Visual Dictionary of Fashion Design

Fashion Design New cover_.
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Gavin Ambrose & Paul Harris
Gavin Ambrose MA
Central St Martins
Practising graphic designer.
Gavins current commercial practice
includes clients from the arts sector,
galleries, publishers and advertising
agencies. He is the co-author/designer
of several books on branding, packaging
and editorial design.
This book is a guide to the many and varied terms used

frequently within fashion design. From Accessories to
Weave, Alpaca to Yoke, this book will prove an invaluable
resource to anyone interested in fashion design. Each
term is explained and contextualised, giving the reader
an enhanced understanding of fashion terminology.
More than 250 common fashion terms are distilled
and illustrated. From practical terms such as Lapel,
Pattern and Symbols to conceptual terms,
such as Postmodernism, Juxtaposition and Zeitgeist,
this book contains both modern terminology and the
traditional terms still in current usage.
The Visual Dictionary

of Fashion Design
About the authors
Paul Harris PG Dip

London College of Printing
Freelance writer and journalist.
Paul writes for magazines, journals
and newspapers, both in London and
New York, on a range of subjects, from
architecture to tourism. He is co-author
and collaborator on several books
about graphic design.

of Fashion Design
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of Fashion Design
How to get the most out of this book
This book is an easy-to-use reference to the key terms

employed in fashion design. Each entry comprises a
brief textual definition along with an illustration or
visual example of the point under discussion.
Supplementary contextual information is also included.
S Stole
S Stripe
A band of cloth or a shawl worn around the shoulders and left to fall
down the body front such as a fox-fur stole or mink. Deriving from the
Latin stola meaning garment or equipment, it is also a Christian
vestment, made from an embroidered band of silk. Pictured is a 1962
photograph by John French showing a silk evening dress trimmed with
fur and matching stole designed by Nina Ricci worn by Anne Larsen.
227
Key areas addressed in

this book are those terms
commonly used in reference
to fashion design, its history
and production.
Anthony Fourrier
V&A Images/Victoria and Albert Museum
226
A straight band or line differing in colour to that on

either side of it. Stripes that may be printed, sewn,
woven or knitted into the fabric. Vertical stripes can help
give an elongated appearance, making people look
thinner, while horizontal stripes often tend to accentuate
the girth of the wearer.
see Draping 94
Entries are presented

in alphabetical order to
provide an easy
reference system.
T Top Hat
246
T Topstitch
247
A tall, flat-crowned, broad-brimmed hat first made by John

Hetherington in 1797 and worn by men throughout the 19th
century for business and social events. Made from stiffened
beaver fur felt or silk, the top hat or topper, declined in
popularity towards the end of the century, but was retained for
formal occasions by the upper class and continues to be used
for formal wear such as with a morning suit and evening dress.
A sewing technique used for item edges that gives a

crisp edge and helps facings (fabric sewn over the base
fabric) stay in place. Topstitching may use a thread that
matches the colour of the fabric or use a contrasting
colour, such as the orange thread used for denim jeans
and jackets. Topstitch may also be used to form
decorative designs in different coloured thread. Pictured
is a piece of leather that has been topstitched for
decorative purposes.
see Hats 128
see Stitches 225
218
S Shoes
Insole
219
S Shoe Types
Shoes are available in a range of different styles that readily reflect the
changing nature of fashion.
Tongue
Aglet*
Topline
Eyelets
Quarter
Throat line
Heel
Top piece
Espadrilles
A wedge shoe with a sole/heel of
braided rope.
Flip-flop
A flat sandal with one or two straps
between the big and second toes.
Also called thongs.
Slide
An open-toed and open-back sandal
with one band across the toes.
Ballet flat
A flat shoe with a round toe and thin
sole.
Mary Jane
A shoe with a strap across the
vamp.
Ankle strap
A sandal with an adjustable strap
attached to the back of the shoe
passing across the ankle.
Court
A closed-toe shoe with a medium to
high heel with pointed or
rounded toe.
Clog
A shoe with a wooden, often
platform sole. Also called mules.
Stiletto
A court shoe with a high,
spiked heel.
Vamp or upper
Welt
Toe cap
Outsole
Footwear extending to the ankle, worn to protect the feet

and made in a range of styles and materials such as
leather, plastic, rubber or canvas. The main elements of
a shoe are the insole, the interior bottom of the shoe
that sits under the foot; the outsole, the part in direct
contact with the ground; the heel (the bottom rear part
of a shoe); the vamp or upper that covers the foot and
helps hold the shoe on to it; and the tongue, a flap that
is part of the upper and sits underneath the shoelaces.
* The plastic or metal cladding on the end of shoelaces that prevents the twine from unravelling.
see Boots 49, Shoe Types 219
Each page or spread contains a single entry and, where appropriate, a printers hand symbol
provides page references to other related and relevant entries.
278
19011910
Edwardian Fashions
The Belle Epoque period
saw fashions become more
cosmopolitan under the
influence of international
travel and art nouveau.
Sports clothing also
developed for the leisure
class. Paul Poiret, the
creator of harem pants and
the first couturier to launch
a perfume, called Rosina,
established his fashion
house in 1906.
1913
Coco Chanel
Modernist French fashion
designer Gabrielle Bonheur
Coco Chanel (18831971)
opened a boutique in
Deauville, France. Chanel
went on to revolutionise
womens fashion with the
Chanel suit, chain-belted
jerseys and sunglasses with
elegant simplicity. Chanel
popularised the little black
dress and started the trend
for sun tans, having got
burnt on a 1923 cruise.
19141918
The First World War
The First World War saw
women adopt mens clothing
as they went to work in
factories. The military
influence on fashion grew
with garments such as the
trenchcoat created by
Thomas Burberry, made of a
waterproof heavy-duty
cotton drill or poplin.
Burberry also invented
gabardine and the red,
white, black, and peach
Nova check that became
known as his trademark
Burberry check.
279
c.1920
The Flapper Style
New styles developed in the
roaring twenties to cater
for flappers; young women
who wore bobbed hair, short
skirts and make-up,
listened to jazz and partied
hard. The flapper style
accentuated a thin,
elongated boyish shape with
straight and loose dresses.
Underwear developed to
cater for this new lifestyle
with bras that flattened the
bust and step-in knickers.
1920s
Fashionable Fragrance
The decade that saw the
rise of French designer Coco
Chanel. In 1921, Chanel
No.5 perfume, the first
perfume to be sold
worldwide, was launched.
Later in the decade Chanel
creates the LBD or little
black dress, a variation on
the cocktail dress.
1926
The Rise and Fall of
Hemlines
Hemlines began rising after
1910 and soon raced up the
leg to become near kneelength by 1926, in order to
be compatible with the
Charleston dancing style.
Rayon, or artificial silk,
became increasingly popular
and caused a decline in
cotton use. In 1926, Waldo
Semon found a way to
plasticise PVC, making it
commercially viable.
A timeline of fashion design

helps to provide historical
context for selected key
moments in the disciplines
development.
Introduction
Welcome to The Visual Dictionary of Fashion Design, a

book that provides textual definitions and visual
explanations for common terms found in the key areas
of fashion design and pertinent entries from the wider
world of fashion.
Tomasz Slowinski
Andrei Nekrassov
This volume aims to provide a clear understanding of

the many terms that are often misused or confused,
such as baby doll and basque, or the difference between
calico and damask. As you might expect, The Visual
Dictionary of Fashion Design provides visual
explanations, many of which show garments made by
leading designers, to illustrate the correct usage of
different concepts, such as shoes, hemlines and cuffs.
7
Far left: A modern
interpretation of millinery,
in the form of a bandana by
Rudy Chandra.
Mosista Pambudi
Tomasz Slowinski
Left: Detail of a menswear

jacket.
Fashion communicates through a range of visual devices

including montages, collages, metaphors, rhetoric and
juxtapositions, all of which, and more, are explained and
illustrated in this book.
A clear understanding of the key terms used in fashion
design will help you to better articulate and formalise
your ideas and will ensure greater accuracy in the
transfer of those ideas to others.
Right: An illustration
showing horizontal and
vertical stripes, which can
sometimes affect the
perceived size of a dress
or garment.
Facing page, far left:
A tailors dummy.
Facing page, left: Various
button styles.
8
Right: A sketch of a design
for a mens casual clothing
ensemble.
Facing page: A range of

different shirt collar types.
Najin
Far right: An illustration of

a woman being measured
for a dress fitting. During a
dress fitting temporary
basting or tacking stitches
are made to hold seams
until they can be
permanently sewn.
Fashion design is a discipline that continues to evolve.

The timeline at the end of this book (page 274285)
shows how changes in style, zeitgeist and fabrics have
dramatically affected the development and evolution of
fashion in the past and how, with technological
advancements, they continue to do so, as the everchanging taste and preference of society gives rise to
numerous schools of thought about how clothes should
look and perform. In the 20th century, for example, the
rise of postmodernism saw the development of
seemingly unfinished garments with seams on the
outside as a rejection of the traditional clothing forms
we are more familiar with. However, other designers are
also often keen to return to and rediscover more graceful
forms and embrace more elaborate and softer visual
concepts.
Barrymore
Wing
Ascot
Tab
Windsor
10
Natalia Mikhaylova
Far left: Detail of a

spaghetti strap on a top
or dress.
Left: A classic little
black dress an
essential for every
womans closet.
Below: An illustration
depicting a range of
Victorian millinery.
11
Above left: Strawberry Thief Chintz, a floral fabric designed by William Morris in 1883.
Above right: An illustration of a bias-cut dress.
Fashion professionals can draw inspiration from

innumerable sources, such as their urban environment,
their passions, or by cross-referencing elements of
contemporary life with those of bygone days and delving
back into the rich tradition of the arts as a means of
visual stimulation. Inspiration is key to the generation of
exciting design ideas. It is with this in mind that we
hope this book will also serve as a source of ideas to
inspire your creativity.
Contents
Prologue
How to get the most out
of this book
Introduction
The Dictionary
A
Accessories
Advertising
Alpaca
Androgynous
Anime
Appliqu
Art Direction
Avant-garde
B
Baby Doll
Badla
Bags
Balaclava
Balfour
Bandana
Bandeau
Basque
Beadwork
Bekishe
Bias
Bikini
Binding
Block
Block Printing
Blouse
Bodice
Bohemian
Bondage
Bonding
Boning
Bonnet
12
4
6
16
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
Bootleg
Boots
Boutique
Brand
Bra
Bra Sizes
Breeches
Bridal
Brocade
Broderie Anglaise
Burlesque
Burqa
Button
C
Calico
Camisole
Capri Pants
Cardigan
Catwalk
Chemise
Chic
Coat
Cocktail Dress
Collar
Collection
Colour Wheel
Colour Wheel Selections
Concept
Contrast
Corsage
Corset
Costume
Cravat
Crinoline
Crochet
Cuffs
Cummerbund
Cyber
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
13
D
Damask
Dandy
Darts
Deconstruction
Deerstalker
Denim
Distressed
Double-tee Top
Drainpipe
Draping
Dress
Duffel
Dummy
Dye
E
Edwardian
Elastic
Elizabethan
Embroidery
Ensemble
Epaulette
Eroticism
Eveningwear
F
Fabric
Fashion Cycle
Fastenings
Fedora
Fetish
Fez
Flapper
Flax
Floral
Footwear Composition
Fragrance
G
Garment
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
Garter
Gauntlets
Geisha
Geometric
Gingham
Glam
Grading
Grain
H
Halter-neck
Hats
Haute Couture
Heels
Helmet
Hem
Hippy
Hosiery
Houndstooth
I
Illustration
Industrial Revolution
Inspiration
Invites
J
Jacket
Jacquard Weaving
Jewellery
Jodhpurs
Juxtaposition
K
Kilt
Kimono
Kitsch
Knitting
L
La Gazette du Bon Ton
Lapel
Leather
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
14
Line
Lingerie
Logo
Look Book
M
Macintosh
Magazine
Man-made Fibres
Mannequin
Mao Suits
Mary Jane
Measurements (men)
Measurements (women)
Media
Micro-skirt
Militaria
Millinery
Minimalism
Mini/Maxi
Mod
Model
Mohair
Monochromatic
N
Nape
Natural Fibres
Neck
Nudity
Nylon
P
Panama
Pasties
Patch
Pattern (fabric)
Pattern (paper)
Peacock Revolution
Peek-a-boo
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
Petticoat
Photography
Piercing
Pile
Pinafore
Pinking Shears
Placket
Plaid
Pleats
Pockets
Poncho
Prt--Porter
Print
Protein Fabrics
Pullover
Punk
PVC
R
Regency
Repeat
Reversible
Ribbing
Ribbon
Rockabilly
Ruff
S
Safari Suit
Satin
Seam
Season
Selvage
Shank
Shape
Sheer
Shoes
Shoe Types
Silhouette
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
15
Sketch & Sketchbook
Skirt Length
Slogan
Spaghetti Strap
Stitches
Stole
Stripe
Subcultures
Suit
Symbols
T
Tailoring
Tailors Chalk
Tank Top
Tards
Tartan
Tattoo
Tea Length
Tessellation
Theme
Thong
Tie
Toile
Toile de Jouy
Top Hat
Topstitch
Train
Trench Coat
Tudor
Turban
Tutu
Tuxedo
Twin Set
U
Underlying Fabrics
Uniform
Utilitarian
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
232
233
234
235
236
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
V
Variegated
Vent
Victoriana
Vintage
Vogue
W
Waistcoat
Warp & Weft
Weave
Welt Stitch
Wool
Worth, Frederick Charles
Y
Yarn
Yoke
Z
Zeitgeist
The Details
The Timeline
Conclusion
Acknowledgements
Index
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
274
286
287
288
The Dictionary
18
Zoe Irvin
A Accessories
Extraneous items that complement a whole outfit, such

as hats, bags, jewellery and cuff links. Accessories can
add sparkle and interesting detail to a plain outfit and
can make the same outfit appear very different on
separate occasions.
see Garment 118, Hats 128, Jewellery 142, Tie 243
A Advertising
19
Paid communication that links a sponsor to a message. Advertisements can

be presented to the public in a variety of media including television, magazines, radio,
billboards, mailers and the Internet (for which advertising revenue forms the business
backbone). As the collections of different designers compete for the readers attention
in the turn of a page, fashion industry advertising in magazines has seen the
development of highly innovative concepts, finished to the highest printing standards.
Pictured is a print advertisement created by 3 Deep Design for Australian designer
Toni Maticevski.
see Magazine 157
A Alpaca
Nicolas Raymond
20
Wool from the Andean mammal, the alpaca, is spun into a fine
yarn and often woven with other natural fibres, such as protein
fibres. Alpaca wool produces a luxurious fabric available in a
range of natural colours and is used for sweaters, wraps, hats
and gloves, and other woollens. Alpaca wool is hypo-allergenic
and naturally flame retardant. Once reserved for Inca royalty, it
is warmer than cashmere, lightweight and extremely soft.
Pictured is an alpaca near the Inca city of Machu Picchu in
Peru. Alpaca wool is available in various degrees of fineness:
Royal Alpaca = 19 microns
Baby Alpaca = 22.5 microns
Super Fine Alpaca = 25.5 microns
Coarse Alpaca = 32 microns.
see Fabric 107, Hats 128, Protein Fabrics 199
A Androgynous
21
ChipPix
Both masculine and feminine traits blended into one unified

style, or a lack of specific gender identification. The look
includes formal tailoring, military jackets, waistcoats and oversized dress shirts, enhanced by the use of fabrics such as
tweed and velvet. Designers working within the androgynous
revolution include Giorgio Armani, Pierre Cardin and Helmut
Lang. Androgyny is a fashion statement challenging concepts
about gender rather than sexuality.
see Concept 74, Tailoring 232
A Anime
22
zmajdoo
A dress style that reflects the cyber subculture based on

Japanese Anime cartoons. Anime (a contraction of
animation) features characters that are often
androgynous in appearance with large eyes, brightly
coloured streaked hair and punk-style clothing.
see Androgynous 21, Cyber 84
23
mypokcik
A Appliqu
From the French, appliquer, meaning to apply.

This is a method of decorating garments (although not
restricted solely to clothes), whereby pieces of fabric
or other materials, such as beads and sequins, are sewn
on to a foundation fabric. Appliqus can be combined
with different types of needlework to create
luxurious designs.
see Fabric 107, Garment 118
A Art Direction
24
Creating the visual concept, look and feel for the

presentation of a clothing collection, fashion show or
photo shoot, whether for an advertising campaign or
magazine spread. Art direction involves the creation of a
mood or narrative through which a viewer receives and
interprets the subject matter presented to them.
Pictured are spreads created by 3 Deep Design for
Poster magazine. The art direction establishes various
simple, but poignant moments in the day of a man,
which lead the viewer to assume certain things about
his character.
see Advertising 19, Magazine 157
25
Mosista Pambudi
A Avant-garde
Creative experimentation that fragments or rejects the norm.

Avant-garde means being at the leading edge or vanguard and is
applied to the most advanced, progressive and experimental
fashions of the moment and prevents the industry from
stagnating. Avant-garde fashions that are exhibited on the
catwalk are often toned down to create more wearable
garments that can be sold in retail stores.
see Garment 118
26
Zoe Irvin
B Baby Doll
A short nightgown or nglige (and even daywear when worn over leggings
or skinny jeans). A baby doll nightdress is designed to be provocative and
is often made from a transparent fabric, such as chiffon and decorated
with lace, bows, appliqus and other adornments. Baby dolls typically
have a hemline that competes with a micro-skirt for shortness, sitting at
least six inches above the knee and usually short enough that underwear
is visible. Baby doll dresses were launched as outerwear in 1957/58, but
became popular in the 1960s and 1970s. Baby dolls are thought to be
named after the 1956 movie of the same name, starring Carroll Baker.
see Appliqu 23
B Badla
27
Sid B. Viswakumar
A form of Indian embroidery that uses fine wire work to

embellish garments, turbans, shoes, belts and other
items. Wires are inserted into fabric and hammered flat.
Badla is often used with other forms or embroidery to
add richness to an item.
see Embroidery 102, Shoes 218, Turban 251
B Bags
Bags come in all shapes
and sizes. As well as their
obvious practical uses,
bags can instantly make a
fashion statement. Made
from leather, plastic or
fabric, bags can be worn
over the shoulder, across
the torso, on the back or
simply held in the hand.
Bags are perhaps the
most easily accessible
designer item, thanks to
their relative affordability
and availability through
retail stores. This also
makes them a useful tool
for the designer, as they
are a good way to
advertise a brand. Louis
Vuittons hugely popular
signature bags, as
pictured in this image,
have now become
something of a status
symbol and are a good
example of this.
see Accessories 18, Leather 151
28
B Balaclava
29
Zoe Irvin
A form of headgear with apertures for the eyes and

mouth, balaclavas can be worn to cover most of the face.
Balaclavas were first produced by the Balaklava village
people in the Crimea during the Crimean War
(18541856) to protect British troops from the cold
temperatures. They are often associated with military
forces, such as the SAS, or robbers and terrorists, as
they enable the wearer to conceal their identity.
see Hats 128
B Balfour
30
A tartan cloth pattern identifying the Balfour clan, whose

modern design was created by Peter MacDonald of Crieff,
Perthshire, Scotland.
see Tartan 236237
B Bandana
31
Mosista Pambudi
A piece of cloth tied around the head, neck or over the mouth.
Bandana has been adopted into the English language, via
Potuguese, from the Hindi word meaning to tie, and the often
brightly-coloured garments are used for protection against sun
and dust, in addition to being useful for wiping sweat away
from the face. Bandanas have formed part of the ensemble
worn by cowboys, pirates, farmers and more recently, gang
members. Pictured is a modern interpretation of the bandana
by Rudy Chandra.
see Millinery 167, Tie 243
32
Zoe Irvin
B Bandeau
A narrow piece of fabric worn around the chest as a

strapless alternative to the bra. From the Old French
meaning band or strip, the bandeau style has translated
into swimwear and may also refer to a headband that is
used to pull back the hair.
see Fabric 107
33
A close-fitting piece of
lingerie that emphasises the
figure. Similar in style to a
corset, but allowing for freer
movement, a basque extends
past the waist and over the
hips and often includes bra
cups and detachable
suspenders. As with the
corset, a basque includes
vertical boning or seams, and
features a bodice with a laceup or hook-and-eye
fastening. Pictured is an
illustration of Victorian
basques, worn as part of an
ensemble (above), and a
contemporary basque
design (right).
see Boning 46, Corset 77, Ensemble 103, Victoriana 260
Zoe Irvin
The Dover Press
B Basque
34
Brenda Bailey
B Beadwork
Beads that are attached to a fabric for decorative or

other purposes. Beadwork can decorate the surface of a
fabric or can be woven into the fabric itself. Pictured is a
purse decorated with bead embroidery.
see Appliqu 23, Embroidery 102, Warp & Weft 264
B Bekishe
Rob Swanson
A long coat, usually

made of patterned
black silk, worn by
Hasidic Jews on the
Sabbath and other
Jewish holidays.
Religious garments
are often black
because this
apparent lack of
colour signifies a
disregard for fashion.
Long garments are
also often associated
with religious
costume as they are
seen as a sign of
respect and modesty.
see Costume 78
35
B Bias
36
Zoe Irvin
A cut made diagonally, usually at a 45-degree angle, against the weave of a fabric.
Garments cut on the bias often have more stretch and may appear softer than those
cut on the lengthwise or crosswise grain.
see Line 152, Weave 265
B Bikini
37
A two-piece swimsuit that entered popular culture

following a poolside fashion show in Paris in 1946.
Early bikinis were far less revealing than current
versions: tops fully covered the bust and many bottoms
covered the hips and upper thigh and bottoms were cut
above the navel. The bikini provided much less coverage
with the arrival of the string bikini in the 1970s and
shrank even further by the 1980s, with the introduction
of the thong bikini. The tankini, following in the tank top
style, is a recent addition to the bikini family.
see Tank Top 234
B Binding
38
A process involving the wrapping of feet from infancy in order

to prevent growth. Foot binding was, until recently, common
practice in China, where small feet are considered very
beautiful. The process was performed on girls as young as four
years old and began by breaking all the toes and then tightly
wrapping the feet in bandages. This process was repeated
every two days and could continue for ten years, by which time
the feet were only three to four inches long. Pictured are a pair
of womens silk shoes from China.
see Costume 78, Shoes 218
B Block
39
Patterns or outlines for parts of a garment unique to a particular

person. Blocks can be adapted to make patterns for different
garments. Pictured is a basic block at quarter scale that includes a
skirt, bodice and a sleeve. The basic shapes of the block relate to
measurements of the body. For example, the hip line and bust line
highlighted represent half a garment, as two of these blocks put
together make an item of clothing.
Pitch marks
Marks that meet or are aligned when
the garment is pieced together
before stitching.
Bust line
Half bust measurement and
allowance.
see Pattern (paper) 183
Hip line
Half hip measurement and
allowance.
B Block Printing
40
Elena Ray
A textile printing method that applies a pattern using

pressure from a wooden block inked with dye. Block
printing is often performed by hand and has been
practised for centuries. Designs are cut, carved or
etched into blocks typically made from box, lime, holly,
sycamore, plane or pear wood. Fine details are made
from coppering brass or copper strips that are driven
into the block surface. Printing blocks are often
produced to form a repeat pattern across the surface of
the textile in both the horizontal and vertical planes.
Although a slow production process, block printing can
produce highly creative patterns that cannot be achieved
by other methods.
B Blouse
Alexander Gitlits
41
A loose-fitting shirt that extends to the waist or just

below. Made from cotton, silk or man-made fibres, such
as polyester, a blouse features buttons on the left side,
and may or may not include a collar and sleeves.
Blouses tend to be more tailored than a shirt or other
female garments, and often have embroidered decoration
or other detailing. It is thought that the blouse originated
from the Garibaldi shirt, named after Italian
revolutionary Giuseppe Garibaldi, who visited England
in 1863 (pictured above left).
see Collar 70, Pleats 194, Pockets 195
42
B Bodice
A corset-shaped upper garment for women, worn like a

vest and usually over a blouse or chemise. A bodice may
have removable sleeves or be sleeveless and is typically
laced either at the back or front. The bodice was
traditionally made of simple homespun fabrics and served
a similar function as a brassiere. It is now associated with
the folk dress of European countries. Pictured is a detail
from Die Heuernte (The Hay-Harvest)
by 19th-century artist Joseph Julien (above left) and
a contemporary bodice photographed by John
French (above).
see Blouse 41, Chemise 66
B Bohemian
43
ChipPix
Mosista Pambudi
A style of clothing inspired by Bohemian and Indian

cultures, characterised by colourful, flowing garments.
The word derives from the French, bohmien, meaning a
gypsy of society, taken from the Bohemian region of
Europe. In current usage a bohemian is someone who
secedes from conventionality in life and in art, reflected
in bohemian fashion by an apparent lack of tailoring, a
mix-and-match layering of colour and texture, peasant
skirts, tunics and sandals, accessorised with
ethnic jewellery.
see Accessories 18, Jewellery 142, Tailoring 232
B Bondage
44
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Luba V Nel
gx y uwtzx zxtM
ux
t u|wx
u|wyw
uw {txx
v{t| ux
vt
ztz
{w
xt{x 9 xtw
tx xt{x
B Bonding
45
A process by which two or more pieces of fabric are

joined together to make a composite. Bonding is used to
increase opacity as the different fabric layers work
together to block light penetration. A bonded fabric that
includes a layer of vinyl is called a laminate.
see Fabric 107
B Boning
46
Cindy Hughes
Whalebone, steel, ivory, wood, cane or plastic rods

inserted into sheaths that are sewn into garments to
stiffen them. Boning is commonly found in clothing that
serves to contour the body such as bustiers or corsets.
Also called ribs or stays.
see Basque 33, Corset 77
47
B Bonnet
A brimless hat, commonly worn in the 18th and 19th centuries.

Bonnets are tied under the chin with ribbons or string and cup around
the back, side and top of the head, while the brim frames the face.
Summer bonnets were made from straw, with winter versions produced
in heavier material, and the change from one to the other was the
catalyst for the Easter Bonnet Parade. Bonnets are now more
commonly associated with babies. This image shows a 1960s take on
the bonnet, photographed by John French.
see Hats 128, Millinery 167
B Bootleg
48
Anthony Fourrier
A style of jeans or trousers that tapers to the knee and

slightly flares below the knee. As a result, bootleg
trousers can be worn comfortably over a calf-length boot.
Also called boot-cut, bootleg trousers create a flattering
shape and can be worn by men and women.
B Boots
49
A type of durable footwear that also covers the leg; worn for protection, hygiene and
style for several hundred years. Various different styles are in common usage:
Cowboy
A high, arched boot with Cuban heel and
ornamental stitching that is traditionally a work
boot worn by cowboys. Normally made from
leather, however, snake, alligator and lizard
skin are also used.
Go-go
A boot created in the 1960s to be worn for
dancing, often worn with a miniskirt or dress
and popularised by Nancy Sinatra in the song
These Boots Are Made For Walking.
Kinky
A full-length boot with high heels that extends
to the thigh or crotch, typically produced in
patent leather or PVC in bright colours and
often associated with dominatrix or fetishism.
Knee high
A boot rising to just below the knee and tight
around the leg and ankle. It may be fastened
with laces, buckles or a zip, or can simply be
pulled on.
terekhov igor
Platform
A boot with a thick sole or a combination of a
thick sole and high heel, which is often brightly
coloured and glitzy. Popularised by glam
rockers in the 1970s, platform boots are also
part of the wardrobe of the cyber subculture.
Ugg
A boot made from sheepskin with a fleece
lining and flat sole, originating in Australia as
a type of slipper to protect against the cold.
Ugg boots are typically worn with jeans.
B Boutique
50
Xavier Young
A retail outlet that specialises in fashion or jewellery. A boutique (from the French word for small
shop) tends to sell clothing created by a particular designer (or limited range of designers),
rather than clothes produced for the mass market, although this distinction is now blurring.
Pictured is the storefront of the boutique of English designer Alexander McQueen. Clothes
from McQueens collection can be seen displayed on mannequins in the window, with
the brand name above the door.
see Mannequin 159
B Brand
51
A symbol, mark, word or phrase that identifies and differentiates a product,

service or organisation from its competitors. Brands are created to help us
distinguish between similar product offerings, through perceptions of quality
and value. Brands act as a recognisable symbol for a certain level of quality,
frequently aiding our purchase decision. Pictured is a loose broadsheet
brochure, created by Sagmeister Inc. design studio for New York designer Anni
Kuan, which hangs on a coat wire and features a burn created by a hot iron.
B Bra
52
Brassiere or Bra:
An article of underwear designed to lift and support the bust, the
bra consists of cups, centre panel, band running around the torso and
usually two shoulder straps. Bra is an abbreviation of the word brassiere,
itself from the French, brassire, meaning bodice or childs vest.
The contemporary bra design was patented by American Mary
Phelps-Jacobs in 1914 and consisted of two silk handkerchiefs tied
together with ribbon to make straps. Cup sizes were introduced in
1935 and the development of synthetic fibres, such as nylon, Lycra
and polyester have seen bras become more lightweight, flexible and
seamless. Many types of bra now exist and have different functions,
support capability and visual appearance. However, an estimated
80% of women wear the wrong sized bra.
Agb
Types of bra:
Full cup, Balcony, Half cup, Quarter cup, Push up,
Plunge, Underwired, Soft cup, Multiway,
Strapless, Maternity,
Sports.
B Bra Sizes
53
Code
AA
FF
GG
HH
JJ
Cup size [cm]
1012
1214
1416
1618
1820
13
15
18
20
23
26
28
30
32.5
Cup size [inch]
0 to 0.5
0.5 to 1
1 to 2
2 to 3
3 to 4
10
11
12
13
Code letters that relate to a given cup size. Bra size is determined by three
measurements, although garments produced by different manufacturers vary a great
deal. The frame size or underband is a tight measure around the torso and directly
under the breasts (1). Add five inches if this is an odd number or four inches if it is
even. Bust size is measured around the chest (2), including the fullest part of the
breasts. Cup size is the difference between bust and frame sizes and is converted
into a letter as per the table (above).
B Breeches
54
A trouser-like
garment worn by
men from the
late 16th to
early 19th
centuries.
Breeches have
varied in length
but are typically
fastened just
below the knee.
This image
shows a coat,
breeches and
waistcoat
ensemble from
England. Notice
how the
breeches fit
tightly just below
the knee.
see Coat 68, Waistcoat 263
B Bridal
55
Materials used to produce the dress, veil and related garments that comprise a wedding outfit.
Bridalwear tends to use the richest, boldest fabrics within the budget available, such as silk and
satin either with a plain or floral design. In Western culture, wedding dresses tend to be white,
ivory, cream or similar neutral colours a tradition that is commonly credited to the wedding of
Queen Victoria of England and Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha in 1840.
Left: The 1840 wedding of Queen
Victoria and Prince Albert, which
began the vogue for white
bridalwear.
Below left: A highly decorated
design by Michael Woodward.
Below centre: Detail of a bridal
gown by Gordana Sermek.
Below right: A simpler design by
see Garment 118
Gordana Sermek
Gordana Sermek
Michael Woodward
Gordana Sermek.
56
Gina Goforth
B Brocade
Rich, heavy fabric with a raised, shuttle-woven design. Often made

with coloured silks and may feature gold and silver threads. Floral,
foliage, scrollwork or pastoral scenes are common motifs. Brocade is
commonly used for curtains, pillows, wraps and church vestments.
see Fabric 107
B Broderie Anglaise
57
A form of decorating white cotton or linen. Broderie anglaise features

rows of cutwork with embroidered edges to form floral shapes and
patterns bound with buttonhole stitches. Pictured is a photograph by
John French featuring a model wearing a broderie anglaise slip.
see Embroidery 102
B Burlesque
58
Naomi Hasegawa
A blend of satire, performance art and adult

entertainment that embraces the sexually
risqu. Burlesque performers combine
elaborate sets, music and dramatic lighting and
wear minimal, colourful costumes that focus
on the female form. These costumes are
sometimes accessorised with fans, gloves,
gowns, feather boas, shoes and pasties. Rather
than being a spectacle for men, burlesque
performance is now viewed as a way of
empowering women.
see Pasties 180
Jose Manuel Gelpi Diaz
B Burqa
59
A loose black or light blue robe that covers the body

from head to toe, worn by some Muslim women. A full
burqa conceals the entire face save for a veiled eye hole.
However, burquas can be worn to expose the eyes, as
shown here, or the entire face. A burqa (or burka) is
usually worn over a long dress or salwar kameez.
B Button
60
marymary
A small disc or knob-shaped device attached to an

article of clothing for utilitarian or decorative purposes.
Typically used to fasten an opening, the button is passed
through a slit in the fabric (called a buttonhole) or a
thread loop. Buttons are sized in lignes, abbreviated to
L, with 40 lignes measuring one inch. Materials used in
the manufacture of buttons include bone, horn, ivory,
shell, wood, glass, metal and plastic. Buttons became
more commonplace with the form-fitting garments of
13th- and 14th-century Europe.
see Fastenings 109
C Calico
61
A coarse, lightweight fabric made from unbleached

cotton using a plain weave and low thread count. Calico
originates from Calicut in Kerala, India and is typically
printed with brightly coloured designs, either by
discharge or resist printing. Calico is often used to
make toiles, due to its relative cheapness.
see Toile 244
62
Dana Heinemann
C Camisole
A short, sleeveless undergarment for women, similar to

a vest, covering the top of the body, but with skinnier
straps. Camisole derives from the Latin, camisia, for
shirt or nightgown. Camisoles are produced in silk,
satin, cotton, nylon and Lycra and are often used for
layering and can be worn with jeans. Some camisole
tops are produced with built-in bust support to
eliminate the need for a bra.
see Bra 52, Lingerie 153
C Capri Pants
63
Zoe Irvin
Womens calf-length
trousers created by
Italian designer Emilio
Pucci in 1949 and first
sold in his boutique on
the island of Capri just
off the coast of Naples
in Italy. They are also
sometimes called pedal
pushers or clam
diggers, though there
are some subtle
distinctions between
these: Capris are a
slimline pant ending
just below the knee,
usually with a small
inverted v at the hem
on the side to ease
movement. Pedal
pushers give a looser
fit and are longer, as
they end at the calf.
Clam diggers also
extend to the calf, but
are baggier. Once just
for women, calf-length
trousers are now also
worn by men.
64
Natalia Mikhaylova
C Cardigan
A knitted, woollen garment similar to a sweater or jacket,

but with an opening down the front, which can be fastened
with buttons or a zip. A cardigan can be worn by men or
women and is named after British military commander,
James Thomas Brudenell, seventh earl of Cardigan
(17971868) (pictured above left), who led the charge of the
Light Brigade at the Battle of Balaclava.
see Balaclava 29
C Catwalk
65
Kateryna Potrokhova
A long platform upon which models parade garments from

new clothing collections at fashion shows.
see Model 171
C Chemise
66
A simple, smock-like
garment with
sleeves, but no collar
or cuffs. Chemises
became popular in
the Middle Ages
when women wore
them under gowns or
robes and men under
doublets and robes.
Typically made from
finely woven cotton,
linen or silk, they
are essentially a
loose-fitting, straighthanging dress
without a waist.
Pictured is a ladies
cotton shift or
chemise and cotton
drawers from
England, c.1834.
C Chic
67
Stylish or smart. Chic (a French word adopted by the British) is often used to describe
how individual garments or ensembles make a person look, but what is and what is not
chic is difficult to define. Chic refers to someone who wears stylish clothes with ease
and whose outfit is arresting, modern and elegant. Anne Gunning, photographed here
by John French, appears chic in this figure-hugging velveteen evening coat, which
creates an elegant, elongated profile accentuated by her tied-back hair and contrasting
white gloves and hat.
C Coat
68
Outerwear worn by
men and women over
an outfit to provide
protection from the
elements. A coat is
usually at least thigh
length, with long
sleeves and a front
opening, which may
be fastened with
buttons, zips,
poppers, toggles or
belts. Coats provide
thermal insulation
and are often
waterproof. Coats are
available in many
styles, such as a
great coat, duffel
coat, trench coat or
fur coat. Pictured is
an evening dress and
coat created by
English designer
Ossie Clark (a
leading designer from
19641974).
see Duffel 96, Macintosh 156, Trench Coat 249
C Cocktail Dress
69
Zoe Irvin
A dress worn by women at cocktail parties, semi-formal and formal occasions, with a
form-fitting waist and skirt extending to anywhere from just above the knee to about two
inches above the ankle, known as tea length. Cocktail dresses may be simply or richly
decorated and use a variety of exquisite materials such as silk, satin and chiffon. A
variation of the cocktail dress is the LBD (Little Black Dress) created in the 1920s by
Coco Chanel, which was designed to fit any woman and not show any stains. These
black dresses are versatile and can be worn dressed up or down.
see Collection 71, Dress 95, Tea Length 239
C Collar
70
Part of a shirt or blouse that fastens around the neck.

Collars take a variety of forms that serve both decorative
and functional purposes. The adoption of the tie led to
shirts with fold-over collars, which often include
stiffeners inserted into the fabric to prevent the points
from turning up.
Ascot collar Worn with a cravat, a tall collar with points turned
up over the chin.
Barrymore collar A turnover collar with long or tapered points
that was popular in the 1970s.
Buttoned-down collar The collar points are buttoned down to
the body of the shirt.
Convertible collar The neck button can be worn either fastened
or unfastened.
Detachable collar Introduced in the mid-16th century
probably to allow for starching and finishing.
Gladstone collar Popularised by Prime Minister William Ewart
Gladstone, the points were pressed to stand out horizontally at
the sides.
Peter Pan collar Flat with rounded corners, popular for women
in the mid-20th century.
Poet collar A soft collar with long points, typical of that worn by
poets like Byron and Shelley.
Windsor collar Slightly stiffened with a wide gap between the
points in order to accommodate the Windsor knot tie.
Wing A small standing collar with points that stick out
horizontally worn with men's evening dress of white tie or
black tie.
see 9, Tie 243
Above: British politician William

Ewart Gladstone (17981869) was a
strong advocate for the abolition of
capital punishment and is pictured
here wearing a Gladstone collar.
C Collection
71
Natalia Mikhaylova
Portfolio of a designers best work, often organised

seasonally. All the garments in a collection represent the
designers inspiration and usually explore common
themes, textiles, textures and colours.
see Season 214, Theme 241
C Colour Wheel
72
A circular representation of the colour spectrum that provides a visual

reference for helping to select colour combinations. The colour wheel
helps to explain the relationship between different colours within
colour theory, it illustrates the classification of colours and provides a
quick reference to the primary, secondary and tertiary hues, which can
help a designer successfully select functional colour schemes. Colours
have certain associations in fashion. Black can be variously associated
with power, evil, ultra chic, the gothic subculture and the bad-boy
leather-clad rebel. By contrast, white is thought to represent purity in
the West and is used for wedding dresses, but it is also a neutral
colour used for dress shirts.
Warm
Tertiary
Red-orange
Secondary
Red
Primary
Magenta
Tertiary
Yellow-orange
Tertiary
Red-purple
Primary
Yellow
Secondary
Blue
Tertiary
Yellow-green
Tertiary
Blue-purple
Secondary
Green
Primary
Cyan
Tertiary
Blue-green
Cool
C Colour Wheel Selections
73
Using the colour wheel, a designer can select harmonious colour combinations, such as
complementary or contrasting colours, which face each other on the wheel, or triads, any three
colours that are equidistant from one another. In any design, a dominant colour is usually
supported by subordinate and accent colours.
Monochrome
Any single colour on
the wheel.
Complementary
Colours that face each
other on the wheel.
These provide strong
contrast and so their
use will result in a more
vibrant design. Also
called contrasting
colours.
Split complements
Three colours that
comprise the two
adjacent colours to
the (unselected) colour
that is complementary
to the principle colour
selection.
Triads
Triads are any three
colours that are
equidistant on the colour
wheel. As all three colours
contrast with one another,
this provides a visual
tension. The primary and
secondary colour spaces
are triads.
Analogous
The two colours on either
side of a principle colour
selection. Analogous
colours provide a
harmonious and
natural blend.
Mutual complements
A triad of equidistant
colours together with
the complementary colour
of the central one of
the three.
Near complements
A colour adjacent to the
complementary colour
of the principle colour
selection.
Double complements
Any two adjacent
colours and their two
complements.
C Concept
74
The central and overriding idea or motif presented in a design or

through an overall clothing collection. A concept represents the
thinking behind a design that is the starting point and constant
reference. A concept may be prominently or subtly presented and can
be as simple as Africa, burlesque or pirate, to name a few examples.
Pictured is an invite created for designer Alexander McQueen by Mono
Design. The design carries a circus concept and features a clown image
and the legend merry go round. This legend refers to the fun event
that the recipient is being invited to, and perhaps comments on the
fashion industry itself.
see Collection 71, Theme 241
C Contrast
75
A colour palette in
which the different
hues stand out
against each other.
Contrasting colours
can be used to create
vivid fabric designs,
such as the Chanel
ensemble
(19371938)
pictured. Some
colour combinations
project and are more
contrasting as shown
in the panels below.
Yellow and cyan
project from and
contrast with red,
while magenta
recedes into it.
C Corsage
76
The Dover Press
In traditional dressmaking, the bodice or waist of a dress, such as

those in the illustration, to which the skirts are attached. A corsage is
often confused with a corset, perhaps in part because a bridal corset is
a corsage. Corsage also refers to a small bouquet of flowers that may
be attached to a dress or placed around the wrist.
see Corset 77
C Corset
77
A lace-up garment stiffened by boning and worn around

the torso to mould the body into a desired shape.
Originally worn by men and women, corsets were used
to constrict the waist and reduce its size, known as
tight-lacing (with a waist of 13 inches possible in
extreme cases), and were worn over a chemise or shift
during the Victorian era. The corset has evolved into a
womens garment that mimics the look without actually
performing the body shaping function (although they still
maintain boning and lacing features), as it has become
an item of outerwear.
see Basque 33, Boning 46, Victoriana 260
C Costume
78
Top left: Classical Khmer dancers

at Angkor Wat, Cambodia.
Above: A Muslim girl from Karachi,
Pakistan wearing a salwar and
blouse (c.1870).
Far left: A woman from Norway
wearing the rural Bunad costume.
Left: A Japanese woman dressed in
a kimono (c.1870).
A style of dress identified with a particular era, class,

community or region. Before fashions became global and
widespread one could often predict where people came from
and what they did by the clothes they wore. The use of
kimonos in Japan, the mantilla lace or silk scarf worn over the
head and shoulders by women in Spain, and the Scottish kilt
are all examples of costume. Many of these traditional
costumes have fallen out of use on a daily basis and now only
appear during cultural celebrations or on festive days.
see Kilt 145, Kimono 146
C Cravat
79
A scarf or band of fabric worn by men around the neck in a slipknot,

with long ends overlapping at the front. The cravat is often thought to
be the forerunner to the modern tie. They first entered Parisian culture
in the 1630s, when Croatian mercenaries supporting King Louis XIII
against Duc de Guise and Marie de Medici, wore the distinct neckties
as part of their military kit. The style reached British shores with
Charles II in 1660 when he returned from exile, but nowadays cravats
tend to be reserved for special occasions, such as weddings. Pictured
is a jumper by Elsa Schiaparelli from the early 20th century with a
cravat design in the knit.
see Collar 70, Tie 243
C Crinoline
80
A stiffened petticoat structure designed to support the skirts of a womans dress, which
eventually evolved into caged or hooped underskirt frames. During the 1840s flounces
and pleats gave full skirts the illusion of greater width, but as the decade progressed
and more petticoats were added to create an even broader shape, the required
minimum of six petticoats was heavy, bulky, hot and uncomfortable. The caged crinoline
was patented in 1856 by American W. S. Thomson and had steel hoops attached to
vertical tapes that descended from a band around the wearers waist. The crinoline gave
the required bell shape, but reduced the need for so many layers of petticoats, thus
making the outfit lighter and allowing for freer leg movement. But with a maximum
diameter of 180cm (six feet) a crinoline could be awkward to manoeuvre and a gust of
wind could reveal more leg than was considered decent. By 1864 the crinoline was
modified and the dome shape disappeared; the front and sides were contracted in favour
of volume at the rear, for example, the bustle.
C Crochet
81
A method using cord, yarn, thread or wire to create a

fabric. From the Middle French, croc or croche, meaning
to hook, crocheting involves placing a slipknot loop over
a hook, pulling another loop through the first one, and
repeating to create a chain. Crocheting became popular
in the 1830s and continues to be used to make bags,
hats and shawls.
see Knitting 148
C Cuffs
Double
Angled
Round
A turned-back extension at the end of a shirt sleeve, or a

separate band of material sewn on to the end of a shirt
sleeve. Button cuffs are fastened by buttoning one or
more buttons on one side of the cuff through the other
side to close it around the wrist. French cuffs are
fastened with cufflinks: a pair of decorative fastenings
that have a short chain or post that passes through the
buttonholes, and can be found in numerous variations of
construction and design. In the USA, a cuff also refers to
a turn-up on a trouser leg.
Anthony Fourrier
Straight
82
C Cummerbund
83
A broad, pleated waist sash worn with black tie

underneath a dinner jacket. From the Urdu and Persian
kamar-band, from kamar, meaning waist or loins and
bandi, meaning band, the cummerbund was adopted by
the British military in India during colonial times. The
horizontal pleats were often worn facing up so that they
could hold tickets.
84
Gordana Sermek
C Cyber
A subculture that developed around trance and hardcore electronic

music. Cyber fashion is a mixture of rave and goth and draws on
Japanese anime, with the use of contrasting colours such as red,
black, white and those that reflect ultraviolet light. Body piercing, hair
extensions and boots with thick soles that extend up the calf are also
commonly associated with cyber fashion.
see Anime 22, Piercing 188, Subcultures 228
D Damask
85
A reversible, self-patterned fabric produced from silk,

wool, linen, cotton or man-made fibres. Different weave
structures in the warp and weft create patterns by
reflecting light. First produced in China, its production
spread westwards through India and Persia, but was
named after the Syrian city of Damascus in the 12th
century due to the beauty of the designs produced there.
Pictured is a selection of swatches of 14th-century
Italian silk damask.
D Dandy
86
Pamela Moore
A man who pays particular attention to his physical

appearance and refined language. Dandies in the late
18th and early 19th centuries were often middle-class
people who strove to imitate their concept of the
aristocratic lifestyle. George Bryan, also known as Beau
Brummell (17781840), an associate of the Prince
Regent, obtained celebrity status as a Dandy, due to his
wit and immaculate presentation. Dandies often appear
in fiction in strong roles. The Scarlet Pimpernel portrays
himself as an irrelevant dandy in his public life in order
to draw attention away from his true identity, a charade
also used by the fictional spy Austin Powers.
D Darts
87
Zoe Irvin
A sewn fold in the construction of a garment to shape

fabric to the curves of the body such as the bust, waist
and hip areas.
see Garment 118
D Deconstruction
88
see Punk 201
Gina Smith
The exploration of
clothing structure where
garments may be literally
taken apart in some way
and put back together
unfinished, inside out or
deteriorating. Fashion
designer, Vivienne
Westwood was a pioneer
of the punk look, an early
manifestation of
deconstruction in fashion.
The trend shows an
unwillingness to conform
to regular or accepted
ways of dressing. During
the early 1980s, John
Gallianos collections
included jackets worn
upside down and inside
out. Deconstructed clothes
continue in contemporary
designs and rely on faded,
ripped or torn fabrics
without finish and with
frayed edges. The outfit in
the image could be
described as
deconstructed due to the
treatment of the fabric
with irregular seams, lack
of colour and absence of
the second arm that we
would expect to see.
D Deerstalker
89
A hat worn for hunting in rural areas, featuring brims

fore and aft to provide sun protection and flexible side
flaps that can be worn tied up or down to protect the
ears in cold weather. The pattern, in muted brown tones,
provides camouflage. The deerstalker was popularised in
films about the fictional detective Sherlock Holmes,
although he never wore one in the works by Arthur
Conan Doyle.
see Hats 128
D Denim
90
During the Californian Gold Rush, miners required hard-wearing

clothes that would not tear easily. In 1853 Leob Strauss began a
wholesale business meeting the miners needs. He later changed his
name and Levi Strauss & Co. remains one of the top denim clothing
producers today.
see Dye 98, Warp & Weft 264
Vladislav Gurfinkel
Durable, cotton fabric, primarily used to make jeans. The word denim
is a contraction of serge de Nmes serge (a durable twilled, woollen
or worsted fabric), from Nmes (a town in France). Identified by a
diagonal ribbing on the reverse (created by passing the weft under two
or more warp fibres), denim is traditionally dyed with the blue pigment
obtained from indigo dye. Since the late 19th century a synthetic
substitute has been used instead.
D Distressed
91
Dana Heinemann
Fabric that has been artificially aged or worn. Distressing

fabric is a technique used to create clothing with a range
of visual appearances by using abrasives to wear the
surface of the cloth. It is commonly used to age the
appearance of denim and reduce the intensity of the
indigo dye. In addition to varying the visual presentation
of a pair of jeans, aging them in this manner also
reduces their life span.
D Double-tee Top
92
see Colour Wheel Selections 73
Zoe Irvin
A layered look with

one T-shirt or other
garment worn over
another. A double-tee
top can have either
harmonious or
contrasting colours
to create different
visual impacts. This
illustration shows a
contrasting
combination.
D Drainpipe
93
Anthony Fourrier
Narrow trousers in denim or non-stretchable material that closely hug

the leg. Drainpipe trousers were worn by Teddy boys in the UK in the
1950s and by punks in the 1970s. As with many other aspects of
fashion, trouser leg tightness changes frequently.
see Punk 201
D Draping
94
A garment made from unstitched cloth that is held to the body with
some kind of fastening. Draped garments include togas, saris, sarongs,
shawls, capes and mantles, such as the six-yard-long Robe of State
that formed part of the coronation robes of Queen Elizabeth II, as
pictured in this photograph by Cecil Beaton. The crimson velvet
mantle is edged with ermine and two rows of handmade embroidered
gold lace and gold filigree work and was made by Messrs Ede &
Ravenscroft of Chancery Lane, London.
see Embroidery 102, Garment 118
D Dress
95
A garment consisting of a skirt with attached (or matching) bodice, giving the
effect of a one-piece garment. A dress, frock or gown is typically worn by women
and is made from light- to mid-weight fabrics such as denim, jersey, worsted, or
poplin although other materials such as silk, satin, wool and velvet are also
used. Fashion plays a determining factor in prevailing hemline lengths. Pictured
is a velvet cocktail dress (1969) designed by Valentino, featuring cap sleeves and
a cummerbund of braid embroidered with diamants.
see Cocktail Dress 69, Cummerbund 83, Eveningwear 106
D Duffel
96
Anthony Fourrier
Heavy woollen cloth named after a town in Belgium,

where the cloth was originally made, which is used to
produce bags and overcoats, such as that made famous
by the fictional childrens character Paddington Bear.
see Coat 68
D Dummy
97
A mould of the human form that is used for draping fabrics and
making clothes. Also called a tailors dummy, the different parts on
some models can be moved to approximate different body sizes. This
should not be confused with a mannequin, which is used to display
clothes in a retail environment.
Front
Back
Shoulder
Neck width
Chest
Band width
Bust
Neck to waist
Waist
Waist to hip
Hip
Body rise
(measured
when sitting)
Waist to knee
Knee
see Mannequin 159
D Dye
98
Benjamin Mercer
A substance applied to fabric in order to

change its colour. Before the development of
chemical dyes, plant and animal extracts were
used, which meant the colour palette available
was dependent on locally available materials.
This made certain colours synonymous with
certain regions, such as the blue used for robes
worn by the Hmong people in Northern
Vietnam, which comes from the indigofera
tinctoria indigo plant.
Known as the Belle

Epoque (fine period)
throughout Europe, the
period from 19011910
when Edward VII
reigned in England was
one of luxurious living.
The fashionable hourglass figure depended
on tight corsets and lilylike skirts, while necks
lowered, allowing the
display of jewellery and
lace adornments.
Feathers, gloves, widebrim hats, parasols and
bags were also essential
items in the Edwardian
ladys wardrobe. For
men, the growing
popularity of motoring,
sport and outdoor
pursuits meant that
clothing became more
practical, with tweeds
and heavier fabrics used
for everyday and
country wear suits. This
photograph by Andrew
Pitcairn-Knowles, taken
in Ostend, Belgium,
c.1900, depicts a
mother and daughter in
Edwardian dress.
99
E Edwardian
E Elastic
100
Branislav Ostojic
A stretchable fabric created using

small pieces of masticated rubber,
developed by Thomas Hancock,
founder of the British rubber industry.
Elastic describes the ability of the
cloth tape to return to its original
shape when a load is removed and
Hancock used his invention to create
fastenings for gloves, suspenders,
shoes and stockings, which he
patented in 1820. Elastic was
revolutionary because it allowed
clothes that could cling to the body
without falling down to be developed.
This, in turn, saw it become a key
material component in clothing
manufacture.
The period in England

between 15581603, at
the time of Elizabeth Is
reign and the height of
the English
Renaissance. Rich,
heavy velvets, jewels,
furs, satins and taffeta
in stiff, exaggerated
shapes created by
padding and quilting
epitomised the fashions
of this time. Bodices
came to a point at the
waist and had separate
sleeves that were ruffed
at the shoulders and
fastened with lace.
Skirts were full with
circular frames. Men
wore tight waists and
sometimes wore corsets
to obtain the waspwaisted look. Pictured
is a dress detail by
Madame Vignon, made
in Elizabethan style of
cerise taffeta and silk,
from 186970.
see Petticoat 186
101
E Elizabethan
102
Iurii Konoval
E Embroidery
A method of decorating fabric with designs stitched in

coloured thread or yarn using a needle. Embroidery may
also see other materials sewn on to the surface of the
cloth, such as beads and sequins. Embroidery can be
performed in several ways, with or without a design, and
has been practised by many generations all
over the world.
see Appliqu 23, Beading 34, Broderie Anglaise 57, Fabric 107
E Ensemble
103
An outfit made of separate but coordinated garments. Pictured is an

ensemble by British designer Jean Muir from the late 20th century.
see Costume 78, Garment 118
E Epaulette
104
A removable ornamental shoulder piece that displays insignia or

designates rank in the military and other organisations. Epaulettes, a
diminutive from the French, paule, meaning shoulder, are fastened to
a shoulder strap that runs parallel to the shoulder seam and buttons
near the collar. Epaulettes may be fringed.
see Collar 70
E Eroticism
105
Mayer George Vladimirovich
An aesthetic focus on sexual desire, particularly related to the anticipation of

sexual activity and the attempt to incite feelings of desire. The term derives from
Eros, the Ancient Greek god of love, and is viewed as sensual love or the libido. In
fashion, garments such as fetish wear and certain pieces of lingerie are intentionally
designed to arouse desire. Some garments are considered more erotic than others,
such as the long gloves pictured.
E Eveningwear
106
An ensemble
suitable for
formal events.
Eveningwear for
men is either a
white tie with
tailcoat or black
tie with a dinner
jacket or tuxedo.
Women may wear
a ballgown,
evening gown or
cocktail dress. An
evening gown is
typically a long,
loose-fitting
garment in silk,
velvet, satin or
chiffon, ranging
from tea length
to full length.
Pictured is an
evening dress
created by Jean
Muir (1996).
see Cocktail Dress 69, Dress 95, Skirt Length 222, Tuxedo 253
F Fabric
107
Any material made by weaving, knitting, crocheting, or bonding yarns

or threads to form a textile. Fabric or cloth is available in many
different varieties, including those below.
Lam
A woven fabric using metallic gold
or silver yarns, often used for
eveningwear as tissue lam,
hologram lam and pearl lam.
Burlap
A dense, coarse, woven fabric made of
jute or other vegetable fibres, which is
strong and inexpensive, often used for
sacking. Also called hessian.
Lace
A lightweight fabric patterned with
open holes where cotton or other
thread is looped, twisted or braided
to other threads independent from a
backing fabric.
Gingham
A fabric made from dyed cotton
warp yarns. Originally a stripped
fabric, it became checked in the
18th century when production
started in Manchester.
Velvet
A tufted fabric made from silk,
cotton or synthetic fibres with evenly
distributed cut threads to give a
short, dense pile.
Corduroy
A textile of twisted fibres that lay
parallel when woven, forming
parallel ribs or cords called wales.
Jersey
A knitted fabric with a definite
smooth side that faces out on
garments and a textured inside.
Organza
A thin, plain-weave, sheer fabric
made from silk or synthetic fibres,
often used for bridal and
eveningwear.
Tweed
A rough, unfinished woollen fabric
with plain or twill weave and check,
twill or herringbone pattern, used
for outerwear due to its durability
and moisture resistance.
F Fashion Cycle
108
The changing tastes and trends that over time are regenerated and
repeated. Dress hemlines go up, down and up again as the fashion
cycle and zeitgeist change and people look for the fresh and new.
Inspiration for new fashions often comes from revisiting and reusing the
fads and fashions from previous decades in a cycle, such as Lavers Law,
developed by James Laver in Taste and Fashion in 1945, and showing
how peoples reaction to a fashion change and mellow over time.
Indecent
Shameless
Outr
Smart
Dowdy
Hideous
Ridiculous
Amusing
Quaint
Charming
Romantic
Beautiful
10 years before its time

5 years before its time
1 year before its time
1 year after its time

10 years after its time
see Inspiration 138, Zeitgeist 271
F Fastenings
109
Zip
A device invented by Elias Howe in
1851 for temporarily joining two
edges of fabric by interlocking
metal or plastic teeth.
Button
A small disc or knob on a garment
that passes through a fabric or
thread loop to hold two pieces of
fabric together.
Velcro
A hook-and-loop system that
sticks on contact, invented by
Georges de Mestral in 1941 and
based on burdock seeds. Velcro is
a contraction of the French velours
(velvet) and croch (hooked).
Rivet
A permanent, two-piece metal
fastener commonly used to fix the
pockets of denim jeans.
Buckle
A metal clasp used to retain the
end of a strap. From the Latin,
buccula, buckles were commonly
used on boots before the zip
was invented.
Hook and eye

A blunt, metal hook that is inserted
into a loop or eyelet, typically used
on boots during the Victorian era.
Hooks are also used with
shoelaces for fastening boots.
Tie side
A bikini, dress or top that has
strings or straps that tie at
the side.
Frogging
A braided button and loop that
provide an ornamental garment
fastening. Also called frog button
or Chinese frog due to its use on
oriental clothes.
Press studs
A pair of interlocking metal discs
used in place of buttons that fasten clothing with a snapping
sound. Also called snap fastener or
popper, they are easier for children
to use than buttons.
F Fedora
110
A soft felt hat invented in the 1910s with a curled brim,

lengthwise crease down the crown and pinched front on
both sides. Named after the heroine of an 1882 play by
Victorien Sardou, who wore a similar hat, the fedora or
trilby can also be made from straw and twill. Popular in
the early 20th century, the fedora provided climate
protection, while being compact enough to wear in a car.
see Hats 128
F Fetish
Michel Isola
A psychological disorder of a fixation on an

inanimate object, body part or feature, or sexual
practice. Fetish clothing is designed to create
sexual arousal and satisfaction and can range
from corsets, skin-tight rubber, gloves
and footwear (such as the boots in
this illustration), to more extreme
items such as collars, bondage
masks and leather harnesses.
Materials commonly used in
fetish gear include leather,
rubber, spandex and plastics
like PVC and vinyl.
see Bondage 44, Eroticism 105
111
F Fez
112
A red felt hat shaped like a truncated cone with a

black tassel, originating in Fez, Morocco, also called
a tarboosh. Pictured is an Egyptian stamp featuring
King Farouk I wearing a fez.
see Hats 128
F Flapper
113
A loose-fitting shift
dress with little shape
and no sleeves, the
flapper dress tended
to be calf-length and
with a waistline
dropped to the hips.
The flapper
characterised the midto late 1920s, and the
Charleston- and jazzinspired hedonism of
the roaring twenties.
The flapper dress
allowed women
greater movement
while dancing and
also presented elegant
lines. Pictured is a
dress by Voisin,
France (c.1925).
F Flax
114
Unspun natural fibres from the flax, common flax or

linseed plant linum usitatissimum. Flax is a soft,
flexible and lustrous fibre that is stronger, but less
elastic than cotton and is used to produce linen fabrics
like damask and lace. Flax is one of the oldest fibre
crops in the world production and usage was first
carried out 5,000 years ago with the domestication of
the plant in the Fertile Crescent in the Middle East.
see Fabric 107, Natural Fibres 175
115
The Dover Press
F Floral
Fabric printed with flower motifs, such as those popularised by

19th-century designer, William Morris, and more recently by retailer
Laura Ashley. Bohemian-style dresses with floral prints in earth tones
were particularly popular during the 1970s.
see Block Printing 40, Bohemian 43, Print 198
F Footwear Composition
116
The materials used in the production of shoes that provide protective,

performance and/or decorative functions. Footwear composition affects
the fit, durability and look of a shoe.
Upper
Part of a shoe that
covers the upper foot
surface, commonly
made from leather,
plastic, fabric or
rubber.
Leather
Hide or skin
that retains its
original fibrous
structure.
Lining and Sock

The inner surface of
the shoe upper, which
may be full or partial.
such as just in the
heel.
Coated Leather
Treated hide or
skin that retains
its original
fibrous
structure, but
will not rot after
absorbing water.
see Leather 151, Shoes 218
Outer Sole
The bottom of a shoe,
attached to the upper
and in contact with
the ground.
Textile
Fabric used to
produce uppers,
such as canvas.
Other Materials
Plastic, rubber,
silk or any
other material
used in shoe
production.
117
Guido Mocafico
F Fragrance
Perfume produced from essential oils, aroma compounds and other

elements to provide a pleasing and attractive smell. Fragrance
production has become a cornerstone of the fashion industry with all
major designers and labels extending their brands to include a range of
perfumes and aftershaves. Pictured is a bottle design created by
Research Studios for Kenzo.
see Boutique 50, Brand 51
G Garment
118
A garment is a piece of clothing made up of various pieces of fabric

and fastenings. It is the variation in the style of these elements that
defines different fashions.
Yoke
Collar
Lapel
Lapel hole or
buttonhole
Pocket
Single-breasted
Sleeve
Button /
buttonhole
Camp pockets
Squared, seamed
pockets sewn to
the outside of the
garment.
Cuff
Vent
Waistband
Carriers or belt loops
Fly front / fly
Rivet
Fifth pocket or watch pocket
Turn up
Hip pocket
Pocket sewn on the front of a
garment at hip height.
Hem
Seam
119
Jurgita Genyte
G Garter
A loop of cloth used to hold stockings up. In its modern

form, garters are decorative lace, silk and ribbon
accessories, often worn by women underneath their
wedding dresses as part of a tradition involving taking
off part of the brides clothing to bring good luck.
However, before the discovery of elastic in Elizabethan
times, leather or heavy cloth garters were worn just
below the knee in order to keep socks and
stockings in place.
see Accessories 18, Elastic 100
G Gauntlets
120
A glove that covers the wrist, hand, fingers and forearms

to provide covering and protection. Gauntlets may be
produced from a wide variety of materials, including
leather and steel. Gauntlets were a fundamental part of
a protective suit of armour to protect the hands.
Nowadays, gloves with one opening for all the fingers are
sometimes called gauntlets. Pictured is a white leather
female riding gauntlet decorated with lace and a tapestry
woven in silk and gold, possibly created by Sheldon
Tapestry Workshops in the 16th or 17th century.
see Elizabethan 101
G Geisha
121
A female Japanese entertainer or artist noted for

wearing the traditional kimono. Geisha is a composite of
two Kanji characters, gei, meaning performing arts and
sha, meaning person or doer. Geisha are skilled in
music, singing, dancing and pleasant conversation.
see Costume 78, Kimono 146
G Geometric
122
Designs based on
simple shapes such
as the circle,
square, triangle
and trapezoid. This
Yves Saint Laurent
dress carries a
geometric design
appropriated from
the work of Piet
Mondrian.
G Gingham
123
A lightweight cotton cloth, usually checked. Gingham typically

combines white with red, blue or green and is often used for test work
due to its cheapness. Pictured in this 1965 photograph by John
French, published in UK newspaper The Daily Mail, are various mix n
match gingham outfits modelled by Marie-Lise Gres, Moyra Swann and
Paulene Stone. The stark contrast of black and white inherent in
gingham was typical of the mod style of the mid-1960s.
see Fabric 107
124
Zoe Irvin
G Glam
Music-related fashion from the early and mid-1970s with

colourful ambisexual outfits, such as platform shoes and
single-piece glitter suits with flared trousers in satin
and silk.
see Heels 130
G Grading
Scaling a garment or shoe

pattern to a different size
by increasing or decreasing
important points of it. A size
10 dress pattern can be
graded to produce patterns
for sizes 12, 14, 16 and so
on. The following table shows
standard womens dress sizes
in different countries:
125
US
UK
Euro
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
34
36
38
40
42
44
46
48
G Grain
126
The alignment of fibres in a textile giving it a certain appearance and

texture. A simple woven fabric has a grain that runs in two directions,
with the warp and weft having equal weight. Evidence of the grain can
easily be seen by tearing a piece of cotton: it forms a triangular hole as
the tear extends equally along both the warp and weft. Different
weaving methods produce different grains, such as twill, which
produces diagonal ribs.
Direction
A piece of fabric typically has a right and wrong side due to the way the warp and weft are combined.
Right side
The right side of this cord fabric features
prominent parallel ridges that proceed in
the direction that the fabric was woven.
see Warp & Weft 264
Wrong side
The wrong side of the fabric has no
clear pattern.
127
Kenny Yeoh
H Halter-neck
A top for women with a single, sometimes tied strap that

passes behind the back of the neck. Halter-neck
garments typically leave the back exposed.
H Hats
128
Crown
The part covering the top of the head.
Brim
A broad, circular rim that juts out stiffly
from the base of the hats crown.
Sweatband
The inside part of the hat
that touches the head of
the wearer.
Hatband
A strip of material at
the junction of the crown
and brim, holding the
hats size.
A piece of clothing worn on the head, with a high crown and brim.
Bowler
A hard, felt hat with rounded crown to offer protection while riding. The bowler was created for Thomas Coke, second
earl of Leicester, in 1850 by James and George Lock and was named after a prototype produced by Thomas and
William Bowler.
Homburg
A stiff, felt hat with a crease or centre dent from front to back of the crown, but with no pinches and a sharply turned up
brim all the way around. The homburg was popularised by Edward VII of England after he visited Germany.
Stetson
A wide-brimmed hat with tall crown produced in the 19th century by the John B. Stetson Company in Missouri, USA. It
provides both sun and rain protection.
Slouch
A wide-brimmed, felt hat with chinstrap of British origin, commonly used by the Australian army.
see Deerstalker 89, Fedora 110, Fez 112, Helmet 131, Top Hat 246
129
Exclusive custom-fitted
fashions that are the
pinnacle of the fashion
industry. Haute couture,
which is French for high
sewing or dressmaking, has
become a global industry
that drives clothing retail
and a significant part of
magazine sales. Haute
couture garments are made
to measure and are
typically produced from
high-quality materials,
which are sewn with
extreme attention to detail
and finish, often by hand.
Haute couture originated in
18th-century France when
fashions of the court at
Versailles were imitated
across Europe. The modern
industry was begun by
Charles Frederick Worth
(18261895), who created
one-of-a-kind designs and
prepared designs shown on
live models. Pictured is an
evening dress created by
French designer Coco
Chanel in the late
20th century.
H Haute Couture
H Heels
130
An element called a top piece that is added to the rear end of the sole
of a shoe, lifting the back of the shoe away from the ground. The heel
may be made of wood covered with leather or another material
presented in a range of styles. Pictured is a pair of platform shoes
(1993) in bright blue leather stamped with an animal skin pattern,
designed by Vivienne Westwood.
Kitten A low-height heel tapering to a point that is set forward.
Stiletto A high, tapered, narrow heel, often containing a metal rod similar to a stiletto knife, after which it is named.
Court A medium- to high-block heel.
Cuban A broad, medium-height heel that has a slightly tapered back and straight front often used with boots.
Wedge A broad, wedge-shaped heel that is an extension of the shoe sole.
Platform A high and broad heel that is accompanied by a similar sole.
131
H Helmet
Protective headgear used in the military, as well as construction,

mining, sports, motorcycling and other activities. Helmets offer a
varying degree of protection according to the amount of the head they
cover from the shallow plate helmets used by British soldiers during
the First World War, covering just the top of the head, to full-face
helmets used by motorcyclists. Traditional metal helmet construction
materials have now been replaced by lightweight compounds, such as
Kevlar-reinforced plastic composites and fillers, such as polystyrene.
Pictured is a 1960s white fur helmet from the collection at Londons
V&A Museum, which provides a fashion interpretation to subvert our
normal conception of this item.
H Hem
132
The edge of a piece of cloth or garment folded up and sewn down in

order to enclose the cut edge so that it cannot unravel. Hems can be
hem stitched or blind stitched (which will not leave a visible line of
stitches), or can be stitched with a sewing machine (which does leave a
visible line of stitches). Haute couture hems tend to be sewn by hand
to have invisible hem stitching. A dressmakers hem of loose running
stitch is often added to heavy material so that the cloth weight does
not hang from one line of stitches.
see Garment 118, Stitches 225
133
H Hippy
A subculture or counterculture from the 1960s and 1970s with an

emphasis on civil rights, sexual liberation and a peaceful anti-war and
anti-nuclear stance. The hippy culture later morphed into the psychedelic
subculture, which was known for its use of recreational drugs for spiritual,
artistic and hedonistic ends. The hippy culture has had a lasting influence
on fashion and is periodically reprised through vibrantly-coloured, often
ethnic, flowing fabrics with frills, beading and crochet, such as the
crocheted waistcoat by Birgitta Bjork and synthetic satin blouse by Ossie
Clark shown in this image from the V&A Museum collection.
see Crochet 81, Subcultures 228
H Hosiery
134
see Garter 119, Natural Fibres 175
Aaron Twa
Tight-fitting knitted
garments worn on
the feet and legs.
Hosiery is made in
various designs
and mesh
configurations with
stretching fabrics,
such as nylon and
Lycra, which help it
to mould to the body
form. Formerly,
hosiery made from
wool and silk were
worn with garters or
suspender belts to stop
them falling down. The
name hosiery comes
from hose, Middle
English for
stocking.
H Houndstooth
135
A duotone textile pattern of checks or four-pointed

shapes, used particularly for outerwear, jackets and
skirts. Houndstooth or dog-tooth check first appeared
in the 1930s. Pictured above is a hat featuring
a houndstooth check.
see Pattern (fabric) 182
I Illustration
136
see Concept 74, Sketch & Sketchbook 221
Exit_Nume
Artwork that explains, exemplifies or adorns.

Illustration, whether by hand or digital, allows a designer
to quickly articulate ideas and generate design concepts
in a visual form.
137
I Industrial Revolution
A technological, socio-economic and cultural revolution

that began in 18th-century England and saw
mechanisation replace manual labour. The textile and
wool industries were the first to benefit with increased
production capacity, prompting people to flood into
growing cities like Manchester from the country.
Industrialisation replaced the spinning wheel and hand
loom and saw improvements in raw material production.
The subsequent growth of the weaving industry saw
manufactured cotton goods become the dominant British
export. Pictured is an 1835 illustration of mule spinning
drawn by T. Allom and engraved by
J.W. Lowry from History of the Cotton Manufacture by
Sir Edward Baines.
138
The source of creative

ideas, inspiration, can come
from many different direct
and indirect sources. These
can include fashions worn
in other periods of history,
the natural or architectural
environment, science,
materials, philosophy, or
just about anything.
Inspiration is often required
in order for designers to
add new twists and
juxtapositions to already
familiar garments. The
image on the right shows
an ensemble created by
Vivienne Westwood (1980),
which may have been
inspired by the pirates of
the 17th and 18th
centuries (above).
see Collection 71, Ensemble 103, Garment 118, Juxtaposition 144
I Inspiration
I Invites
139
A printed card or other substrate that requests the presence of

the recipient to attend a particular event. Invites are mailed to
people, inviting them to attend a wide range of events in the
fashion industry, including new collection shows, store
openings, product launches and receptions. Pictured is an
invite for the spring/summer 2005 collection of Robert-Cary
Williams, created by Studio Thomson for UK clothing
retailer Topshop.
J Jacket
140
A thigh- or waist-length coat that may be fastened with buttons, a zip,

press studs or toggles. Jackets have full-length arms and tend to have
pockets on the front or sides. Jacket styles include blazer, donkey
jacket, flight or bomber jacket, Harrington jacket, jeans jacket, leather
jacket, snorkel or parka and windbreaker. Pictured is a black silk and
yellow sequinned jacket from the late 20th century by Karl Lagerfeld
for fashion house Chanel.
see Coat 68
J Jacquard Weaving
141
Gina Goforth
A versatile weaving method that allows a warp

thread to be raised independently of the other
warp threads, thus allowing the production of an
unlimited variety of woven patterns. Jacquard
weaving was invented by Joseph-Marie Jacquard
(17521834). Early Jacquard looms used patterns
punched into cards in order to produce patterned
fabric, but modern electronic looms can now
control over 10,000 warp ends, providing great
diversity and obviating the need to use repeat
patterns. Loom preparation time makes Jacquardproduced cloth more expensive than cloth woven
by simpler methods and it is used to make
damask, brocade and tapestries.
J Jewellery
142
Decorative objects worn on the person or clothes, often made with

precious metals such as gold, silver and platinum and gemstones such
as diamonds, rubies and emeralds. Jewellery includes tiaras, earrings,
necklaces, rings, bracelets and other objects such as jewellery for body
piercings. Jewellery was formerly a means of storing wealth and
fastening clothing, but it is nowadays mainly decorative and ranges
in worth from relatively valueless costume jewellery to pieces
that cost millions.
see Accessories 18, Piercing 188
J Jodhpurs
143
Tight-fitting trousers worn for horse riding. Named after

the city in India where they were originally made, they
feature a tight fit on the lower legs but are flared above
the knee and incorporate specialist riding adaptations,
including seams on the outside of the leg, a wear patch
inside the knee and a harder-wear seat panel. The use of
modern stretch fabrics saw jodhpurs adapted for fashion
in the 1980s, and they were worn by New Romantic
bands such as Duran Duran, Spandau Ballet, Adam and
the Ants and Simple Minds.
J Juxtaposition
144
The placement of images side by side to highlight or create

a relationship between them. Taken from the Latin, juxta,
meaning near, juxtaposing different items or elements is often
used as a means of generating ideas in the creative process.
For example, what results do we get from combining Victoriana
with tartan, or a dandy with leather?
+
see Dandy 86, Leather 151, Tartan 236237, Victoriana 260
K Kilt
145
A one-piece garment from Scotland made from tartan or plaid

cloth. A kilt wraps around the wearer, extending from the waist
to just above the knees and is fastened with straps and
buckles on both ends. A kilt is traditionally worn with a belt,
jacket, sporran (a type of pouch) and a dirk or dagger, but not
with underwear.
see Costume 78, Garment 118, Plaid 193, Tartan 236237
K Kimono
146
A traditional Japanese garment. Literally, kimono means something

worn and once referred to any item of clothing. Now it commonly
describes a full-length, T-shaped robe, with long, wide sleeves and
collars. The garment is wrapped with the left side over the right and is
tied at the back with a wide belt called an obi. Whereas the mans
kimono outfit is quite simple, the choice of kimono for women can
depend on age, marital status and formality of the occasion. Few
people now wear a kimono on a daily basis, particularly as a womans
traditional kimono can cost in excess of 5,000/US$10,000.
147
Nuno Silva
K Kitsch
A style that is considered to be overly sentimental

and/or pretentious. Kitsch often draws upon mass
culture and mass-produced items that may previously
have been met with critical disdain. As fashions change,
what was once kitsch becomes cool. While aesthetically
considered bad taste or garish, many people take
pleasure in kitsch designs, whether ironically or not.
French designer Jean Paul Gaultier is known for
injecting kitsch into the usually sophisticated world
of couture.
see Fashion Cycle 108
K Knitting
148
A method for producing cloth from wool or other types of

thread, in which loops or stitches are pulled through each
other using two or more needles. Knitting differs from crochet
in that it has multiple active stitches held on a needle until
they are ready to be used in the knitting sequence. Knitting
can use a range of different yarns and needles of various
gauges to produce garments with different finishes and
textures, some of which are shown below.
Plain jersey knit

A single knit that stretches more in width than length.
Purl knit
A stitch that stretches the same amount in both directions.
Rib knit
A single knit used for cuffs and waistbands designed to
stretch in the cross-wise direction without losing shape.
Cable knit
A method that sees stitches knitted in different orders by
passing some stitches to a cable needle while other
stitches are knitted, before knitting the passed stitches.
see Crochet 81, Wool 267, Yarn 269
L La Gazette du Bon Ton
149
A leading European fashion magazine published in

the 1910s and 1920s and founded by Lucien Vogel
in 1912. La Gazette du Bon Ton presented fashion,
lifestyle and beauty trends with dramatic garment
illustrations by many art deco artists.
see Magazine 157
L Lapel
The two
triangular pieces
of cloth that
extend from the
collar of a suit
jacket. The
lapels fold back
on to the front of
the jacket and
leave a
triangular space
between them,
such as that
pictured here.
The points of the
lapels vary in
length and shape
and are
influenced by
the fashion of
the day.
150
L Leather
151
A material produced from the tanned hides and skins of

many different animals, but usually cattle, sheep, pig
and goat. There is much controversy surrounding the
ethics of using leather and animal products in the
fashion world. Types of leather can include:
Aniline and semi-aniline leather
Leather with little or no surface coating. These are the
most natural-looking leathers but they have little protection
against dirt and moisture.
Pigmented leather
The grain surface of pigmented leather has a protective
effect but is less natural-looking.
Full and corrected grain leather
The surface grain of leather can be abraded to certain
degrees to create different leather types.
Pull-up leather
Leather that has been stretched to lighten the colour and
create a worn-in effect.
Suede
The grain surface of suede is slightly abraded and buffed
to create a soft, velvety texture.
Buckskin
The surface is tanned using fatty animal materials to create
a supple, smooth material.
L Line
152
Gordana Sermek
The various divisions

of a garment that are
used to describe its
shape or appearance.
These lines include
the neckline,
hemline, trouser
length, shoulder and
waistlines. Straight
lines are typically
thought of as hard
and masculine, while
curved lines are
viewed as softer and
more feminine.
Pictured is a model
wearing a dress that
has a low-cut
neckline, a waistline
that sits on the hips
and a short hemline.
The various lines are
softened by the
delicate fabric,
creating a
feminine look.
see Bias 36, Neck 176, Silhouette 220, Skirt Length 222
L Lingerie
A variety of garments used by women as underwear, made from
materials such as silk, cotton, satin, polyester and nylon.
Lingerie derives from linge, French for linen. Lingerie can be
a single piece that drapes, such as a babydoll or nglige,
or that has a tighter fit, such as a basque, corset, bustier
or body-stocking. Upper garments include a camisole,
chemise, brassiere and corselette. These are typically
worn with shorts or knickers, such as boy shorts, cami
shorts, French knickers, g-strings or thongs. Other
lingerie items include the suspender belt,
garters, stockings and tights.
Babydoll
A short nightgown or nglige used
for nightwear.
Basque
A tight, form-fitting bodice or coat.
Boy shorts
Knickers that resemble male shorts.
Camisole
A sleeveless and tight-fitting top.
Corset
A bodice that moulds and shapes the
torso.
Corselette
A brassiere with a girdle.
G-string
A narrow garment that passes between the buttocks
and is attached to a band around the hips.
see Baby Doll 26, Basque 33, Bra 52, Thong 242
153
L Logo
154
A graphic symbol designed to represent the character of a company,

product, service or other entity. Logos are ubiquitous in the fashion
industry, where they are used to differentiate similar-looking clothes
produced by different designers (tennis/polo shirts, for example).
Branding has now developed to the extent that clothing and
accessories are purchased as much for the brand they sport as the
characteristics and appearance of the item.
Lacoste, the clothing label founded

by French tennis champion Henri
Lacoste in 1933, produced tennis
shirts with a crocodile appliqu
embroidered on the chest, the first
externally branded clothing.
The laurel logo of the Fred Perry

brand, based on the old Wimbledon
symbol, was the first brand to be
stitched, rather than ironed, on to
the garment fabric.
Paul Smiths logo, made to look

like a signature, conveys the idea of
a personal guarantee of
bespoke quality.
Sporting the red, white and blue

colours of the US flag, Tommy is
one of the most successful fashion
logos, appearing on a vast range of
merchandise conveying American
simplicity.
Featuring a Medusa head from Greek

mythology, the Versace logo alludes
to a classical world that all people
understand, while highlighting a
measure of class and wealth.
Created in 1971 by Carolyn

Davidson, the Nike Swoosh, with its
wing-like shape, graphically conveys
rapid movement and helped propel
the company to become one of the
biggest sports apparel
manufacturers. Nike is named after
the Greek goddess of victory.
see Brand 51
L Look Book
155
A publication featuring styles and conceptual creative

ideas, influences and inspirations. Pictured is a look
book for Kronk, by Parent Design. Fashion designers
might use look books to demonstrate the theme and
concept of a seaonal collection.
see Concept 74, Season 213, Theme 241
156
Germany Feng
M Macintosh
A waterproof raincoat made from a fabric invented in

1823 by Scottish chemist Charles Macintosh. Macintosh
discovered waterproof fabric while analysing the waste
products of gasworks. He used rubber dissolved in coaltar naphtha to cement two pieces of cloth together and
found that the material he had created could not be
penetrated by water.
see Coat 68
M Magazine
157
A printed or Web-based periodical containing articles of general

interest, financed by paid advertising, subscription, retail sales or a
combination thereof and published at regular intervals. Magazines are
one of the cornerstones of the fashion industry, using lush images of
designs and collections printed four-colour on quality stock. The most
influential fashion magazine is Vogue. First published in 1892, it
gained prominence following its 1909 purchase by publisher Cond
Nast and under the editorship of Edna Woolman Chase (19141951).
Pictured is Tank, an independent fashion, art and architecture
magazine launched in 1998 that makes great use of
experimental design.
see Advertising 19, La Gazette du Bon Ton 149
Fibres for producing fabric made

from petro-based materials or
cellulose biopolymers.
Biopolymers include cellulose
acetate or acetate rayon, first
produced in 1924 from cotton or
tree pulp cellulose. Rayon has
similar properties to natural fibres
like silk, wool, cotton and linen, and
is soft, smooth, cool, comfortable,
easily dyed and highly absorbent, but
has low elastic recovery, low durability
and appearance retention. Lyocell fibre
is made from wood pulp cellulose, first
produced in 1988. It is also a type of rayon and is
resistant to wrinkles and able to simulate textures
such as suede, leather, or silk. Early
biopolymers were replaced by
cheaper petro-based fibres, such as
nylon and polyester. Nylon was
first produced in 1935 as a
replacement for Asian silk for
parachutes and has since been
used for a wide range of
clothing purposes. Polyester is
a cotton replacement and is
the most widely used
manufactured fibre in the USA.
Spandex or elastane is a
synthetic fibre known for its
exceptional elasticity. First
produced in 1959, spandex has
become a mainstay for contourhugging sports clothing, such as
the Lycra bra top pictured.
see Elastic 100, Natural Fibres 175, Protein Fabrics 199
158
Philip Date
M Man-made Fibres
M Mannequin
159
Andrey Armyagov
A life-size doll with

human form and
articulated joints
used to display
clothing. Fashion
mannequins
originated with the
increased use of
plate-glass windows
in retail outlets in
the 1880s.
Mannequins became
popular in the 1930s
following the creation
(by soap sculptor
Lester Gaba) of
mannequins with
realistic facial
features. They were
mass produced with
the advent of
fibreglass and plastic
from the 1960s
onwards.
Mannequins are not
to be confused with
a tailors dummy,
used in dressmaking
and tailoring.
see Dummy 97
160
Anthony Fourrier
M Mao Suits
The Zhongshan suit, introduced by Mao Zedong as

Chinas national dress after the founding of the Republic
of China in 1950. The Mao suit caters to Western
sensibilities while maintaining a Chinese character the
various elements are said to represent the most
important of Communist Chinas ideals and values.
Adopted by the Chinese Communist Party, it became a
symbol of proletarian unity, though it has been
abandoned by the current generation.
see Collar 70
S Duffett
M Mary Jane
161
A flat female shoe with rounded, closed toes and a

buckled strap across the instep, named after a character
created by the Brown Shoe Company. Modern variations
include platform soles and chunky heels. The shoes are
often complemented with knee-high socks or tights in
dark colours or patterns, as pictured.
see Shoes 218
M Measurements (men)
162
7
5
6
4
1 Collar
2 Chest 3 Waist
4 Inside Leg
5 Sleeve
6 Outside Leg 7 Centre Back Length
The collar is measured around the neck base where a shirt fits. The chest is a measure around the
fullest part with the tape held close under the arms to ensure it is high up at the back and over the
shoulder blades. The waist is measured around the natural waistline over any under garments that
may be worn. The inside leg is measured from the top of the leg at the crotch to the base of the
shin or hemline. The sleeve is measured from the neck point where the collar seam is on the
shoulder line along the shoulder and down the outer sleeve to the cut edge. The outside leg is
measured from the natural waistline to the bottom of the shin, and the centre back length is from
the centre of the neck at the collar seam to the waist.
M Measurements (women)
163
1 Neck
2 Bust
3 Waist
4 Hips
5 Inside leg or inseam
The neck is measured around the largest part of neck. The bust is measured under the arms and
around the fullest part of the chest. The natural waistline can be found by tying a string snugly
around the waist and then reaching down the side of each leg. The string will ride to the natural
waist where it can be measured. Hip size is a measure of the fullest part of the low hip. The inside
leg or inseam is a measurement from the crotch to the ankle on the inside of the leg. This can be
measured by holding a ruler between the legs at the crotch and measuring from the ankle to this.
M Media
164
Designers create their designs using various different media according

to their ability to impart colour and texture, for speed of use, but
above all due to personal preference.
Marker pen
Pens with their own ink-source and
a porous tip that may be permanent
or non-permanent. Quick, easy to
use and rapid drying.
Watercolour pencils
Typically a wooden sheath
containing a range of solid pigment
strips that produce coloured marks.
Quick and easy to use, watercolour
pencils allow a degree of colour
mixing on the paper.
Pastel
A stick of pure powdered pigment
and binder. Pastels are quick and
easy to use, and allow colour mixing
on the paper. However, they can be
messy and designs need to be fixed
after completion to avoid smudging.
Gouache
Brush- or blade-applied paint
consisting of pigment suspended in
water with white pigment. Gouache
is more opaque and has more
intense hues than watercolour paint
and requires drying time.
Acrylic paint
A brush- or blade-applied fastdrying paint containing pigment
suspended in an acrylic polymer
emulsion. Water resistant, acrylic
paint can be thinned with water and
made into washes and does not
require solvent use.
Watercolour paint
Brush-applied paint with finely
ground pigment suspended or
dissolved in water. Watercolour or
watermedia gives a soft,
translucent, quick-drying colour that
allows show-through.
165
Zoe Irvin
M Micro-skirt
A very short skirt that barely covers the buttocks. The

micro-skirt was developed in the late 1960s following
the evolution of the miniskirt.
M Militaria
Garments that are styled

or coloured like military
uniforms. Militaria in
fashion includes the
adaptation of camouflage
patterns such as those
pictured, in addition to
the use of particular
garments, such as
combat-style boots,
bomber jackets and
cargo pants.
Pekka Jaakkola
PhotoCreate
166
167
Mosista Pambudi
M Millinery
The craft of making hats and hat trim. Millinery refers to

the hats designed, produced and sold by a milliner and
probably derives from the Middle English milener, which
means native of the Italian city Milan a source of
bonnets, lace and other hat-making materials. Millinery
provided the starting ground for many famous designers,
including Coco Chanel.
see Hats 128
M Minimalism
168
Anthony Fourrier
The movement that has led to fashion designs that are stripped down to the
most fundamental and expressive features. Minimalism developed in fashion
following the Second World War and applies the principles of methodological
reductionism seen in Ockrams Razor a principle that states that elements
that are not really needed should be pared back to produce something simpler,
thus reducing the risk of introducing inconsistencies, ambiguities and
redundancies. Minimalism was popular with Japanese designers such as Issey
Miyake in the 1980s and 1990s.
M Mini/Maxi
Zoe Irvin
169
Mini
A short skirt with a hemline that
is typically at least 20cm or eight
inches above the knee. The
miniskirt became popular in the
1960s and marked the high point
of hemline creep that began with
the flapper style of the 1920s.
The development of the miniskirt
is generally attributed to English
designer Mary Quant. As a rule of
thumb, if the wearer of a skirt
cannot reach past its hemline
with her ring and index finger, it
is not a mini.
Maxi
By contrast, a maxi-skirt is an
ankle-length skirt that was
popular in the 1970s as a
reaction to the miniskirt. Skirts
could not get any shorter and so
they got longer instead. The
development of the maxi-skirt
coincided with the rise of the
feminist movement, which
abhorred the way the miniskirt
had turned women into
erotic objects.
see Flapper 113, Micro-skirt 165, Skirt Length 222
170
Anthony Fourrier
M Mod
A subculture originating in London from the late 1950s to mid-1960s

that developed around the jazz and rhythm-and-blues music scene.
mod or modernist fashion had as its central element slim-cut Italian
suits. A Mod revival in the early 1980s saw the return of close-fitting
three-button suits, Fred Perry and Ben Sherman shirts, Sta-Prest
trousers and Levis 501 jeans.
see Subcultures 228
M Model
Patricia Malina
171
A person employed to wear clothing for its presentation at a fashion show, photo shoot or
advertisement. The use of live models rather than mannequins is thought to have begun in 1853
when Parisian shop girl, Marie Vernet Worth, modelled garments for her designer husband Charles
Frederick Worth. In print publications, high fashion models use their face and body to express the
different emotions required in artistic constructions relating to the garments, jewels or cosmetics
that are worn. Fashion models wear garments on the catwalk or runway and pose to display their
outfits during a fashion show.
see Magazine 157, Photography 187
M Mohair
172
A silk-like fibre made from the hair of the angora goat

that is durable and resilient, that has high lustre and
sheen. Mohair is sometimes used as a substitute for
animal fur in the creation of fashion garments. Pictured
is a womans mohair jumper created by Vivienne
Westwood and Malcolm McLaren in 1976.
see Natural Fibres 175
173
Alexander Gitlits
M Monochromatic
The use of a single colour. Monochromatic fashions are those where all
the garments of an outfit share the same single colour to provide
consistency and cohesiveness. Black is typically used in a
monochromatic outfit, following the axiom that black is always in
fashion, but white and grey are also used.
see Colour Wheel 72
N Nape
174
Zoe Irvin
In shirtmaking, a measure of the back of the neck where

it meets the shoulders.
see Measurements 162163
N Natural Fibres
175
Fibres from plants and animals that can be spun into a thread such as wool, silk, linen,
cotton and hemp.
Wool
Fibre from animal fur of the caprinae family, such as
sheep, goats, alpacas and rabbits.
Cotton
A fibre that grows around the seeds of the cotton
plant Gossypium species that is spun into thread and
is the most widely-used natural fibre. Cotton is
strong, durable and absorbent.
Silk
A fibre obtained from the cocoons made by Bombyx
Mori silkworm larvae, prized for its shimmering
appearance due to the fibres prism-like structures
that refract light.
Linen
A fibre made from flax Linum Usitatissimum, linen is
the worlds oldest textile material and is frequently
used for towels, sheets and tablecloths, in addition to
shirts and other garments.
see Alpaca 20, Man-made Fibres 158, Protein Fabrics 199
N Neck
Anthony Fourrier
176
The part of an upper body garment that circles the neck of the wearer. Garment necks are
finished in many different ways and styles, they may be open or closed, and may have
different fastenings, such as zips, buttons, poppers, buckles and velcro.
A-neck The neck of a standard shirt that buttons at the throat and whose collar folds back and
down to give a shape like a majuscule A.
Ballerina A low neckline typical of a strapless or spaghetti-strap dress.
Bateau/boat A high and wide neckline that runs straight across the front and back and meets at
the shoulders.
Crew A close-fitting, ribbed round neck.
Diamond A diamond-shaped cutout that fastens at the front or back neckline.
Jewel A high and round neckline that rests at the neck base.
Keyhole A tear-shaped or round cutout that fastens at the front or back neckline.
Off-the-shoulder A wide neck that leaves the shoulders bare or covered with a sheer yoke of net
or organza attached to a high collar.
Polo A sweater or jersey with a high, close-fitting collar.
Scoop neck A u-shaped neck that falls towards the bust, often showing significant cleavage.
Split A round neck cut with a small V in the centre.
Square An open-yoke neckline shaped like half a square.
Turtle A high, close-fitting, turnover collar used for sweaters.
V-neck An open yoke forming a V shape in the bodice.
N Nudity
177
Above: Woman Walking Downstairs, a motion study

by Victorian photographer Eadweard Muybridge.
Anton Oparin
Far left: Typical dress of the late Victorian era.

Left: A stark contrast to Victorian fashions,
contemporary clothes are often much more revealing
through the use of low cuts and sheer materials.
Nudity can be full or partial, but generally refers to occasions when a person wears
fewer clothes than is typically socially acceptable and exposes bare skin. Social
perceptions are one of the defining elements of the acceptability of partial nudity and
they change as the overriding zeitgeist changes. Fashion often willingly challenges and
steps over the line of what is considered acceptable, as has been seen with the
development of garments such as the bikini and miniskirt. A more recent example is the
midriff-revealing crop or muffin top.
see Bikini 37, Peek-a-boo 185, Sheer 217
N Nylon
178
Aaron Twa
A strong, lightweight material with

elastic properties used for clothing
and other items. Nylon was the first
man-made fibre, developed by
DuPont in the early 1930s. It is
noted for its bright lustre,
sheerness, abrasion resistance,
ease of washing and drying, and
colour resistance. It is commonly
known for its use in womens
stockings during the 1940s.
Chemists from New York and
London were originally
responsible for developing the
compound material, hence
the popular theory that
Nylon stands for New
YorkLondon. However,
DuPont first claimed nyl
was randomly chosen,
while on was copied
from the suffixes of
other fibres such as
rayon and cotton.
see Hosiery 134, Man-made Fibres 158
P Panama
179
A brimmed hat originating in Cuenca, Ecuador, from the

plaited leaves of the panama-hat palm Carludovica
palmata. Panamas obtained widespread popularity after
President Roosevelt wore one when he visited the
Panama Canal. Pictured are Panamas in a factory
in rural Ecuador.
see Hats 128
180
Anthony Fourrier
P Pasties
Coverings for the nipples, applied with glue or a selfadhesive backing, and used in place of a bra or bikini
top when a woman is topless or wearing transparent
clothing. Pasties provide no support and only provide
minimal visual breast coverage, so are used mainly when
showing the nipple is forbidden, or for decorative
purposes. Pasties can be decorated in many ways, from
flower or heart shapes to tassels and sequins. Pasties
grew in popularity in the 1920s and are often worn by
strippers/dancers at venues such as the Folies Bergere in
Paris, France. In the 1960s, designers combined pasties
and briefs and created the trikini.
see Burlesque 58, Lingerie 153
181
Anthony Fourrier
P Patch
A piece of fabric that is used to cover part of a garment.

Patches may be sewn over the parts of clothing that
cover the knees or elbows to provide additional wear
resistance or to repair wear damage. Colourful patches
are also added for communicative and decorative
purposes, such as the insignia on military
and police uniforms.
see Epaulette 104, Uniform 256
P Pattern (fabric)
182
A repeated decorative design that can be printed, stitched or woven

into a fabric. The popularity of certain patterns often undergoes as
much change as the garments themselves.
Paisley
A droplet-shaped motif of Persian
origin, also called Persian pickles.
Polka dot
A pattern consisting of dots, which
became popular in late 19th-century
Britain.
Stripes
Long, straight bands of single
colours running vertically.
Hoops
Long, straight bands of single
colours running horizontally.
Plaid
A cross-hatched dyeing pattern used
for wool clothing.
Tie dye
A brightly coloured pattern produced
by tying fabric before applying dye
so it only reaches certain areas.
Houndstooth or dog-tooth
A rich, textural, duotone pattern of
abstracted angular shapes that
first appeared in the 1930s.
Harlequin
A lozenge or diamond pattern
typically worn by the comic
character in dramatic works.
Animal print
A print that resembles the pattern of
animal fur such as leopard.
P Pattern (paper)
183
A form, template or guide used to cut out the different parts

that comprise a garment. A pattern contains the style and detail
of a garment and is made from a block, which relates to the
measurements of the body.
see Block 39
184
P Peacock Revolution
A movement in mens clothing in the 1960s featuring bright colours, slim-fitting

trousers and boots. The Peacock Revolution was part of what made London, England,
the capital of the swinging sixties as tailored, plain and dark suits were left in the closet
to be replaced by the brighter creations such as the Tommy Nutter suit (1969) pictured.
Frills and cravats re-emerged as unisex fashion and sporting vivid shirt prints became
increasingly popular.
see Suit 229, Tailoring 232
185
Alexander Gitlits
P Peek-a-boo
Any part of the garment that has been cut out to reveal skin or
underwear such as this dress, which reveals the flank. Often used to
make underwear more revealing.
see Nudity 177, Sheer 217
P Petticoat
186
see Victoriana 260
JimmyC LuminousImpression
An undergarment worn by women under

a skirt, dress or sari. Petticoats hang
from the waist or shoulders and are worn
for warmth, to give shape to the
overlaying skirt or to prevent a skirt or
dress from clinging to the wearers body.
Petticoats evolved alongside the outer
garments they were worn with, such as
the beautiful lace petticoats that were
developed to be worn with silk dresses in
the 18th century. Petticoats have been in
and out of fashion as skirts have
oscillated between wide and narrow.
Following a revival in the 1950s led by
Christian Dior, petticoats have fallen into
one of their periods of disuse although
they are still used for practical purposes
and they sometimes appear in alternative
subculture trends.
P Photography
187
The process of making pictures by recording light on a light-sensitive film or sensor.

Photography is used by the fashion industry to present images of garments for promotional
purposes. The resulting images often present conceptual attitudes and narratives intended
to convey certain attributes to the collection or garment, particularly in images taken for
magazines such as those presented here.
see Art Direction 24, Collection 71, Magazine 157
188
Zastavkin
P Piercing
A form of body modification that sees the insertion of a piece of

jewellery into an opening punctured, pierced or cut into the skin for
spiritual, ornamental or sexual reasons. Ear piercing has been
practised continuously since ancient times by both men and women,
while Indian women have practised nostril piercing for centuries. In
modern times, piercing in the West was adopted by hippy men in the
1960s and the 1970s punk subculture. Unorthodox piercings such as
nipples, tongues and the face began to increase in popularity with the
bondage and sadomasochism subculture of the 1970s and more
recently, in the last decade, lip, bellybutton and eyebrow piercings
have become relatively common among teenagers and young adults as
a means of fashionable self-expression.
see Cyber 84, Hippy 133, Jewellery 142, Punk 201
P Pile
189
A woven cloth in which the warp forms loops, having been woven over
a metal rod or wire. The pile ends may be left as loops to form loop
pile or be cut to form cut pile such as velvet or flannel. Pile is
sometimes called nap, which refers to the lay or grain of the fabric as
all the fibres lay in the same direction. Garment costs using pile
material may be more expensive. This is because more material is
needed sections must be cut so that the nap runs in the same
direction when the pieces are sewn together. The pattern block front
(shown below left) and back (shown below right) run in the same
direction so that when cut and constructed, the fabric grain runs in the
same direction to give consistent colour and texture. Nap fabrics can
also be shaded as the direction that the cloth is cut affects how bright
it appears. The nap of velvet feels coarse in one direction and
produces a dull, matte appearance, but it appears silky smooth in the
opposite direction with a bright, shiny appearance because the
fibres fall together.
see Warp & Weft 264
P Pinafore
190
A sleeveless,
collarless
garment tied or
buttoned at the
back, originally
worn as an apron.
Also called a
pinny, a pinafore
dress was
intended to be
worn over a top
or blouse, but the
name refers to
any sleeveless
dress that fastens
behind. The name
originates from
the aprons that
were pinned to
the front of a
dress. Pictured is
a pinafore dress
by French
designer Andr
Courrges (1966).
see Dress 95
P Pinking Shears
191
A pair of scissors with V-shaped teeth* along the

blades, created by Louise Austin in 1893 to cut
fabric with a zigzag pattern. Pinking shears are used
for cutting woven cloth in order to limit the length of
fraying that may occur at its unfinished edges. The
expression pinking probably derives from pink, the
common name of the garden plant dianthus that has
zigzag-perforated petals.
P Placket
192
Anthony Fourrier
Layers of fabric that cover an opening, typically found

at the neck, waist or sleeve of a garment. Plackets may
contain or hide fasteners and aid in their undoing. For
example, pulling on a placket will undo the poppers
it covers.
P Plaid
193
A patterned, woollen
cloth with repeat
horizontal and
vertical blocks of
colour such as
tartan. Pictured is a
plaid jacket with
shirt and breeches
in cotton and wool
created by British
designer Vivienne
Westwood in the
early 1980s.
see Pattern (fabric) 182, Tartan 236237, Wool 267
P Pleats
194
A fold of doubled fabric
that is secured in place.
A pleat is normally used
to reduce a wide piece of
fabric to a narrower size,
such as in a skirt or
trousers. Pleats may be
made in different ways to
create different effects.
Knife pleats
These are sharp and
narrow. A series of knife
pleats are normally used
for gathering material in a
garment.
Zoe Irvin
Box pleats
These consist of two
parallel creases, facing
in opposite directions. Box
pleats give more volume to
garments.
see Darts 87, Seam 212
P Pockets
195
Anthony Fourrier
A bag-like container created in a garment for carrying

small items such as coins. Pocket derives from
Anglo-Norman French, pocket(e) a diminutive of poke,
meaning pouch.
Cargo pocket
An expandable pocket with
side pleats that may or may
not have a flap, such as the
button-down flap in
the illustration.
Inside pocket
There are three types of
inside pocket: a seam pocket
that is sewn into a seam; a
front hip pocket that is
attached at the side waist
seam; and a slashed pocket
attached through a slit in the
face fabric.
see Jacket 140, Pleats 194
Patch pocket
A lined or unlined pocket
normally made from the face
fabric and attached directly to
the fabric. This illustration
features a bellows pleat.
196
Zoe Irvin
P Poncho
An outer garment comprising a single sheet of fabric with an opening

for the head and perhaps the arms. Ponchos are typically associated
with indigenous people of Latin America who traditionally wear
brightly coloured wool ponchos.
see Wool 267
Matjaz Boncina
P Prt--Porter
Designer clothes sold in standard sizes rather

than made to measure. French for ready-to-wear,
prt--porter or off-the-peg clothing sacrifices
the tailored fit and exquisite finish of haute
couture for a lower price and ease of purchasing.
Haute couture fashion houses produce prt-porter ranges of their designs as the high
garment turnover offers higher profits. Haute
couture is French for elegant sewing and refers
to the creation of exclusive fashions.
Haute Couture 129
197
198
An inked design
applied with
pressure to
fabrics such as
cotton, silk or
polyester. Prints
are usually
continuous in
the horizontal
and vertical
planes although
they can be
more elaborate,
as in the
example
pictured.
Gordana Sermek
P Print
199
The Dover Press
P Protein Fabrics
Luxurious and warm fabrics produced from natural wool or fur that are
typically very soft and have a low micron diameter count. Protein
fabrics include angora, mohair, cashmere, camel, alpaca and cat.
Angora rabbit fur was first bred in the Carpathian Mountains to obtain
cloth for warm clothing, while angora cat fur originating in Scotland in
the 1890s borrowed the name. Angora goat fur is used to produce
mohair. Alpaca wool is warmer and lighter than sheeps wool, with
Peruvian Accoyo alpacas giving the best fibre. Cashmere is produced
from the cashmere goat, while camel is cloth produced from the soft
undercoat hair that is collected when camels moult in warmer seasons.
see Alpaca 20, Mohair 172, Wool 267
200
Zoe Irvin
P Pullover
A garment, such as a jumper or sweater, which is put on

by being pulled over the head.
see Garment 118
P Punk
201
Alexander Gitlits
An anti-establishment
subculture that developed
from punk rock music in the
mid-1970s. Punk fashion
(first developed and
commercialised by Vivienne
Westwood and Malcolm
McLaren through their
London boutique, SEX) was
originally deconstructionist
and anti-fashion, and was
designed to be
confrontational, rebellious
and shocking with a disdain
for established norms and
niceties. Military clothing,
sometimes ripped or
studded, characterised punk
fashion in the 1970s with
cropped and sometimes dyed
hair. Bands such as The
Ramones, Sex Pistols and
The Exploited have
popularised the punk look.
Punk continues to appeal to
designers and has been
reprised as a concept several
times since the 1970s.
see Deconstruction 88, Slogan 223, Subcultures 228
202
Bill McKelvie
P PVC
Polyvinyl chloride. A tough, synthetic resin, PVC was not developed

commercially until 1926 when Waldo Semon of B.F. Goodrich found a
way to plasticise it. PVC has been adopted as a material of choice by
fetish fashion designers due to its ability to be produced in bright,
intense hues and formed into tight-fitting garments that provide a
close-hugging second skin to the wearers body form, such as the
corsetry pictured here. PVC can produce a variety of sensual
stimulation including tactile, visual
and olfactory.
see Fetish 111
European fashions in this

period (late 18thearly 19th
centuries), were very much
influenced by the expansion
of the British Empire.
Womens dresses saw the
introduction of the empire
line a gathering of the bulk
of the dress under the
breasts and fabrics such as
muslin that replaced the
more expensive and heavy
fabrics of previous fashions.
Mens fashion too was
influenced by Europe and
saw jackets cut with a waist
seam, high collars, top hats,
riding boots and breeches,
all in luxurious fabrics.
Depicted is an illustration by
Horace Vernet from his
Costumes d'Incroyables et
Merveilleuses (18101818),
a series of 33 paintings that
portrayed the fashionable
men and women of the day.
see Coat 68, Collar 70
203
R Regency
R Repeat
204
C
A pattern printed several times on to a fabric to cover

its surface. The pattern on the print block is formed so
that its bottom matches with the top of the block
printed beneath it. Patterns also repeat horizontally to
allow different pieces to be sewn together. In the
example pictured, line A marks the top and line B the
bottom of a block that is repeatedly printed on the
fabric. Point C shows how two pieces of printed fabric
can be joined together to form a continuous pattern.
see Block Printing 40, Pattern (fabric) 182, Print 198
R Reversible
205
A garment such as a coat that can be worn inside out.

Reversible clothing allows the use of different fabric or
colour combinations in the same design and gives the
wearer the ability to wear a garment in different ways. In
the illustration, the jacket can be worn as either orange
or brown.
206
Archana Bhartia
R Ribbing
A knit pattern that produces vertical stripes of

stockinette stitch alternating with vertical stripes of
reverse stockinette stitch. Ribbing is a popular finish for
hems and other edges that need to be form fitting.
R Ribbon
207
Francois Etienne du Plessis
A thin band of cloth that is tied to or sewn on to a garment for

decoration or to act as a fastening. Ribbon is commonly made of silk,
satin, lace, velvet or synthetic material.
R Rockabilly
208
A style originating in the music created by Elvis Presley in the

1950s that was the forerunner to rock n roll. Rockabilly fashion
developed around Elviss love of denim jeans and jacket and this
developed into the greaser look, characterised by long sideburns,
greased back hair, tight jeans or black slacks, brothel creeper shoes,
motorcycle jackets and tattoos. In Britain, rockabilly fans were called
Teddy boys due to the long, Edwardian-style frock coats they wore
with tight black drainpipe trousers and brothel creeper shoes.
see Drainpipe 93, Edwardian 99, Tattoo 238
209
R Ruff
An interchangeable starched fabric frill worn at the neck of a shirt in

Elizabethan England and 16th-century Europe. Pictured is a portrait of
Dudley North, third Baron North (c.15891666) wearing an elaborate
pleated ruff from the collection at Londons V&A Museum.
S Safari Suit
210
A hard-wearing suit of a long, square-cut jacket and long or short

trousers made from khaki cotton, made popular in the 19th century by
Europeans visiting the African bush. Safari comes from Kiswahili, from
the Arabic safara, meaning to travel. Pictured is a modern take on the
safari suit, created by Yves Saint Laurent in the late 20th century.
211
Chris May
S Satin
A cloth, usually woven from silk, which has a lustrous top surface and
a dull back due to the high number of floats or missed interlacings
where the warp thread lies over the weft thread, or vice versa. Satin is
used for clothing such as evening gowns, lingerie, sports clothing and
other items, such as ballet shoes. Fabric produced in this way from
other thread such as cotton is called sateen.
S Seam
212
The join line formed when two pieces of cloth are sewn
together. Seams may be formed in different ways to
produce different visual effects that have different levels
of prominence. The seam allowance is the area between
the edge and the stitching line on the pieces of material
being stitched together, which ranges from 1/4 inch for
curved areas to several inches for places requiring extra
fabric for final fitting to the wearer.
Running seam
Two pieces of fabric are
joined together using a flat
bed machine. These are
commonly found inside a
denim jacket. Pictured is a
running seam with overlocked
edging.
French seam
The first stitch is applied to
the right side of the fabric
with the second on the wrong
side to trap it. This method
originated in Paris, France
and is used on fine or
transparent materials.
Pictured is a French seam
and pin hem.
Welt seam
An extremely strong bond
between two pieces of fabric
that are effectively
interlocked together, giving a
distinctive pattern. One fabric
has two rows of stitching and
the other only one, as
commonly used with denim.
Pictured is a welt seam in
conjunction with top
stitching.
S Season
213
A time period that corresponds to the seasons of the year for which
designers produce specific garment collections. Fashion houses tend to
produce and launch a different collection twice a year. The ideas and
styles they present can loosely be termed this seasons fashion. The
cycle takes about a year with the process to create a spring/summer
collection starting in January and ending the following January with
delivery into store. The autumn/winter collections start with shows in
August and fulfillment into stores the following July.
fabric shows
Yarn and fabric shows start the design
process with a display of the new
colours and materials that are
available.
delivery
sampling
Fulfilment of garment order

into store, and the cycle
starts again.
Samples of designs are

shown to fashion buyers.
ordering
Stores order garments
S Selvage
214
The uncut edge of a woven fabric that is on the rightand left-hand edge during manufacture. Selvage or
selvedge will not fray as the yarn returns on itself and
thus appears finished. Selvage tends to be cut away or
hidden by a hem as it may carry a different pattern to
the rest of the fabric, have a different weave pattern,
or lack pile.
S Shank
215
Anette Linnea Rasmussen
A loop of metal or other material on the reverse of a

button that provides a means of sewing them to the
fabric, in addition to creating space under the button for
the fabric that is buttoned to sit.
see Button 60
S Shape
216
Various outlines or profiles that characterise the body

form. The fashion of a given time may emphasise or
create a particular shape.
Pear-shaped
A figure that tapers towards the top and is rounded at the bottom. Often
said of women who have wide hips and a small bust.
Hourglass
A female body shape in which the hips and bust are of proportional size,
but with a narrower waist. The hourglass figure, such as that of actress
Marilyn Monroe, was popular in the 1950s and 1960s and can be
achieved through the use of corsetry.
Wasp-waist
A very narrow, exaggerated waist that emphasises the hips and bust
(similar to a wasp), obtained through the use of corsetry and popular in
the 19th century.
217
Jeffrey Ong Guo Xiong
S Sheer
A semi-transparent and flimsy fabric with a very fine knit, often used
to produce tights, leggings and stockings in addition to lingerie
and blouses.
S Shoes
218
Insole
Tongue
Aglet*
Topline
Eyelets
Throat line
Quarter
Heel
Top piece
Vamp or upper
Welt
Toe cap
Outsole
Footwear extending to the ankle, worn to protect the feet

and made in a range of styles and materials such as
leather, plastic, rubber or canvas. The main elements of
a shoe are the insole, the interior bottom of the shoe
that sits under the foot; the outsole, the part in direct
contact with the ground; the heel (the bottom rear part
of a shoe); the vamp or upper that covers the foot and
helps hold the shoe on to it; and the tongue, a flap that
is part of the upper and sits underneath the shoelaces.
* The plastic or metal cladding on the end of shoelaces that prevents the twine from unravelling.
see Boots 49, Shoe Types 219
S Shoe Types
219
Shoes are available in a range of different styles that readily reflect the
changing nature of fashion.
Espadrilles
A wedge shoe with a sole/heel of
braided rope.
Flip-flop
A flat sandal with one or two straps
between the big and second toes.
Also called thongs.
Slide
An open-toed and open-back sandal
with one band across the toes.
Ballet flat
A flat shoe with a round toe and thin
sole.
Mary Jane
A shoe with a strap across the
vamp.
Ankle strap
A sandal with an adjustable strap
attached to the back of the shoe
passing across the ankle.
Court
A closed-toe shoe with a medium to
high heel with pointed or
rounded toe.
Clog
A shoe with a wooden, often
platform sole. Also called mules.
Stiletto
A court shoe with a high,
spiked heel.
S Silhouette
Zoe Irvin
220
The outline or contour that a garment creates when worn.

Mermaid Figure-hugging dress with a skirt that flares below the knees.
A-line Shaped like a majuscule letter A.
Empire line A high-waisted dress gathered just under the bust and with a long, loose skirt.
V-line Wide at the shoulder narrowing at the hemline.
Sheath A slim, straight dress without a waistline.
see Line 152
S Sketch & Sketchbook
221
Sketch
An initial drawn image that outlines the main visual elements of a
garment design. A sketch is used to present the idea of how a garment
will look, but without specific tailoring details.
Anthony Fourrier
Sketchbook
A book containing various sketched ideas by a designer, which may
form the basis of a collection. The ideas in the sketchbook can be
worked up into more detailed illustrations prior to making
prototype garments.
S Skirt Length
222
A skirt or dress will have a different length depending upon its

function and the prevailing fashion. Typical skirt lengths include the
following:
Micro
Shorter than a miniskirt
and just covering the
crotch.
Mini
The hemline is at least
20cm (eight inches) or
more above the knee.
Short
A skirt that is up to
20cm (eight inches)
above the knee.
Standard
A skirt that is just
above the knee.
Midi
A skirt that hangs
below the knee, but
above the calf.
Knee length
A skirt that covers
the knee.
Tea length
A skirt that extends to the
mid-calf or shin.
Ballerina length
A full skirt that reaches to just
above the ankles.
Floor length/maxi
A skirt that covers the feet
and touches the floor.
223
Alexander Gitlits
S Slogan
A word or phrase, typically emblazoned across the chest of a t-shirt.

Slogans on clothing originated as a visual political communication to
show support for or opposition to a particular viewpoint. Appropriated
by the fashion industry, slogans became endemic after designer
Katherine Hamnett met former UK Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher
in 1984 while wearing an anti-nuclear t-shirt (see page 285).
224
Zoe Irvin
S Spaghetti Strap
A very thin shoulder strap used on garments such

as camisoles, cocktail dresses and evening gowns.
Named for its resemblance to spaghetti pasta.
S Stitches
225
Stitching serves various functional and decorative purposes

as these examples show.
Topstitch
A decorative row of stitching
close to the garment seam or
edge on the outer side of
the fabric to create a
strong seam.
Elastic stitch
A stitch that stretches with
the fabric. Pictured is a detail
of a bra in which each
segment of the zig-zag has
three stitches, which allow
more give.
Buttonhole stitch
Stitched around a buttonhole
to seal the fabric cut.
Zig-zag stitch
A stitch used for finishing to
prevent fraying.
Honeycomb stitch
A decorative stitch that
allows for fabric stretch.
Overlock stitch
Stitching that stops
fabric fraying.
see Fabric 107
S Stole
226
A band of cloth or a shawl worn around the shoulders and left to fall
down the body front such as a fox-fur stole or mink. Deriving from the
Latin stola meaning garment or equipment, it is also a Christian
vestment, made from an embroidered band of silk. Pictured is a 1962
photograph by John French showing a silk evening dress trimmed with
fur and matching stole designed by Nina Ricci worn by Anne Larsen.
see Draping 94
227
Anthony Fourrier
S Stripe
A straight band or line of differing colour to the material

on either side of it. Stripes that may be printed, sewn,
woven or knitted into the fabric. Vertical stripes can help
give an elongated appearance, making people look
thinner, while horizontal stripes or hoops often tend to
accentuate the girth of the wearer.
S Subcultures
228
A group with distinct behaviours and beliefs that are

different from those held by the wider culture of which
they are a part. A subculture may be identified by its
political or artistic views, race, sexual orientation or
other values. The values of a subculture are often
expressed visually by the way in which members dress
and the symbols they use. Mass culture often
appropriates these and assimilates them into general
culture. The fashion industry recently revived visual
elements from the punk subculture. Other prominent
subcultures include gothic, techno and cyber.
Groups representing musical genres:
B-boy, Cyber, Disco, Emo, Goth, Grebo,
Grunger, Indie, Mod, New Rave, New Romantic,
Punk, Rave, Rocker, Teddy boy, Techno
Groups representing class:
Chav, Preppy, Scally, Sloane, Townie
Groups representing lifestyle/political views:
Bohemian, Gayskin, Green, Hardline, Hippy,
Neo-Nazi, Skinhead
Groups representing activities/interests:
Biker, Gamer, Geek, Jock, Nerd, Otaku,
Skater, Surfer
see Bohemian 43, Cyber 84, Hippy 133, Punk 201
S Suit
229
Collar
Lapel
Shoulder
Buttonhole
Blade
Breast pocket
Side vent
Centre vent
A set of clothes cut from the same fabric, designed to

be worn together. A suit typically consists of a jacket
and trousers or skirt, and sometimes a tie and
waistcoat too. Suits can be worn for most occasions
and can often say a lot about the wearer. Whether
made from wool or linen, in tweed or pinstripe or with
an Italian of British cut, the most important factor
when choosing a suit is its tailoring and fit.
These images (left) show negotiators at the Treaty of
Versailles (1919) wearing early 20th-century suits
(above) and a catalogue illustrating a single-breasted
and double-breasted jacket (below).
see Tie 243, Waistcoat 263
S Symbols
230
A pictorial element that communicates a concept, idea or object. Symbols provide a burst of
precise information, such as the garment care symbols pictured here, found on clothing labels to
inform the owner about the appropriate washing method for the item.
Washing
These symbols instruct the owner as to how the garment should be washed.
Machine wash, normal

(at a maximum 30
degrees Celsius)

(at a maximum 95
degrees Celsius)

Garment suitable for a
woollen wash at stated
temperature

(at a maximum 40
degrees Celsius)
Machine wash, extremely

delicate/gentle cycle
(at 30 degrees Celsius)

Machine wash, delicate/
gentle cycle (at maximum
temperature of 40 degrees
Celsius)

(at a maximum 50
degrees Celsius)

Machine wash, extremely
delicate/gentle cycle (at a
maximum temperature of
30 degrees Celsius)

Hand wash only

(at a maximum 60
degrees Celsius)

Garment suitable for a
cotton wash at stated
temperature

Do not wash
Ironing
These symbols instruct the owner as to how the garment should be ironed.

Do not iron or press

Cool iron, 110 degrees
Celsius, acrylic, nylon,
acetate

Warm iron, 150 degrees
Celsius, polyester
mix, wool

Hot iron, 200 degrees
Celsius, cotton, linen
S Symbols (cont.)
231
Drying
These symbols instruct the owner as to how the garment should be dried.
Can be tumble dried
Drip dry recommended
Can be tumble dried on a

low setting
Hang dry
Can be tumble dried on a

high setting
Dry flat
Do not tumble dry
Dry In Shade
Bleaching
These clothing label symbols refer to whether bleach can be safely used in the garment washing
process or not.
Can be chlorine bleached
Non-chlorine bleach
when needed
Do not chlorine bleach
Dry cleaning
These symbols instruct the owner as to how the garment should be dry cleaned.
Dry clean
Dry clean, short cycle
Dry clean, any solvent
Dry clean, reduced moisture
Dry clean, petroleum

solvent only
Dry clean, low heat
Do not dry clean
Dry clean, no steam
T Tailoring
232
Anthony Fourrier
Bespoke menswear production in which garments such

as suits are completely original and made to the
measurements of the specific client. Tailoring describes
the various traditional techniques used to
produce a jacket.
see Suit 229
233
Morgan Lane Photography
T Tailors Chalk
A piece of hard chalk used by tailors to make temporary

marks on fabric relating to the size of the client. Also
known as French chalk, a tailor will chalk lines on to the
cloth of a semi-made garment during a fitting in order to
make precise alterations to ensure an accurate final fit.
see Tailoring 232
T Tank Top
234
Anthony Fourrier
A sleeveless (and often brightly coloured) T-shirt worn by

both men and women. The tank top takes its name from
the tank suit a one-piece womens swimsuit with
shoulder straps so named because it was worn in a
swimming pool or tank. A tank top, vest, or singlet in a
more neutral colour is worn by men as underwear. Tank
top may also refer to a sleeveless pullover or sweater.
see Bikini 37
235
T Tards
A skin-tight, single-piece garment covering the torso and body, but not
the legs. Leotards are named after French acrobat Jules Lotard
(18391870), the subject of the George Leybourne song The Daring
Young Man on the Flying Trapeze. Leotards influenced the
development of the swimming costume, and they allow free movement,
hence their popularity among gymnasts and dancers. Pictured is a
leotard created by British designer Vivienne Westwood (1984) from the
collection of the V&A Museum.
236
Serghei Starus
T Tartan
A repeated multicoloured, square pattern in wool cloth

created from the coloured threads used to weave it.
Designs are associated with Scottish clans and have
setts or pattern sizes that vary according to the weight
of the cloth and the mill that produces it. In general, the
heavier the weight the larger the sett. The broader colour
bands are the under check, which may be adorned with
narrower colour lines called the over check. Most tartans
use the three-colour design for the Black Watch
regiment, which at one time was the only legal pattern.
see Balfour 30, Kilt 145, Punk 201
T Tartan (cont.)
237
Angus
Bruce
Cameron
Black Watch
Gordon Regimental
The Dover Press
Royal Stewart
T Tattoo
238
MaxFX
Dermal pigmentation made by inserting coloured ink

into the skin. Tattooing has been practised for centuries
by many cultures across the world, from Japan to South
America. The word may derive from the Samoan, Tongan
or Tahitian ta-tau meaning to mark or strike twice and
was first used in English by Captain James Cook in
1769. Tattooing was historically practised to denote
status or rank, as part of ceremonies or for religious
reasons, in addition to a means of identifying prisoners
and slaves. Tattooing in the Western world is primarily
used for permanent cosmetic reasons.
see Punk 201
T Tea Length
239
Zoe Irvin
A dress or gown that extends to

the end of the shin. Examples of
tea length hemlines can be found
on womens day gowns from the late
19th to mid-20th centuries, with
unstructured lines, light fabrics and
feminine detailing.
see Dress 95, Skirt Length 222
T Tessellation
240
A repeated geometric design that
covers a fabric without gaps or
overlaps. Tessellation is used in
fashion to provide a seamless pattern
to present a constant and cohesive
image. Pictured is a design that can
cover a wide area by tessellation.
see Pattern (fabric) 182, Print 198, Repeat 204
T Theme
241
A concept or narrative maintained throughout a

collection of clothes that imbibes them with a
certain attitude or viewpoint. A clothing collection
can be themed in many ways such as nautical,
African or twisted, as in the examples pictured here
for jeans manufacturer Levis. The garments in this
collection are twisted as part of their construction,
which is reflected in the images contained in this
promotional brochure or look book.
see Collection 71, Concept 74, Look Book 155
T Thong
242
see Lingerie 153
Noam Wind
A narrow piece of
cloth that passes
between the buttocks
to cover the genitals
and attaches to a
band around the hips.
The first thongs are
believed to have been
worn 75,000 years
ago in Africa. Thongs
(also known as gstrings, though these
tend to use less
material) have
become a popular
female underwear
garment as they do
not produce a visible
panty line. Both men
and women wear
thong swimsuits.
Thongs can also
describe sandals that
are attached to the
wearers foot by a
thong positioned
inside the big toe.
T Tie
243
Dimple
A piece of cloth that is tied with a knot at the throat and worn under a
shirt collar. The tie developed from cravats, tied with a bow knot and
introduced as part of formal court wear by Charles II of England in the
15th century. Tie etiquette dictates that the thick end should be level
with the trouser waist and the thin end should never drop below the
thick end.
Four in hand or simple knot
A tying method that produces a narrow, discreet and slightly asymmetrical tie knot with a dimple for use with a standard
button-down dress shirt. Popular in Britain since the 1850s and perhaps named after a London gentlemans club, it is the
simplest knot to tie.
Half Windsor
A simplified variant of the Windsor knot that gives a neat, triangular knot.
Windsor, full Windsor or double Windsor
A tying method that produces a wide triangular knot with two dimples at the side, named after the Duke of Windsor.
Pratt or Shelby knot
A symmetrical knot that begins with the ties reverse side facing out, created by Jerry Pratt, but popularised by TV
personality Don Shelby. It is suitable for shorter ties as it uses less length than a half Windsor or Windsor.
T Toile
A garment created
as a test for a new
pattern of design,
typically from
cheap material
such as gingham
cloth or calico.
A toile or muslin
allows the designer
to see how a
design works and
hangs, allowing
it to be
altered and
perfected
prior to
producing
the finished
garment.
see Fabric 107
244
T Toile de Jouy
245
Toile de Jouy or toile is a decorative pattern with a

repeated scene in black or dark colour against a white
background. Toile de Jouy means cloth from Jouy-enJosas in north-central France (teile meaning cloth).
see Pattern (fabric) 182
T Top Hat
246
A tall, flat-crowned, broad-brimmed hat first made by John

Hetherington in 1797 and worn by men throughout the 19th
century for business and social events. Made from stiffened
beaver fur felt or silk, the top hat or topper, declined in
popularity towards the end of the century, but was retained for
formal occasions by the upper class and continues to be used
for formal wear such as with a morning suit and evening dress.
see Hats 128
T Topstitch
247
A sewing technique used for item edges that gives a

crisp edge and helps facings (fabric sewn over the base
fabric) stay in place. Topstitching may use a thread that
matches the colour of the fabric or use a contrasting
colour, such as the orange thread used for denim jeans
and jackets. Topstitch may also be used to form
decorative designs in different coloured thread. Pictured
is a piece of leather that has been topstitched for
decorative purposes.
see Stitches 225
248
prism_68
T Train
The long, rear part of a skirt or dress that trails behind

the wearer. A train is often a separate garment called a
court or bridal train and is worn with a court or wedding
dress. The court train is based on the coloured tail
plumage or train of a male peacock, a bird found in the
menageries and grounds of many European royal houses.
see Bridal 55
T Trench Coat
249
A double-breasted,
loose belted kneelength raincoat made of
cotton drill or poplin,
created by Thomas
Burberry. Unlike a
macintosh, which has
rubberised fabric, a
trench coat achieves
waterproofing through
the closely woven twill
construction. Water
droplets rest on the
surface and run off.
see Coat 68, Macintosh 156
T Tudor
250
A period in English history (14851603) when the Tudor

dynasty held the English throne. Fashions in this period
migrated from low-slung necks and ample sleeves (such as
those pictured in this image by Hans Holbein) to a more formal
look with large neck ruffs in the late Elizabethan age. For
women, tight corsets and full, triangular dresses changed so
that bodices were longer and skirts more circular. Petticoats,
chemises, stockings and corsets were all popular.
see Elizabethan 101, Neck 176, Ruff 209
251
Vera Bogaerts
T Turban
A headdress made from a long, single piece of cloth wound round the
head or inner hat, particularly by Sikh and Muslim men. Muslim
turban colour may indicate status as a black turban is a claim to
status as a descendant of Muhammad, while a white turban in Sudan
indicates high social status. Sikh turbans, on the other hand, generally
have no such connotation with turbans coloured to coordinate with
outfits, although orange and navy turbans are traditionally worn on
religious days.
T Tutu
252
Billy Lobo H.
A wrap-around skirt with

attaching bodice worn by ballet
dancers. Tutu skirts may be a
single hanging layer or be made
up of multiple starched layers
that strut out in order to show
off the ballerinas footwork. The
classic short tutu is made with
layers of stiff netting with a
slight bell shape and is
featured in paintings by French
Impressionist artist Edgar
Degas (pictured below left is
The Dance Class). Tutu is a
corruption of the French
cucu, baby talk for cul,
meaning buttocks.
253
Manuel Velasco
T Tuxedo
Formal wear comprising a black, ventless dinner or smoking

jacket with silk or satin lapels. The tuxedo is typically worn with a
white shirt, black tie and cummerbund. It was developed in the
early 19th century, following on from the white tie and tailcoat,
and black bow tie and short mess jacket of military origin (made
popular by the Prince of Wales in 1865). The term originates from
the Tuxedo Club in New York, where the dinner jacket was first
used in the USA. French designer Yves Saint Laurent created the
Le Smoking female version in 1966.
see Cummerbund 83, Eveningwear 106, Tie 243
T Twin Set
254
Zoe Irvin
A matching cardigan and jumper set worn by women.

The twin set sweater is typically tight fitting, has short
sleeves and a round neck over which the cardigan is
worn unbuttoned, often with pearls. Twin sets first
appeared in the 1940s.
U Underlying Fabrics
255
A fabric that is used underneath the face fabric in the construction of a garment. Underlining
fabrics such as light- to medium-weight cotton batiste or silk organza are cut from the same
pattern pieces as the top fabric and are attached before garment construction begins, and
subsequently handled as a single item with the fashion or face fabric. Underlining adds stability
and strength to lightweight fabrics, and reduces wrinkling and transparency.
Face fabric/garment
fabric
The visible outer fabric of
the garment.
Underlining
Applied before
interfacing, interlining
and lining, underlining
prevents stretching, adds
support and opacity.
Interfacing
A layer between underlining
and interlining to help support
and shape a garment and
stabilise its edges.
Interlining
A layer applied before the lining to
provide warmth.
Lining
A slippery fabric attached
at a garment's waistband,
neck or hem to give a
finished look inside the
garment. Prevents seams
unravelling and helps it
slide on and off.
U Uniform
256
A set of identical clothes worn by members of an organisation or

group. Uniforms are worn in many institutions from schools,
companies, retail outlets, sports and other clubs to the military,
police, fire and other services. Uniform dressing is also found in
everyday common usage as people wear clothes to identify with social
groupings or preferences and as a sense of identity.
257
Anthony Fourrier
U Utilitarian
Clothing that primarily serves a functional purpose, such as providing warmth,

protection or some other practical use. The majority of work clothes that one
associates to a particular profession are utilitarian, but such garments are
sometimes adopted into mainstream fashion. Denim jeans were originally
hard-wearing work trousers developed for Californian gold miners.
Contemporary designers have appropriated utilitarian values and styles as can
be seen through the various interpretations of the cargo pant: a loose-fitting
trouser with several deep pockets and a hammer loop, traditionally worn by
skilled manual workers such as carpenters. The emphasis in such a garment is
on practicality rather than style although, through appropriation, it often
becomes a style.
see Denim 90, Uniform 256
V Variegated
Alexandra Gleitz
258
A fabric produced with different coloured yarns or

threads to provide streaks, marks, or patches of
different colours. Knitting can produce a complex
variegated pattern by both using yarn that contains
streaks, and combining different yarns in the knit,
as pictured. By manipulation of the warp and weft,
flowers and a variegated colour can appear in the
weave of brocade.
see Brocade 56, Knitting 148, Weave 265
V Vent
259
Anthony Fourrier
An opening in the fabric that allows for greater

movement. Vents are typically seen rising vertically from
the bottom hem of jackets to extend over the hips so as
to prevent the garment being too tight.
see Darts 87, Jacket 140, Suit 229
260
The Dover Press
V Victoriana
Garments and accessories from the Victorian period

(18371901) or that reflect the tastes of the time. Fashion
Victoriana includes tailcoats and top hats for men, and
floor-length, hooped silk dresses trimmed with frills, flounces,
lace, braid and ribbons for women.
see Basque 33, Corsage 76, Corset 77, Ribbon 207, Top Hat 246
V Vintage
Chris May
Garments originating in
or whose design is
inspired by a previous era.
Vintage clothing tends to
typify the fashion of the
period such as a mens
velvet jacket from the
late 1960s. Pictured
is a vintage striped
day dress from
the 1950s.
261
262
Sylwia Tulajew
V Vogue
The current fashion or trend. What is in vogue changes

frequently and for any number of reasons. These often include
the changing styles of fashion leaders such as pop stars, film
stars and footballers. Taste tends to fluctuate over time, seeing
things such as hemlines, hair length and trouser tightness
constantly evolving. For example, from the 1920s shorter skirts
were in vogue, a trend that peaked in the 1960s with the
miniskirt. This was followed by a fad for the micro-skirt, before
skirt lengths became longer again in the 1970s. Each generation
of designers tends, to some extent, to recycle fashion elements
from a previous era. A fad is a fashion that is popular for a brief
moment in time, while a trend is something that develops over
a longer period of time.
W Waistcoat
263
A sleeveless, upper-body garment cut at waist level with

a vertical, button-fastened front opening worn over a
dress shirt and underneath a suit jacket of a three-piece
suit. Called a vest in the USA and Canada, a waistcoat
was worn with braces or suspenders rather than a belt,
and featured a pocket for a pocket watch before the
wristwatch was invented.
see Button 60, Jacket 140, Suit 229
W Warp & Weft
264
Interlinking threads or yarns that are woven to make cloth on a

loom. The warp is the lengthwise yarn through which the
horizontal weft yarn is shuttled back and forth. Warp means
that which is thrown across, from the German weorpan,
meaning to throw. The weft can be shuttled across the warp in
different ways to make different patterns in the cloth.
Warp (lengthwise grain)
Weft (cross-wise grain)
True bias
The cross-grain direction
of a woven fabric that is 45
degrees to its warp and
weft threads.
Selvage
The uncut fabric edge as it comes off the loom.
see Bias 36, Selvage 214
W Weave
265
The pattern of interlinking threads or yarns called the warp

and weft created during the cloth production process on a
loom. Different weaves produce different texture and visual
elements to the cloth, with the main weaves being plain, twill
and satin. Plain weave is used to produce calico, chiffon and
flannel; twill weave is used for denim, drill and tweed; and
satin weave for a smooth finish. The cloth can also be coloured
or patterned by using different coloured warp and weft.
see Knitting 148, Warp & Weft 264
W Welt Stitch
266
Anthony Fourrier
A horizontal stitch for joining two pieces of fabric, giving

a ribbing appearance, such as the seam of a baseball.
Welt stitch also refers to the trim ribbing at the hem,
cuffs and neck of a knitted garment. Welt stitching can
also be used to attach the sole of a shoe to the upper.
see Stitches 225
W Wool
267
A fibre found in the coats of sheep and other animals of the caprinae family, such as sheep, goats,
alpacas and rabbits. Wool is different to fur in that it has overlapping scales and is crimped, thus
making it easier to spin (as the fibres easily attach to each other). The crimp increases textile bulk
and allows it to retain air and therefore heat. Wool quality is determined by fibre fineness, length,
scale structure, colour, cleanliness and freedom from damage, and is graded according to its
diameter in microns. Fine wool is softer, whereas wool with a diameter of up to 25 microns is much
coarser and is used for outerwear. This coarser wool is named merino after the sheep breed that it
comes from. Wool quality is indicated in the UK through use of the Woolmark and Woolmark Blend
symbols pictured.
< 17.5 Ultrafine merino 17.618.5 Superfine merino
< 19.5 Fine merino 19.620.5 Fine medium merino
see Alpaca 20, Mohair 172
Charles Frederick Worth is

regularly credited as
being the father of haute
couture. He dominated
Parisian fashion during
the 19th century and was
the first designer to
display garments on live
models at the House of
Worth. His creations were
shown at the Great
Exhibition in London in
1851 and the Exposition
Universelle in Paris in
1855 (pictured above).
Pictured right are chiffon
evening dresses created
with sequins, satin
and embroidery
by House of Worth
in 192829.
see Haute Couture 129, Model 171, Tailoring 232
268
W Worth, Frederick Charles
Y Yarn
269
David Kay
Any long, continuous piece of entwined fibre that is used

for the production of textiles or knits. Yarn is used to
make fabric while thread is used to sew different fabrics
together. Yarn can be produced from a range of natural
and synthetic fibres such as cotton, wool, flax, alpaca,
angora, cashmere, silk, nylon and polyester and can be
dyed to produce fabrics with a wide range of colours.
Yarn production accelerated during the Industrial
Revolution due to the demand from mechanised textile
mills in England and other countries. Pictured is dyed
wool yarn, hanging prior to weaving.
see Alpaca 20, Industrial Revolution 137
Y Yoke
270
Anthony Fourrier
A fabric cut that is seamed across the top of a shirt,

trouser or skirt. Quality shirts typically have a two-piece
split yoke to ensure an excellent fit across the
shoulders. A yoke is also a decorative fabric attached
to the top of a garment around the neck and over
the shoulders.
see Neck 176
271
Z Zeitgeist
The moral and intellectual trends of a given era. Taken from the
German zeit meaning time and geist meaning spirit, the terms
literal translation is the spirit of the age. Fashion, art and design
are all subject to the zeitgeist and this is reflected in everything
from choice of colours, hemlines, hairstyles and cosmetics. As
such, certain designs can be easily classified as originating in a
certain era. Pictured is a conceptual chic evening dress created by
Zandra Rhodes, together with a bondage suit created by Vivienne
Westwood (1977), reflecting the punk zeitgeist of the late 1970s.
The Details
The Timeline
1600s
The First Suits
Block-printed calico first
exported from India to
England in 1630. Cravats,
the predecessor to the
modern tie, entered Parisian
culture. Trousers and
jackets for men were cut
from the same material, an
early form of what we know
today as the suit.
274
17501850
The Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Revolution
saw independently powered
machines replace the
spinning wheel and hand
loom, while improvements
in raw material production
ignited the growth of the
weaving industry, dominated
by manufactured cotton
from England. Pictured is
Manchester, nicknamed
Cottonopolis.
17501850
The Cotton Trade
Cotton goods were exported
around the world as the
Industrial Revolution in
Britain allowed mass
manufacture following the
invention of the spinning
jenny in 1764. Cotton has
remained a staple
commodity in world fibre
trade and is a mainstay of
the textile industry.
275
17951820
Empire Influences
The Regency period during
which the empire look was
popular for womens
clothing. Dresses fitted
close to the torso under the
bust and fell loosely with
soft, flowing skirts. Men
wore jackets with high waist
seams, high collars and
breeches and boots.
1800s
Colonial Influences
The British occupation of
India saw a cultural
interchange that brought
many styles and customs
into British and European
life, including these tightfitting riding trousers that
were named after the city of
Jodhpur in India where they
were originally worn.
1800s
The Birth of Mail Order
Mail order purchasing,
whereby consumers select
items from a catalogue and
send, pay for and receive
their order by mail, became
popular in the 19th century
with the development of the
postal system. Mail order
continues to be an
important distribution
channel for fashion retailers
by allowing them to access
consumers in remote
locations in addition to
those that prefer to shop
from home.
276
1820s1830s
The Creation of Elastic
Thomas Hancock patented
elastic, which he used in a
range of fastenings for
gloves, suspenders, shoes
and stockings.
1823
The Discovery of
Waterproof Fabric
In 1823 Scottish chemist
Charles Macintosh created a
waterproof raincoat using a
fabric he invented.
18341896
The Arts and Crafts
Movement
English artist, writer,
socialist and activist
William Morris was a
founder of the British Arts
and Crafts Movement, and
is well known for his
wallpaper and fabric
designs. Morris sought to
reverse the demise of
beauty at the hands of the
Industrial Revolution, and
re-establish the link
between the worker and art
through an honesty in
design.
277
18371901
Victorian Fashions
The Victorian age saw
widespread use of tailcoats
and top hats for men and
floor-length, hooped silk
dresses trimmed with frills,
flounces, lace, braid and
ribbons for women.
1850s1860s
Charles Frederick Worth
Englishman Charles
Frederick Worth opened the
first haute couture fashion
house in Paris in 1858. The
dinner jacket or tuxedo
became popular formal wear
in 1865 after it was worn by
the Prince of Wales.
1853
The Birth of Denim
Levi Strauss began a
wholesale business to
provide denim clothing to
Californian Gold Rush
miners. Levi Strauss & Co.
has popularised denim to
such an extent that it has
now become a staple for
leisurewear.
278
19011910
Edwardian Fashions
The Belle Epoque period
saw fashions become more
cosmopolitan under the
influence of international
travel and art nouveau.
Sports clothing also
developed for the leisure
class. Paul Poiret, the
creator of harem pants and
the first couturier to launch
a perfume, called Rosina,
established his fashion
house in 1906.
1913
Coco Chanel
Modernist French fashion
designer Gabrielle Bonheur
Coco Chanel (18831971)
opened a boutique in
Deauville, France. Chanel
went on to revolutionise
womens fashion with the
Chanel suit, chain-belted
jerseys and sunglasses with
elegant simplicity. Chanel
popularised the little black
dress and started the trend
for suntans, having got
burnt on a 1923 cruise.
19141918
The First World War
The First World War saw
women adopt mens clothing
as they went to work in
factories. The military
influence on fashion grew
with garments such as the
trenchcoat created by
Thomas Burberry, made of a
cotton drill or poplin.
Burberry also invented
gabardine and the red,
white, black, and peach
Nova check that became
known as his trademark
Burberry check.
279
c.1920
The Flapper Style
New styles developed in the
roaring twenties to cater
for flappers; young women
who wore bobbed hair, short
skirts and make-up,
listened to jazz and partied
hard. The flapper style
accentuated a thin,
elongated boyish shape with
straight and loose dresses.
Underwear developed to
cater for this new lifestyle
with bras that flattened the
bust and step-in knickers.
1920s
Fashionable Fragrance
The decade that saw the
rise of French designer Coco
Chanel. In 1921, Chanel
No.5 perfume, the first
perfume to be sold
worldwide, was launched.
Later in the decade Chanel
created the LBD or little
black dress, a variation on
the cocktail dress.
1926
The Rise and Fall of
Hemlines
Hemlines began rising after
1910 and soon raced up the
leg to become near kneelength by 1926, in order to
be compatible with the
Charleston dancing style.
Rayon, or artificial silk,
became increasingly popular
and caused a decline in
cotton use. In 1926, Waldo
Semon found a way to
plasticise PVC, making it
commercially viable.
280
1930s
The Appearance of Logos
French tennis star Rene
Lacoste La Crocodile
launched a loose-knit short
sleeved pique cotton tennis
shirt with embroidered
crocodile, perhaps the first
designer logo to appear on
clothing. The Lacoste
apparel company was
founded in 1933. Nylon was
developed, but widespread
use did not occur until the
1940s. In this decade the
houndstooth check
appeared, and although
invented in the 1800s, the
fashion mannequin became
widely popular.
1940s
The Launch of the Bikini
The bikini, a two-piece
swimsuit, was launched in
1946 and became a fixture
of womens wardrobes,
progressively shrinking to
the thong in the 1980s.
Capri pants were created by
Italian designer Emilio
Pucci in 1949. The twin set,
a matching cardigan and
jumper worn by women,
appeared. French designer
Christian Dior reestablished Paris as a
fashion centre in 1947
through his new look,
which revived haute couture
and feminine beauty
following wartime austerity.
1950s
Rockabilly Style
The rockabilly style of
denim jeans and jacket
became popular through its
use by the singer Elvis
Presley. This developed into
the greaser look,
characterised by long
sideburns, greased back
hair, tight jeans or black
slacks, brothel creeper
shoes, motorcycle jackets
and tattoos. Stiletto heeled
shoes were launched after a
1952 Christian Dior show.
281
1958
Mary Quant
Designer Mary Quant began
experimenting with shorter
skirts at her London
boutique Bazaar in the late
1950s and was credited
with inventing the miniskirt,
one of the fashions that
defined the 1960s. Quant
considered a skirt with a
hemline well above the
knees to be liberating.
Late 1950s1960s
Mods and Rockers
The British mod subculture
developed around fashion
and music and was
characterised by slim-cut
Italian suits, modern jazz
and rhythm and blues.
Mods developed a unique
style based around
continental clothes,
scooters, French new wave
cinema and existentialist
philosophy. The movement
adopted the RAF
circumpunct symbol of
concentric circles. Mods
often clashed with rockers,
a later variation of the
rockabillies and teddy boys
of the 1940s and 1950s.
1960s
Baby Doll Dresses as
Outerwear
Although launched as
outerwear in 1957/58, baby
doll dresses became one of
the iconic fashion
statements of the 1960s
and 1970s.
282
1960s
Deconstruction in Fashion
French philosopher Jacques
Derrida used the term
deconstruction to describe
a method of critical enquiry
examining how meaning is
constructed by challenging
the prescribed values that
are presented to us. The
fashion industry has used
deconstruction principles to
create clothes that do not
conform to traditional
garment conceptions by
being taken apart and put
back together, unfinished,
inside out or in some other
way deteriorated.
Early 1960s
The Creation of the First
Ready-to-Wear Collection
Italian-born French designer
Pierre Cardin was the first
designer to license his name
for different products.
Known for an avant-garde
style and designs using
geometric shapes and
motifs, Cardin frequently
ignored the female form in
favour of a unisex approach.
Cardin launched the first
ready-to-wear collection in
1959 for the Printemps
department store in Paris.
1962
The Launch of Yves Saint
Laurent
After working with Christian
Dior, French designer Yves
Saint Laurent opened his
own fashion house using his
YSL initials as its brand.
The house led fashion
trends such as the beatnik
look, tweed suits, tight
pants and tall,
thigh-high boots.
283
Mid-1960s
Futuristic Fashions and
an Acceptance of Nudity
Influenced by the modernist
or mod music scene,
London became the centre
of the fashion world with
fun, colourful clothes,
gaining widespread appeal
through the use of
psychedelic prints and wild
colours made in materials
from vinyl to paper.
Austrian designer Rudi
Gernreich pushed the
boundaries of a futuristic
look with creations such as
the 1964 topless swimsuit
(or monokini) and the braless, see-through blouse
look. The micro-skirt
follows the miniskirt and
takes hemlines to a new
height.
1968
The Launch of Americas
Biggest Names
Two of the biggest names in
fashion got their start as
American designers; Calvin
Klein and Ralph Lauren
began production in New
York. Calvin Kleins designs
featured elegant, simple
forms presented in neutral
earth tones and luxurious
fabrics. Ralph Lauren
(pictured) started with
menswear, but expanded
into womenswear, again
favouring natural fabrics,
but with western and
country motifs that were
subsequently sold under the
Polo brand.
1968
Unisex
The term unisex was first
used to descibe clothes that
were produced or adjusted
to be worn by either gender.
284
1970
Glam Trends
American designer Roy
Halston Frowick dominated
female fashion with pantsuit
creations, sweater sets and
form-fitting dresses in earth
tones. Halston licensed his
designs and JC Penney
made his designs accessible
to women at various income
levels. Popularised by glam
rock music, platform boots
saw people add a few inches
to their height. Together
with flared or bell-bottom
trousers, platform boots
have been one of the
enduring and defining
fashion items of the decade.
1970s
The Punk Subculture
The punk subculture
developed around the punk
rock music scene in London
and New York. Punk fashion
was commercialised by
Vivienne Westwood and
Malcolm McLaren through
their London boutique SEX,
a deconstructionist, antifashion establishment
designed to be
confrontational, rebellious
and shocking with a disdain
for established norms
and niceties.
Early 1980s
Japanese Influences
The Japanese school rose to
prominence as designers
such as Issey Miyake, Kenzo
Takada, Rei Kawakubo and
Hanae Mori enjoyed
increasing success in the
world of couture. The goth
subculture emerged with a
clothing style characterised
by dyed black hair, black
eyeliner and nail polish, ear,
facial and body piercings,
and black clothes, often
drawing on Victorian
dress influences.
285
1984
Fashion as a Political
Statement
Slogans on t-shirts were
appropriated by the fashion
industry after designer
Katherine Hamnett met UK
Prime Minister Margaret
Thatcher while wearing an
anti-nuclear t-shirt.
1990s
The Rise of Alexander
McQueen
Anything goes became the
motto as designers such as
English designer Alexander
McQueen produced
shocking designs that
featured cozy, romantic
garments, dresses that
looked like quilt blankets
and rabbit-skin garments.
Following his appointment
as head designer at
Givenchy in 1996, McQueen
continued indulging his
rebellious streak with
double amputee model
Aimee Mullins striding down
the catwalk on intricately
carved wooden legs.
1999present
The Growth of E-shopping
Shopping online via the
Internet saw the application
of computer technology to
the mail order concept.
Consumers can now select
products from an on-line
electronic catalogue and
place and pay for their
orders via computer, with
the merchandise delivered
by mail within days.
Conclusion
286
This book aims to enhance the understanding and

appreciation of fashion design by providing a reference
to the many terms used within the discipline, in addition
to providing an insight into some of the historic and
cultural aspects that have helped shape its development.
Fashion design is a vibrant and progressive pursuit that
seeks to incorporate new ideas from all parts of society.
We hope that this book helps you better understand
and further your own ideas.
Zoe Irvin
The difference between cocktail dresses

and evening wear is discussed on pages
69 and 106 respectively.
Acknowledgements
287
We would like to thank everyone who supported us

during the production of this book including the many
art directors, designers and creatives who showed great
generosity in allowing us to reproduce their work.
Special thanks to everyone that hunted for, collated,
compiled and rediscovered some of the work examples
contained in this book. Thanks also to Zoe Irvin and
Anthony Fourrier for their fantastic and inpirational
illustration work, and to Rachel Lloyd at the V&A for all
her help and support. Also, a big thank you to Brett
Phillips at 3 Deep Design, Jeff Knowles at Research
Studios, Parent Design and Studio Thomson for their
support and help. A final thank you is due to Caroline
Walmsley and Leafy Robinson at AVA Publishing who
never tired of our requests, enquiries and questions, and
supported us throughout.
Whilst this volume is by no means exhaustive, we have tried our best to include
all those terms that are most commonly used in the realm of fashion design. If
you feel that we have missed any entries then please do let us know by sending
an email, marked Visual Dictionary Entries, to enquiries@avabooks.co.uk. Please
include your name and address and if your entry makes it to an updated, later
edition of the book then well send you a copy for free!
Additional image credits: p.7: Zoe Irvin / p.8, far right: The Dover Press / p.9:
Anthony Fourrier / p.10, below: The Dover Press / p.11, left: The Dover Press,
right: Zoe Irvin / p.28: Ben Heys / p.30: The Dover Press / p.37: Imacon / p.61:
Sandra Caldwell / p.104: Duncan Walker / p.121: 7382489561 / p.132: Michael
Westhoff / p.143: Duncan Walker / p.145: Louis Aguinaldo (istockphoto) / p.150:
stocksnapper / p.151: Beth Van Trees / p.153: Morgan Lane Photography / p.155:
Parent Design / p.157: Xavier Young / p.177, bottom left: The Dover Press / p.183:
The Dover Press / p.189: The Dover Press / p.212: Andrew Perris / p.237: The
Dover Press / p.241 Rob Petrie / p.243 Tie / p.244 Andrew Perris / p.247 Yury
Zaporozhchenko
Index of Synonyms and

Cross Reference
Aglet 218
A-Line 220
Alpaca 20, 199, 267
Ambisexual 124
Analogous 73
Angled cuff 82
Angora 267
Appliqu 23
Art Nouveau 99
Ascot collar 70
Avant-garde25
Badla 27
Ballerina neck 176
Bekishe 35
Biopolymers 158
Blindfold 44
Bondage 188
Bowler 128
Brim 128
Buckskin 151
Bunad 78
Burlap 107
Calf-length boot 48
Camel 199
Cameron 237
Captain James Cook 238
Cardin, Pierre 21
Cargo pocket 195
Charleston 113
Chastity belt 44
Clam diggers 63
Clark, Ossie 69, 133
Clog 219
Complementary 73
Corduroy 107
Cotton 175
Court 130, 219
Cowboy 49
Crew neck 176
Crimean War 29
Crown 128
Cuban 130
Cyber 22, 84, 228
Dimple 243
Dirk 145
Double complements 73
Double cuff 82
DuPont 178
Elizabethan 119, 250
Embroidery 34, 57, 102
Empire line 220
Eros 105
Espadrilles 219
Feminine 21, 239
Feminist 169
Fifth pocket 118
Flip-flop 219
Floor length 222
Floral 56, 57
Folies Bergere 180
French seam 212
Full cup 52
Gag 44
Geek 228
Gingham 107, 123
Gladstone collar 70
Go-go 49
Gordon Regimental 237
Gouache 164
G-string 153
Gunning, Anne 67
Half cup 52
Half Windsor 243
Harlequin 182
Hatband 128
Homburg 128
Hoods 44
Hoops 182, 227
Hourglass 216
Inside pocket 195
Insignia 181
Interfacing 255
Interlining 255
Ironing 228
Ivory 46
Jersey 107
Kerala 61
Kilt 78, 145, 236
Kimono 78, 146
Kinky 49
Kitten 130
Knee high 49
Lace 107
Lam 107
Laminate 45
LBD (Little Black Dress) 69
Linen 175
Lignes 60
Lycra 134
Maiko 121
Masculine 21
Maternity 52
Mermaid 220
Midi 222
Monochromatic 173
Monochrome 73
Mutual complements 73
Near complements 73
Needlework 23
Ockrams Razor 168
Organza 107
Outr 108
Paisley 182
Pastel 164
Patch pocket 195
Patent leather 44, 151
Pedal pushers 63
Peter Pan collar 70
Platform 49, 130
Poet collar 70
Polka 182
Polo neck 176
Primary colours 72
Pump 219
288
Punk 22, 93, 201
Push up 52
PVC 111, 202
Ribs 46
Round cuff 82
Running seam 213
Salwar 59, 78
Scoop neck 176
Scrollwork 56
Secondary colours 72
Shameless 108
Sheath 220
Silk 175
Slide 219
Slink 151
Slouch 128
Smart 108
Split complements 73
Sporran 145
Stetson 128
Stiletto 130
Straight cuff 82
Strapless 52
Sweatband 128
Tab collar 70
Taffeta 101
Tarboosh 112
Teddy boys 208
Tertiary colours 72
Thigh length 49
Tie dye 182
Tie side 109
Triads 73
Ugg 49
Vamp 218
Vanguard 25
Velcro 109
Velvet 107
Vestments 56
Victorian 33, 77, 143, 177,
260
V-line 220
Vogue 157
Voisin 113
Washing 228
Welt seam 212
Wedge 130
Whalebone 46
Windsor collar 70
Wing collar 70
Zhongshan suit 160
Fashion Design New cover_.qxd
8/5/08
12:53 PM
Page 2
Gavin Ambrose & Paul Harris
Gavin Ambrose MA
Central St Martins
Practising graphic designer.
Gavins current commercial practice
includes clients from the arts sector,
galleries, publishers and advertising
agencies. He is the co-author/designer
of several books on branding, packaging
and editorial design.
This book is a guide to the many and varied terms used

frequently within fashion design. From Accessories to
Weave, Alpaca to Yoke, this book will prove an invaluable
resource to anyone interested in fashion design. Each
term is explained and contextualised, giving the reader
an enhanced understanding of fashion terminology.
More than 250 common fashion terms are distilled
and illustrated. From practical terms such as Lapel,
Pattern and Symbols to conceptual terms,
such as Postmodernism, Juxtaposition and Zeitgeist,
this book contains both modern terminology and the
traditional terms still in current usage.

of Fashion Design
About the authors
Paul Harris PG Dip

London College of Printing
Freelance writer and journalist.
Paul writes for magazines, journals
and newspapers, both in London and
New York, on a range of subjects, from
architecture to tourism. He is co-author
and collaborator on several books
about graphic design.

of Fashion Design
ava publishing sa
Ambrose &
Harris
sales@avabooks.ch
www.avabooks.ch
14.95
UK EDN
(AVA) VD:Fashion Design-New Cover

CD808-4 / 4028

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Fashion Design New cover_.

Gavin Ambrose & Paul Harris

This book is a guide to the many and varied terms used

The Visual Dictionary

About the authors

Paul Harris PG Dip

The Visual Dictionary

(AVA) VD:Fashion Design-New Cover

The Visual Dictionary

The Visual Dictionary

How to get the most out of this book

This book is an easy-to-use reference to the key terms

Key areas addressed in

V&A Images/Victoria and Albert Museum

A straight band or line differing in colour to that on

Entries are presented

A tall, flat-crowned, broad-brimmed hat first made by John

A sewing technique used for item edges that gives a

see Hats 128

see Stitches 225

Footwear extending to the ankle, worn to protect the feet

see Boots 49, Shoe Types 219

A timeline of fashion design

Welcome to The Visual Dictionary of Fashion Design, a

This volume aims to provide a clear understanding of

Left: Detail of a menswear

Fashion communicates through a range of visual devices

Facing page: A range of

Far right: An illustration of

Fashion design is a discipline that continues to evolve.

Far left: Detail of a

Fashion professionals can draw inspiration from

Extraneous items that complement a whole outfit, such

see Garment 118, Hats 128, Jewellery 142, Tie 243

Paid communication that links a sponsor to a message. Advertisements can

see Magazine 157

see Fabric 107, Hats 128, Protein Fabrics 199

Both masculine and feminine traits blended into one unified

see Concept 74, Tailoring 232

A dress style that reflects the cyber subculture based on

see Androgynous 21, Cyber 84

From the French, appliquer, meaning to apply.

see Fabric 107, Garment 118

Creating the visual concept, look and feel for the

see Advertising 19, Magazine 157

Creative experimentation that fragments or rejects the norm.

see Garment 118

A form of Indian embroidery that uses fine wire work to

see Embroidery 102, Shoes 218, Turban 251

see Accessories 18, Leather 151

A form of headgear with apertures for the eyes and

see Hats 128

A tartan cloth pattern identifying the Balfour clan, whose

see Tartan 236237

see Millinery 167, Tie 243

A narrow piece of fabric worn around the chest as a

see Fabric 107

see Boning 46, Corset 77, Ensemble 103, Victoriana 260

The Dover Press