MOMENTUM(p)

Recall: N2LM

d
v

;
a

m
a

dt

dv d mv
F m dt dt

mv Momentum (p), whose

direction is the same as
the bodys velocity.

dp
F dt

The net force acting

on a particle equals
the time rate of
change momentum
of the particle.

A rapid change in momentum requires

a large net force, while a gradual
change requires less net force

MOMENTUM(p)

If a particle is moving obliquely and has velocity components vx,

vy, vz, then its momentum components would be:

p x mv x

p y mv y

pz mv z

IMPULSE(J) - MOMENTUM(p) THEOREM

v1 = 0

v2 > 0
t2

t1

The change in momentum is

affected by the applied net force
and how long it is applied!

dp
F dt

t2
p2
Fdt dp
t1

p1

F
dt

p
2
1
t1

Fdt Impulse (J), whose

t2

direction is the same

as the net force.

The change in momentum of a

particle during a time interval
equals the impulse of the net
force that acts on the particle
during that interval

J p Impulse Momentum
Theorem

IMPULSE(J) - MOMENTUM(p) THEOREM

In specific problems, it is often easiest to use Impulse-Momentum
Theorem in its component form:

J y p y

J x p x

F
t2

t1

t2

t1

dt p2 x p1x

dt mv2 x mv1x

t2

t1

dt p2 y p1 y

t2

t1

dt mv2 y mv1 y

J z pz

F dt p
t2

t1

p1z

2z

F dt mv
t2

t1

2z

mv1z

IMPULSE(J) - MOMENTUM(p) THEOREM

Example 1.
Suppose you have a choice between catching a 0.50-kg ball
moving at 4.0 m/s or a 0.10-kg ball moving at 20 m/s. Which will
be easier to catch?
Example 2.
A 0.16-kg hockey puck is moving on an icy, frictionless,
horizontal surface. At t = 0 the puck is moving to the right at 3.0
m/s. a) Calculate the velocity of the puck(magnitude and
direction) after a force of 25.0 N directed to the right has been
applied for 0.05 s. b) If instead, a force of 12 N directed to the
left is applied from t1 = 0 s to t2 = 0.05 s, what is the final
velocity of the puck?

IMPULSE(J) - MOMENTUM(p) THEOREM

Example 3.

CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM
Before Collision
During Collision

After Collision

( FAB FBA ) t

FAB t FBA t

J AB J BA

p B p A

uA

uB

mA

mB

FAB

FBA

vA

vB

mA

mB

pB 2 pB1 p A2 p A1

p A1 pB1 p A2 pB 2

m A uA m B uB m Av A m B v B
The total momentum of all particles
in a system is constant!

CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM
Before Collision

After Collision

During Collision

vAy
vAx

uBx
uBy

uAy

vBx

uAx

vBy

m A u Ax m B uBx m Av Ax m B v Bx

m A u Ay m B uBy m Av Ay m B v By

m A u Az m B uBz m Av Az m B v Bz

COLLISION
Elastic Collision - the total kinetic energy of the system before
and after the collision is constant.

K A1 K B1 K A2 K B 2

1
1
1
1
2
2
2
m A uA m B uB m Av A m B v B2
2
2
2
2

1
1
1
1
2
2
2
m A uA m Av A m B v B m B uB2
2
2
2
2

m A u A2 v A2 m B v B2 uB2

m A uA v A uA v A mB v B uB v B uB eqn.1

COLLISION
Conservation of Momentum

m A uA m B uB m Av A m B v B
m A uA m Av A mB v B m B uB
m A uA v A mB v B uB eqn.2
eqn. 1 eqn. 2

m A u A v A u A v A m B v B uB v B uB

m A u A v A
m B v B uB

uA v A v B uB
uA uB v B v A
uA uB v A v B
uA uB Relative velocity of approach
v A v B Relative velocity of separation

COLLISION
So, Coefficient of Restitution, e for Elastic Collision:

v A v B
e
1
u A uB

Summary:
Elastic Collision

Inelastic Collision

K1 = K2
e=1

K1 > K2
e<1

Completely
Inelastic Collision
K1 > K2
e=0
vA = vB

COLLISION
Example 4.
A 5-gm bullet is fired from a 4-kg gun. The muzzle speed is 600
m/s. Find the speed of recoil of the gun.
Example 5.
A 100-gm block moving with a speed of 10 cm/s to the right
collides with a 200-g block moving with a speed of 5 cm/s at the
same direction. a) Find the speed of the two blocks right after the
collision if the collision is inelastic with coefficient of restitution,
e = 0.75. b) Find the change in kinetic energy of the system.
Example 6.
A hockey puck B rests on a smooth ice surface and is struck by a
second puck A, which was originally travelling at 40 m/s and
which is deflected 30o from its original direction. Puck B acquires
a velocity at a 45o angle to the original direction of A. The pucks
have the same mass. Compute the speed of each puck after the
collision.