AnnotatedBibliography

MarineConservationMovingForward
MykaelaBarnes
HighTechHighNorthCounty


Howard,B.C.(September20,2014).ConservationistsSparWithFishermenOverWorlds
LargestMarineMonument.NationalGeographic.Retrievedfrom
<http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/09/140920pacificremoteislandsmarin
emonumentoceanconservation/>
NationalGeographic,aleaderinallprovidingnewsonallthingsenvironmental,recently
writesaboutPresidentObamasnewestannouncement.Obamaplanstoexpandamarine
reservethatliesaroundsevenUSownedislandsinthePacificOcean.Fishermenin
Hawaiiclaimitwillthreatentheirtunaindustry.Thissanctuarywouldbecomethe
worldslargestprotectednaturalarea,accordingtothearticle.Thisreserveoriginally
extended50nauticalmilesoffshoreoftheseislands,whichwascreatedbyPresident
GeorgeW.Bushbackin2009.Obamawantstomakethesanctuary200nauticalmiles
fromtheshores.Theseislandsarehometoextremelybiodiversecoralreefsthatare
thousandsofyearsoldandendangeredseaturtles.ThedecisionbyObamahas
encouragedover135,000UScitizenstosendlettersexpressingtheirsupport,aswellas
signeddocumentsfromscientists.Fishermensargumentsagainsttheexpansionclaimed
thatcurrentlawsinplaceweregoodenoughprotectionforthemarineareasandtheir
inhabitants.TheauthornotesscientistJackKittingersthoughtsonthedispute.Kittinger
claimsthatduringElNio,fishtendtoswimtowardstheprotectedmonumentarea,and
withclimatechange,ElNioswilloccurtwiceasmuch.Whilefishermendofollow
wherethefishgo,Kittingerstatesthatthefishingindustrywouldnotbegreatlyaffected.
AmericanSamoa,anareabelongingtoUSterritory,hasconflictswithObamas

expansionsinceaninternationaltreatyallowstunafishingintheregion.Thearticleends
bycitingtheAntiquitiesActandstating,itisreallyaquestionforscientists,historians,
orarchaeologiststoseewhethersomethingisthatuniqueanddeservesprotectionfor
futuregenerations.
Howard,B.C.(September22,2014).PlanWillProtect770,000SquareMilesofOcean,
WorkingWithWorldsGovernments.NationalGeographic.Retrievedfrom
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/09/140922pristineseasexpansionocean
marineconservation/
TheNationalGeographicSocietyhasitsownindependenteffortstowardmarine
conservation.Thesocietyhassuccessfullyconvincedthegovernmenttoprotect770,000
squaremilesoftheocean.PastpresidentBillClintonexpressedhissupportforthe
decision.TheNGShasaprojectknownasPristineSeashasfunded10scientificvoyages.
Thisprojectisinternational,andhasworkedinremoteareaslikeseasinRussia,offof
Africa,andSouthAmerica.EricSalana,whoinitiatedtheprojectin2009,notesthat
countrysleadershavebegantotakeaninteresttheconservation.Unknowntomebefore
readingthearticle,theUnitedNationsConventiononBiologicalDiversityisinvolved
withNationalGeographicswork.ThiscampaigncouldhelptheUNreachthegoalof
having10%oftheworldsoceansprotectedby2020.TheUKsPitcarinIslandswouldbe
preservedinadifferentPristineSeasproject.Manyotherorganizationswillbeassociated
withtheproject.


Howard,B.C.(September30,2014).OceanHealthGetsDGradeinNewGlobalReportCard.
NationalGeographic.Retrievedfrom
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/09/140930globaloceanhealthindex20
14science/
AccordingtoarecentarticlefromNationalGeographic,theoceanalsoreceivesareport
card.TheOceanHealthIndexhasratedEarthswaterswithaD.Reasonsforthe
grade?Overfishing,pollution,climatechange,andtheabsenceofactiontowards
protection.Luckily,nationswaterswithin200milesoftheshorehasimprovedsinceits
lastgradingin2012.ConservationInternationalandresearchstudentsfromthe
UniversityofCalifornia,SantaBarbara,UniversityofBritishColumbia,andother
affiliationshavecreatedtheassessmenttobethefirsttolookattheoceanshealth
worldwide.Previously,theindexhadleftouttheoceansofAntarctica,theSouthern
Ocean,and15otherareascommonlyknownasthehighseas.Innumberterms,theocean
receiveda67outof100.Shockingly,manypeopleexpectedtheoceantodoworse,and
thataDisactuallyencouraging.Researcherslookedatvariouspolitical,ecological,
andeconomicfactorswhengrading.Eachregionwasgradedindividually.TheU.S.hada
scoreof63backin2012,butwasgivena72thisyear.Antarcticawasgivena72aswell,
althoughfishingpressuresandclimatechangearegreatlyeffectingvariousspecies
includingbaskingsharks,Gentoopenguins,andtuna.ConservationInternationalis
hopingthatbypublishingthesegrades,countrieswillbeinformedonwhatdirectionthey
needtogotoimproveoceanconservationlaws/programs.SteveKatonafrom

ConservationInternationalmentionsthatObamasannouncementontheexpansionofthe
MarineNationalMonumentshouldbumpupthegradeinthefuture.Scientistssuggest
thatoverfishinghasbecomelessextremeinsomeareassince2012,butisstillaproblem.
ThearticleendsbynotingthattheOceanHealthIndexbeganin2008.
Lee,J.J.(August28,2014).NumberofThreatenedCoralSpeciesJumpsFrom2to22.National
Geographic.Retrievedfrom
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/08/140828coralreefendangeredspecies
actlistingoceanscience/
SimilartothearticleonObamasnewplanstoexpandamarinereserve,thisarticle
focusesonU.S.NationalOceanicandAtmosphericAdministrations(NOAA)decision
tolistcoralsasthreatened.Previously,only2differenttypesofcoralwereonthelistas
threatened.Thisnumbertookadrasticjumpto20variousspeciesofcorals.Thismakes
thisthelargestrulingontheEndangeredSpeciesActtodate.Evenmoreshocking,alist
of84coralshadbeenconsideredfortheact.NOAArecognizesthatallofthesespecies,
mostofwhichliveintheCaribbean,arebeginningtosuccumbtotheeffectsofhuman
impact,climatechange,andbleaching.Fifteenofthetwentyspeciesarelocatedwithin
themarinereserveObamadecidedtoexpand.Theseadditionstothelistmaybringup
conflictwhenitcomestoresearch.Forexample,ifanenvironmentalbasedagency
wishestoworkinaregionwhereathreatenedspecieslives,theywillhavetoreceive
approvalfromNOAA.Although,theacttoaddthesecoralsonthelistdoesnotinany
wayprotectthem.Touristswillcontinuetoswimanddestroyreefs,whilefishermen
willcontinuetofish.Nothinghasbeenimplementedtofixtheproblemofpollution,most

ofwhichcomesfromfertilizerthatisusedonlandthatrunsoffintotheocean.Whileit
tookalongtimetolistthenewspecies,itwouldtakeevenlongertoestablishregulations
toprotectthecorals.
Parsons,C.(September24,2014).Noyourenotparanoidthereisabiasagainstpublishing
marineconservationpapers.SouthernFriedScience.Retrievedfrom
http://www.southernfriedscience.com/?p=17746
ThisnextreadingIchosebecauseitexplainswhyitissohardtofindarticlespertaining
tomarineconservation.Outofallthebiologicaljournals,onlyaround11%ofthem
informedreadersonmarinetopics.Thisisinteresting,sinceEarthssurfaceismadeupof
over70%water.Worse,marinebasedjournalsdontalwaystouchuponconservation.
Papersonmarineecologytouchonconservationinlessthan5%ofpublishedworks.
Fisheryjournalsreportonconservationinlessthan7%oftheirarticles.Atfirst,itwas
suspectedthattheabsenceofmarineconservationarticleswasduetotheideathatthere
werentthatmanyaquaticecologistsormarinebiologists.Aftersomereasearch,itwas
foundthatthiswasnotthecase.Inscientificsocieties,43%ofresearchersaremarine
focused,while54%areterrestrial.Citationwasalsohypothesizedofshowingthelackof
marineconservationarticles.Itwasthoughtthatmarineworkwasnotcitedasmuch,
thereforetheremaybeaconnectionastowhywedontfinditaseasily.Shockingly,
therewasnodirectlinktocitedworksandwhytherearentanymarineconservation
articles.Thisreportendsbystatinghowitcanbefrustratingforyoungergenerationsto
researchthetopicofmarineconservation.


Schoell,M.(1999).THEMARINEMAMMALPROTECTIONACTANDITSROLEINTHE
DECLINEOFSANDIEGO'STUNAFISHINGINDUSTRY.TheJournalofSanDiego
History,volume45.Retrievedfrom
<http://www.sandiegohistory.org/journal/99winter/tuna.htm>.
ThisreadingfocusesonthehistoryofmarinemammalconservationinSanDiego,CA.
Thereadingmentionsasfarbackasthe1970s,introducingreaderstotheMarine
MammalProtectionAct.InSanDiego,tunafishermenusedlargenetsthatoftendrowned
dolphins.Aftermanyotheracts,activistgroupsdecidedthattakingmeasurestotake
theseactstocourtroomswouldbestprovideprogress.IntheMMPA,itstatesthatno
harmshallcometoallmarinemammals.Therewereafewexceptionsthough,one
includingthatthisactdidnotapplytocommercialfishermen.Thetunaindustrywas
given2yearsexemptionfromtheactinordertohelpSanDiegoseconomyandto
developdifferentwaystofish.Thenumberofkilleddolphinswentupinthefirstyear,
butwascutinhalfthesecond.Thearticlegoesontostatehowthenumberofdrowned
dolphinswentupdrasticallyafterthewaiverexpired,andexplainstheactionsthe
EnvironmentalDefenseFundtookincourt.Tunafishermenweregivenanother2year
exemption,butEDFfiledasuittoforcethegovernmenttofollowtheacttheyhad
created.Intheend,allfishingnetsthataffecteddolphinswouldbebanned.Theauthor
providedlotsofinformationontheMarineMammalProtectionAct.