Computers Are

Your Future
2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Computers Are Your Future Chapter 5
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Computers Are Your Future
Chapter 5

Input/Output and Storage

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What You Will Learn About
The purpose of special keys and the most frequently
used pointing devices
Input devices used to get audio and digital data into the
computer
The characteristics of a monitors quality and the various
types of monitors
The two major types of printers
The difference between memory and storage
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What You Will Learn About
The categories of storage devices
The performance characteristics of hard drives
How data is stored on both hard and floppy disks
The various optical storage media available for
personal computers

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Input
Input is any data entered into the computers
memory.
Types of input include:
Data Unorganized information (words, numbers,
images, or sounds) that the computer converts to
meaningful information
Software Programs transferred from storage devices to
the computers memory
Commands Instructions that tell the computer what to
do
Responses Prompts requiring user feedback
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Input Devices: Giving Commands
Keyboard
Mouse
Other Pointing
Devices
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Audio Input
Computers can accept input from a microphone.
An expansion card called a sound card records and
plays back sound files.
Sound files contain digitized sound data.
Popular sound file formats include:
Windows WAV
Moving Pictures Expert Group (MPEG)
MP2 and MP3
Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI)
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Audio Input: Speech Recognition
Speech recognition is a type
of input in which the
computer recognizes words
spoken into a microphone.
Special software and a
microphone are required.
Latest technology uses
continuous speech recognition
where the user does not have
to pause between words.
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Digital Cameras
Digital Video
Click on the
picture to play
the video.
Digital Input: Digital Cameras and
Digital Video
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Scanners
Flatbed
Fax Machines
Alternative Input Devices
Barcode reader
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Output Devices: Engaging our Senses
Output devices are peripheral devices that enable us
to view or hear the computers processed data.
Visual output Text, graphics, and video
Audio output Sounds, music, and synthesized speech
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Monitors
A monitor is a peripheral device which displays
computer output on a screen.
Screen output is referred to as soft copy.
Types of monitors:
Cathode-ray tube (CRT)
Liquid Crystal Display (LCD or flat-panel)

CRT LCD
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Monitor Specifications
Screen size The diagonal measurement of the screen surface
in inches (15, 17, 19, 21)
Resolution The sharpness of the image determined by the
number of horizontal and vertical dots (pixels) that the screen
can display (800 x 600, 1024 x 768, 1600 x 1200)
Refresh rate The speed at which the screen is redrawn
(refreshed) and measured in Hertz (Hz) (60Hz, 75Hz)
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Printers
A printer is a peripheral
device that produces a
physical copy or hard
copy of the computers
output.
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Inkjet
Laser
Types of Printers
Inkjet printer, also called a
bubble-jet, makes characters
by inserting dots of ink onto
paper
Letter-quality printouts
Cost of printer is inexpensive
but ink is costly
Laser printer works like a
copier
Quality determined by dots
per inch (dpi) produced
Color printers available
Expensive initial costs but
cheaper to operate per page
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Plotter
A plotter is a printer that uses a pen that moves over a
large revolving sheet of paper.
It is used in engineering, drafting, map making, and
seismology.
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WMA MIDI MP3 WAV
Beethoven
1:15 min
Rocky
2:56 min
Hornsby
48 sec
Cheers
15 sec
Click an icon
to play
music.
Click the icon
again to stop
playing.
Try clicking on
Cheers while
playing music.
Audio Output: Sound Cards and Speakers
Audio output is the ability of the computer to output
sound.
Two components are needed:
Sound card Plays contents of digitized recordings
Speakers Attach to sound card
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Hard Drive storage
RAM memory
Memory vs. Storage
Storage, also known as mass media or auxiliary storage,
refers to the various media on which a computer system can
store data.
Storage devices hold programs and data in units called files.
Memory is a temporary workplace where the computer
transfers the contents of a file while it is being used.
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Why Is Storage Necessary?
Storage devices:
Retain data when the computer is turned off
Are cheaper than memory
Play an important role during startup
Are needed for output
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Storage Devices
Storage devices are categorized by:
The type of operations they perform
The method they use to access the information
The technology they use
Their location in the storage hierarchy
Their capacity and speed
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Sequential vs. Random Access Storage
Sequential Storage devices that read and write data
in a serial (one after the other) fashion
Random-Access Storage devices that read and
write data without going through a sequence of
locations
Tape Drive
sequential storage
Hard Disk
random-access storage
Floppy Disk Drive
random-access storage
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Storage Technologies: Magnetic and Optical
Magnetic Storage devices use disks or tapes that
are coated with magnetically sensitive material
Optical Storage devices that use laser beams to
read patterns etched into plastic disks
Magnetic Storage
Optical Storage
CD/DVD drive
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The Storage Hierarchy
The three levels of storage hierarchy are:
Online storage Also called primary storage, it is made
up of the storage devices that are actively available to the
computer system. User action is not required.
Near-online storage Also called secondary storage, it is
not readily available to the computer system. The user
performs an action, such as inserting a disk, to make it
available.
Offline storage Also called tertiary storage or archival
storage, it is not readily available to the computer system.
Devices such as tape backup units store data for archival
purposes.
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Floppy Disk Hard Drive CD ROM / DVD
Capacity 720 KB to
1.44 MB
Access Time 100ms
Capacity Up to 80 GB
Access Time 6 to 12ms
Capacity CD-ROM 650
MB; DVD 17 GB
Access Time 80 to 800ms
Storage Capacity and Speed
A storage devices performance is measured by:
Capacity The number of bytes of data that a device can hold
Access Time The amount of time, in milliseconds (ms), it takes
the device to begin reading data
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Platter
Read/Write
head
Hard Disks
Hard disks are high-speed, high-capacity storage devices.
They contain metal disks called platters.
They contain two or more stacked platters with read/write
heads for each side.
Hard disks can be divided into partitions to enable computers
to work with more than one operating system.
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Factors Affecting a Hard Disks Performance
Seek time or positioning performance How
quickly the read/write head positions itself and
begins transferring information. It is measured in
milliseconds (ms).
Spindle speed or transfer performance How
quickly the drive transfers data. It is measured in
rotations per minute (RPM).
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Floppy and Zip Disks and Drives
A disk or diskette is a portable storage medium.
High-density floppy disks that are commonly
used today store 1.44 MB of data.
Disks work with a disk drive.
Zip disks store up to 750 MB of data and are not
downwardly compatible with floppy disks.
Zip Drive
Floppy Drive
Click on the
picture to see it
work.
Floppy Disk
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CD-ROM Discs and Drives
CD-ROM stands for Compact Disc-
Read Only Memory.
CD-ROM drives can not write data
to discs.
They are capable of storing 650 MB
of data.
They are used for storing operating
systems, large application programs,
and multimedia programs.
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CD-R and CD-RW Discs and Recorders
CD-R
Discs can be read and
written to
Discs can only be
written to once
CD-R drives are capable
of reading and writing
data
CD-RW
Discs can be read and
written to
Discs are erasable
Discs can be written to
many times
CD-RW drives are
capable of reading,
writing, and erasing data
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DVD-ROM Discs and Drives
DVD stands for Digital Video Disc.
DVD technology is similar to CD-
ROM technology.
DVDs are capable of storing up to
17GB of data.
The data transfer rate of DVD drives is
comparable to that of hard disk drives.
DVD-R and DVD-RW drives have the
ability to read/write data.
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Solid State Storage Devices
Solid state storage devices use nonvolatile memory
chips to retain data.
They do not have moving parts.
They are small, lightweight, reliable, and portable.
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Compact
Flash
Memory
Flash
Memory
Smart
Card
Micro
Drive
Memory
Stick
PC
Card
Solid State Storage Devices
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Chapter 5 Summary
Input is the software, data, and information that is entered into
the computers memory.
Input devices such as the keyboard, mouse, and trackball enable
the user to enter data.
A pointing device enables the user to control movements of an
on-screen pointer.
Speech recognition software enables the user to enter data into
a computer by speaking into a microphone.
Video and images can be entered into a computer by way of
digital cameras, scanners, and fax modems.
Monitors enable the user to view the computers processed
data. The output is known as soft copy.

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Chapter 5 Summary (continued)
The two types of monitors are the CRT and the LCD.
A monitors quality is measured by screen size, resolution, and
refresh rate.
Printers produce permanent versions (hard copies) of the
computers output.
The two basic types of printers are the inkjet and laser.
Memory makes software and data available for the CPUs use.
Storage devices are categorized by:
Data access (sequential or random-access)
Technology (magnetic, optical, or solid state)
Hierarchy (online, near-online, or offline)
Operations (read-only or read/write)

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Chapter 5 Summary (continued)
A hard disks performance is measured by its positioning
performance and transfer rate.
Optical storage devices include:
CD-ROM Read-only
CD-R Record once
CD-RW Erasable, write repeatedly
DVD-ROM Read-only
DVD-R Read/write
Solid state storage devices include:
PC cards
Flash memory cards
Smart cards