 can 'e affected 'y fo$$owing #"enomena<
Hydraulic Short Circuiting
Hydra($ic +"ort Eirc(iting is ca(sed 'y c(rrents %&"ese c(rrents can 'e ind(ced 'y in$ets or
eff$(ent weir #$ates t"at are not $e)e$% 0not"er ca(se is t"e difference 'etween t"e inf$(ent and
c$arifier water tem#erat(re% &"e wind can a$so ca(se #ro'$ems%
&"e most im#ortant factors to consider in contro$$ing s"ort-circ(iting are dissi#ation of in$et
)e$ocity! #rotection of tan,s from wind swee# and (ne)en "eating and red(ction of density
c(rrents associated wit" "ig" in$et s(s#ended so$ids concentrations.
High Sludge Bed
6(e to a "ig" water forward )e$ocity t"e s$(dge may 'e sco(red and re-s(s#ended %It is a$so
#ossi'$e t"at! d(e to a "ig" 'ed! t"ere is a "ig" dri)e tor7(e% &"is is most$y t"e case for $ig"t
organic so$ids%
Gorward )e$ocities s"o($d 'e from 9 to 1B times t"e sett$ing )e$ocity of critica$ si8e so$ids in
order not to ca(se sco(r
Increase in Influent Suspended Solids
Increase in Inf$(ent +(s#ended +o$ids can ca(se #artic$es to sett$e as a mass rat"er t"an
discrete$y% Increase in Inf$(ent +(s#ended +o$ids can ca(se s(dden increase in s$(dge 'ed
"eig"t% If c"emica$s are (sed! a decrease in c"emica$A#o(nd of so$ids is needed%
High residence time of the sludge
If +$(dge is "e$d too $ong in t"e c$arifier it can create gasification 'y anaero'ic
decom#osition% =as '(''$es can 'e seen 'rea,ing water s(rface% 3e-s(s#ension can occ(r of
s$(dge so$ids% G$oating '$ac, s$(dge can 'e seen% 0 strong "ydrogen s($#"ide odo(r can 'e
#resent in se)ere cases% &"is is a common #ro'$em in #($# D #a#er and food ind(stries%
(www%en)ironmenta$$e)erage%com)
/. 7edimentation and flotation: a mat2ematical point of view
/.1 7edimentation
;ne considers 4 ty#es of sett$ing (+incero 0%!1996) <
1% t"e sett$ing of discrete #artic$es
2% t"e sett$ing of f$occ($ent #artic$es
% "indered sett$ing
4% com#ression and com#action
In t"e case of ty#e 1 sett$ing t"e sett$ing )e$ocity is gi)en 'y<
w D
w p
s
C
d
g v
) (
=
- 9 -
W"en one "as $aminar f$ow into t"e sett$er! t"e drag-coefficient wi$$ 'e 24A3e (3e< 3eyno$ds
n(m'er) and t"e sett$ing )e$ocity is gi)en 'y<

1H
) (
2
d g
v
w p
s
=
g @ 9%H1 mAsK
#
@ t"e density of t"e #artic$e
w
@ t"e density of water
d @ diameter of t"e #artic$e
O @ dynamic )iscosity of water
&"(s "ea)y #artic$es wi$$ sett$e faster (i%e%< 'igger #artic$es andAor #artic$es wit" a "ig"
density)
It is im#ortant to mention t"at most of t"e #artic$es are not s#"erica$% In t"is case one can (se
t"e diameter of t"e e7(i)a$ent s#"erica$ #artic$e%
&"e sett$ing )e$ocity determines t"e fractiona$ remo)a$ (f
9
)
V
0
@ t"e critica$ )e$ocity @ tota$ )o$(metric f$owAs(rface area
In case VsPV0 t"ere wi$$ 'e com#$ete remo)a$
f0 is de fraction wit" sett$ing )e$ocities $ess t"an )0
&"e o)era$$ remo)a$ for a$$ #artic$es (f
0
) is t"e s(m of t"e com#$ete$y remo)ed #artic$es and
t"e #artia$ remo)ed #artic$es<
+ =
0
0
0
0
1
) 1 (
f
s A
df v
v
f f
&"(s f
0
can 'e fo(nd 'y an 9-y gra#"! in w"ic" 9 @ sett$ing )e$ocity and y @ fraction of
#artic$es $ess t"an stated )e$ocity
- 10 -
0
v
v
f
s
x
=
i"ure /.1.1: cumulative settlin" curve !:ones- +. -course notes 2))9;2))/#
0 @ V0! "ere V0 @ 1%6 (e9am#$e in t"e co(rse notes! 4ones! C%)
: @ f0
E@
0
0
0
1
f
s
df v
v
/.2 lotation
1rinci#$e< gas '(''$es wit" a diameter 'etween 10 and 100 Om co$$ide wit" a #artic$e and
attac" to it% &"e density of t"e #artic$e 'ecomes $ower and mo)es it (#wards%
&wo main #"enomena occ(r<
1% Eo$$ision 'etween t"e '(''$es and t"e #artic$e
2% 1ermanent ad"esion of '(''$es to f$oc,s t"(s 'ringing a'o(t t"eir (#ward mo)ement% &"e
se#arated so$ids 'e"a)e as a so$id $ayer! w"ic" is scra#ed off%
In case of an idea$ #$(g f$ow t"e efficiency (E) of t"e f$otation #rocess is gi)en 'y<
Q
Q Q Q Q
Q
12
1
e9# 1
%
% %
=
g d I a
!
! !
"
# #
i d
e d i d
Wit"
F
di
@ #artic$e density of inf$(ent (m
-
)
F
de
@ #artic$e density of eff$(ent (m
-
)
@ contact time
a @ ad"esion coefficient 'etween f$oc, #artic$es and '(''$e ()aries 'etween 0%2 and 1%0)
I @ co$$ision factor! s"o($d 'e 1
d
'
@ a)erage diameter of gas '(''$e(m)
R
'
@ f$ow of a gas '(''$e
g @ 9%H1 mAsK
@ ,inematic )iscosity (1%0Q10
-6
mKAs ! decreases wit" increasing tem#erat(re)
- 11 -
&"ere is an o#tima$ d
'
of a'o(t 40 Om% In case of sma$$er '(''$es t"e )e$ocity is restricti)e% In
case of $arger '(''$es t"e $i,e$i"ood of co$$ision 'etween #artic$e and '(''$e is restricti)e%
(Verstraete! W%! 2006)
<. *onclusion
&"e statement . *# to 60? of t"e :;6 $oad of wastewater stream can 'e remo)ed 'y 1rimary
&reatment/ is tr(e in case t"e #rimary sett$ing tan,s are good designed and w"en yo( add a
c"emica$ coag($ants or f$occ($ants % &"e remo)a$ efficiency can 'e increased (sing #$ate or
t('e sett$ers% It is a$so im#ortant to monitor t"e #rocess in order to a)oid #ro'$ems $i,e
.Hydra($ic +"ort Eirc(iting/ 0$so< com'ining se)era$ #rimary treatment met"ods is ad)isa'$e%
4eferences
BOO37 , A4%I*=E7
:0ESEF+! 4 % H;+&EF! I% D V0E3EF:E3=H! E% (199H)
0f)a$water8(i)ering
K$(wer Editoria$
4;FE+! C% ! Wastewater Engineering ! Eo(rse Fotes (2006-200>)
K03I0!=%I% D EH3I+&I0F!3%0%
Waste Water &reatment< Eonce#ts and 6esign 0##roac"
1rentice "a$$ of India
KIEIS! =% (199>)
En)ironmenta$ Engineering
Iondon! Cc=raw-Hi$$ 1('$is"ing
CE&E0IG D E66S (19>2)
- 12 -
Few Sor,! Cc=raw-Hi$$ :oo, Eom#any
CE=HEE! &%4% (1991)
Water +(##$y and +ewerage
Few Sor,! Cc=raw-Hi$$
+IFEE3;! 0%1% D +IFEE3;! =%0% (1996)
En)ironmenta$ Engineering < 0 6esign 0##roac"
Few 4ersey!1rentice-Ha$$! Inc%
&IIC0F!C% !#rimary treatment at wastewater treatment #$ants (199H)
VE3+&30E&E !W%! :iotec"no$ogica$ #rocesses in en)ironmenta$ sanitation !Eo(rse Fotes
(2006-200>)
WEB7I%E7
*ni)ersity of Ieeds T EGC < Engineering G$(id Cec"anics T 0n introd(ction of E"emica$$y
En"anced (#grading and #rimary treatment
"tt#<AAwww%efm%$eeds%ac%(,AEIVEA+ewerageAartic$esAIntrod(ctionUtoUEE1&%#df
www%en)ironmenta$$e)erage%com
www%)ito%'e
!e$on#ary reatment2 Con9guration
In t"is section we want to in)estigate w"ic" config(ration! w"at ,ind of 'acteria! L gi)e t"e
most satisfactory res($ts in t"e 'io$ogica$ treatment of wastewater%
I e9amined! (sing t"e #rogram .+cientist/! w"at are t"e 'est )a$(es for t"e 'io ,inetic
#arameters% &"erefore I (sed a 'atc" set-(# < 'acteria and s('strate are a$$ #(t into a fermenter
wit"o(t t"e #resence of a contin(o(s f$ow of t"e wastewater%
I a$so in)estigated t"e 'enefit of recyc$ing in case of a contin(o(s set (# and t"e inf$(ence of
t"e n(m'er and )o$(me of t"e aeration tan,s%
1. Batc2
(&"e .+cientist/ in#(t is gi)en in 0##endi9 1)
1.1 E>uations
+tarting from a materia$ 'a$ance for :iomass<
- 1 -
:iomass in wit" '($, f$ow T :iomass o(t wit" '($, f$ow M :iomass formed 'y growt" @
0cc(m($ation
GQV
0
-GQVMOQVQV @ VQdVAdt
We (se fo$$owing sim#$ification< V@VMV
0
In case of steady state dVAdt @ 0
Knowing t"e yie$d coefficient it is #ossi'$e to determine "ow m(c" s('strate "as 'een (sed<
S@
S S
$ $
0
0
&"e e7(ations are<
) ( Q
Q Q
W
S %s &
$ S '
S
m
+
=
S %s
$ S '
$
m
+
=
Q Q
W
Wit2
7< t"e s('strate concentration
?< t"e 'iomass concentration
@m< ma9im(m s#ecific growt" rate
A< yie$d coefficient
3s< Conod coefficient
1.2 3s
I (sed fo(r )a$(es for Ks< 0! 60! 90 and 120 % 0fter a time of B0 (nits I com#ared for eac"
case t"e concentration of t"e s('strate and 'iomass and a$so t"e time after w"ic" t"e 'iomass
stays constant (steady state < dVAdt @ 0)
%a&le 1.2.1 : influence of 3s
3eff at
t4,2
Seff at
t4,2
Time until
d3!dt 42
%& ' 30 185 8.37(#124 6
%& '60 185 9.64(#61 8.5
%& ' 90 185 1.01(#39 11
%& ' 120 185 3.27(#29 13.5
&"e 'est res($t is ac"ie)ed (sing a $ow Ks< after a time of B0 (nits most of t"e s('strate is
disa##eared at a Ks of 0! in t"at case t"e time (nti$ steady state is o'tained! is t"e $owest%
Explanation< Ks is t"e s('strate-concentration at w"ic" O @ O
ma9
A2 % 0 $ow Ks means t"at t"e
affinity of t"e 'acteria for t"e s('strate is "ig" (fig(re 1%2%1) w"it t"e $ogica$ o(tcome t"at t"e
s('strate wi$$ diminis" ra#id$y% W"en t"e 'iomass is at steady state t"ere wi$$ 'e sti$$ s('strate
cons(m#tion d(e to maintenance%
- 14 -
i"ure 1.2.1: +onod "rap2s
1.$ @
m
0na$og(e to 1%2
%a&le 1.$.1: influence of @m
3eff at
t4,2
Seff at t
4,2
Time until
d3!dt 42
) '0.35 185 7.29(#46 10.5
) ' 0.40 185 2.65(#53 9.5
) ' 0.45 185 9.64(#61 8.5
) '0.50 185 3.51(#68 7.5
&"e "ig"est O
m
gi)es t"e 'est res($ts< &"e 'acteria wi$$ grow faster and t"ere'y (se more
s('strate%
1.( %2e Aield coefficient
0na$og(e to 1%2
%a&le 1.(.1: influence of A
&"e 'est res($t is o'tained w"en
(sing 'acteria wit" a $ower yie$d% 0 $ow
yie$d im#$ies t"at $itt$e s('strate is
(sed to create ce$$ 'iomass (e%g%
com#are Veff at t@B0 for a yie$d of
0%0 and 0%4B) %6(e to a $ow yie$d t"ere wi$$ 'e a "ig"er s('strate demand for energy-
#(r#oses%
I a$so in)estigated w"at wo($d "a##en if one (sed a 'acteria wit" a S of 1 (on$y t"eoretica$
#ossi'$e) In t"at case t"e V is m($ti#$ied 'y se)en (V0@B0) in a time of B0 (nits%
0 conse7(ence of a "ig" yie$d is a$so t"at t"e s$(dge #rod(ction (V) wi$$ 'e to "ig" ! w"ic"
may ca(se se)ere #ro'$ems < congestion! s$(dge s#i$$!L
1.8 7tartin" values for 7 and ?
- 1B -
3eff at t4
,2
Seff at t4
,2
Time until
d3!dt 42
* ' 0.30 140 2.51(#70 7
*'0.35 155 2.95(#66 7.5
* ' 0.40 170 3.60(#63 8
* ' 0.45 185 9.64(#61 8.5
* ' 1 350 1.78(#49 11.5
%a&le 1.8:influence of ? and 7 at tB)
& at t'0
3eff at
t4,2
Seff at
t4,2
Time until
d3!dt 42
&'200 140 2.50(#46 9
&'300 185 9.64(#61 8+5
&'400 230 4.68(#75 8
&'500 275 2.84(#89 8
, at t '0
,'40 175 8.66(#57 9
,'50 185 9.64(#61 8.5
,'60 195 1.30(#64 8
,'70 205 1.97(#68 7.5
&"e more s('strate t"ere is #resent in t"e 'eginning! t"e more wi$$ 'e remo)ed after a w"i$e%
&"is is 7(ite astonis"ingX 0 #ossi'$e e9#$anation is< In t"is e9#eriment t"e yie$d is ,e#t
constant% &"(s w"en t"ere is more s('strate a)ai$a'$e t"e 'iomass of t"e 'acteria wi$$ increase
more% W"en t"ere are more 'acteria in t"e fermenter t"e demand for s('strate wi$$ 'e "ig"er
and $ogica$$y t"e s('strate wi$$ diminis" m(c" faster%
;ne can deri)e t"e residence time at w"ic" fai$(re wi$$ occ(r
*sing <
0
0
QS '
S %s
m
C
+
=
Ks @ 60 mgAI
Om @ 0%4B "
-1
%a&el 1.8.2:*ritical t2eta calculations
+0(mgAI) Eritica$ t"eta
100 %B6 "
200 2%H9 "
00 2%6> "
400 2%B6 "
Iet (s ass(me t"ere is a of 2%> "! in t"at case +0 "as to 'e more t"an 00 mgAI! ot"erwise
t"ere wi$$ 'e no remo)a$ (+@+0) %
;n can conc$(de t"at t"e more s('strate t"ere is in t"e 'eginning t"e more $i,e$y it is t"at
some s('strate wi$$ 'e remo)ed (+ Y +0)
1.9 conclusions
If one (ses 'acteria in a fermenter one s"o($d c"oose 'acteria wit" a $ow Ks! a $ow Sie$d
coefficient and a "ig" O
m
% Hig" starting )a$(es for V and + wi$$ "a)e a #ositi)e effect on t"e
#rocess! it is a$t"o(g" im#ortant to ,ee# t"e mec"anica$ and #"ysica$ 'orders of t"e fermenter
in consideration%
2. *ontinuous
We consider 2 config(rations<
0% C($ti#$e tan,s
- 16 -
:% 3ecyc$ing
2.A *ontinuous : multiple tanCs
(&"e +cientist in#(t is gi)en in 0##endi9 2)
I wanted to e9amine t"e inf$(ence of t"e n(m'er and t"e )o$(me t"e of aeration tan,s < How
many tan,s are needed to gi)e t"e 'est res($tsZ Is it 'etter to (se 1 'ig tan, or se)era$ sma$$er
onesZ
2.A.1 e>uations
0s an e9am#$e we consider 2 tan,s in series% &"e e7(ations for ! 4 and more tan,s are
ana$og(e
+tarting from a materia$ 'a$ance<
Cateria$ in wit" feed M Cateria$ formed 'y reaction T Cateria$ o(t wit" f$ow @0cc(m($ation
(4ones C%! co(rse notes)
&"is materia$ 'a$ance is a##$ica'$e for eac" tan,%
IF tan, 1 T ;*& tan, 1 @ 0cc(m($ation in tan, 1 T Cateria$ formed 1
IF tan, 2 T ;*& tan, 2 @ 0cc(m($ation in tan, 2 T Cateria$ formed 2
;*& tan, 1 @ IF tan, 2
+o<
Gor 'iomass<
dt
dx
( $ F ( $ ' $ F = +
1 0 1 1 0 0
Q Q
dt
dx
( $ F ( $ ' $ F = +
2 0 2 2 0
Q 1 Q
In case of steady state <
dt
dx
@ 0
Gor s('strate
1 0 1 0 0
Q Q Q S F ( )s S F
@ d+Adt Q V
2 0 2 1 0
Q Q Q S F ( )s S F
@ d+Adt Q V
0nd 3s
i
@
) ( Q
Q Q
i
i i m
S %s &
$ S '
+
In case of steady state < d+Adt @ 0

&o deri)e +1!+2!V1 en V2 we (se t"e #rogram .+cientist/
&"e ty#ica$ )a$(es of CetEaff D Eddy for Ks! O1!O2!S were (sed
- 1> -
Eonsidering 2 tan,s in series <
1 1
1 0
W
1
Q $ '
$ $
$ +
&
$ ' S S
S
1 1 1 0 W
1
Q
2 2
2 1
W
2
Q $ '
$ $
$ +
&
$ ' S S
S
2 2 2 1 W
2
Q
Wit"
?) @ t"e inf$(ent 'iomass concentration of tan, 1
?1 @ t"e eff$(ent 'iomass concentration of tan, 1 or t"e inf$(ent 'iomass concentration of
tan, 2
?2 @ t"e eff$(ent 'iomass concentration of tan, 2
7) @ t"e inf$(ent s('strate concentration of tan, 1
71 @ t"e eff$(ent s('strate concentration of tan, 1 or t"e inf$(ent s('strate concentration of
tan, 2
72@ t"e eff$(ent s('strate concentration of tan, 2
@1 @ t"e s#ecific growt" rate of t"e 'acteria in tan, 1
@2 @ t"e s#ecific growt" rate of t"e 'acteria in tan, 2
A@ t"e yie$d coefficient
@ t"e residence time
2.A.2 num&er of tanCs
In t"is e9#eriment I (sed 1!2!!4!B and 6 aeration tan,s ! a$$ of t"e same )o$(me (10 (nits)
0fter a time of 200 (nits I ana$ysed t"e eff$(ent concentration of t"e 'iomass D s('strate! t"e
remo)a$ efficiency and t"e times at w"ic" t"e s('strate and 'iomass stayed constant (steady
state)
%a&el 1.A.2.1: 1;9 tanCs wit2 a volume of 1)
num5er of
tan6 7each one
84 129
3eff at
St*tate
Seff at
St*State
:
removal
Time
until
d3!dt 42
Time
until
dS!dt 42
1 149.400 48.000 87.36842 80 80
2 169.498 3.338 99.12162 100 100
3 170.901 0.220 99.94217 100 90
4 170.994 0+014 99.99621 110 90
5 170.999 0.001 99.99975 130 80
6 171.000 6.198(#05 99.99998 140 70
*sing more tan,s gi)es "ig"er remo)a$ efficiencies% &"is is 'eca(se t"e detention time (6&)
is "ig"er w"en t"e )o$(me is 'igger< 6& @ VAR! a $arger 6& im#$ies t"at t"e 'acteria "a)e
more time to cons(me t"e s('strate% &"e steady state 'acteria 'iomass wi$$ 'e a 'it "ig"er and
$ogica$$y it wi$$ ta,e more time to ac"ie)e steady state%
- 1H -
i"ure 2.A.2.1: 2 tanCs of 1) and 9 tanCs of 1)
&"ere are indeed no 'ig differences 'etween t"e Veff at steady state! '(t t"e differences
'etween +
eff
in case of 2!!4!B and 6 tan,s are a$so not t"at 'ig% &"e most significant res($t is
fo(nd 'etween 1 and 2 tan,s%
2.A.$ constant volume
%a&le 2.A.$.1: 1 to 9 tanCs wit2 total volume of 2)
total volume 4.2
3eff at
St*tate7or
at t4.229
Seff at
St*State7or
at t4.229
:
removal
Time
until
d3!dt 42
Time
until
dS!dt 42
1 tan- o. 20 163.286 17.143 95.48872 140 150
2 tan-s o. 10 169.498 3.338 99.12162 100 100
3 tan-s o. 6.666 170.371 1.397 99.63237 80 80
4 tan-s o. 5 165.151 12.999 96.57933 /200 /200
5 tan-s o. 4 0.038 379.916 0.021988 /200 /200
6 tan-s o. 3.333 5.337(#09 380.000 0
&o e9#$ain t"ese data one "as to consider two #rinci#a$s<
1% &"e #rinci#a$ of detention time! see 2%0%1
2% e%g%< (sing 1 tan, "as t"e disad)antage t"at after a w"i$e t"e 'acteria wi$$ 'ecome sat(rated
wit" food and t"(s t"e s('strate-remo)a$-rate wi$$ f$atten% 6i)iding t"is tan, into 2 tan,s wi$$
create a 8one (t"e 2
nd
tan,) in w"ic" .fres"/ 'acteria wi$$ cons(me t"e eff$(ent s('strate of
tan, 1
&"e second #rinci#a$ is t"e most im#ort in case of 1! 2 and tan,s % &"e first one in case of
4!B and 6 tan,s < t"e detention time is to sma$$! most$y in case of B and 6 tan,s were t"e
#rocess wi$$ fai$%
- 19 -
&"ese conc$(sions are on$y a##$ica'$e in t"is #artic($ar case% W"en t"e aeration tan,s "a)e
ot"er )o$(mes! or t"ere is anot"er f$ow anot"er n(m'er of tan,s may 'e fa)o(ra'$e< e%g% in t"e
+wansea Waste Water &reatment Wor,s one (ses 4 aeration tan,s%
2.B. *ontinuous : recyclin"
(&"e .+cientist/ in#(t is gi)en in 0##endi9 )
In a$most a$$ t"e wastewater treatment #$ants one (ses aeration tan,s wit" recyc$ing% I wanted
to in)estigate w"at are t"e ad)antages of recyc$ing and w"en it is ad)isa'$e%
2.B.1 E>uations
+tarting from a materia$ 'a$ance<
Cateria$ in wit" feed M Cateria$ in wit" recyc$e M Cateria$ formed 'y reaction T Cateria$ o(t
wit" f$ow @ acc(m($ation (4ones C%! co(rse notes)
or &iomass :
G
0
V
0
MG
3
V
3
MOVV-(G
0
MG
3
)QV @ VQdVAdt
In case of steady state ! dVAdt @0 t"is e7(ation 'ecomes<
G
0
V
0
MG
3
V
3
MOVV-(G
0
MG
3
)QV @ 0
or su&strate
G
0
+
0
M G
3
+ - 4
s
V- G+ @ VQd+Adt
wit"
4
s @
) ( Q
Q Q
S %s &
$ S '
m
+
In case of steady state! d+Adt @ 0

We get <
G
0
+
0
M G
3
+ - 4
s
V- G+ @ 0
*sing 'ot" 'a$ances yo( 'ecome fo$$owing e7(ations <

S )
S % &
$ S ' S ) S
S
s
m
Q ) 1 (
) ( Q
Q Q Q
0 W
+
+
+ =

$ )
S %
$ S ' $ ) $
$
s
m
Q ) 1 ( Q Q Q Q
0 W
+
+
+ + =
Wit"
7 < t"e eff$(ent s('strate concentration ?< t"e eff$(ent 'iomass concentration
- 20 -
7) < t"e inf$(ent s('strate concentration
?) < t"e inf$(ent 'iomass concentration
4 < t"e recyc$e ratio ! 3 @
0
F
F
)
r < t"e recyc$e f$ow
)< t"e incoming f$ow
< t"e "ydra($ic residence time! =
0
F
(
' < t"e )o$(me of t"e tan,
A< t"e yie$d coefficient
3s: t"e Conod coefficient
: t"e sett$er #erformance! =
$
$
)
?r < t"e recyc$e 'iomass concentration
@
m
< t"e ma9im(m growt" rate

In a first e9#eriment I (sed se)era$ recyc$e ratios < 0! 0%1B! 0%20! 0%0 !0%4B! 0%60! 0%>B! 0%90%
Gor e)ery recyc$e ratio I ana$ysed t"e 'iomass and s('strate concentration at steady state (or
w"en t"ere was no steady state wit"in 200 time (nits t"e concentration at a time of 200 (nits)!
t"e time in w"ic" steady state occ(rred and t"e remo)a$ efficiency
%a&le 2.B.1.1: influence of 4
R
3eff at
St*tate7or
at t4.229
Seff at
St*State7or
at t4.229
:
removal
Time
until
d3!dt 42
Time
until
dS!dt 42
0.00 1337.019 28.846 99.03846 120 140
0.15 1916.933 18.103 99.39655 170 180
0.20 2238.749 15.000 99.5 200 200
0.30 3364.264 9.376 99.68748 /200 /200
0.45 12322.784 2+352 99.9216 /200 /200
0.60 899590.814 0.031 99.99896 /200 /200
0.75 569638912 4.937(#05 100 /200 /200
0.90 5.668(/11 4.962(#08 100 /200 /200
0 "ig" recyc$e ratio res($ts in "ig" remo)a$ efficiencies! t"is is 7(ite $ogica$ < t"e more s$(dge
yo( ret(rn ! t"e more s('strate wi$$ 'e (sed 'y t"e 'acteria%
Ioo,ing at Veff ! it seems t"at a "ig" 3 res($ts in "ig" 'iomass #rod(ction% In case of 3@0%2
t"e 'iomassconcentration wi$$ 'e "ig"er! '(t t"e #rocess wi$$ not fai$! t"is is not t"e case (sing
a ratio of e%g% 0%6
- 21 -
i"ure 2.B.1.1 : influence of recylin" 4 B ) - 4B).2 and 4B).9
I a$so in)estigated w"at wo($d "a##en if t"e G -(m#s from 2 to 4 after a time of 120
%a&le 2.B.1.2: recycle and increased flow
no 01mp 01mp
,01mp/,no
01mp
&01mp/&no
01mp ,e.. 200 &e.. 200 ,e.. 200 &e.. 200
2 ' 0 1337.019 28.846 1307.812 93.75 0.978 3.25
2 '0.2 2238.749 15.000 2221.875 37.50 0.992 2.50
2 ' 0.3 3364.264 9.376 3350.891 21.43 0.996 2.29
2 ' 0.45 12322.78 2.352 13029.22 4.57 1.057 1.94
2' 0.6 899590.8 0.031 1.11(/08 0.0005 122.96 0.016
0s one can see t"e Veff 200 (t"e eff$(ent concentration after a time of 200) decreases d(e to
t"e -(m# in case of a recyc$e ratio of 0(no recyc$e)! 0%2 and 0%[ '(t increases in case of a
recyc$e ratio of 0%4B and more% &"is is 'eca(se w"en G0 increases t"e "ydra($ic residence
time decreases ! t"is #"enomenon is $ess im#ort in case 3 is e%g% 0%6 < a "ig" amo(nt of
recyc$ing com'ined wit" a "ig" in#(t f$ow wi$$ ca(se an increase of in#(t of organic
materia$ !#resent in t"e inf$(ent water (G0)
+eff increases w"en t"ere is a -(m# (in case of $ower recyc$e ratio/s)! '(t t"e "ig"er 3 is! t"e
$ess t"ere wi$$ 'e a difference 'etween t"e eff$(ent concentration wit" or wit"o(t a -(m#% In
case of 3@0%6 Veff is 1%11EM0H! t"is is too "ig" and t"e #rocess wi$$ fai$%
&"e data a$so gi)es (s t"e o##ort(nity to estimate w"en V-(m# wi$$ 'e e7(a$ to Vno-(m# and
w"en +-(m# is t"e same as +no-(m#<
V-(m# @ Vno-(m# w"en 0%\3\0%4B
+-(m# @ +no-(m# w"en 0%4B\3\0%6
We can conc$(de t"at w"en 0\3\0%B t"e #rocess wi$$ 'ecome more ro'(st ($ess effect of an
increased f$ow)
- 22 -
$nfluence of Recycling R42*/
0
100000
200000
300000
400000
500000
600000
700000
800000
900000
1000000
0 50 100 150 200 250
Time
5
i
o
m
a

c
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n
4eferences
4;FE+! C% ! Wastewater Engineering ! Eo(rse Fotes (2006-200>)
CE&E0IG D E66S (19>2)
Few Sor,! Cc=raw-Hi$$ :oo, Eom#any
A88EN'"CE!
1
:0&EH
// i!roath &!ientist odel 3ile
4nd5ars6 T
7ep5ars6 ,+ &
8arams6 %&+ )+ *
//de.ine param
;S4<,
&U&42*,
=42*-,
//de.ine .1n!tions
S>4'&U&?S?3!7=?7;S@S99
3>4&U&?S?3!7;S@S9
//startin9 :al1es
- 2 -
S4+22
T42
34,2
2
E;F&IF*;*+ ! C*I&I1IE &0FK+
e%g < 2 tan,s
/ i!roath &!ientist odel 3ile
4nd5ars6 T
7ep5ars6 ,1+&1+,2+&2
8arams6 %&+)+*+5+3+01mp
)1');&1/<%&/&1=
)2' );&2/<%&/&2=
;S4/2
&U&42*-,
=42*-,
8412
S24+02
3242
Aump42
3'i.9e>ero<T#01mp+2+0=
T?(T@'5/3
31>4732'319!TB"TC@&U1?31
S1>47S2'S19!TB"TC'&U1?31!=
3.>4731'3.9!TB"TC@&U.?3.
S.>47S1'S.9!TB"TC'&U.?3.!=
314122
S142
3.42
S.42
T42
3
*O5%I56O67 - 4E*A*=I51
// i!roath &!ientist odel 3ile
4nd5ars6 T
7ep5ars6 ,+ &
8arams6 %&+ )+ *+ theta+ &0+,0+2+ Aeta
//de.ine param
;S4<,
&U&42*-,
=42*-,
theta40
S24+222
3242
- 24 -
R42*+
5eta4+
//de.ine .1n!tions
S>4S2!theta@R?S!theta'&U&?S?3!7=?7;S@S99'71@R9?S!theta
3>432!theta@R?5eta?3!theta@&U&?S?3!7;S@S9'71@R9?3!theta
//startin9 :al1es
S42
T42
3412
;;;
!)u#ge sta0i)i:ation an# #is+osa)
1. Introduction
+$(dge sta'i$i8ation
&"e (se of s$(dge is cr(cia$ in most of t"e wastewater treatment systems% 0fter 'eing (sed t"e
s$(dge wi$$ 'e dis#osed% It may 'e necessary! 'efore dis#osing t"e s$(dge! to sta'i$i8e it in
order to red(ce #at"ogens! e$iminate offensi)e odo(rs and to contro$ t"e #otentia$ for
#(trefaction of organic matter (Rasim! +%3%) +$(dge sta'i$i8ation can 'e accom#$is"ed 'y
#"ysica$! c"emica$ or 'io$ogica$ means% &"e s$(dge dis#osa$ met"od wi$$ determine w"ic"
s$(dge sta'i$i8ation met"od wi$$ 'e (sed%
+ome common met"ods are
- 0naero'ic digestion
- 0ero'ic digestion
- E"emica$ sta'i$i8ation
- &"erma$ conditioning
- 2B -
&"e ,ey factor for t"e se$ection of a s$(dge sta'i$i8ation #rocess is t"e ($timate s$(dge
dis#osa$% :(t t"ere is a$so a -(ridica$ factor< 3eg($ation agencies "a)e reg($ations t"at direct$y
im#act t"e #rocess se$ection! design criteria! red(ndancy re7(irements and t"e ($timate
dis#osa$! e%g% odo(r restrictions%
&"e costs for t"e treatment and dis#osa$ of s$(dge are estimated to 'e a$most 40? of t"e tota$
cost in water #(rification (&e''(tt!&%!199H)
(ta'$e 1%1)
+$(dge dis#osa$
0fter t"e s$(dge is sta'i$ised one can c"oose se)era$ met"ods to get rid of t"e red(ndant
s$(dge<
- conversion processes
- incineration
- wet o9idation
- #yro$ysis
- com#osting
;land disposal
- $and a##$ication
- $andfi$$ing
; D
%a&le 1.1: 7ummary of *onversion processes for Disposal of +unicipal 7lud"es!Easim- 7.#
Converion Droce
Recommended
Dretreatment
4n!ineration thi!-enin9 and deBaterin9
Bet oCidation thi!-enin9
8DrolDsis thi!-enin9
2e!al!inin9 thi!-enin9 and deBaterin9
!ompostin9 AD heat drDin9 thi!-enin9 and deBaterin9
!ompostin9 AD mi!roAial
a!tion thi!-enin9+di9estion and deBaterin9
Converion Droce Cdditional Droceing ReEuirement
in!ineration @sh land.illin9
Bet oCidation
separation o. ash+ treatment o. ret1rned liE1id+ land.illin9 o.
ash
8DrolDsis
1tili>ation o. AD#prod1!ts<9as+liE1id+!arAon+et!= disposal o.
resid1es
re!al!inin9 re!o:erD o. lime+ land.illin9 o. ash
!ompostin9 AD heat drDin9 1tili>ation or sale o. !ompost
!ompostin9 AD mi!roAial 1tili>ation or sale o. !ompost
- 26 -
a!tion
0s can see in &a'$e 1%1 t"e (se of con)ersion #rocesses re7(ires #re-treatment and additiona$
#rocessing w"at ma,es t"em 7(ite cost$y < t"ey are eit"er energy or $a'or-intensi)e%
2%Incineration , Bio;*on
&"ere is no ($timate way of dis#osing t"e waste-s$(dge% ;n "as to find a com#romise 'etween
economica$ and en)ironmenta$ factors% 0 good so$(tion may 'e t"e Bio-Con % &"e :io-con
#rocess is de)e$o#ed in 6enmar, and is a s$(dge incineration #rocess! w"ic" integrates
reco)ery of #"os#"or(s! energy and #reci#itation c"emica$s%
:efore we descri'e t"e :io-Eon #rocess in detai$ we first consider t"e incineration #rocess<

2.1 incineration !Cetca$f D Eddy!19>2 [ &e''(tt &!199H)
Incineration is t"e com'(stion of s$(dge and t"ere'y con)erting t"e materia$ into gases and
resid(es% W"at remains is an inert as"% If t"e incineration #rocess is #receded 'y ade7(ate
dewatering to ca% 0 #ercent so$ids t"ere is no need to ad any s(##$ementa$ f(e$! 'eca(se
dewatered s$(dge "as a "ig" ca$orific )a$(e (16-20 C4A,g dry so$ids) %I most cases a$t"o(g" a
sma$$ amo(nt of f(e$ oi$ or gas is added to s(##ort se$f-s(staining and to ac"ie)e o#tim(m
#erformance %
&"e remaining as" amo(nts to B - 10 #ercent of t"e origina$ so$ids% &"e inert materia$ can
dis#osed as f$y as"! '(t en)ironmenta$ #ro'$ems may 'e ca(sed d(e to t"e "ea)y meta$
content of t"e as"% &"e emission of se)era$ constit(ents! formed d(ring t"e com'(stion! is
anot"er en)ironmenta$ disad)antage (ta'$e 2%1%1)
%a&le 2.1.1 : emissions rates from sewa"e slud"e incineration!%e&&utt %.-1..<#
Eonstit(ent Emission rate (,gAtonne dry so$ids)
1artic($ates 16
F;9 2%B
+;9 0%B
Hydrocar'ons 0%B
Stages of the incineration process(+,itt 4%!19>9)
1% 6rying
;ne (ses - f(e$
- radiation
- con)ection
- #re-"eated air
- "ot waste gases

2% Eom'(stion
- 2> -
&"e dried and "eated ref(se gi)es off )o$ati$es w"ic" '(rn d(e to t"e #resence of ;
2
in t"e
gases in t"e com'(stion c"am'er% 0 good '(rn-o(t of t"ese )o$ati$es is )ery im#ortant in
order to a)oid 'ad sme$$ and smo,e(0 tem#erat(re of at $east >B0 NE is necessary to
ens(re t"is) In case t"e tem#erat(re is a'o)e 1000 NE it is $i,e$y t"at as" f(sion may ta,e
#$ace! res($ting in t"e creation of stic,y #artic$es w"o may create tensions and $ead to
s$agging #ro'$ems%
% :(rno(t
&"is is t"e com'(stion of t"e s$ower '(rning e$ements (nti$ an organic free resid(e wit" a
)ery $ow car'on content is $eft for dis#osa$%
2.1.1 Feat Balance of incineration (+incero 1%! 1996)
Heat $osses< sensi'$e "eat $osses d(e to t"e sensi'$e "eat content of t"e as"( 104> 4A,g NE) and
(n'(rned car'on remaining in t"e as"("eating )a$(e of car'on is 2!HB1 ,4A,g)! "eat $oss d(e
to radiation(from 0%00 to 0%00B ,4A,g of f(e$) and "eat $oss d(e to t"e )a#ori8ation of
water( $atent "eat of )a#ori8ation of water is 2420 ,4A,g)
Heat in#(t< t"e tota$ in#(t of "eating energy (900-12 H00 ,4A,g)
Availa&le 2eat B Feat input G Feat losses
"xample calculation
-in#(t
Heat in#(t #er day @ s$(dge massAday Q "eating )a$(e
Heat in#(t #er day @ 100 000 ,gAday Q 12 000 ,4A,g @ 1%2 Q 10
9
,4Aday
(data < +incero!1%!1996)
-o(t#(t
- Heat $oss in as" @ mass of t"e as" Q & Q "eating )a$(e M mass of E Q "eating )a$(e
Heat $oss in as" @ 21%0B ,g as"Aday Q(420-2B) NE Q1%04> ,4A,g NE M 10B ,g EAday Q
2%HB1 ,4A,g @ 4% Q10
>
,4Aday
- Water $osses @ mass of water Q "eating )a$(e

Water $osses @ B%>61 ,g waterAday Q 2420 ,4A,g @ 1%01 Q 10
H
,4Aday

- 3adiation $osses @ mass of s$(dge A day Q "eating )a$(e

3adiaton $osses @ 100 000 ,g s$(dge #er day Q 0%004 ,4Aday @ 1%>4 Q 10
H
,4Aday
+o t"e a)ai$a'$e "eat is < in#(t T s(m of t"e o(t#(ts @ 1%0266 Q 10
9
,4Aday
- 2H -
(data < +incero! 1%!1996)
2.1.2 Incinerator tec2nolo"y
&"ere are two #rimary tec"no$ogies (sed to incinerate s$(dge< CHG (C($ti#$e Heart"
G(rnaces) and G$(idi8ed :ed Incinerators (G:I) (Ky! 6% et a$!2000)
*+,+*+, -HF
CHG/s can 'e di)ided into 4 8ones <
&"e first! w"ic" consists of t"e (##er "eart"s! is t"e drying 8one w"ere most of t"e water is
e)a#orated
&"e second! consisting t"e centra$ "eart"s is t"e com'(sting 8one% In t"is 8one t"e
com'(sti'$es are '(rned (tem#erat(re < >60NE T 90 NE)
&"e t"ird is t"e fi9ed car'on '(rning 8one! w"ere t"e remaining car'on is o9idi8ed into
car'on dio9ide%
&"e fo(rt" is t"e coo$ing 8one and inc$(des t"e $owest "eart"s% In t"is 8one as" is coo$ed 'y
t"e incoming com'(stion air%
*+,+*+* FBI
0n G:I is a sing$e c"am'er (nit in w"ic" 'ot" drying and com'(sting occ(r in a f$(idi8ed
sand 'ed%
0s" is carried o(t t"e to# of t"e f(rnace and is remo)ed 'y air #o$$(tion contro$ de)ices!e%g%
Vent(ri &ray +cr(''ers
&"ere are two 'asic #rocess config(rations for t"e G:I <
HW: or t"e "ot wind 'o9 design< t"e f$(idi8ing air #asses t"ro(g" a "eat e9c"anger! #rior to
in-ection into t"e com'(stion c"am'er
EW: or t"e co$d wind 'o9 design< t"e f$(idi8ing air is in-ected direct$y into t"e f(rnace
i"ure 2.1.2.2.$: luidiHed Bed Incinerator!2ttp:IIwww.eccJ.or.JpI2icotIen"Ipamp2I2))2I)2K)$.2tml#
- 29 -
2.2 Bio;*on
!=undin-+.-2))(#
&"e :io-Eon met"od inc$(des t"ree #rocesses
1% drying < &"e s$(dge is dried to 90? 6C
2% com'(stion < &"e dried s$(dge is fed to an incinerator% +ome of t"e energy generated is
(sed to dry t"e s$(dge! t"e rest is (sed for district "eating
% reco)ery < 0fter t"e com'(stion! as" and s$ag remain% &"ey are disso$)ed in s($#"(ric
acid % &"e generated so$(tion enters 4 ion e9c"angers%
- In t"e first ( a cat ion e9c"anger) iron is co$$ected
- In t"e an ion e9c"anger! s($#"ate is co$$ected as #otassi(m s($#"ate
- In t"e t"ird ion e9c"anger #"os#"oric acid is reco)ered
- In t"e $ast section "ea)y meta$s are co$$ected and dis#osed off
2.2.1 5utrients and Feavy +etals
&"(s t"e :io-Eon #rocess com'ines t"e ad)antages of incineration and agric($t(ra$ (sage of
waste-s$(dge < &"e ad)antage of t"e $and a##$ication of s$(dge is t"at it #ro)ides t"e soi$ wit"
#"os#"or(s and ot"er essentia$ n(trients% &"e ad)antage of co-incineration is t"at it destroys
"armf($ and to9ic com#onents< e%g% "ea)y meta$s% In :e$gi(m t"e $and a##$ication of s$(dge is
not a$$owed 'eca(se of t"e too "ig" concentration of "ea)y meta$s%
%a&le 2.2.1.1:Environmental impact from t2e 7wedis2 society wit2 a population of <..
millions!=undin-+.-2))(#
)nit/person and
Dear @9ri!1lt1ral 1se Co#in!ineration Fio#Con
Cd to araAle
land 9 33 0 0
8A to araAle land 9 1180 0 0
?9 to araAle
land 9 24 0 0
C1 to araAle
land 9 10400 0 0
?9 to air 9 0 2.7 13
Cd to land.ill 9 0 35 ,
plant a:ailaAle G %9 0.34 0 0
plant a:ailaAle 8 %9 0.49 0 0.56
&"e im#act of t"e "ea)y meta$s is "ig" w"en one (ses t"e waste s$(dge on $and
wit"o(t #re-treatment < &"e amo(nts of Ed! 1'! Hg and E( are "ig"%
&"e im#act is $ow if t"e s$(dge is incinerated (co-incineration and :io-con)< &"e
- 0 -
amo(nts of Ed! 1'! Hg and E( are 8ero%0 disad)antage of t"e :io-con met"od are t"e
"ig" merc(ry emissions into t"e air%
&"e #$ant a)ai$a'$e nitrogen and #"os#"or(s are 7(ite "ig" for $and-a##$ication% &"is
means t"e s$(dge can ser)e as a ferti$i8er% Incineration destroys a$$ t"e nitrogen and
#"os#"or(s! i%e t"e as"es are too contaminated w"en mi9ed wit" ot"er waste% &"e
#"os#"or(s a$t"o(g" can 'e reco)ered (sing t"e :io-Eon met"od and d(e to t"e
#rocess it wi$$ 'e in a more #$ant a)ai$a'$e form%
2.2.2 Ener"y
+ince t"e energy reco)ery from t"e incineration is of great im#ortance co-incineration and
:io-con s"ow an ad)antage com#ared to t"e agric($t(ra$ o#tion% 0gric($t(ra$ (sage is an
o#tion w"ic" re7(ires a $ot of energy < energy is re7(ired for trans#ortation! #aste(risation and
s#reading of s$(dge

A: a"ricultural application B: co;incineration *: Bio;*on
i"ure 2.2.2.1 : Ener"y Bio;*on !=undin-+.-2))(#
0$ met"ods re7(ire energy for trans#ort! es#ecia$$y t"e agric($t(re (se w"ere trans#ort
re7(ires a'o(t 400 ,W"Aton 6C s$(dge%
&"e energy generated 'y incineration is t"e $argest for common co-incineration% :io-con a$so
creates energy d(e to t"e #rod(ction of ferti$iser and t"e (sage of c"emica$s
2.2.$ Environmental impact
- 1 -
&preadin9
Transport
8aste1risation
Chemi!als
4n!ineration
3ertiliser prod.
i"ure 2.2.$.1:environmental impact of slud"e disposal!=undin-+.-2))(#
&"is fig(re s"ows t"e res($ts from t"e c"aracterisation! (sing t"e categories reso(rce de#$etion
(e9c$(ding and inc$(ding s($#"(r)! acidification! e(tro#"ication and g$o'a$ warming #otentia$
(=W1)% &"e res($ts "a)e 'een norma$ised 'y di)iding t"e )a$(es for eac" category wit" t"e
"ig"est a'so$(te )a$(es%
Eonsidering t"e reso(rce de#$etion we conc$(de t"at t"e .agric($t(ra$ (se/ red(ces t"e
en)ironmenta$ im#act (negati)e )a$(es) if yo( a$so inc$(de t"e +($#"(r (sage% &"is is d(e to
t"e red(ced de#$etion of #"os#"or(s (minor effect)! '(t t"e f(e$-(se is m(c" "ig"er "ere t"an
t"e ot"er two met"ods%
&"e res($ts for :io-con are 7(ite good! '(t t"e (se of +($#"(r (needed to reco)er #"os#"or(s)
ma,es it $ess good t"en co-incineration%
Eom#ared to t"e ot"er o#tions agric($t(ra$ a##$ication of s$(dge contri'(tes to a "ig"er degree
to e(tro#"ication and acidification% &"e ca(se of t"is #"enomenon is t"e emission of ammiona
(FH4)% &"e res($ts for :io-con are satisfactory% Eo-incineration "as t"e 'est res($ts!
considering 'ot" acidification and e(tro#"ication%
0$$ met"ods $ower t"e effects on g$o'a$ warming (=W1 @ g$o'a$ warming #otentia$)! since
t"e red(ced (se of minera$ ferti$isers decrease t"e emissions of E;
2
and F
2
;
2.2.( Economical
- 2 -
i"ure 2.(.1: *osts for slud"e disposal !LItonnes D+ slud"e# !=undin-+.-2))(#
&"e tota$ net cost for :io-Eon is ]10 A tonnes 6C s$(dge% &"e o#erationa$ costs acco(nt for
4? of t"e net costs[ t"ese costs are 7(ite "ig" d(e to t"e $arge (se of c"emica$s% &"e costs
can 'e $owered 'y t"e re)en(es from sa$e of t"e #rod(ct c"emica$s in t"e #rocess% &o o'tain
t"is t"e 7(a$ity of t"e #rod(ct c"emica$s "as to 'e "ig"%
&"e most e9#ensi)e met"od is co-incineration d(e to t"e costs of e9#anding t"e waste
incinerator% 3ed(cing t"e cost for e9#ansion can $ower t"e tota$ costs 'y ]100 Atonnes 6C
s$(dge! in t"is case t"e :io-con met"od wi$$ 'e more e9#ensi)e t"en co-incineration%

2.2.8 *onclusion
0$t"o(g" t"e :io-Eon #rocess is sti$$ in a start-(# #"ase it seems to 'e an interesting met"od <
It is a good met"od considering t"e (sage of energy so(rces and t"e en)ironment% 0 #ro'$em
may 'e t"at! 'eca(se it is a new met"od! t"e costs may 'e "ig"er t"an #redicted in t"e
in)estigation
4eferences
KS! 6%! C*IIEF! 4% D C0S3;+E! 6% (2000)! c(rrent #ractices and f(t(re direction for
'ioso$ids incinerators! #roceedings of t"e resid(a$s and 'ioso$ids management conference!
Ge'r(ary)
I*F6IF! C% ! ;I;G++;F! C%! 1E&&E3+;F! =%4% D ^E&&E3I*F6! H% (2004)
- -
En)ironmenta$ and economic assessment of sewage s$(dge "and$ing o#tions !reso(rces
conser)ation and recyc$ing 41!2BB-2>H
CE&E0IG D E66S (19>2)
Few Sor,!Cc=raw-Hi$$ :oo, Eom#any
R0+IC! +%3% ( )
Wastewater &reatment 1$ants< 1$anning! 6esign! and ;#eration! +econd Edition

+IFEE3;! 0%1% D +IFEE3;! =%0% (1996)
En)ironmenta$ Engineering < 0 6esign 0##roac"
Few 4ersey! 1rentice-Ha$$! Inc%
+KI&&! 4% (19>9)
Waste dis#osa$ management and #ractice
Iondon! Knig"t
&E::*&&! &%H%S% (199H)
1rinci#$es of Water R(a$ity Eontro$
:(tterwort" Heinemann
- 4 -

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