Chng I

NG THC BNG PHNG PHP BIN I TNG

NG
I . Tnh cht c bn:
ax > bx khi x > 0
ax < bx khi x < 0

a. a > b

a > x
a + b > x + y Ch
b > y

b.

a > x

b > y

a b > x y

ab > xy
a x
>
b y

a > x 0
ab > xy
b > y 0

c.

d. a > b 0 a 2 > b 2
H qu: a > b a 2 > b 2
1 1
<
a b
1 1
a<b<0 >
a b
f. A > 0
x < A A < x < A

e. a > b > 0

x < A
x > A

x > A

II. Vi bt ng thc thng dng:

Vi a, b, c, ty ( a, b, c... R )
a. a 2 + b 2 2ab ( Du = xy ra a = b )
b. a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ab + bc + ca ( Du = xy ra a = b = c )
1

c. Vi a, b > 0 ta c: (a + b) + 4 +
a b a+b
a b

III. Cc v d:

tan x tan y
<1
1 tan x tan y

V d 1: Cho x, y ; . Chng minh bt ng thc:

4 4

Gii:

x, y ; th 1 < tan x; tan y < 1; 0 tan 2 x, tan 2 y < 1
4 4
tan x tan y
Ta c:
<1
1 tan x tan y

 tan x tan y > 1 tan x tan y

tan 2 x + tan 2 y 2 tan x tan y < 1 2 tan x tan y + tan 2 x tan 2 y
tan 2 x + tan 2 y tan 2 x tan 2 y 1 < 0
tan 2 x(1 tan 2 y ) (1 tan 2 y ) < 0

(1 tan 2 y )(tan 2 x 1) < 0 ( Lun ng x, y ; )
4 4

V d 2:
Chng minh rng vi mi s thc a, b, c tha mn iu kin a + b + c = 1 th:
1 1 1
a b c
+ b + c 3. a + b + c
a
3 3 3
3 3 3

Gii:
1
gim nn ta c:
3x
a b
a b
1 1
0 ( a b) a b b + a a + b
3 3
3 3 3 3

V hm s

Tng t ta c:
b c
b c c a c a
+ b b+ c; a+ c c+ a
c
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

Cng v theo v cc bt ng thc trn ( ch rng a + b + c = 1 ), ta c:

1 1 1 a b c
a b c
+ b + c a + b + c 2 a + b + c
a
3 3 3 3 3 3
3 3 3
1 1 1
a b c
a + b + c 3 a + b + c (pcm)
3 3 3
3 3 3

V d 3:
a. Cho x > 0, y > 0 v xy 1 . Chng minh:
2

1
1
+
(1)
1+ x 1+ y

1 + xy
b. Cho 0 < a b c d v bd 1 . Chng minh:
4
1
1
1
1

+
+
+
1 + 4 abcd 1 + a 1 + b 1 + c 1 + d

Gii:
a. V x > 0, y > 0 nn bt ng thc (1) tng ng vi:
2(1 + x)(1 + y ) (1 + xy )(1 + y ) + (1 + xy )(1 + x)
2 + 2 x + 2 y + 2 xy 1 + xy + y + y xy + 1 + xy + x + x xy
( x + y ) + 2 xy xy ( x + y ) + 2 xy
( x + y ) xy ( x + y ) + 2( xy xy ) 0
( x + y )(1 xy ) + 2 xy ( xy 1) 0
(1 xy )( x + y 2 xy ) 0
2

 (1 xy )( x y )2 0 (2)
( x y )2 0
nn (2) ng (pcm)
V:
xy 1 1 xy 0
a , b, c , d > 0
a , b, c , d > 0
a b

ac db 1
b. a b c d nn

c
d
bd 1

bd 1

Theo kt qu cu a, ta c:
1
2
1
1 + a + 1 + c 1 + ac (a, c > 0; ac 1)

2
1 + 1
(b, d > 0; bd 1)
1 + c 1 + d 1 + bd

1
1
1
1
1
1
+
+
+
2.
+

1+ a 1+ b 1+ c 1+ d
1 + ac 1 + bd
2
2.
1 + ac . bd
4
=
(pcm)
1 + abcd

V d 4:
Cho a, b, c [ 1; 2] tha mn iu kin a + b + c = 0 . Chng minh:
a 2 + b2 + c 2 6

Gii:
a [ 1; 2] 1 a 2 ( a + 1)(a 2) 0
a 2 a 2 0 a 2 a + 2 (1)

b 2 b + c (2)
Tng t ta cng c 2
c c + 2 (3)

Cng (1), (2), (3) ta c:

a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ( a + b + c) + 6 = 6 (pcm)

V d 5:
Cho x, y, z [0;2] v x + y + z = 3 . Chng minh rng:
x2 + y 2 + z 2 5

Gii:
Ta c: x, y, z 2 (x 2)( y 2)( z 2) 0
xyz 2( xy + yz + zx) + 4( x + y + z ) 8 0
xyz 2( xy + yz + zx) 4.(3) 8 0
xyz 2( xy + yz + zx) 4 ( v x + y + z = 3 )
xyz ( x + y + z )2 ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 4
xyz ( x + y + z )2 ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 4 = 32 ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 4
3

 x 2 + y 2 + z 2 5 xyz ( V x + y + z = 3 )
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 5 ( V xyz 0 ) (pcm)

V d 6:
Cho x > 0, y > 0, z > 0 v xyz = 1 . Chng minh cc bt ng thc sau:
1
1
1
+ 3 3
+ 3
1 (1)
3
x + y + 1 y + z + 1 z + x3 + 1
1
1
1
b.
+
+
1 (2)
x + y +1 y + z +1 z + x +1

a.

Gii:
a. t T = v tri ca bt ng thc (1) ( ta cn chng minh T 1 )
Ta c: x3 + y 3 = ( x + y )( x 2 + y 2 xy )
x 2 + y 2 2 xy x 2 + y 2 xy > xy
x + y > 0 ( V x > 0, y > 0)

Nn ( x + y )( x 2 + y 2 xy ) ( x + y ) xy hay x3 + y 3 xy ( x + y )
x3 + y 3 +1 xy ( x + y ) + xyz ( V xyz = 1 )
x 3 + y 3 +1 xy ( x + y + z ) > 0
1
1
3

(a)
3
x + y + 1 xy ( x + y + z )

Tng t ta c:
1
1

y 3 + z 3 + 1 xy ( x + y + z ) (b)

1
1

(c)
3
3
z + x + 1 xy ( x + y + z )

Cng v theo v (a), (b), (c), ta c:

1
x+ y+ z
1
1 1
1
+ + =

= 1 ( V xyz = 1 ) (pcm)
( x + y + z ) xy yz zx x + y + z xyz
b. t S bng v tri ca bt ng thc (2) ( ta cn chng minh S 1 )
x = a3
x , y , z > 0 a , b, c > 0

t y = b3 m
3 3 3
xyz = 1 a b c abc = 1
z = c3

a, b, c > 0 v abc = 1 nn theo kt qu cu a, ta c:

1
1
1
+ 3 3
+ 3
1
3
3
a + b + 1 b + c + 1 c + a3 + 1
1
1
1

+
+
1 (pcm)
x + y +1 y + z +1 z + x +1

V d 7:
Cho a, b > 0 v b, c > 0 . Chng minh:
(a c)c + (b c)c ab (1)
4

Gii:
Bt ng thc (1) tng ng vi:
c(a c) + (b c)c + 2 c 2 (a c)(b c) ab

c 2 + c 2 ac + ab bc 2c (a c)(b c) 0
c 2 + a(b c) c(b c) 2c (a c)(b c) 0
c 2 + (a c)(b c) 2c (a c)(b c) 0
2

c (a c)(b c) 0 y l bt ng thc ng (pcm)

V d 8:
Chng minh rng i vi mi a, b, c R , ta c:
a2
+ b 2 + c 2 ab ac + 2bc (1)
4

Gii:
Bt ng thc (1) tng ng vi:
a 2 + 4b 2 + 4c 2 4ac 8bc + 4ac 0
( a 2b + 2c) 2 0 y l bt phng trnh ng (pcm)

V d 9:
Cho a 3 > 36 v abc = 1 . Chng minh:
a2
+ b 2 + c 2 > ab + bc + ca (1)
3

Gii:
Bt ng thc (1) tng ng vi:
a2
+ (b + c)2 2bc > a (b + c) + bc
3
a2
(b + c) 2 a (b + c) + 3bc > 0
3
a2 3
1
2
(b + c) a (b + c) + > 0 ( V bc = )
a
3 a

x = b + c

(a)
a2 3
2
f
(
x
)
=
x

ax
+
>0

3 a

Xt tam thc bc hai f ( x) = x 2 ax + (

a2 3
) c:
3 a

a 2 3 36 a 3
= a2 4 =
< 0 ( V a 3 > 36 )
3
a
3
a

f ( x) > 0, x R (a ) ng (pcm)

V d 10:
Cho 1 < x < 1 v n N , n > 1 . Chng minh:
5

(1 x)2 + (1 + n)n < 2n

Gii:
V 1 < x < 1 nn x = cos (0 < < ) lc :
(1 + n) n + (1 n) n = (1 + cos )n + (1 cos ) n
n

= 2 cos 2 + 2sin 2
2
2

n
n

= 2 n cos 2 + sin 2 < 2n cos 2 + sin 2 = 2 n (pcm)

2
2
2
2

* Ch : Khi chng minh bt ng thc bng phng php bin i tng ng cn:
1. Ch xem k gi thuyt cho, v trong mt s trng hp c th bin i gi thuyt cho
thnh bt ng thc cn chng minh ( nh v d 4, 5).
2. Trong mt s trng hp c th bin i bt ng thc cn chng minh thnh mt bt ng thc
lun ng ( c nu v d 1, 3, 7, 8).
3. Nn thuc lng v bt ng thc thng dng c gii thiu phn II.

IV. Bi tp tng t:
1. Chng minh rng: nu 0 < x y z th:
1 1 1
1 1
y + + ( x + z) + ( x + z)
x z y
x z

* Hng dn:
Tm bt ng thc tng ng bng cch quy ng mu s, c lc s hng ( x + z ) , chuyn
v, bin i v tri thnh dng tch s,
2. a, b, c, d l nm s thc ty , chng minh bt ng thc:
a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + d 2 + e 2 ab + ac + ad + ac

Khi no ng thc xy ra?

* Hng dn:
Tm bt ng thc tng ng bng cch bin i bt ng thc cho v dng:
2

a
a
a
a

b + c + d + e 0
2
2
2
2

3. a, b, c, l di ba cnh ca tam gic ABC, chng minh:

a 2 + b 2 + c 2 < 2(ab + bc + ca )

* Hng dn:
a < b + c a 2 < ab + ac, b < a + c ...

4. Chng minh:
a 2 + b 2 2ab, a, b R

p dng a, b, c l ba s thc ty , chng minh:

a 4 + b 4 + c 4 abc(a + b + c)

* Hng dn:
Dng cng thc (a b)2 0 a 2 + b 2 ...
p dng kt qu trn.
5. Chng minh t [ 1;1] ta c:
1+ t + 1 t 1+ 1+ t2 2 t2

* Hng dn
Vi t [ 1;1] , ta lun c:
(1 t ) + 2 (1 t )(1 + t ) + (1 + t ) 1 + 2 1 t 2 + (1 t 2 )

Bin i tng ng suy ra 1 + t + 1 t 1 + 1 + t 2

T: 0 1 t 2 1
1+ 1+ t2 2 t2

Chng II
BT NG THC CSI (CAUCHY)
I. Phng php gii ton
1) Cho 2 s a,b > 0, ta c:

a+b
ab
2

Du = xy ra khi v ch khi a = b.
2) Cho n s a1, a2 , a3,..., an 0 ta c:

a1 + a2 + a3 + ... + an n
a1a2 a3 ...an
n
Du = xy ra khi v ch khi a1 = a2 = a3 = ... = an
3) Bt ng thc csi suy rng
Pht biu: Vi cc s thc dng a1 , a2 , a3 ,..., an v x1 , x2 , x3 ,..., xn l cc s
thc khng m v c tng bng 1, ta c:

a1 x1 + a2 x2 + a3 x3 + ... + an xn a1x1 a2 x2 a3 x3 ...an xn

Tng qut: Cho n s dng ty ai, i = 1, n v n s hu t dng qi,

n

tha

i =1

= 1 khi ta lun c:

qi
i

i =1

i = 1, n

qi .ai
i =1

Du = xy ra
II. Cc v d
V d 1: Cho n s dng ai, i = 1, n . Chng minh rng:

1 1 1
1
(a1 + a2 + a3 + ... + an ) + + + ... + n 2
an
a1 a2 a3
Gii:
p dng bt ng thc csi cho cc s a1 , a2 , a3 ,..., an ,

1 1 1
1
, , ,...,
a1 a2 a3
an

Ta c:

a1 + a2 + a3 + ... + an n n a1a2 a3 ...an

1 1 1
1
n
+ + + ... +
a1 a2 a3
an n a1a2 a3 ...an
Nhn 2 v tng ng ta c bt ng thc cn chng minh v du = xy ra khi

a1 = a2 = a3 = ... = an
V d 2:Chng minh vi mi a,b,c dng ta lun c:

1
1
1
27
+
+

a (a + b) b(b + c) c(c + a) 2(a + b + c) 2

Gii:
p dng bt ng thc csi cho v tri:

1
1
1
3
+
+

a (a + b) b(b + c) c(c + a ) 3 abc(a + b)(a + c)(b + c)

M

33 abc (a + b + c)3
33 (a + b)(b + c)(c + a ) 8( a + b + c)3
8
( a + b + c)6
6
3
2
3 abc(a + b)(b + c)(c + a ) ( a + b + c) 2
9

abc (a + b)(b + c)(c + a)

(1)

3
27

2
abc(a + b)(b + c)(c + a ) 2( a + b + c)

(2)

T (1)(2) pcm
Du = xy ra a = b = c
V d 3: Chng minh vi mi s dng a, b, c ta lun c

1
1
1
1
+
+

a 3 + b 3 + abc b3 + c 3 + abc c 3 + a 3 + abc abc

Gii
Ta c:

a3 + b3 ab(a + b)
Nn

abc
abc
c

=
3
a + b + abc ab( a + b) + abc a + b + c
3

Tng t ta cng c
abc
abc
a

=
b3 + c3 + abc bc(b + c) + abc a + b + c

abc
abc
b

=
3
a + c + abc ac(a + c) + abc a + b + c
Cng v theo v ta c
3

1
1
1

abc 3 3
+ 3 3
+ 3 3
1
a
+
b
+
abc
b
+
c
+
abc
c
+
a
+
abc

Hay

1
1
1
1
+ 3 3
+ 3

(pcm)
3
3
a + b + abc b + c + abc c + a + abc abc
3

III. Bi tp tng t
1. Cc s dng x, y, z c tch bng 1. Chng minh bt ng thc :
xy
yz
xz
+ 5
1
5
5
5
x + xy + y
y + yz + z x + xz + z 5
5

*Hng dn:
Ta c: x 2 + y 2 2 xy
x5 + y 5 2 x5 y 5 = 2x 2 y 2 xy (x+y)x 2 y 2

Do :
xy
xy
1
z

=
=
5
2 2
x + xy + y
xy + (x+y)x y
1 + xy ( x + y ) x + y + z
5

Tng t:
yz
x

5
y + yz + z
x+ y+z
xz
y

5
5
x + xz + z
x+ y+z
5

Cng v theo v ta c pcm. Du = xy ra khi x = y = z.

2. Vi mi x, y, z dng. Chng minh :
x3 y 3 z 3
+ +
x+ y+z
yz xz xy

*Hng dn:
p dng bt dng thc csi, ta c:
x3
+ y + z 3x
yz
y3
+ x + z 3y
xz
z3
+ x + y 3z
xy

Cng v theo v ta c:
x3 y 3 z 3
+ + + 2( x + y + z ) 3( x + y + z )
yz xz xy
pcm
Du = xy ra khi x = y = z.

3. Cho a, b, c l 3 s nguyn dng. Chng minh:

2

(b + c) + (a + c) + (a + b) (a + b + c)
3

a +b + c

*Hng dn:
p dng bt ng thc csi, ta c:
(b + c) + ... + (b + c) + (a + c) + ... + (a + c) + (a + b) + ... + (a + b)








n ln

n ln

n ln

(a + b + c).a +b + c (b + c) a (a + c)b (a + b)c

Hay :
2(a + b + c)
a + b + c

a +b + c

(b + c) a (a + c)b (a + b)c (1)

10

Ta c bt ng thc sau:
2(a + b + c) 2(ab + bc + ca )

(2)
3
a+b+c
Tht vy (2) (a + b + c) 2 3(ab + bc + ca)
a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ab + bc + ca (ng)

T (1)(2), ta c pcm
Du = xy ra khi a = b = c
4. Cho a, b, c l di 3 cnh ca mt tam gic. Chng minh rng:
a
b
c
+
+
3
b+ca c+ ab a +bc

*Hng dn:
p dng bt ng thc csi:
(b + c a )(c + a b)

b + c a + c + a b)
=c
2

Tng t :
(a + b c)(c + a b) a
(b + c a )(a + b c) b

Nhn v theo v ta c:
(b + c a )(c + a b)(a + b c) abc
abc

1 (1)
(b + c a )(c + a b)(a + b c)

Ta li d dng bt ng thc csi:

a
b
c
abc
+
+
33
3 do(1) (pcm)
b+ca c+a b a +bc
(b + c a )(c + a b)(a + b c)

11

Chng III
BT NG THC BNG BT NG THC
BUNHIACOPXKI ( B.C.S)
I. Bt ng thc bunhiacopxki:
Cho 2 n s thc ( n 2 )
a1, a2, , an v b1, b2, , bn.
Ta c: (a1b1 + a2b2 + ... + anbn ) 2 (a12 + a2 2 + ... + an 2 )(b12 + b2 2 + ... + bn 2 )
Du = xy ra

a
a1 a2
=
= ... = n hay a1 = kb1 ; a2 = kb2 ; ...; an = kbn
b1 b2
bn

Chng minh:
a = a 2 + a 2 + ... + a 2
1
2
n

t:
b = b12 + b2 2 + ... + bn 2
Nu a = 0 hay b = 0 th bt ng thc lun ng
Nu a, b > 0 :
a
b
t: i = i ; i = i ( i = 1, n )
a
b
2
2
Th th 1 + 2 + ... + n 2 = 12 + 2 2 + ... + n 2 = 1
1
M: i i ( i 2 + i 2 )
2
1
Suy ra: 11 + 2 2 + ... + n n (a12 + a2 2 + ... + an 2 )(b12 + b2 2 + ... + bn 2 ) 1
2
a1b1 + a2b2 + ... + an bn ab

Li c: a1b1 + a2b2 + ... + anbn a1b1 + a2b2 + ... + anbn

Suy ra: (a1b1 + a2b2 + ... + anbn ) 2 (a12 + a2 2 + ... + an 2 )(b12 + b2 2 + ... + bn 2 )
= i
Du = xy ra i
ng da
u
11 ,... n n cu

a
a1 a2
=
= ... = n
b1 b2
bn

II. Cc v d:
V d 1:
Cho a, b, c > 0 . Chng minh:
a2
b2
c2
a+b+c
+
+

b+c c+a a+b

2

Gii:
p dng bt ng thc B.C.S, ta c:
12

a2
b2
c2
( b + c )2 + ( a + c ) 2 + ( a + b ) 2 (a + b + c) 2
+
+

2
2
2
( b + c) ( c + a) ( a + b)
a2
b2
c2
a+b+c

+
+

b+c c+a a+b

2

V d 2:
Cho a 2 + b 2 = 1 . Chng minh: a b + 1 + b a + 1 2 + 2
Gii:
p dng 2 ln bt ng thc B.C.S ta c:
(a b + 1 + b a + 1 )2 ( a 2 + b 2 )(b + 1 + a + ) = 2 + a + b
2 + 12 + 12 . a 2 + b 2 = 2 + 2 (do a 2 + b 2 = 1 )

V vy a b + 1 + b a + 1 2 + 2 .
a b +1
=
Du = xy ra b a + 1 a = b
a = b

V d 3:
Chng minh rng nu phng trnh
x 4 + ax 3 + bx 2 + cx + 1 = 0 (1) cos nghim th a 2 + b 2 + c 2

Gii:
T (1) ta c: (1 + x 4 ) = ax3 + bx 2 + cx
p dng bt ng thc B.C.S:
(1 + x 4 ) 2 = (ax3 + bx 2 + cx) 2 (a 2 + b 2 + c 2 )( x 6 + x 4 + x 2 )
(1 + x 4 ) 2
(2)
x6 + x4 + x2
(1 + x 4 )2
4
Mt khc: 6 4 2 (3)
x +x +x
3
4
Tht vy: (3) 3(1 + 2 x + x8 ) 4( x 6 + x 4 + x 2 )
(a 2 + b 2 + c 2 )

3x8 4 x 6 + 2 x 4 4 x 2 + 3 0
( x 2 1) 2 (3 x 4 + 2 x 2 + 3) 0 ( lun ng)
4
T (2) v (3): a 2 + b 2 + c 2
3
2

a = b = c = 3 ( x = 1)
Du = xy ra
a = b = c = 2 (x = 1)

V d 4:
Cho a, b, c > 0 tha a + b + c = 1 . Chng minh rng:
13

4
3

P=

1
1
1 1
+
+ +
30
2
2
a + b + c ab bc ca
2

Gii:
p dng bt ng thc B.C.S:

1
1
1
1
100 =
. a 2 + b2 + c 2 +
.3 ab +
.3 bc +
.3 ca
2
2
2
ab
bc
ca
a +b +c

1
1
1 1

2
+
+ + ( a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 9ab + 9bc + 9ca )
2
2
a + b + c ab bc ca
7
10 P
= P (a + b + c)2 + 7(ab + bc + ca ) P 1 + (a + b + c)2
P 30
3
3

Do: a + b + c = 1 ( theo gi thuyt)

(a + b + c)2
ab + bc + ca
3

V d 5:
Cho a, b, c > 0 v abc = 1 . Chng minh rng:
1
1
1
3
+ 3
+ 3

a (b + c) b (c + a ) c (a + b) 2
3

Gii:
1
x

1
y

1
z

t: a = ; b = ; c = . Khi t a, b, c > 0 v abc = 1 x, y, z > 0 v xyz = 1

Bt ng thc cho a v di dng sau:
x3 yz y 3 zx z 3 xy 3
+
+

y+z z+x x+ y 2

x2
y2
z2
3
+
+

(do xyz = 1 ) (1)

y+z z+x x+ y 2

p dng bt ng thc B.C.S, ta c:

x2
y2
z2
2

+
+
( y + z + z + x + x + y) ( x + y + z )
y
+
z
z
+
x
x
+
y

2
2
2
x
y
z
( x + y + z )2 x + y + z

+
+

=
(2)
y + z z + x x + y 2( x + y + z )
2
x
y
z
x+ y+z
1
Du = xy ra
=
=
=
=
y + z z + x x + y 2( x + y + z ) 2
y + z = 2 x; z + x = 2 y; x + y = 2z
x= y=z

Mt khc, theo bt ng thc Causi: x + y + z 3 3 xyz = 3 ( do xyz = 1 ) (3)

Du = xy ra khi x = y = z .
x2
y2
z2
3
+
+
. Vy (1) ng.
y+z z+x x+ y 2
Du = xy ra x = y = z hay a = b = c

T (2) v (3) suy ra:

14

 pcm.
V d 6:

Cho ABC ty c m1, m2, m3 l di 3 ng trung tuyn v R l bn knh ng trn

ngoi tip tam gic. Chng minh rng
9R
2
m1 + m2 + m3

Gii:
Ta c cng thc ng trung tuyn:
2b 2 + 2c 2 a 2
4
3
ma 2 + mb 2 + mc 2 = (a 2 + b 2 + c 2 )
4
Mt khc, trong mi tam gic ta c: a 2 + b 2 + c 2 9R 2 (1)
Du = trong (1) xy ra ABC u.
27 2
ma 2 + mb 2 + mc 2
R (2)
4
ma 2 =

p dng bt ng thc B.C.S:

( ma + mb + mc ) 3( ma 2 + mb 2 + mc 2 ) (3)
2

Du = trong (3) xu ra ma = mb = mc ABC u.

81 2
R
4
9R
ma + mb + mc
2
9R

2
ma + mb + mc

T (2) v (3) ( ma + mb + mc )
2

Du = xy ra ng thi trong (2) v (3) hay ABC u.

V d 7:
Cho a1 , a2 ,..., an > 0 . Chng minh rng:
an
(a1 + a2 + ... + an ) 2
a1
a2
+
+ ... +

a2 + a3 a3 + a4
a1 + a2 2(a12 + a2 2 + ... + an 2 )

Gii:
p dng bt ng thc B.C.S, ta c:
a1
an
a2
2
+
+ ... +

[ a1 ( a2 + a3 ) + a2 ( a3 + a4 ) + ... + an ( a1 + a2 )] (a1 + a2 + ... + an )

+
+
+
a
a
a
a
a
a
2 3
3
4
1
2
an
(a1 + a2 + ... + an ) 2
a1
a2
Hay
+
+ ... +

(1)
a2 + a3 a3 + a4
a1 + a2 a1a2 + a1a3 + a2 a3 + a2 a4 + ... + an a1 + an a2
Dy = xy ra: a2 + a3 = a3 + a4 = ... = an + a1 = a1 + a2
15

 a1 = a2 = ... = an
a 2 + a32
a12 + a2 2 a12 + a3 2
+
= a12 + 2
2
2
2
2
2
a + a4
a2 a3 + a2 a4 a2 2 + 3
2

Do a1a2 + a1a3

a12 + a2 2
an a1 + an a2 an +
2
2

Cng tng v n bt ng thc trn ta c:

( a1a2 + a1a3 ) + ( a2 a3 + a2 a4 ) + ... + ( an a1 + an a2 ) 2 ( a12 + a2 2 + ... + an 2 ) (2)

Du = trong (2) xy ra khi:

a1 = a2 = ... = an

T (1), (2) suy ra:

an
(a1 + a2 + ... + an ) 2
a1
a2
+
+ ... +

a2 + a3 a3 + a4
a1 + a2 2(a12 + a2 2 + ... + an 2 )
Du = xy ra a1 = a2 = ... = an

III. Bi tp tng t:
1. Cho ab + bc + ca = 4 . Chng minh: a 4 + b 4 + c 4

16
3

*Hng dn
p dng bt ng thc B.C.S hai ln:
(ab + bc + ca ) 2 (a 2 + b 2 + c 2 )(b 2 + c 2 + a 2 ) = (a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ) 2 3(a 4 + b 4 + c 4 )
16
a4 + b4 + c4
( do ab + bc + ca = 4 ).
3
2
Du = xy ra a = b = c =
3
x 2 + xy + y 2 = 3
2. Cho 2
2
y + yz + z = 16
Chng minh rng: xy + yz + xz 8

*Hng dn
Theo bt ng thc B.C.S, ta c:
2
2

x 3 3
z

18 = ( x 2 + xy + y 2 )( y 2 + yz + z 2 ) = y + + x 2 z 2 + y +
2 4 4
2

x 3
3
z
3
2
y +
z+
x y + = ( xy + yz + xz )
2 2
2
2
4

( xy + yz + xz ) 64
2

pcm.
16

3. Chng minh rng nu phng trnh x 4 + ax 3 + bx 2 + ax + 1 = 0 c nghim th:

a 2 + b2

4
5

*Hng dn
Gi x l nghim ca phng trnh cho:
x 4 + ax 3 + bx 2 + ax + 1 = 0 ( x 0 )
Chia 2 v cho x 2 > 0 , ta c:
1
2 1

x + 2 + a x + + b = 0 (1)
x
x

1
t t = x + , t 2 .
x
2
(1) t + at + b 2 = 0 2 t 2 = at + b

p dng B.C.S: ( 2 t 2 ) = ( at + b ) ( a 2 + b 2 )( t 2 + 1)
2

(2 t )

2 2

a +b
2

t 2 1

(2 t )
Ta d chng minh c:

2 2

t 1
2

a2 + b2

4
( dnh cho bn c t chng minh).
5

4
5

4. Cho x, y, z > 0 tha xy + yz + xz = 1 . Tm gi tr nh nht ca:

T=

x2
y2
z2
+
+
x+ y y+z z+x

*Hng dn
p dng bt ng thc B.C.S:
+) 1 = x y + y z + z x x + y + z . x + y + z = x + y + z
x

y
z
+) ( x + y + z ) =
x+ y +
y+z +
z+x

y+z
z+x
x+ y

x2
y2
z2

+
+
( x + y + y + z + z + x ) = 2T ( x + y + z )
x+ y y+z z+x
2

1
1
(x + y + z) =
2
2

Du = xy ra x = y = z =
Vy Min(T ) =

1
3

1
1
khi x = y = z = .
2
3

17

5. Cho x y z 0 . Chng minh rng:

x2 y y2 z z 2 x
+
+
x2 + y 2 + z 2
z
x
y

*Hng dn
p dng bt ng thc B.C.S:
x2 y y2 z z 2 x x2 z y 2 x z 2 y
2
2
2 2
+
+
+
+

(x + y + z )
x
y y
z
x
z

Xt hiu:
x2 y y2 z z 2 x x2 z y 2 x z 2 y
+
+

z
x
y
y
z
x
1
=
( x y )( y z )( z x )( xy + yz + xz ) > 0 (2)
xyz
x2 y y2 z z2 x
+
+
x2 + y 2 + z 2
T (1), (2)
z
x
y
Du = xy ra x = y = z
A=

6. Cho ABC , M l im bt k trong tam gic. Gi x, y, z, l cc khong cch t M xung BC,

AC, AB. Chng minh rng:
x+ y+ z

a2 + b2 + z 2
2R

*Hng dn
Ta c: S MBC + SMCA + S MAB = S

x y z
+ + =1
ha hb hc

x y z
+ +
h
a hb hc

Ta c: ha + hb + hc = ( ha + hb + hc )
Theo bt ng thc B.C.S, suy ra:

x
y
z
ha + hb + hc ha
+ hb
+ hc

ha
hb
hc

ha + hb + hc x + y + z (1)

Do trong mi tam gic nn ta c:

ha = b sin C ; hb = c sin A; hc = a sin B nn:

ha + hb + hc = ha = b sin C + hb = c sin A + hc = a sin B =

Theo bt ng thc Causi:

ha + hb + hc =

a2 + b2 + c2
(2)
2R

18

bc + ac + ab
2R

T (1), (2) suy ra pcm.

Du = xy ra khi ABC u, M l trng tm tam gic.

Chng IV
BT NG THC TR B SEP (TCHEBYCHEV)
I. Pht biu
- Cho 2 dy s a1 , a2 , a3 ,..., an v b1 , b2 , b3 ,..., bn
+ Nu 2 dy s cng tng hoc cng gim

a1 a2 a3 ... an
a1 a2 a3 ... an

hoc
b1 b2 b3 ... bn
b1 b2 b3 ... bn

( a1 + a2 + a3 +...+ an )( b1 +b2 +b3 +... +bn ) n(ab

1 1 + a2b2 + a3b3 +... + anbn )

Ta c:

+ Nu 1 dy tng, 1 dy gim

a1 a2 a3 ... an
a1 a2 a3 ... an

hoc
b1 b2 b3 ... bn
b1 b2 b3 ... bn
Ta c:

( a1 + a2 + a3 + ... + an )( b1 + b2 + b3 + ... + bn ) n(a1b1 + a2b2 + a3b3 + ... + anbn )

a1 = a2 = a3 = ... = an
b1 = b2 = b3 = ... = bn

Du = xy ra khi v ch khi

II. Cc v d
V d 1: Cho a + b 0 .
3
3
5
5
9
9
Chng minh (a + b)(a + b )(a + b ) 4(a + b )

19

Gii
Gi s

a 3 b3
ab 5
5
a b
p dng bt ng thc tr b sep, ta c:

a 3 + b3 a 5 + b5 a 8 + b8
(1)

2
2
2

Nhn v ca (1) cho

a+b
0 , ta c:
2

3
3
5
5
8
8
a + b a + b a + b a + b a + b

2 2 2 2 2

Cng theo bt ng thc tr b sep ta c:

8
8
9
9
a + b a + b a + b

2 2 2

Suy ra:

(a + b)( a 3 + b3 )( a 5 + b5 ) a 9 + b9

8
2
3
3
5
5
( a + b)( a + b )(a + b ) 4(a 9 + b9 )
Du = xy ra

a=b

2
2
2
V d 2: Cho dy s dng trong : a1 + a2 + ... + an > 1

an3
a13
a23
1
+
+
...
+
>
Chng minh:
s a1 s a2
s an n 1
Vi s = a1 + a2 + ... + an
Gii
Khng mt tnh tng qut ta gi s:

a1 a2 ... an do:
20

 a12 a22 ... an 2

ai > 0 i = 1, 2,3,..., n a1
an
a2
s a s a ... s a
1
2
n

p dng bt ng thc tr b sep, ta c:

a1
an a13
an3
a2
a23
( a + a +...+a ) s a + s a +...+ s a n s a + s a +...+ s a (1) v
1
2
n
1
2
n

a12 + a22 + ... + an2 > 1

2
1

2
2

2
n

Nn t (1) suy ra:

an3
a
a13
a23
1 a
a
+
+ ... +
> 1 + 2 + ... + n (2)
s a1 s a2
s an n s a1 s a2
s an
Mt khc:

a
a1
a
+ 2 + ... + n
s a1 s a2
s an

a
a
a
= 1 + 1 + 1 + 2 + ... + 1 + n
s a1 s a2
s an
1
1
1
= s
+
+ ... +
s an
s a1 s a2

1
1
1
1
( s a1) +( s a2 ) +...+( s an )
+
+... +
n (3)
n1
s

a
s

a
s

a
2
n
1

p dng bt ng thc csi ta c:

1
1
1
2
+
+ ... +
( s a1 ) + ( s a2 ) + ... + ( s an )
n (4)
s an
s a1 s a2

an3
1
a13
a23
+
+ ... +
>
T (2), (3), (4)
(pcm)
s a1 s a2
s an n 1
V d 3: Gi a1 , a2 ,..., an l cc cnh ca n gic v gi c l chu vi ca a gic
Chng minh rng :

an
a1
a2
n
+
+ ... +

c 2a1 c 2a2
c 2an n 2

Gii
Khng mt tnh tng qut, ta gi s:
21

c 2a1 c 2a2 ... c 2an

a1 a2 ... an a1
an
a2

...

c 2a
c 2a2
c 2an
1

p dng bt ng thc tr b sep, ta c

a1
an
a2
+
+
...
+

( c2a1 ) +( c2a2 ) +...+( c2an ) n(a1 +a2 +...+an) =nc

c2an
c2a1 c2a2
(1)
Mt khc

( c 2a ) + ( c 2a ) + ... + ( c 2a ) = nc 2(a
1

+ a2 + ... + an ) = (n 2)c

an
a1
a2
nc
n
+
+
...
+

=
Thay vo (1) ta c:
c 2a1 c 2a2
c 2an (n 2)c n 2
Du = xy ra

a1
a2
an
=
= ... =

c 2 an
c 2a1 c 2a2
c 2a = c 2a = ... = c 2a
n
1
2

a1 = a2 = ... = an
III. Bi tp tng t
1.Cho a, b, c > 0 chng minh:
a
b
c
3
+
+

b+c a+c a+b 2

*Hng dn
Khng mt tnh tng qut, ta gi s: a b c > 0
b + c a + c a + b

Suy ra a
b
c
b + c a + c a + b

p dng bt ng thc tr b sep cho 2 dy: b + c, a + c, a + b v

a
b
c
,
,
.
b+c a+c a+b

2. Cho a, b, c tha a 2 + b 2 + c 2 1 chng minh :

a3
b3
c3
1
,
,

b+c a+c a+b 2

*Hng dn
Khng mt tnh tng qut, ta gi s: a b c
a 2 b 2 c 2

Suy ra a
b
c

b + c a + c a + b

22

p dng bt ng thc tr b sep cho 2 dy:

a 2 b 2 c 2 v

a
b
c

b+c a+c a+b

Chng V
BT NG THC BERNOULLI
I. Phng php gii ton
Cho a 1 , 1 n  th (1 + a ) 1 + na

a = 0
Du = xy ra khi v ch khi
n = 1
II. Cc v d
V d 1: Cho
Gii:
Ta c:

n  , n 3 . Chng minh
n 1

n > n n +1 n

( nn+1 ) n >

n 1

n > n n +1

> (n + 1)n +1
1
n +1

p dng bt ng thc Bernoulli:

n

1
n
1
n
=

= 1
> 1
n +1 n +1
n +1 n +1
pcm

V d 2: Cho a,b,c >0. chng minh : (b + c ) + (c + a ) + ( a + b ) > 2 (*)

Gii:
Nu trong 3 s a,b,c c mt s ln hn hoc bng 1 th bt ng thc (*) lun
ng.
Nu 0 < a, b, c < 1
p dng bt ng thc Bernoulli:
a

a [1 (b + c) ] a + b + c
1 1 (b + c )
<

= 1 +
< 1+
b
+
c
b
+
c
b
+
c
b+c

(b + c)a >

b+c
(1)
a+b+c

Chng minh tng t :

23

(c + a )b

> a a+ +b +c c

( a + b)c

> a a+ +b b+ c

(2)
(3)

Cng (1)(2)(3) ta c: (b + c ) + (c + a ) + ( a + b) > 2 (pcm)

a

a 5 + b5 + c5 a + b + c

V d 3: Cho a,b,c > 0. chng minh rng :

(1)
3
3

Gii:
5

3a 3b 3c
Bt ng thc (1)
+
3
+
a+b+c a+b+c a+b+c
p dng bt ng thc bernoulli:
5
5 ( b + c 2a )
3a
b + c 2a

+
1
(2)

= 1 +

a+b+c
a+b+c
a+b+c

Chng minh tng t:

5
5 ( a + c 2b )
3b
a + c 2b
1

+
1
+
=
(3)

a +b+c
a+b+c
a+b+c

5
3c
5 ( a + b 2c )
a + b 2c
1+
(4)

= 1 +

a+b+c
a+b+c
a+b+c

Cng (2)(3)(4) ta c:
5

5
3a 3b 3c
3

+
+
a+b+c a+b+c a+b+c

pcm

III. Bi tp tng t:
1. Chng minh rng vi mi n = 1,2,ta c:
n
n +1
1
1
a) 1 + < 1 +

n n +1
n

3
1
b) 1 + 3
n+2
n
* Hng dn:

24

a) Bin i

1 +

n +1

n
1

1 +
n

n +1

n + 2 n 2 + 2n
thnh

n + 1 n 2 + 2n + 1

b) Dng qui np, sau p dng bt ng thc bernoulli :

k

1
k+3

1 + 2

k + 2k
k+2

2. Cho 2 s t nhin a < b < c. chng minh rng vi mi s t nhin n>a, ta c bt ng

thc : a + b < c (*)
n

*Hng dn:
n

c
a
Vit bt ng thc (*) di dng tng ng > 1 +
b
b
n +1

n+2

1
1

3. Chng minh rng 1 + > 1 +

, n 1, n 
n
n +1

*Hng dn:
n+2
1

n +1
1 +

1
1
n +1
thnh 1
Bin i
1 +

2
n +1
1
( n + 1) n + 1
1 +
n

4. Chng minh rng nu 0 < <

( 2 + sin )

2 + tan

, th ta c:
2
1+ sin
> ( 3 + tan )
(1)

*Hng dn:
t x = 1 + sin , y = 2 + tan
Bt ng thc (1) (1 + x ) > (1 + y )
y

Chng VI
P DNG TNH N IU CA HM S
I. Phng php gii ton:
Gi s cn chng minh bt ng thc f ( x) > g(x), x (a;b)
Xt hm s h(x) = f ( x) g ( x) vi x [a;b]
Nu h( x) ng bin trn (a;b) th h( x) > h(a ) , x (a;b)
25

 Nu h( x) nghch bin trn (a;b) th h( x) > h(b) hoc h( x) < h(a ) vi x (a;b)

II. Cc v d:
V d 1:

Chng minh rng tan x > sin x , x (0; )

Gii:

Xt hm s f ( x) = tan x sin x vi x [0; )

1
cos x
cosx
1 cos3 x

=
0 ( x 0; )
2
cos x
2

Ta c: f '( x) =

f ( x ) ng bin trn khong x [ 0;

2

f ( x ) > f (0) , x 0;
2

Hay tan x sin x > 0 , x 0;
2

tan x > sin x x 0;
2

V d 2:
Chng minh e x 1 + x , x > 0

Gii:
Xt hm s f ( x) : e x 1 x vi x [0;+)
Ta c: f '( x) = e x 1 > e0 1 = 0 , x 0
f ( x ) ng bin trn ( 0;+)
f ( x ) > f (0) ( x > 0 )
Hay e x 1 x > 0 ( x > 0 )
ex > 1 + x
( x > 0 )
V d 3:
Chng minh vi mi ABC nhn ta lun c sinA + sinB + sinC +2( tanA+tanB+tanC) >3.

Gii:

Xt hm s f ( x) = sin x + 2 tan x 3 x vi x [0;

2

2
Ta c: f '( x) = cos x +
3
cos 2 x
26

cos3 x 3cos 2 x + 2
cos 2 x
(cos x 1)(cos 2 x 2cosx 2)
=
cos 2 x
(cos x 1)(-sin 2 x 2cosx 1)
=
0
cos 2 x

(V x [0; ) , cos x 1 0 , -sin 2 x 2cosx 1 0 )

2

f ( x ) ng bin trn 0;
2

f ( x ) > f (0) , x 0;
2
Hay sin x + 2 tan x 3 x > 0 (1)

Trong bt ng thc (1), thay x ln lt bi A, B, C vi A. B, C l s o 3 goc nhn ABC

Ta c: sin A + 2 tan A 3 A > 0
sin B + 2 tan B 3B > 0
sin C + 2 tan C 3C > 0

Cng v theo v ta c:
sin A + sin B + sin C + 2(tan A + tan B + tan C ) 3( A + B + C ) > 0
sin A + sin B + sin C + 2(tan A + tan B + tan C ) 3 > 0

V d 4:
Cho 0 < <

. Chng minh rng:

2

2sin + 2tan > 2 +1

Gii:
Do 2sin , 2 tan 2 2sin + 2 tan (1)

Xt hm s f ( x) = sin x + tan x 2 x vi x [0;

2

Ta c:
1
2
cos 2 x
cos3 x 2 cos 2 x + 1
=
cos 2 x
(cos x 1)(cos 2 x cos x 1)
=
>0
cos 2 x

(V vi x [0; , cos x 1 0 , cos 2 x cos x 1 < 0 )

2

f ( x ) ng bin trn [0;

2
f '( x ) = cos x +

27


2
f ( ) > f (0)
Hay sin + tan 2 > 0
sin + tan > 2 (2)

Do

0< <

Thay (2) vo (1) ta c:

2sin + 2 tan > 2 2 = 2 +1 (pcm)

V d 5:
Cho 0 < <

<

sin
>
sin

6 . Chng minh rng:

3
6

3
6

Gii:
x3
6 vi x (0; )
Xt hm s: f ( x) =
sin x
x2
x 3 cos x
sin x
sin x x cos x +
2
6
Ta c: f '( x) =
(1)
2
sin x
x2
x3 cos x
t : g ( x) = sin x sin x x cos x +
2
6
2
x
x2
x3 sin x
g '( x) = cos x x sin x cos x cos x + x sin x + cos x
2
2
6
3
x sin x
=
< 0 , x (0; )
6
g ( x) nghch bin trn (0; )
g ( x) < g (0) , x (0; )
x

x2
x 3 cos x
sin x x cos x +
< 0 , x (0; ) .
2
6
Theo (1) f '( x) < 0 , x (0; )
f ( x) nghch bin trn (0; ) .

Hay sin x

Do > 6 0 < < <

f () > f ()

Hay

3
6 >

3
6

sin
sin
Do sin > 0, sin > 0

3
6

> 0,

3
6

> 0 (0 < < 6)

28

sin
>
sin

3
6

( 0 < < < 6 ) (cpcm)

V d 6:
x
, x>0
x +1
x2
a. Chng minh rng: x < f ( x) < x , x > 0
2
1
2
n
b. lim f 2 + f 2 + ... + f 2
n +
n
n
n

Cho f ( x) =

Gii:
a. x > 0 x + 1 > 1

1
<1
x +1

x
<x
x +1

f ( x) < x (1)

Mt khc:
1
x
1 vi x > 0
x +1 2

1
1
Ta c: g '( x) = 1
> 0 , x > 0
2
( x + 1) 2
g ( x) ng bin trn (0; +)
g ( x) > g (0) , x > 0
1
x
Hay
1 > 0 , x > 0
x +1 2
1
x

> 1 , x > 0
2
x +1

Xt g ( x) =

x
x2
> x , x > 0
2
x +1
2
x
f ( x) > x
, x > 0 (2)
2
x2
T (1) v (2) x < f ( x) < x , x > 0 (pcm)
2
1

2
n
b. t Sn= f 2 + f 2 + ... f 2
n
n
n
2
x
T cu a: x < f ( x) < x , x > 0
2
2
i
i
i i
2 4 < f 2 < 2 (i = 1, n)
n 2n
n n

29

1 + 2 + ... + n 12 + 22 + ... + n 2
n(n + 1)

< Sn <
2
4
n
2n
2n 2
n(n + 1) (n + 1)(2n + 1)

< Sn < n(n + 1)

2
4
2n
6.2.n
2n 2
n + 1 (n + 1)(2n + 1) S n + 1

< n<
2n
12.n3
2n

V lim [
n+

n +1 (n +1)(2n +1)
n +1 1

]= lim
=
3
n
+
n
12n
2n 2

lim Sn =
n+

1
2

III. Bi tp tng t:

1. Chng minh rng cos + cos > 1 vi x 0;

2

* Hng dn:

Xt hm s f ( x) = cos x + x sin x 1 vi x 0;
2

Chng minh f ( x) > 0 vi x 0;

2
2. Chng minh rng nu ABC c 3 gc nhn th:
sin A+ sin B + sin C + tan A+ tan B + tan C > 2
* Hng dn:

Xt hm s f ( x) = sin x + tan x 2 x vi x 0;
2

Chng minh f ( x) > 0 , x 0; . Thay x bng A, B, C ri cng li.

2
3. Chng minh rng 2

2sin x

+2

tan x

>2

3x
+1
2

* Hng dn: p dng bt ng thc cosi cho 2 s dng 22sin x , 2tan x .

Xt hm s f ( x) = 2 sin x + tan x 3x vi x (0; )

4. Cho a 6, b 8, c 3 . Chng minh rng vi mi x 1 ta u c x 4 ax 2 + bx + c
* Hng dn:
Xt hm s f ( x) = x 4 ax 2 bx c , x 1
Chng minh: f ( x) > f (1) = 1

5. Chng minh rng: x 0;

2

a. sin x < x
b. sin x > x

x3
6
30

sin x
> cos x
x

c.

* Hng dn:

a. Xt hm s f ( x) = x sin x , x 0;
2

x

b. Xt hm s g ( x) = sin x x + , x 0;
6
2
3

(Da vo cu a)
3

2
x2 x4
sin x x

c. Theo cu b:
> 1 , xt hm s h( x) = 1 + cos x , x 0;
6
2 24
x
2

Chng VII
P DNG PHNG PHP TA
I. Nhng iu cn lu


a = ( x, y ) a = x 2 + y 2

A( x A , y A ), B( xB , yB ) AB = ( xB x A ) 2 + ( yB y A ) 2
     

u v u+v u + v
 
Du = xy ra khi v ch khi u, v cng hng.
     
Tng t : u + v + w u + v + w
  
u.v u . v

II. Cc v d
V d 1: Cho a, b . Chng minh:

( a + c ) 2 + b 2 + (a c) 2 + b 2 2 a 2 + b 2

Gii:
Xt :



 
u = (a + c; b) , v = (a + c; b) u + v = (2a; 2b)

u = (a + c) 2 + b 2


Suy ra : v = (a c) 2 + b 2
 
u + v = 4a 2 + 4b 2 = 2 a 2 + b 2

M:
31

   
u + v u+v
(a + c)2 + b 2 + (a c) 2 + b 2 2 a 2 + b 2

V d 2: x, y . Chng minh:
x 2 + 4 y 2 + 6 x + 9 + x 2 + 4 y 2 2 x 12 y + 10 5 (1)

Gii:
Ta c (1) (x+3) 2 + (2 y ) 2 + (1 x) 2 + (3 2 y ) 2 5


Xt : u = ( x + 3; 2 y ), v = (1 x; 3 2y)
 
u + v = (4;3)

Ta c:

M :


u = (x+3) 2 + (2 y ) 2


2
2
v = (1 x) + (3 2 y )
 
u + v = 16 + 9 = 5


  
u + v u+v
(x+3) 2 + (2 y )2 + (1 x)2 + (3 2 y ) 2 5
(pcm)

III. Bi tp tng t:
x 2 + xy + y 2 = 3
1. Gi s x, y tha 2
(*)
2
y + yz + z = 16
Chng minh xy+yz+xz 8

*Hng dn
Xt:

x
3
x)
u = ( y + ;

2 2

v = ( 3 x; y + z )

2
2

3
3
3
3
3
u.v = yz
+ xz
+ xy
+ xz
=
( xy + yz + xz )
2
4
2
4
2
32


u =

3
x2
y + + xy + x 2 = 3
4
4
2

do (*)


3 2
z2
v=
z + y 2 + yz +
= 16
4
4

M :

do(*)

  
u . v u.v
3
(xy + yz + xz )
2
xy + yz + xz 8

48

2 .Cho x, y, z . Chng minh : x 2 + xy + y 2 + x 2 + xz + z 2 y 2 + yz + z 2

2

*Hng dn: V tri bin i thnh:

y 3 2
z 3 2

x+ + y + x+ + z
2 4
2 4

2. Cho a, b, c > 0, ab + bc + ac = abc . Chng minh :

b 2 + 2a 2
c 2 + 2b 2
a 2 + 2c 2
+
+
3
ab
bc
ac

Hng dn: V tri bin i thnh :

1 2
1 2
1 2
+ 2 + 2+ 2 + 2+ 2
2
a b
b c
c a

Chng VIII:
CHNG MINH BT NG THC BNG QUY NP
HOC PHN CHNG
I. Phng php gii ton:
* Quy np:
Mun chng minh mnh P(n) ph thuc vo n N , ng n no ( no hng s
N ), ta thc hin 3 bc sau:
Bc 1: n = no : Chng minh p(n) dng.
Bc 2: n = k ( k N ): gi s p(k) ng.
Bc 3: n = k + 1 : Chng minh p(k + 1) ng. Nguyn l quy np cho php ta kt lun, p(n)
ng n no . c bit: nu no = 1 th kt lun p(n) ng n N .
33

* Phn chng:
Ta gi mt mnh cn chng minh l lun : G K
Php ton mnh cho ta:
G K = G K = G K = GK

Nh vy, mun ph nh lun ta ghp tt c gi thit ca lun vi ph nh kt lun

ca n.
Ta thng dng 5 hnh thc chng minh phn chng nh sau:
1. Dng mnh phn o: K V .
2. Ph nh lun ri suy ra iu tri gi thit: GK G .
3. Ph nh lun ri suy ra iu tri vi mt iu ng: GK S .
4. Ph nh lun ri suy ra hai iu tri nhau: GK CC
5. Ph nh lun suy ra kt lun ca lun GK K .

II. Cc v d:
*Quy np:
1
2

V d 1: Cho n N , n 1 , a1 , a2 ,..., an 0 tha mn a1 + a2 + ... + an . Hy chng minh:

(1 a1 )(1 a2 ) ... (1 an )

1
2

Gii:
* n = 1: a1

1
1
1 a1 Bi ton ng.
2
2

* n = k N : Gi s bt ng thc ng l:

(1 a1 )(1 a2 ) ... (1 ak )

1
2
1
2

* n = k + 1 : Ta cn chng minh (1 a1 )(1 a2 ) ... (1 ak +1 ) .

Ta c: (1 a1 )(1 a2 ) ... (1 ak +1 )
= (1 a1 ) ... (1 ak 1 ) 1 ( ak ak +1 ) + ak ak +1
(1 a1 ) ... (1 ak 1 ) 1 ( ak ak +1 )

1
2

1
2
Suy ra: Bt ng thc ng vi n = k + 1 .

( V: a1 + a2 + ... + ak 1 + ( ak + ak +1 ) )

Vy theo nguyn l quy np, ta c iu phi chng minh.

V d 2: Cho n N , n 1 , ai > 0, i = 1, 2,..., n . Hy chng minh:
1 1
1
+ + ... +
an
a1 a2

( a1 + a2 + ... + an )

2
n

Gii:
* n = 1: a1.

1
= 12 : Bt ng thc lun ng.
a1

* n = k : Gi s bt ng thc ng l:
34

1 1
1
+ + ... +
ak
a1 a2

( a1 + a2 + ... + ak )

2
k

* n = k + 1 : Ta xt:
1 1
1
+ + ... +

ak +1
a1 a2

( a1 + a2 + ... + ak +1 )

1 1
1 1
1
1
1
= ( a1 + a2 + ... + ak ) + + ... + + ( a1 + a2 + ... + ak )
+ ak +1 + + ... + +1
ak
ak +1
ak
a1 a2
a1 a2
a
a
a a
a
a
k 2 + 1 + k +1 + 2 + k +1 + ... + k + k +1
ak +1 a1 ak +1 a2
ak +1 ak
k 2 + 2k + 1 = ( k + 1)

Bt ng thc ng vi n = k + 1
pcm

V d 3: Chng minh rng:

n n > ( n + 1)

n 1

, n Z , n 2

Gii:
n n = 4
n 1
* n =2
n n > ( n + 1)
n 1
( n + 1) = 3

* n = k 2 : Gi s bt ng thc ng l: k k ( k + 1)
* n = k + 1 : Ta xt:
k k ( k + 1)

k +1

( k + 1)

k 1

( k + 1)
2k 2
2
= ( k + 1)
( k + 1)
k 1

k +1

2
= ( k + 1)

> ( k 2 + 2k )

k 1

k 1

( k + 1)

(k

+ 2k ) v: ( k + 1) = k 2 + 2k + 1 > k 2 + 2k

k k ( k + 2 ) ( k + 1)
k

k +1

> ( k + 2 ) Bt ng thc ng vi n = k + 1
k

pcm.
V d 4:
Cho n Z , n 1, a, b 0 . Hy chng minh:
an + bn a + b

2
2

Gii:
* n = 1: Bt ng thc lun ng.
ak + bk a + b
* n = k N : Gi s bt ng thc ng, tc l:

2
2
a k +1 + b k +1 a + b
* n = k + 1 : Ta cn chng minh

2
2

35

k +1

 a+b

k +1

Tht vy: Ta c:

2
Ta cn chng minh:

a+b a+b
a + b a k + bk
.

2 2
2
2

a k + b k a k +1 + b k +1

2
2
k
k
( a + b ) ( a + b ) 2 ( a k +1 + b k +1 )
ab k + a k b a k +1 + b k +1
a ( a k bk ) b ( ak bk ) 0
( a b ) ( a k b k ) 0 ( lun ng).

* Phn chng:

V d 1: Cho 4 s a, b, c, d tha iu kin: ac 2 ( b + d ) (1). Chng minh rng c t nht

mt trong hai bt ng thc sau l sai: a 2 < 4b; c 2 < 4d .

Gii:
Gi s hai bt ng thc a 2 < 4b v c 2 < 4d u ng, cng v vi v hai bt ng thc
2
trn ta c: a 2 + c 2 < 2ac ( a c ) < 0 v l.
Vy c t nht mt trong hai bt ng thc a 2 < 4b v c 2 < 4d l sai.
V d 2: Cho cc s a, b, c tha iu kin:
(1)
a + b + c > 0

ab + bc + ca > 0 (2)
abc > 0
(3)

Chng minh rng a > 0, b > 0, c > 0 .

Gii:
Gi s a 0 , t (3) ta phi c a 0 do a < 0 , cng t (3) v a < 0 suy ra bc < 0
T (2) suy ra a ( b + c ) = bc > 0 b + c < 0 ( v a < 0 )
Suy ra a + b + c < 0 v l vi (1).
Vy a < 0 , tng t ta cng c b > 0, c > 0 .
V d 3: Cho 0 < a, b, c < 2 . Chng minh c t nht mt trong cc bt ng thc sau y l
sai: a ( 2 b ) > 1; b ( 2 c ) > 1; c ( 2 a ) > 1 .

Gii:
Gi s cc bt ng thc trn u ng, khi nhn v vi v cc bt ng thc li vi
nhau ta c: a ( 2 b ) b ( 2 c ) c ( 2 a ) > 1
Ta li c:
a ( 2 b ) = 2a a 2 = 1 ( a 2 2a + 1) = 1 ( a 1) 1
2

36

Tng t: b ( 2 c ) 1 v c ( 2 a ) 1
Do 0 < a, b, c < 2 nn:
a ( 2 b ) > 0; b ( 2 c ) > 0; c ( 2 a ) > 0

V lc ta c: a ( 2 b ) b ( 2 c ) c ( 2 a ) 1 , mu thun vi (1). Vy c t nht mt trong

cc bt ng thc cho l sai.
a + b + c > 0

V d 4: Cho ab + bc + ca > 0 . Hy chng minh: a, b, c > 0 .

abc > 0

Gii:
Gi s ngc li, trong 3 s a, b, c c ( t nht) mt s 0 . V b, c vi tr nh nhau, ta c
th xem a 0 .
* abc > 0 a < 0, bc < 0
* a ( b + c ) = ab + ca > bc > 0
b + c < 0 . Vy: a + b + c < 0 v l. Vy: a, b, c > 0 .

III. Bi tp tng t:
* Quy np:
1. Cho x1 = 2, x2 = 2 + 2 ,..., xn = 2 + 2 + ... + 2 ( gm n cn). Chng minh rng:
2 xn < 2 .

* Hng dn:
p dng phng php quy np chng minh

2 xk +1 < 2 t suy ra pcm.

2. Chng minh rng: sin nx n sin x , n N * , x R .

* Hng dn:
p dng phng php quy np v cc tnh cht:
a + b a + b , a, b R

sin x , cos x 1, R
chng minh sin(k + 1) x ( k + 1) sin x t suy ra pcm.

3. Cho n N , Chng minh rng: e x 1 +

x x2
xn
+ + ... + , x 0
1! 2!
n!

* Hng dn:
chng minh e x 1 +

x x2
x k +1
+ + ... +
ta xt hm s:
1! 2!
( k + 1)!

x x2
x k +1
f ( x) = e x 1 + + + ... +
xt f '( x) t suy ra f ( x) f (0) hay
( k + 1)!
1! 2!
x x2
x k +1
x
e 1 + + + ... +
1! 2!
( k + 1)!
37

4. a, b, c l s o ba cnh ca mt tam gic vung vi c l cnh huyn. Chng minh rng:

a 2n + b2n c2n , n + .
* Hng dn:
p dng quy np: vi n = k+1:
a 2( k +1) + b 2( k +1) = ( a 2 k + b 2 k )( a 2 + b 2 ) a 2b 2 k b 2 a 2 k c 2 k c 2 = c 2( k +1)

5. Chng minh rng:

1
1
1 13
+
+ ... +
>
(n > 1) (1)
n +1 n + 2
2n 24
1 3 5 2n 1
1

(n 1) (2)
b. . . ...
2 4 6
2n
3n + 1

a.

* Hng dn:
a. S dng quy np chng minh:
Vi n = 2 th (1) ng, gi s (1) ng vi n = k, chng minh (1) ng vi n = k + 1 .
Vi n = k + 1 , bin i v tri ta c:
1
1
1
1
1
1
+
+ ... + +
+

2k 2 k + 1 2k + 2 k 1
k +1 k + 2
13
1
13
>
+
>
pcm.
24 ( 2k + 1)( 2k + 2 ) 24

b. S dng quy np: vi n = 1 th (2) ng, gi s (2) ng vi n = k, chng minh (2)

ng vi n = k + 1 . Vi n = k + 1 , bin i v tri ta c:
1 3 5 2n + 1
1
2n + 1
. . ...

.
2 4 6 2n + 2
3n + 1 2n + 2
1
2n + 1
1
Ta cn chng minh
.
<
3n + 1 2n + 2
3n + 4
2

3n + 1
2n + 1

<
2n + 2 3n + 4
( 2n + 1) ( 3n + 4 ) < ( 2n + 2 ) ( 3n + 1)
2

0 < n ( lun ng)

T y suy ra pcm.

* Phn chng:
1. Cho ba s dng x, y, z tha iu kin xyz = 1.
1
x

1
y

Chng minh rng nu: x + y + z > + +

1
th c mt v ch mt trong ba s ny ln
z

hn 1.
* Hng dn:
Xt tch ( x 1)( y 1)( z 1) t suy ra ch c mt v ch mt trong ba s x 1 ;
y 1 ; z 1 dng. Nu c ba s u dng th x, y, z > 1 , do xyz > 1 . Tri gi thit. Cn
nu hai trong ba s ny dng th tch: ( x 1)( y 1)( z 1) < 0 ; v l. Vy ch c mt v
ch mt trong ba s x, y, z ln hn 1.
2. Chng minh rng khng tn ti cc s a, b, c ng thi tha mn (1), (2), (3):
38

a < bc

(1)

b < ca

(2)

c < a b

(3)

* Hng dn:
Bnh phng hai v ca (1), (2), (3) sau chuyn v v p dng hng ng thc
2
2
A B = ( A B )( A + B )
cui cng nhn chng li vi nhau ta c:
( a + b + c )( a b + c )( a + b c ) > 0 v l, vy bi ton uc chng minh.
2

3. Cho a, b, c > 0 v abc = 1 . Hy chng minh: a + b + c 3

* Hng dn:
Gi s ngc li: a + b + c < 3 (1), nhn thm ab vo hai v ca (1) ri bin i
tng ng ta c: ab 2 + ( a 2 3a ) b + 1 < 0 .
t f ( x) = ab 2 + ( a 2 3a ) b + 1 xt ca f ( x) ta c 0
abc > 0
0 < a < 3 f (b) 0 v l pcm.
a + b + c < 3
1 tan 3 x
4. C tn ti x R sao cho:
3?
3 tan x

* Hng dn:
1 tan 3 x

3 . Lc :
3 tan x

x
k
k
,
(k Z )

2
6 3

1 tan 3 x 3
3 tan x
8

1 3 tan 2 x 0 1 3 tan 2 x > 0

v l
2
2
8 tan x 0 1 3 tan x < 0
1 3 tan 2 x
Vy khng tn ti x R tha mn iu kin bi cho.

Gi s tn ti x R :

39

BI TP TRC NGHIM TNG HP

1. Cho ABC , tm GTlN ca f = 2 cos C cos( A B) cos 2C (A, B, C l 3 gc ca
tam gic)
A.

2
3

B. 0

C. 1

D.

3
2

8
8
2. Tm GTNN ca A = sin x + cos x

A.

1
8

B.

1
16

C. 1

3. Tm GTLN & GTNN ca

1
; 2
A.
2

y = sin x(1 2cos 2 x) ln lt l:

B. 1; 2

2
4. ABC , GTLN ca f = sin

A. 27

B. 12

5. GTNN ca C =

C.

x
5
+
vi
1 x x

A. 2 5

D p n khc

C. 3 ; -3

D. p n khc

A 2B
C
sin
sin 2
2
2
2
1
12

D. p n khc

0 < x <1

B. 5 + 2 5

C. 5 2 5

D. p nkhc

6. a, b, c l 3 cnh , ma , mb , mc l 3 ng trung tuyn ca a, b, c. bt ng thc

ng:

a+b+c
ma + mb + mc a + b + c
2
a+b+c
< ma + mb + mc < a + b + c
B.
2
a+b+c
ma + mb + mc < a + b + c
C.
2

A.

D. tt c iu sai
7. T gic ABCD, ng cho AC, pht biu no ng:
AB + BC + CD + DA
2
AB + BC + CD + DA
B. AC =
2
AB + BC + CD + DA
C. AC
2

A. AC <

40

D. p n khc
8. a, b, c l di 3 cnh

, pht biu no ng:

A. a + b + c > 2( ab + bc + ca )
2

B. a + b + c < 2( ab + bc + ca )
2

C. a + b + c 2( ab + bc + ca )
2

D. a + b + c 2( ab + bc + ca )
2

9. ha , hb l ng cao

ABC , pht biu no ng:

1
ha hb
2
1
B. S ABC ha hb
2
1
C. S ABC < ha hb
2
1
D. S ABC > ha hb
2

A. S ABC

10. ha , hb , hc l 3 ng cao ABC , pht biu no ng:

1
2
A. S ABC > 3 ( ha hb hc )
2
1
2
B. S ABC < 3 ( ha hb hc )
2

1
2
1

C. S ABC

( ha hb hc )

D. S ABC

( ha hb hc )

11. Bt ng thc no sau y sai?

A. a 2 + b2 + 1 ab + a + b
C.

B. a 2 + b 2 + 4 ab + 2a + 2b

a2
ab ac
+ b2 + c2
+ + bc
4
2
2

D. a + b

a2
b2
+
b
a

12: Cho a, b R , bt ng thc no sai:

2

2
2
a+b a +b

2
2

B. a 2 + b2 2ab

A.

41

C. a 4 + b 4 ab 2 + a 2b

D. a 2 + b2 + 1 < ab + a + b

13: Gi tr ln nht ca A = x ( x 2 6 ) bit 0 x 3 :

A. 5
C. 9

B. 4
D. 0

14: Gi tr nh nht ca y = 5 x 2 + 3x 14 l:
289
20
15
C.
2

17
2
13
D.
2

A.

B.

15: Gi tr max ca y =

3
l:
4x + 4x + 5
2

3
2
3
C.
7

3
4
3
D.
7

B.

A.

16: Gi tr nh nht ca y =

x2 6 x + 7
l:
x 2 6 x + 12

3
2
2
C.
3

3
5
2
D.
5

A.

B.

17: Vi x > y > 0, xy = 1 . Gi tr nh nht ca A =

x2 + y2
l:
x y

B. 2 2

A. 2 2
C.

2
2

D.

2
2

18: Nu c a > b > c > 0 . Xt bt ng thc sau:

a.

ac bc
>
ba ba

Pht biu ng:

A. Ch a

b. ab > ac
B. Ch b

c.

C. a & b

b b
>
a c

D. b & c

19: Cho a 2 < b 2 , a, b 0 , xt cc bt ng thc sau:

a.

a2 b2
>
b
a

Pht biu ng:

A. Ch b ng

b.

1
1
> 2
2
a
b

B. Ch a & b

c. ( a + b )( a b ) < 0
C. Ch b & c
42

D. Ch a & b

20: Gi tr nh nht ca A = 2 x 2 4 xy + 5 y 2 4 x 2 y + 2 l:
A. -3
B. -2
C. -1
21: Gi tr ln nht ca: A =

D. 0

x 2 2 x2
( 0 < x < 1 ) l:
2 x2

A. Mt s nguyn dng
C. Mt s hu t

B. Mt s nguyn m
D. Mt s v t

22: Tm mnh ng:

1 1
>
a b

A. a < b ac < bc

B. a < b

C. a < b vac < d ac < bd

D. C A, B, C u sai

23: Tm mnh sai:

A. a + b a + b , a, b

B. a b a b , a, b

C. a 2 > 0, a

D. a a a , a

24: Cho a, b, c > 0 . Xt cc bt ng thc:

a.

a b
+ 2
b a

b.

Bt ng thc ng:
A. a
B. b

a b c
+ + 3
b c a

c.

C. c

a b c
9
+ +
b c a a+b+c

D. C a, b, c

1+ a
1+ b
, y=
. Mnh ng:
2
1+ a + a
1 + b + b2
B. x > y
C. x = y
D. Khng xc nh c

25: Cho a > b > 0 v x =

A. x < y

26: Cho x, y > 0 . Tm bt ng thc ng:

A. ( x + y ) 4 xy
2

C.

1
4

xy ( x + y )2

B.

1 1
4
+
x y x+ y

D. C 3 u ng.

43

Hng dn v p s:
1. Chn D

f = 2 cos C cos( A B ) 2 cos 2 C + 1

1
3

1
= 2 cos 2 c + cos C cos( A B ) + cos 2 ( A B ) 1 cos 2 ( A B ) +
4
2

2
2

3
1
1

= 2 cos C + cos 2 ( A B ) sin 2 ( A B )

2
2
2

2
2. Chn A
A = ( cos 4 x + sin 4 x ) 2 cos 4 x sin 4 x
2

1
1

= 1 sin 2 2 x sin 4 2 x
2
8

1
= 1 sin 2 2 x + sin 4 2 x
8
1
= cos 2 2 x + (1 cos 2 2 x ) 2
8
3
1
1
= cos 2 2 x + cos 4 2 x +
4
8
8
1

x
8

3.Chn C
Do
sin x &(1 2cos2x)

khng i du nn

y = sin x 2 cos 2 x sin x

= 2sin x s in3x
y 2 sin x + s in3x do a + b a + b
y 3 (do sin x 1)
3 y 3

44

4. Chn D
2

A B
C
C
1
f = cos
sin sin
2
2
2
2
C

1 > sin 2 > 0

do
cos A B 1

2
1
C
C
C
f 1 sin 1 sin 2 sin
8
2
2
2
3

1 2
1
=
(bt ng thc csi cho 3 s dng)
8 3 27

5. Chn B

C=

x
5(1 x)
+
+5 2 5 +5
1 x
x

6. Chn C
Ta c:

a+b
a + b c

m
<
c
2
2

c+b
b + c a
ma <

2
2
a+c
a + c b
mb <
2
2

a+b+c

ma + mb + mc < a + b + c
2
7. Chn A

AC < AB + BC

AC < CD + DA
AB + BC + CD + DA
AC <
2
8. Chn B

a < b + c a 2 < a (b + c ) = ab + ac
b < a + c b 2 < b(a + c ) = ab + bc
c < a + a c 2 < c (a + b) = bc + ac
45

9. Chn A

a ha
S ABC =
2

a h b
1
S ABC
ha hb
2
10. Chn D
1
1

S
=
a
h

hb h a
b
A
B
C
a

2
2

1
1

b h c S A B C = b hb h b h c
2
2

1
1

c h a S A B C = 2 ch c 2 h c h a

1
S A3 B C ( h a hb h c ) 2
8
1
S A B C 3 ( h a hb h c ) 2
2
11 .Chn D
S dng bt ng thc x 2 + y 2 + z 2 xy + yz + zx A, B, C ng.
12. Chn D
p dng bt ng thc x 2 + y 2 + z 2 xy + yz + zx ta c: a 2 + b2 + 1 ab + a + b
13. Chn C:

A = x ( x 2 6 ) = x ( x 2 9 ) + 3 x li c: 0 x 3 x ( x 2 9 ) < 0, 3 x 9 nn A 9 .

14. Chn A:
y = 5 x 2 + 3 x 14 = 5 x 2 + 3 x +

9 289

20 20

3 289
289

= 5x +
20 20
2 5

15: Chn B:
y=

3
3
3
=

2
4 x 4 x + 5 ( 2 x 1) + 4 4
2

16: Chn D:
y=

x2 6x + 7
5
5
5
2
= 2
+1 =
+1 +1 =
2
2
x 6 x + 12 x 6 x + 9 + 3
3
3
( x 3) + 3
46

17: Chn A:
x 2 + y 2 ( x y ) + 2 xy
2 xy
=
= x y+
2 2 xy 2 2
x y
x y
x y
2

18: Chn B:
ac bc
>
a c < b c a < b ( ta c gt)
ba ba
b. Do a < 0 nn ab > ac b > c ( ng gt)
b b
c. Do b < 0 nn > a < c ( tri gt)
a c

a. Do a > b > 0 b a < 0

19: Chn C:
a2 b2
>
ng vi a > 0 .
a
a
1
1
b. a 2 > b2 2 < 2 ( ng).
a
b
c. ( a + b )( a b ) = a 2 b 2 < 0 a 2 < b 2 ( ng).

a.

20: Chn A:
A = 2 x 2 4 xy + 5 y 2 4 x 2 y + 2
= ( x 2 y ) + ( x 2 ) + ( y 1) 3 3 gi tr nh nht l -3.
2

21: Chn C:
A=

x 2 2x2
2 x2
x ( 2 2x
2

2 x

(0 < x < 1)
2

x2 + 2 2x2
1
2

=
2
2 x
2

22: Chn D:
A. ng vi c > 0
B. ng vi a, b > 0
C. ng vi a, b, c, d > 0
23: Chn C:
a 2 0, a

24: Chn D:
S dng bt ng thc csi:
a.

a b
a b
+ 2. . = 2
b a
b a

b.

47

a b c
a b c
+ + 33 . . = 3
b c a
b c a

c. Dng bt ng thc B.C.S: + + ( a + b + c ) (1 + 1 + 1) + +

a b c a+b+c
a b c
2

25: Chn A v x y > 0

26: Chn D:
2
2
A. ( x + y ) 4 xy ( x y ) 0 ( ng).
1

B. p dng bt ng thc B.C.S: + ( x + y ) (1 + 1) +

x y x+ y
x y
C.

1
4
2

( x + y ) 4 xy ( ging cu A)
2
xy ( x + y )

48

Mc lc

Trang
Chng I:

NG THC BNG PHNG PHP BIN I TNG

NG
Chng II: BT NG THC CSI (CAUCHY)
Chng III: BT NG THC BNG BT NG THC
BUNHIACOPXKI ( B.C.S)
Chng IV: BT NG THC TR B SEP (TCHEBYCHEV)
Chng V: BT NG THC BERNOULLI
Chng VI: P DNG TNH N IU CA HM S
Chng VII: P DNG PHNG PHP TA
Chng VIII: CHNG MINH BT NG THC BNG QUY NP HOC
PHN CHNG
BI TP TRC NGHIM TNG HP
HNG DN V P S

49

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