It is said that behind every successful man,

there is a woman
Thanks to the woman behind me.
who is my biggest critic, cheer leader,
support, guide & friend.
PLCC Protection coupler
Basic Concepts & Demonstration
S.V. Kulkarni DyEE PLCC MSETCL Pune
PLCC Protection coupler
Visit to Learning center PLCC 30 min
PLCC introduction 15 min.
PLCT 15 min.
PLCC outdoor equipment 15 min.
Coupling schemes 15 min.
Tea Break 15 min
Conventional & CAP 15 min.
NSD 50 Transmitter & Receiver 15 min.
G4AA G4AC 15 min.
QA 15 min.
Protection coupler demo 30 min.
To communicate is Human Nature
We communicate to
Convey feelings.
Express
agreements.
Express love.
Learn/ Teach
Share knowledge
Communico (Latin)
PLCC & OPGW
The PLCC is a technology which uses power line
as physical media for speech, Data & protection
signal transmission.
PLCC Network
Exercise
Look at the pictures & write their names
PLCC Indoor & Outdoor equipment
Power Line Carrier Terminal
PLCT converts a input signal of 4 KHz bandwidth to the RF signal &
amplifies this signal to the desired output power levels up to 40
watts.
The RF range in PLCC system is 50 KHz to 500 KHz
Modulation & Demodulation
Modulation is a technique used to convert a low
freq signal( information signal) to a higher freq
signal ( modulated signal) using high freq signal
(carrier)
Demodulation is the opposite technique where
information signal is extracted from the carrier.
Modulation & Demodulation requires Carrier
frequency which is generated in PLCT.
PLCC Panel ( type: ABB ETL
41/42)
Cabinet
Modules
( 428/456 U KHz)
Or (96/92 U KHz)
( 232/108 UL KHz)
Or 480/ 488 UL KHz
Rx Tx
Rx Tx Rx Tx
Frequency space
4 + 4 = 8 KHz required
Frequency space
4 + 4 +4 +4 = 16 KHz required
Telephone Bandwidth
1000 Hz
2000 Hz
3000 Hz
4000 Hz
5000 Hz
6000 Hz
Human voice 4 KHz, Music 15 KHz, TV 6 MHz BW
Single Channel
ABB Make ETL 41
PLCC Panel
( 96/92 U KHz)
Twin Channel
ABB Make ETL 42
PLCC Panel
( 480/488 UL KHz)
Tx band 96-100 KHz
Rx band 92- 96 KHz
Tx band 476-480 K
Rx band- 484-488 K
Tx band 480-484 K
Rx band- 488-492 K
Rx Tx
Rx Tx Rx Tx
Frequency Spectrum
U KHz
U KHz
L KHz
BW 4+4= 8 KHz
BW 4 + 4 + 4 + 4 =16KHz
Adjacent Frequency
Adjacent Frequency
Single Channel
ABB Make ETL 41
PLCC Panel
( 428/456 U KHz)
Twin Channel
ABB Make ETL 42
PLCC Panel
( 232/108 UL KHz)
Tx band 428-432 KHz
Rx band 456-460 KHz
Tx band 228-232 K
Rx band- 104-108 K
Tx band 232-236 K
Rx band- 108-112 K
Rx Tx
Rx Tx Rx Tx
Frequency Spectrum
U KHz
U KHz
L KHz
BW 4+4= 8 KHz
BW 4 + 4 + 4 + 4 =16KHz
Separate Frequency
Separate Frequency
Tx
/
Rx
Tx
/
Rx
Tx
/
Rx
Tx
/
Rx
Tx
/
Rx
Tx
/
Rx
Tx
/
Rx
Tx
/
Rx
Tx
/
Rx
Tx
/
Rx
Tx
/
Rx
Tx
/
Rx
Tx
/
Rx
Tx
/
Rx
Tx
/
Rx
Tx
/
Rx
Tx
/
Rx
Tx
/
Rx
Tx
/
Rx
Tx
/
Rx
Tx
/
Rx
Tx
/
Rx
Tx
/
Rx
Tx
/
Rx
Tx
/
Rx
Tx
/
Rx
Tx
/
Rx
Tx
/
Rx
Tx
/
Rx
Tx
/
Rx
Tx
/
Rx
Tx
/
Rx
Tx
/
Rx
Tx
/
Rx
Tx
/
Rx
Tx
/
Rx
Tx
/
Rx
Tx
/
Rx
Tx
/
Rx
Tx
/
Rx
Tx
/
Rx
Tx
/
Rx
Tx
/
Rx
Tx
/
Rx
Tx
/
Rx
Tx
/
Rx
Tx
/
Rx
Tx
/
Rx
Tx
/
Rx
Tx
/
Rx
Tx
/
Rx
Tx
/
Rx
Tx
/
Rx
Tx
/
Rx
Tx
/
Rx
Tx
/
Rx
Single channel Maximum 56 no. of PLCC panels for 50 to 500 KHz range
Tx/Rx I
Tx/Rx II
Tx/Rx I
Tx/Rx II
Tx/Rx I
Tx/Rx II
Tx/Rx I
Tx/Rx II
Tx/Rx I
Tx/Rx II
Tx/Rx I
Tx/Rx II
Tx/Rx I
Tx/Rx II
Tx/Rx I
Tx/Rx II
Tx/Rx I
Tx/Rx II
Tx/Rx I
Tx/Rx II
Tx/Rx I
Tx/Rx II
Tx/Rx I
Tx/Rx II
Tx/Rx I
Tx/Rx II
Tx/Rx I
Tx/Rx II
Tx/Rx I
Tx/Rx II
Tx/Rx I
Tx/Rx II
Tx/Rx I
Tx/Rx II
Tx/Rx I
Tx/Rx II
Tx/Rx I
Tx/Rx II
Tx/Rx I
Tx/Rx II
Tx/Rx I
Tx/Rx II
Tx/Rx I
Tx/Rx II
Tx/Rx I
Tx/Rx II
Tx/Rx I
Tx/Rx II
Tx/Rx I
Tx/Rx II
Tx/Rx I
Tx/Rx II
Tx/Rx I
Tx/Rx II
Tx/Rx I
Tx/Rx II
Twin channel Maximum 28 no. of PLCC panels for 50 to 500 KHz range
AM signal
fm fc
fc + fm
fc - fm
fc
Modulating signal
Speech
Data
Protection
Carrier
Amplitude Modulated Signal
fm1 fc
fc
Modulating signal
Speech
Data
Protection
Carrier
Amplitude Modulated Signal
fm2
Channel I Input signal
Channel II Input signal
Carrier signal
Carrier signal
Lower Sideband f c f m 1
Carrier & USB removed
Upper Sideband f c f m 2
Carrier & LSB removed
R
x
T
x
R
x
T
x
Speech signal
Protection signal
Data Signal
Carrier
Amplitude
Modulated
Signal
AM
signal
fm
fm
fm fc
fc + fm
fc - fm
fc
PLCC Applications
PLCC link
PLCT are used as a pair one at each end
Each PLCT is designated for a set of Tx & Rx freq.
These freq may be Separate Or Adjacent.
The corresponding PLCT at the other end will be
designated for the reverse value of Tx/Rx freq.
The ch freq. will be either in 4 KHz or 8 KHz BW
depending upon single ch or Twin ch.
Protection
Frequency
Guard
Frequency
Pilot
Frequency
Data Freq. Dial Freq.
Speech Freq.
Carrier
Frequency
Exercise
7. Data frequency band ______________________KHz
Exercise
Hints 1. Make ,Type & Frequency of PLCT
2. Selection of Pass band of LMU
3. Selection of Blocking band of LMU
4. PLCC Phase to phase coupling
5. Main HF cable & HF loop connection.
Coupling schemes---
Economic ,Engineering & common sense
Mode 1 coupling
Center ph to Outer ph (No Mode 3)
Center ph to Ground ( No mode 2)
Outer ph to outer ph with Ground
return (No mode 2)
Outer ph to Ground ( All 3 modes)
Inter circuit
Phase-to-Ground
LMU
Cc
LT
PLC
Cc
LMDU LMU
PLC
Cc
LT
LT
Cc
LMDU LMU
PLC
Cc
LT
LT
Phase-to-Phase
PLCC Coupling
Modal analysis
Modal analysis is a mathematical tool similar to
symmetrical components used for analyzing
unbalanced faults on three ph power system.
It can be shown that no. of natural Nodes is
equal to the no. of conductors involved in the
propagation.
For example, 3 nodes in the case of a single
circuit line with 2 earth wires earthed at each
tower.
The ph conductor V or I can be resolved into 3
sets of natural mode components at any point on
a lossy, reflection free three ph line.
Mode distribution for a 3 ph line
Mode 1 is least attenuated & least
frequency dependent
more frequency dependent & has
more attenuation than Mode1
Mode 3 is the highest attenuated mode &
is propagated on all 3 phases & returns via
the ground
Mode components for various
types of coupling
a) Center phase to Ground coupling
b) Outer phase to Ground coupling
c) Center to Outer Push Pull coupling
d) Outer to Outer Push push coupling
Protection
Substation A
Substation B
Zone 1 (A & B) Zone 1 (A)
Zone 2 (B)
Zone 1 (B)
Zone 2 (A)
Line Fault PUTTDistance relay( 21), Main I, Main II
Conductor snapping
Tree fault
Bird fault
In case of 400 KV line, Main I & Main II are parallel commands.
M I ,M II should be operated simultaneously.
Substation A Substation B
Substation FaultDirect Trip Protection
Over Voltage
LBB
Reactor Protection
Busbar
Hand trip
86ROV all commands are routed through 86ROV except
Hand trip
85 LO receive command is routed through 85LO
relay.
Conventional 3 Zone Protection
Distance
Relay 21
Distance
Relay 21
400 220
Z 1 0 0
Z 2 300 400
Z3 500 700
Carrier aided Protection
Distance
Relay 21
Distance
Relay 21
Protection
Coupler
Protection
Coupler
Trip logic
Conventional & Carrier aided protection
Carrier Aided Protection
Carrier aided Protection
In the absence of communication link,
the operation of End zone fault is
longer & auto reclosing is not possible.
Carrier aided protection scheme is used
for simultaneous tripping of near & far end
circuit breakers
Protection Coupler equipments can be
used along with PLCC terminals for Tele
protection requirements.
Relay Interface 2
Opto coupler
Solid state C
Alarm Contact
Opto coupler
Solid state C
Relay Interface 1
Opto coupler
Solid state C
Opto coupler
Solid state C
DSP Card
G4AA
G4AC G4AC
Protection Coupler ABB Make NSD 50 (Full version)
Alarm Contact
Slot no. 10 Slot no. 15 Slot no. 21
DSP
Protection coupler
At S/s A
Opto coupler
Alarm Contact
Protection coupler
At S/s B
Solid state
Contact
Alarm Contact
85X
Distance
Relay 21
Protection coupler
At S/s A
Solid state
Contact
Alarm Contact
Protection coupler
At S/s B
Opto coupler
Alarm Contact
85X
Distance
Relay 21
Protection coupler
At S/s A
Opto coupler
Solid state
Contact
Alarm Contact
Protection coupler
At S/s B
Opto coupler
Solid state
Contact
Alarm Contact
85X
85X
30X
30X
Principle of operation
Under normal conditions, i.e. when there is no fault in the
line, guard frequency or frequencies G1 & G2 will be
continuously transmitted through the PLC channel for
monitoring the healthiness of the equipment.
In the event of operation of protection due to fault the guard
signals will be cut & corresponding trip signals will be
transmitted in the Speech band.
Speech & any other Data transmission are interrupted while
the trip signals are being transmitted.
Relay
Interfac
e
1
G4AC
Slot no.
15
Relay
Interfac
e
2
G4AC
Slot no.
21
DSP
D
A
D
A
D
A
C
DSP Module G4AA Slot no.10
Start A
Tx Command A
AF Tx
BOOST
Pilot
Tx Speech
Relay
Interfac
e
1
G4AC
Slot no.
15
Relay
Interfac
e
2
G4AC
Slot no.
21
DSP
D
A
D
A
D
A
C
Alarm
Tx,Rx,COM 1,2
DSP Module G4AA Slot no.10
Rx command A
Rx aux O/P A
AF Rx
Rx Speech
AGC
ALARM
NSD 50 Transmitter & Receiver
Transmitter
Applying DC voltage to the input Tx command interrupts
the Pilot /Guard signal.
Tx Speech cut off.
Protection coupler will generate trip frequency which will
be fed to PLCC panel & Tx Counter increments.
Receiver
Continuously monitor guard signal.
When found any trip frequency with absence of guard
signal, Rx Speech is interrupted & Rx counter
increments.
At the same time Rx command on the protection relay
is activated.
NSD 50 Trip Frequencies
Command A 872 Hz
Command B 1090 Hz
A & B Permissive Trip/ Uncoded Commands
Command C 654 Hz / 1526 Hz
Command D 654 Hz / 1745 Hz
C &D Direct Trip / Coded Commands
A,B,C & D Commands are transmitted in
Speech band
Transmission time ,Security & Dependability
The Performance of a protection coupler is
assessed by means of three criteria.
The Transmission time
The Security ( Unwanted command probability)
The Dependability ( Missing command probability)
Permissive & Direct
This scheme is used for protection of power line with
Distance relay.
Tripping can only take place at the receiving end if a
tripping signal is being received and local protection relay
detects a fault.
Transmission Time 12ms
Command Prolongation (Trip Extension) time- 20ms
The tripping command from the protection coupler goes
directly to the circuit breaker.
Transmission Time 26 ms
Command Prolongation time- 100 ms
ABB ETL 41 ABB ETL 41 ABB ETL 41
ABB ETL 41
ABB ETL 41
Main I Main II Direct Trip Sp Dialing Sp Express
M I Own
M II Own
Direct trip Own
M I Parallel
M II Parallel
v
Utilization of PLCC panels (3P+2S)
A A B B C
Modified Utilization (2P+2/1S)
ABB ETL 41
ABB ETL 41 ABB ETL 41 ABB ETL 41
Channel I Channel II
Speech Dialing
A A B B
M II Own
Direct trip Own
v
v
v
M I Parallel
M II Parallel
Direct trip Parallel
Speech Express
C C
OR
ABB ETL 41 ABB ETL 42
A A B B
M II Own
v
v
v
M I Parallel
M II Parallel
Direct trip Parallel
C C
Channel I Channel II
Speech Dialing/Express
Twin Channel Panel
M I Own
M I Own
Direct trip Own
ABB ETL 41
I/P Volt 125 V DC250 V DC CA,CC,CG,CI
I/P Volt 48 V DC110 V DC
CB,CD,CH,CK
Trip signal A / C CE,CP,CF,CQ
Rack slot N15/ N21 CN / CO
Com Prol. A 5ms/20ms/100ms
CR/CS/CT
Relay Interface 1 G4AC
Trip signal B / D CL,CU,CM,CV
Com Prol. B 5ms/20ms/100ms
CW/CX/CY
Stand-by Battery ON/OFF
BA / BB
[ x ] (1)
[ x ] (2)
[ x ] (3)
[ x ] (4)
[ x ] (5)
[ x ] (6)
[ x ] (7)
[ x ] (8)
Programming DSP Switch S3 Command Settings
ON /OFF
Security : Step 2 (increased) / step 1
T03 nominal Transmission time T0 = 46 ms
T02 nominal Transmission time T0 = 26 ms
T01 nominal Transmission time T0 = 16 ms
Settings for Uncoded Tripping signals ( A,B)
Settings for Coded tripping signals (C,D)
Security : Step 2 (increased) / step 1
T03 nominal Transmission time T0 = 19 ms
T02 nominal Transmission time T0 = 12 ms
T01 nominal Transmission time T0 = 10 ms
[ x ] (1)
[ x ] (2)
[ x ] (3)
[ x ] (4)
[ x ]
(5)
[ x ] (6)
[ x ] (7)
[ x ] (8)
Programming DSP Switch S4 Guard Setting
ON /OFF
Not used
Local Test ON / OFF
-10 dBm0 / -14 dBm0 unblocking threshold
200 Bd /100 Bd Pi filter
ETL Pilot / own guard
Setting of
Guard or Pilot Freq
(Default = 3780 Hz)
S4 (3) (2) (1) = pilot
0 0 0 = 3780 Hz
0 0 1 = 3600 Hz
0 1 0 = 3360 Hz
0 1 1 = 3120 Hz
1 0 0 = 2880 Hz
1 0 1 = 2640 Hz
1 1 0 = 2400 Hz
1 1 1 = 2160 Hz
[ x ] (1)
[ x ] (2)
[ x ] (3)
[ x ] (4)
[ x ]
(5)
[ x ] (6)
[ x ] (7)
[ x ] (8)
Programming DSP Switch S5 Alarm Setting
ON /OFF
Not used
Not used
Interface in Slot N 21 ? Yes / No
Interface in Slot N 15 ? Yes / No
Command output latching status for
An alarm condition ( SNR/ Level Alarm)
S5 (4) (3) = statuses of the com O/P for an alarm
0 0 = no influence on receiver contacts
0 1 = uncoded tripped, coded contacts quiescent
1 0 = all receiver contacts quiescent.
1 1 = no influence on receiver contacts.
6 dB / 12 dB SNR alarm threshold
Cyclic loop test ON/ OFF
[ x ] (1)
[ x ] (2)
[ x ] (3)
[ x ] (4)
[ x ] (5)
[ x ] (6)
[ x ] (7)
[ x ] (8)
Programming DSP Switch S6 Alarm Delay
ON /OFF
2
7
6.5 s
2
6
3.3 s
2
5
1.6 s
2
0
0.05 s
2
1
0.1 s
2
2
0.2 s
2
3
0.4 s
2
4
0.8 s
Alarm Relay delay =
Sum of ON values
(settings in steps of 50
ms)
Default setting = 10 s
Common alarm contacts ALARM 1, ALARM 2
Contact closes in alarm state ( N/C) AB,AD (default)
Contact opens in alarm state ( N/O) AA, AC
Signal Processor
Data & Program
Memories
Digital
signals
Serial Interface
LEDs
Aux Alarm Relay
Tx command A
Start A
Tx command B
Start B
Rx command A
AUX A
Rx command B
AUX B
Unblocking 1
Unblocking 2
Relay Panel
Protection coupler
Opto coupler
Solid state
Contact
Alarm Contact
Trip Send Contact in RP
Carrier Receive Relay in RP
Carrier Healthy relay in RP
85X
30X
RP K102
RP K877
RP K173
RP K169
RP K161
RP K169
Distance
Relay 21
Relay Panel
Protection coupler
Opto coupler
Solid state C
Alarm Contact
Trip Send Contact in RP
CR relay in RP
Carrier Healthy relay in RP
85X
30X
Distance
Relay 21
Opto coupler
Solid state C
Trip Send Contact in RP
CR relay in RP
85X
Distance
Relay 21
WT WT
Relay Panel
Protection coupler
Opto coupler
Solid state
Contact
Alarm Contact
Trip Send Contact in RP
Carrier Receive Relay in RP
Carrier Healthy relay in RP
85X
30X
RP K102
RP K877
RP K173
RP K169
RP K161
RP K169
21
Protection coupler
Opto coupler
Solid state
Contact
Alarm Contact
85X
30X
RP K102
RP K877
RP K173
RP K169
RP K161
RP K169
Relay Panel
Trip Send Contact in RP
Carrier Receive Relay in RP
Carrier Healthy relay in RP
21
ETL 41
PLCC
Panel
Having
Freq
84/80
KHz
with
NSD 50
ETL 41
PLCC
Panel
Having
Freq
80/84
KHz
with
NSD 50
M I
M II
DT
M I
M II
DT
84 + 0.872
=84.872 KHz
&
80 + 0.872
=80.872 KHz
Own Commands & Parallel commands
ETL 41
84/80
KHz
with
NSD
50
ETL 41
80/84
KHz
with
NSD
50
M I
M II
DT
M I
M II
DT
ETL 41
96/92
KHz
with
NSD
50
ETL 41
92/96
KHz
with
NSD
50
Exercise
Refer Fig A & B and Complete the following table
BPL DC 42 Protection Coupler
The DC 42 series Digital Protection coupler can be
directly inserted into the BPL Make 9505 V3 Power line
carrier equipment.
Under normal conditions i.e. when there is no fault in the
line, two guard frequencies G1 & G2 will be continuously
transmitted through the PLC channel for monitoring the
healthiness of the equipment.
When there is a fault the guard signals will be cut &
corresponding trip signals will be transmitted in the
speech band.
Speech & any other Data transmission are interrupted
while the Trip signals are being transmitted.
Guard & Trip frequencies of DC 42
Guard 1- 2146 Hz
Guard 2 2341 Hz
Trip F1- 1171 Hz
Trip F2 1366 Hz
Trip F3 1561 Hz
Trip F4 1756 Hz
Trip F5 1951 Hz
Loop Test Frequency 3902 Hz
Block Diagram of DC 4
DC 42 Transmitter & Receiver
When there is a fault, the trip signals will be extended to the
DC CPU through DC COMIO module.
The DC CPC sends the corresponding command to the DC
REC module.
DC REC module decodes the command and corresponding
frequency /frequencies are transmitted.
At the receiving end, the composite signals from the DC
REC is fed to DC CPU module which detects the presence
of trip signal ( only in absence of the guard signals ) & gives
the corresponding command logic high /low & also logic
lines corresponding to frequencies to DC CPU module.
DC CPU module decodes the logic lines and corresponding
relays are activated.
The remote end breakers will be tripped only when the
protection receiver depending on the nature of the fault
receives the assigned combination of Trip frequencies.
The DC PSU Module provides dual 12 V DC outputs & 5 V DC
output.
DC CPU module provides the commands necessary to generate
the Guard & Trip frequencies.
DC REC module is responsible for transmitting the frequency
corresponding to command issued by DC CPU as well detecting the
trip frequency and issuing corresponding trip command to DC CPU.
DC COMIO consists of DC CIC & DC COC
DC CIC provides the interface between the local distance protection
relays & protection relaying equipment.
DC COC provides the necessary interface for transferring the trip
command received from the distant protection equipment to the local
distance protection relays.
Face plan of DC 42
Permissive & Direct Commands
Command I F1 + F3
Command II F2 + F4
Command III F5 F1 F5
Command IV F5 F2 F5
Permissive & Direct Commands
The Transmission time permissive command is < 20
msec & for Direct command is < 30 msec.
The trip frequency level is 11dB higher than guard
frequency level in permissive & 17 dB higher in Direct
scheme.
The Direct commands are more secure whereas
permissive commands are more dependable in nature.
Seek Excellence,
Success will follow