KW

W
W
K

K K

K K

K K

K K


W
K

W


K

W
K

- -

WK

K
K

F K
KE

Components of Protective SystemK

W
Fuses

Circuits Breakers (C.B.)

Relays
Current Transformers (C.T.)
Potential Transformers (P.T. or V.T.)
Lightning or Surge Arrestors

K
K
K
K

- -

FusesW

FusesK

KK

(Transient

( Interruption Capacity)K Recovery Voltage)

Fuse holder

Fuse base

Fuse carrier
Fuse link
- -

K
K


Fuse link

(Cartridge)

K (Arc Extinction)

K element
K

Current Rating K

(In) K
K

(Minimum Fusing Current) K

K

KL

(Fusing Factor) K

- -

Pre Arcing Time K

Arcing Time K
K

K L

HZ

KK

W
K
K
K K
(Recovery voltage) K
K K
- -

K K
KK
W

JWK

Powder Filled Fuses

K

Miniature Fuses

Semi-enclosed Fuses

Expulsion Fuses

Power Fuses

(Liquid quenched fuses)

Distribution break FusesK

JWK
K
K
WK
- -

( Non-Current Limiting Fuses)K

(Current Limiting Fuses) K
( Non-Current Limiting Fuses) J
K
W
( Expulsion Fuses) K

K K

(4000 5000 K)

K
K

( Pole Mounted Transformers)

( Vacuum Fuses)
K

- -

(Current Limiting Fuses) K

( Prospective Peak Current)

(Cut - Off Current)(ID)KEF

K( I2 t)
I

Ip
Irms

ID

tm =
ta =
tc =

tm ta
tc

EF

- -

K(High Rupturing Capacity HRC- Fuses)

K E F

K ( Dual Element)

K E F

K K
K

EF
- -

KEF

K
K

EF

E F
K[IEC 282] K

K
- -

E JF
K

E JF
- -

KK

E F

( I2tc) E F

K ( I2tm)
K

1
tm

2
tc

EF

(Selectivity Ratio K

K Tables)

K1 : 1.25 and 1 : 3
K

- -

E F K
EF

KEF
K

EF
K K

E FKEF
( ( I

Nmin)

( INmax) Magnetizing Inrush Current)

KK

- -

E400 V F E F

KE10 12 kVF

- -

EF

E10 12 kVF
I

EF
16
40
63
63
100
100
160
200
200

Nmax

INminEF
16
25
25
40
63
63
63
100
100

EkVAF
50
100
200
250
400
500
630
800
1000

EF

E10 12 kVFE400 VF
1000 800 ?

500 400 250 200 160 125 80

200 160 160 100 100 63

40

25

EF

25 60
EF

K
E FWEa F

E F K 100 400

160 E FWEb F
E100F160 EFK
K
- -

K 200 W Ec F
E F 40

250KE 63F

K63

11kV

11kV

11kV

500kVA
x=0.06 pu
Ip =26 A
Is = 760 A

1000kVA
x=0.06 pu
Ip =52.5 A
Is = 1519 A

380V

4X400A

4X200A
4X250A

800A

(c)

(b)

EF

- -

(a)

W
K

KK

(Switchgear)

K

K

W
W K
( Disconnect Ea
Switches)
K(Load Break Switches) Eb
(Circuit K
KBreaker)

W
Ea
K

- -

Eb
K
K Ec

K
K

K
K

K E F

E F
K

KK
W

Rated Voltage
K
KEF
K
K

Rated Frequency
K
K
- -

Rated Insulation Voltage K
K

Rated Power Frequency Withstand VoltageK

K ( 50 or 60 Hz)

Rated Impulse Withstand Voltage K

K
K

Rated Continuous Current K

KEF

Rated Breaking Current
K
K

(0.2 and 0.25)

K

- -

Rated Making Current

K
K
KK

Rated Short Time Current K

K K

KK

(10,000 to EF

K( 10-5 .m)20,000 C)

KEF

K K

100 ( 20 V/cm)
K10

EF
- -

E
K

WEF

K
K

KK

EF
K EF

(Blow-Out Coil)

- -

X
X

EF

EF
K (Arc Splitters)

KE F

K
K

- -

EF

KK
W
Air Circuit Breakers

Minimum Oil Circuit Breakers K

Vacuum Circuit Breakers

Sulpher Hexafluoride (SF6) C. B. K

K

Air Blast Circuit Breakers

W
Low Voltage C.B.

E1000 VF Ea

Medium Voltage C.B.E33kV1kVF Eb

High-Voltage C..B

E240kV33kVF Ec
- -

Extra High Voltage C.B.

E240 kVF Ed

KK
K

K
W

(Moulded -Case Circuit Breakers)

K
K

1200 A K
EFK 10,000 A

EFEF

- -

(Low Voltage Power Circuit Breakers) K

(Modular Design)

K
130,000 4000
EFK

EFEF

KW

(Current Limiting Breakers) Ea

EF

(Cut - off Current) Ic

- -

K 10

E F

K
I

EF

(Non-Current Limiting Breakers) Eb

K

K50

Total Breaking Time (Tb)

Tripping Time (Tt) K

KK
Operating Time (to) K
K

- -

Arcing Time (ta) K

K

WK

( Delayed Thermal Release) K

K

(Short Time ( Instantaneous) K

(KDelay

K ( 30 70 %)

(tripping Characteristics)E F E F
K
K

I1

I2

(IR )

HEF
- -

(2 10 ) IR

(IR )

HEF

0.5 sec

0.03 sec

(IR )

HEF
- -

0.5 sec

0.03 sec

I3

(IR )

HHEF

15 In

(IR )

FHHEF
E
- -

KK

K
K

EF
EF
K

- -

EF
20EaF

2 and 3
K

X

X

EF

- -

EF
KK
W

EF K
KEF J

K100 J

WEFK
K J

K70 J

- -

100 ms

EF

70 ms

EF

KEFW
- -

200A

..
11kV

..

500kVA
Ip =26 A
Is = 760 A
Isc=12kA

380V

EF

KE F

KK

EF

- -

K63, 100EF

K100100


KK
W
Oil Circuit Breakers EF
W
Bulk Oil Circuit Breakers J
Minimum Oil Circuit Breakers J

E FK
K

- -

EFEF

aEF
K K

- -

K
KWK

K KEbF

E5FECF
K 4,6

EF

E FK K

12

10,000kV, 31.5 kA

- -

EF

Vacuum Circuit Breakers EF

K E F
10-7

K
K

EF

- -

F K
K
E

EFEF

- -

EFEF

K
K20,000100

30,000
EFK

K12 kV, 31.5 kA

E F
Sulphur Hexafluoride (SF6)F

(SF6 Circuit Breakers) KK

L 6.07 20 CK
- -

E FK
KSF6

SF6EF

( electro-

K negativity)

ESF4 , SF2 , SF2 ,.F

SF6 K

K



- -

( SF6)

K SF6 E F
K 3.5

EF

EaFKEF

K (6) (4),(5) (3) (1),(2)

(3),(4)K (b)

(10) (9) SF6 (7),(8)

- -

EF
(c)(b)(a)

2000 400010 20
K

- -

W
JK
JKK

K
K

KEFK

WEF

K K
K K

K K

K K

K K
K K

K K

K K

- -

EF

JKK

K
K

W
K K
K
K
7

(interlock)
K

- -

WK
K K
K(VI cos) K
V/I K

F K
KE
JKK
W
Thermal Relays

Electromagnetic - Attracted - Relays K

Digital Relays

Electromagnetic Induction Relays K

Static Relays

K




- -

Induction relaysEF

2 1
K

W 2 1 T
T 1 1 sin

.
(shaded W

KPole)

KW

KEF
K

_K

K40 45

- -

EF

E F
KE F

EF
- -

EF




W
T1 = k1I2

T2 = k1 I02

T1 K

T 2 K
KI0

T3 = k2 (d/t)

T3 K

d
KEF t

- -

T = k1 I2 k1 I02 k2 (d / t)

WT = 0

K1 ( I2 I02) = k2 ( d / t)

T = k d /( I2 I02)

I0 and d
KE F

K(Inverse Time Relays)

I0

EF

WK

- -

K K

( Time Multiplier Setting)

KK0.5 & 11

K K
KK

E FK

EF
EF

EF
- -

K E F

K E1F

E3F

KE4 F

E5FK

K E7F

KE8F

2
1

KE9F

8
10

.
.
. .
. .
. .
. .

EF

- -

KEF

EBFV1
VE V1K

VE V1K C E

C
B
+
V1
-

E
VE

EF
EF
W

KEF

F K
KEC L

KER C F K

- -

EF

EF
EF

F
KEC1 & R1

K C2 R2 T1

P T1

KTR T2 T1

K D Th

+Vc
T

R1

C2

R2

T1

C1

EF
- -

TR

Over Current (O/C) Protection JKK

K

K
K

K K

KEaF

K (Inverse Definite Minimum Time Relay; IDMT)

KEb F
Eb F
K

- -

.
.

EaF

EbF

EF

- -

KEF
+
-

EF

KE1000F K
E500 kVA F K
K(differential Protection)
K(Impedance Protection) K
K K

- -

K K
K K
W
Time grading K
Current grading K
(IDMT K
KRelays)
Components of Induction Type O/C Relay
K E F

W Tap Block
KKEF

EFW Shading Ring

K
K

W Damping Magnet
F
KE

KWTime Dial

WWSpring

K
- -

W C.T.
W

1A or K K
K5A

K
K

EF

125 % 1 A W
400 : 1 K T.M.S = 0.6
KKEF4000 A

- -

F
4000 A

C.B.

EF

I = 4000 / 400 = 10 A

I0 = 1 * (125 / 100) = 1.25 A

I / I0 = (10 / 1.25) = 8

t = 2 Seconds EF

EF

- -

Distance Relays JKK

K
E k\ V2F Ek I2F

KK
k
V
I

k
k

k
k

k
k

K E F

K
K k

, k

k
k

EFK
X

k
k
-R

-X

EF
- -

Directional Relays JKK

KE F

KEF
W

T V

I Cos ( - )

VI

90-

EF

- -

-R

-X

EF

EF

Directional Over Current Protection

K
K

Method of Operation for Directional Relays

E F Induction Relay
KEF

- -

v
T+ve

c
Ir

Vr

Vr

Ir ,c

Iv ,v
EF

c Ir v Vr

T = k2 Vr . Ir. Cos ( r + )

- -

r E F
W

K r J

r J

= 90 , So; T = k2 Vr . Ir. Sin r

W Active Power Relay

= 0 , So; T = k2 Vr . Ir. Cos r

Solenoid coil J{

KEFEF

EF

- -

JKK

KEF
K

EF

(Ampere,s law)B
Bl = 0Ni

(1)

W
W

W B
Wl

WN

0 = 4 10-7W0

WB(1)

(2) B = 0

W B

(3)

B = 0 r

K1000r


- -

( F

EdlF

WK

B = 0 r
W

= 0 r
K

KEFr

Fr

JKK

KEF

- -

KE F
K

2
1

inch

1/8 1/4 3/8

1/2 5/8

3/4

EF

(inrush current)

5:1K(holding current)
K15:1

JKK

- -

E F

K

J

KK

EWF
KEWF

K
K

K W

E F
K

- -

KEF

B KA K

K (elastic diaphragm)

C K

K
K

- -

F EK
KDCE

KF A

K (pilot)

KW

(starter solenoid) J

K
K (ignition switch)
E F

K W
K



- -

- -

KK
KK

KKK

KK

E JFE JFK

11kV

11kV

11kV

500kVA
x=0.06 pu
Ip =26 A
Is = 760 A

1000kVA
x=0.06 pu
Ip =52.5 A
Is = 1519 A

380V

4X250A
4X500A

4X250A
4x500 A

1000A

(c)

(b)

- -

(a)

EF
KKK

KK

KK

W
KK

KK

KK
K

KK

KK
KK

- -