Analytical Techniques April 3, 2014

Liam Magrath pg. 1

TEST REVIEW GUIDE
Emission Spectra
1. Atom receives energy (heat/light)
2. Electrons jump into higher energy level
(excited state)
3. Returns to ground state
4. Releases excess energy in the form of
light
Difference light colours are observes
because
Electrons transit between different energy
levels
Energy levels are unique because
Energy depends on dist. to nucleus
Different amount of electrons

Atomic Absorption Spectrum
Justify why the change in light intensity is a
measure of concentration.
More ions in a solution = more electrons
which can absorb the energy reduce
intensity of the light

Molecular Shape
Linear
Tetrahedral
Trigonal Pyramidal
V-Shaped












Polarity
< 0.4 Non-Polar Covalent
0.5 1.7 Polar Covalent

Conditions to be Polar
Non-zero dipole moment
Asymmetrical

Difference between polar bond and polar
molecule?
P. Bond Unequal sharing of electrons
between to atoms
P. Molecule Molecule with an overall
non-zero dipole moment

How is it possible for a non-polar molecule
to have polar bonds?
Even though two atoms in a molecule
may be polar, overall a molecule may
have a zero dipole moment and therefore
be a non-polar molecule.
(Ex. CO2 O=C=O; O=C is polar, however dipole
moments cancel each other out and is therefore a
non-polar molecule)

Molecular Forces
Hydrogen Bonds: OH, NH, HF (FON)
Determining Intermolecular Force:
State:
1. Polarity for each bond
2. Overall polarity
3. Type of bond

Chromatography
Stationary Phase Solid
Mobile Phase Liquid/Gas
Rf Value = distance moved/Solvent Front