Các Phản Ứng Cơ Bản Và Biến Đổi Của Thực Phẩm Trong Quá Trình Công Nghệ

CC PHN NG C BN V BIN I CA
THC PHM TRONG QU TRNH CNG NGH
PGS.TS. TRN TH LUYN
CHNG 1
QU TRNH THU PHN (HYDROLYSIS)
TRONG CNG NGH THC PHM
1.1. BN CHT V VAI TR CA PHN NG THU PHN TRONG CNG

NGH THC PHM
1.1.1. Bn cht ca qu trnh thu phn

Qu trnh thu phn l qu trnh phn ct mt s lin kt nh dng (dispositive bonds)
trong hp cht hu c thnh cc thnh phn n phn di tc dng ca cc cht xc tc v
c s tham gia ca nc trong phn ng.
V d 1.
H2O
Tinh bt
Glucose +
Maltose + Dextrin
Enzyme amylase
Xc tc Acid mnh
Kim mnh
T0, P cao
V d 2.
H2N CH CO NH CH CO NH
R1
H2O
R2 (Protein)
Lin kt nh dng
(dispositive bond)
Xc tc
H2N CH COOH +
R1 (acid amin)
Enzyme protease
Acid mnh
Kim mnh
T0, P cao
Peptide
1.1.2. Vai tr ca phn ng thu phn trong cng ngh thc phm
1. Phn ng thu phn lm thay i cht lng thc phm
2. Phn ng thu phn l yu t m u cho nhiu qu trnh ho hc khc trong ch
bin v bo qun thc phm
a. Phn ng thu phn l yu t m u cho phn ng thi ra protein..
Thu phn
Protein
H2O
Sn phm thi ra
Acid amin
Vi sinh vt gy
thi ra
Xc tc
Phn ng chm
(Slow reaction)
Phn ng nhanh
(Fast reaction)
b. Phn ng thu phn l yu t m u to c cht cho phn ng oxy ho

Lipit
Thu phn
Protein
Acid bo
Thu phn
Saccharose Thu phn
Oxy ho
Enzyme v phi enzyme
Acid amin
Glucose
Ketone, aldehyd
Oxy ho
Enzyme v phi enzyme
Oxy ho
Enzyme v phi enzyme
Hp cht sm mu
Sn phm c mu
Gluconic
Hp cht mu xm
c. Phn ng thu phn l yu t m u cho cc qu trnh ln men
Vi sinh vt
Cc cht dinh dng
Sn phm ln men
d. Phn ng thu phn l yu t m u cho vic hnh thnh mi v c trng cho sn phm
* Phn ng thu phn l yu t m u cho vic hnh thnh mi v, mu sc ca nc mm
Vi sinh vt gy hng
To mi
(1)
Thu phn
(2) To v ngt c trng
Protein
Acid amin
Protease
Oxy ho phi enzyme
(3)
Mu sc c trng
(4)
Melanoidin
NH3
Mi v c trng
* Phn ng thu phn l yu t m u cho vic hnh thnh mi v c trng cho thc
phm khi gia cng ch bin nhit
Thu phn
Protein
Peptide + Acid amin
Sn phm c mi,
v c trng
0
Thu phn
t
Saccharose
Glucose + Fructose
Trong sn xut bnh m

Tinh bt
Enzyme
Glucose
Amylase
Melanoidin
C cht cho
cc phn ng
V ngt
Mi thm, mu vng
Fucfurolamin
Mi thm
Caramel ho
Mu m
Trong cng ngh sn xut malt cho ln men bia

Protein
Tinh bt
Melanoidin
Frucfurolamin
Peptide + Acid amin
Tham gia cc
Quinonamin
0
phn ng t sy cao Oxy ho phi
Dextrin + Glucose + Pentose
enzyme
Giai on ny mm
Mi thm
Mu sc c trng
Giai on sy nhit cao
e. Phn ng thu phn c vai tr lm thay i cu trc v trng thi thc phm
pH thp do acid lactic
Protein
Peptide + Acid amin
Protease acid
Enzyme tiu ho
pH thp
Protein cu trc bc cao
CONH
CONH
CONH
Protein cu trc bc I
CONH
1.2. C CHT V CHT XC TC CA PHN NG THU PHN

1.2.1. C cht trong phn ng thu phn
1. Lin kt nh dng trong c cht b thu phn
Theo Bernard Pullman v Allberte Pullman, c im chung ca cc cht b thu phn
l c cha lin kt b thu phn do nguyn t tch in dng to nn, ngi ta gi l
lin kt nh dng (dipositive bond).
V d: lin kt trong phn t protein l mt lin kt nh dng
..
R1 C N R2
O H
Lin kt ny do cc in t nh v ca lin kt n v mt h thng in

t linh ng to nn, h thng in t bao gm 4 in t trong c 2 in t ca
ni kp C = O v 2 in t ca cp khng chia trong phn t nit, bn in t ny
to thnh mt h thng cng hng v theo qui tc chung. Khi nguyn t d mch
nm k lin vi ni kp s phi c cp in t khng chia t nguyn t d mch ti
nguyn t cui cng ca ni kp. Nh vy phn b in tch trong lin kt peptide
s l:
+ +
R1 C N R2
H
Khi N v C u tch in dng v c th biu din phn in tch bng nh sau:

-
O 3
= +
+2 +1
1
2
3
vi
R1 C N R2
+
+
) (1 + ) + ( 2 - ) = 4
(1
3
2
1
H
Bng phng php qu o phn t, ngi ta xc nh c gi tr ca cc nh sau:
-1.397
+0.744 +1.858
R1 C N R2
H
2. Cc lin kt nh dng thng gp
Lin kt peptide
O
+
R1 C N R2
H
Lin kt este
+ +
Este ca cacboxylic R1 C O R2
Este ca phosphoric
OH
OH
ROP=O
R O P+= O
OH
Este ca hp cht giu nng lng ATP
OH
OH
OH
OH
+
Adenin Ribose O + P + O +~ P + O +~ P = O
O
Este ca acid sulfuric

O
+
+
ROS
ROS
OH O
Lin kt glucozide
O
O
+
+
+
O
O
1.2.2. Tc nhn v c ch trong phn ng thu phn

1. Tc nhn v c (Inorganic catalyser)
a. Khi qut chung v tc nhn v c
b. Cc yu t nh hng n tc thu phn bng xc tc v c
Tc phn ng thu phn khi c xc tc v c c tnh theo cng thc
Trong : x: Lng c cht c thu phn trong thi gian
dx
v=
= k ( a - x)
a: Lng c cht ban u
d
k: Hng s tc phn ng thu phn
Trong : : Hot ca cht xc tc v c
N: Nng ng lng tc nhn
: Tnh cht ca c cht thu phn
k = f ( , N , , t 0 , , m)
t0: Nhit ca phn ng
: Thi gian phn ng
m: H s modul
C cht b thy phn
t0
Qu trnh thy phn

Tc nhn v c
Sn phm thy phn
Cc yu t nh hng n hng s t phn ng

nh hng ca hot xc tc () n hng s phn ng
nh hng ca cht xc tc v nng cht xc tc
nh hng ca c cht thu phn
nh hng ca nhit
nh hng ca thi gian thy phn
nh hng ca modul
2. Xc tc sinh hc (biocatalyser)
a. c im ca xc tc enzyme
Tnh c hiu cao
iu kin nh nhng (thng nhit thng)
D b nh hng bi cc yu t mi trng, pH, t0, kim loi nng, nng enzyme

[E], nng c cht [S], cht hot ha (effector) v cht c ch (inhibitor)
Hot lc ca enzyme c xc nh gi tr hot ng ca n
Mi enzyme yu cu c nhng iu kin hot ng ring

b. C s l thuyt v tc dng ca enzyme thu phn vo lin kt nh dng (lin kt thy phn)
a s enzyme thu phn (hydrolase) khng c nhm ngoi. Trong trung tm hot
ng ca chng cha cc gc acid amin c hiu. i vi hydrolase thng cha hai
nhm chc.
V d: + Nhm imidazol ca histidin
+ Nhm hydroxyl (mt s acid amin: serin, treonin)
+ 0.260 (1)
+ 0.121
NH2
+ 0.228
NH
H+
+ 0.236
+ 0.233
+ 0.124
+ 0.121
C=O
c. C ch tc dng ca enzyme hydrolase ln c cht b thu phn.

V mt tng qut, c ch tc dng ca enzyme hydrolase cng theo c ch chung sau:
E + S+
ES
P +
Trong :
E: Enzyme
S: C cht
ES: Phc hp ca enzyme-c cht
P: Sn phm
Giai on u c s hnh thnh phc hp trung gian ES, s to thnh phc hp ny
c th theo hai kiu sau:
Kiu c ch th nht: l kiu hnh thnh n gin, tm i nhn () ca enzyme

tng tc nhanh vi mt trong hai nguyn t tch in dng ca lin kt nh
dng (dipositive bond). Sau khi tng tc s lm thay i mt electron (e)
v lm suy yu lin kt nh dng to iu kin ct t lin kt. Cc nh
nghin cu cho rng kiu c ch ny xy ra khi tm i nhn ca enzyme mnh
v s khuyt in t ca lin kt nh dng ln.
Kiu c ch th hai: lc u cc nguyn t khuyt in t trong lin kt nh
dng cha th nh trc tip vo tm i nhn ca trung tm hot ng ca
enzyme m c cht gn vo tm i nhn bng mt phn ng ha hc no
gia tm i nhn trung tm hot ng enzyme vi mt nhm ha hc v tr
gn k vi lin kt nh dng trong c cht. Di nh hng ca trung tm
hot ng ca enzyme s dn dn lm tng mc khuyt in t vn tn
ti trc , bng cch to lin kt tng ng vi c cht nhng v tr gn
gi vi lin kt nh dng. Nh vy, lm cho s phn b in t trong phn t
c cht b thay i theo chiu hng cn thit, khin cho lin kt nh dng
c tng cng v c th tng tc vi cc tc nhn i nhn ca trung tm
hot ng ca enzyme v tin hnh lm yu lin kt v tin n lin kt b
thu phn khi c yu t nc tham gia.
Ta c th tham kho c ch tc dng ca enzyme colinesterase thu phn
Acetylcolin hnh di y.
Hnh 1. C ch tng tc ca cholinesterase trn c cht Acetylcolin

Ser
CH2
Ser
OH
CH3 C+ O+ (CH2)2 N (CH3)3

Acetylcolin
+HO
CH2
H2O
+HO
E
S
O
HN
Hy
s
HOOC CH2 Glu
CH2
HN
Hy
s
CH2
OH
CH3
+
+
N CH3C O (CH2)2NOOCCH2-Glu
H3C CH3
OH
CH2
CH2
Tyr
Tyr
CH3COOH
Acid acetic
OH
HO (CH2)2 N (CH3)3
2H2O
Ser
Ser
CH2
CH2
ES
O
COCH3
HN+
Hy
s
NH
+HO
H3C
O
CH2
Tyr
+CO
CH3
HO(CH2)2NOOCCH2-Glu
CH2
ES
CH3
HN
Hy
s
CH3 CH3
O+(CH2)2NOOCCH2 Glu
CH2
H3C
H+O
CH2
Tyr
CH3
d. Mt s c im ca phn ng thu phn bi enzyme

Th bc ca phn ng
Cc yu t iu chnh phn ng thu phn.
Nc:
Nhit :
pH ca mi trng:
Mt s u nhc im khi thu phn bng enzyme.
u im:
- Khng to ra sn phm ph do enzyme c tnh c hiu cao.
- iu kin thu phn nh nhng (nhit thp) do t nh hng n
cht lng sn phm.
- iu chnh mt hng theo mun, tiu tn t nng lng.
Nhc im
- Thi gian thu phn di dn n chu k sn xut ko di.
- Mun c hiu qu cao phi c ch phm enzyme tinh khit.
- Kh lc hn thu phn bng acid, do cn phi nng cao nhit
lc, c th khc phc nhc im ny bng cch thu phn bng
enzyme acid.
1.2.3. Qu trnh t phn (autolysis)
1. Khi nim chung
2. ng hc qu trnh t phn gii (Kinetics autolysis process)
CHNG II
PHN NG OXY HA KH TRONG
CNG NGH THC PHM
PHN NG OXY HA KH TRONG

CNG NGH THC PHM
2.1. KHI QUT CHUNG V PHN NG OXY HA KH TRONG CNG NGH
THC PHM
2.2. VAI TR CA PHN NG OXY HA KH V NGHA CA CHNG
TRONG CNG NGH THC PHM
2.3. PHN NG OXY HA KH TRONG CNG NGH THC PHM
2.3.1. Phn ng oxy ha kh sinh hc trong qu trnh ln men

2.3.2. Phn ng oxy ho kh khi bo qun v ch bin sn phm giu lipit
2.3.3. Cc phn ng oxy ho kh xy ra khi bo qun v ch bin sn phm giu glucid
2.2. VAI TR CA PHN NG OXY HA KH V NGHA CA

CHNG TRONG CNG NGH THC PHM
Nhiu phn ng oxy ha kh c tc dng lm tng cht lng thc phm

Mt s qu trnh oxy ha kh lm gim cht lng thc phm
ngha ca vic nghin cu phn ng oxy ha kh trong sn xut thc phm.
2.3. PHN NG OXY HA KH TRONG CNG NGH THC PHM

2.3.1. Phn ng oxy ha kh sinh hc trong qu trnh ln men
Bn cht ca qu trnh ln men l qu trnh oxy ha kh, nh qu trnh oxy
ha kh m c cht c chuyn ha thnh sn phm ln men. Cc phn ng
chuyn ha c thc hin trong t bo vi sinh vt di tc dng ca enzyme
ca vi sinh vt
T bo vi sinh vt
C cht
Cc cht dinh dng khc

Sn phm ln men
Khi nghin cu v cc phn ng chuyn ha trong t bo vi sinh vt bin i
c cht thnh sn phm ln men cho thy lun xy ra qu trnh tch v vn chuyn proton
2H+ v 2 in t (2e) qua enzyme dehydrogenase c coenzyme l NAD hoc NADP. Sau
2H+ v 2e c chuyn n cho hp cht hu c trung gian thc hin qu trnh kh
chng v to thnh sn phm ln men.
V d 1: Qu trnh to thnh ethanol trong t bo nm men c th

khi qut theo s l mt qu trnh oxy ho kh.
C6H12O6
NAD
Qu trnh oxy ha
CH3 C COOH
NADH +
H
O
CO2
CH3 CHO
CH3 CH2OH
Qu trnh kh
V d 2: Qu trnh to thnh acid lactic trong t

bo vi khun lactic l mt qu trnh oxy ho kh.
C6H12O6
NAD
NADP
NADH +
H
NADPH2
Qu trnh oxy ha
CH3 C COOH
O
Qu trnh kh
CH3 CHOH COOH
V d 3. Qu trnh ln men sn xut bt ngt

cng l mt qu trnh oxy ho kh
Glucose
NAD
NADH + H+
Acid Pyruvic
Chu trnh
Pentose
Acetyl CoA
Oxaloacetate
Citrate
Qu trnh
oxy ha
Fumarate
Hnh 3. S ln men sn xut bt ngt

l mt qu trnh oxy ha kh
-cetoglutarate
NADH + H+
+ NH3
NAD
Acid glutamic
V d 3. Qu trnh ln men sn xut bt ngt

cng l mt qu trnh oxy ho kh
HOOC CH2 CH2 C COOH
NH3
H2O
HOOC CH2 CH2 C COOH
NADH +
H
NAD
NH
HOOC CH2 CH2 C COOH

NH2
Qu trnh bin i t -xetoglutaric thnh glutamic
V d 4: Qu trnh ln men sinh khi tng hp acid amin ca vi

sinh vt l mt qu trnh oxy ho kh theo s sau
Con ng
Entner-Doudorow 6
phosphogluconate
2 ceto 3 oxy
Glucose
Glucose 6 phosphate
Acid 6 phosphogluconate
Phosphopentose
Fuctose 6 phosphate
Phospho glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate
Acid pyruvic
Protein
Glycin
Cystein
Serine
Alanine
Leucine
Valine
Lysine
Aspartic acid
Threonine
isoleucine
Glutamic
acid
Proline
Ornithine
Arginine
AcetylCoA
HSCoA
+ NH3
NAD+
Acid
oxaloacetic
NADH+H+
+ NH3
+ O2
NAD+
NADH+H+
Acid malic
Acid citric
+ O2
CHU TRNH
KREBS
Acid
cetoglutaric
+ O2
NADH+H+
Acid succinic
+ O2
+ NH3
NAD+
NAD
Glucose
NADH2
Khung cacbon
Oxy ha
- Pyruvic
- xetoglutaric
- OxaloAcetic
- Fumaric
NADH2
Kh
NH3
NAD
Cc acid amin tng ng
C ch c th:
NH3
CH3 C COOH
C6H12O6
NAD
H2O
NADH
+H
NADH + NAD
H
CH3 C COOH
NH2
Alanin
C6H12O6
NAD
Oxy ho
NADH + H+
CH3 C COOH
CH3 C ~ SCoA
O
NH3
H2O
Acid Citric
HOOC CH2 CH COOH

NH2
HOOC CH2 CO COOH
NADH + H+ NAD
Aspactic
Oxy ho
NH3
Aspactic
NADH +
H
Oxy ho
H2O
HOOC CH2 CH COOH

NH2
CHU TRNH
KREBS
HOOC CH = CH COOH
HOOC (CH2)2 CO COOH
NAD
Oxy ho
Hnh 5. S tng qut ln men sinh tng hp

acid amin bi vi sinh vt
NH3
NADH +
H
H2O
NAD
HOOC (CH2)2 CH COOH

Glutamic
NH2
2.3.2. Phn ng oxy ho kh khi bo qun v ch bin sn phm giu lipit

1. C ch oxy ho lipit c enzyme tham gia
a. Oxy ho do xc tc ca lipoxydase
Cht xc tc cho qu trnh ny l lipoxydase. Lipoxydase thng l xc tc oxy ho
mnh cc acid bo khng no (c 2, 3 ni i tr ln) thnh peroxit v hydroperoxit.
Lipoxydase
Epoxide, aldehyd, ceton, ru bc cao, sn phm oxy ho

khc
Lipoxydase c 881 gc acid amin, phn protein enzyme l globulin.
C ch tc dng ca lipoxydase cho n nay cha c xc nh r hon ton. Mt
s tc gi cho rng s oxy ho cht bo bng enzyme cng tng t s oxy ho c ch
phn ng mch.
Lipoxydase phn ng vi O2 to thnh phn t peroxit v chuyn oxy hot

ng sang phn t acid bo.
Sau nguyn t H t nhm metylen (CH2) c chuyn ra v tr O2

(do vai tr ca lipoxydase xc tc mo u) tip din theo c ch phn ng
mch khng c s tham gia ca enzyme, gi thuyt ny cha c nhiu
ngi ng h. Theo Tappel Bower mi phn t acid bo u b oxy ho
trc tip di tc dng ca lipoxydase theo c ch:
To phc cht ban u: Enzyme c cht O2.
Sau hnh thnh gc i do hydro c chuyn t acid bo n O2.
Gc i to s lun hp v cng b phn gii cho hydroperoxxit v gii
phng lipoxydase t do.
Acid bo
R CH = CH CH2 CH = CH R
Lipoxydase
O2
R CH = CH CH2 CH = CH RO2
Lipoxydase
(Phc hp)
OOH
+
R CH = CH CH = CH CH ROOH
Lipoxydase
(Phc hp gc i)
R CH = CH CH = CH CH R
Lipoxydase
(Dng hydroperoxit lun hp)
OOH
R CH = CH CH = CH CH R
+ Lipoxydase
Theo c ch phn ng mch
Epoxide, aldehyd, ru
b. Oxy ho kiu oxy ho
R CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 C
(acid bo)
OH
HSCoA
ATP
(1)
AMP + P
R CH2 CH2 CO ~ SCoA
- 2C
R CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CO ~ SCoA

FAD
(2)
CO2
FADH2
R CH2 CH2 CH = CH CO
Chu
trnh
Krebs
- 2C
(oxy ho)
- 2C
OH
- 2C
H2O
CO2
H2O
(3)
O
CH3 C
O
R CH2 CH2 CHOH CH2 CO
OH
NAD
(4)
SCoA
(oxy ho)
NADH +
H
R CH2 CH2 C CH2 C
O
(5)
O
CH3 C
SCoA
SCoA
HSCoA
Hnh 6. S oxy ho acid bo kiu
c. Kiu oxy ho acid bo

2H2O
CO2
R CH2 CH2 C
R CH2 C
Peroxydase
OH
R CH2 C
NAD
H
Aldehit ca acid bo
H2O
H
Aldehid ca acid bo
NADH +
H
Aldehyd dehydrogenase
R CH2 C
OH
acid bo mi
O
R CH2 CH2 C
OH
O
R CH2 C
OH
H2O2
(2)
NAD
R COOH
NADH +
H
NADH +
H
+ H2O
(2)
H2O2
(1)
CO2
+ H2O
NAD
O
RC
OH
O
R CH2 C
OH
Hnh 7. S oxy ho acid bo kiu
CO2
(1)
CO2
2. Phn ng oxy ho cht bo phi enzyme (t i ho)

* C ch ca qu trnh i ho ho hc.
Thi k pht sinh:

h
RH
O2
RH
R*
R*
+
+
[H*]
(1)
HO*2
(2)
R* + R1* +
RH + O2 + R1H
RH
ROOH
Me3+
Me2+
R* + Me2+ + HO*2
(4)
Me3+ + RO*
(5)
+ OH*
HO*2
(3)
Thi k pht trin:

R* + O2
RO2 + RH
ROOH
2ROOH
ROOH + RH
RO* (Alcocxyl)
RO2
(6)
ROOH + R*
(7)
RO* + OH*
(8)
RO2* + RO* + H2O
(9)
RO* + R* + H2O
(10)
T Alcocxyl c th bin i tip to thnh ru, ketone, aldehyd

- Acocxyl tng tc vi phn t lipit mi to thnh ru + gc t do mi
RO* + RH
ROH
(Ru)
R*
(11)
(Gc t do)
- Acocxyl tng tc vi nhau to thnh ru, keton

ROH
R CH R + RO*
RCR
(ru)
O*
(12)
O
(Keton)
- Tng tc ca gc Alcocxyl vi gc alkil

RH
R CH R + R*
hoc
RCR
O*
(13)
O(Keton)
O*
R CH R
hoc
R*
(gc t do)
RCH
O(aldehyd)
(14)
hoc tng tc vi gia gc alkyl vi mt hydropeoxit cng to ra keton

R* + R CH R
R CH R + RH
OOH
OOH
R C R + OH*
O (Keton)
- S oxy ho cc xton cng c th cho ra cc aldehyd v acid
O
R1 C CH2 R2
O
R1 C CH R2
O OH
R1 C
+ R2 C
OH
OH
- Trong qu trnh oxy ho cn to thnh cc phn ng trng hp cao phn t

OO
R1 CH = CH CH = CH CH R
R1 C = CH R1
O = CH
RC
CH CHOO
C=C
R1 R1
hoc
R + R1 CH = CH R2
R
R1 CH CH R2
R1 CH = CH R2
R CH CH CH CH CH CH R2
Thi k kt thc:
R + R*
R + R*
R + R*
R1
R2
Sn phm cao phn t
R1
R2
R1
* Cc yu t nh hng n tc oxy ho phi enzyme

Cc yu t kch thch qu trnh i ho ho hc:
nh hng ca hm lng acid bo t do

nh hng ca oxy
nh hng ca nhit
nh hng ca trng thi lipit
nh hng ca ion kim loi giao chuyn
nh hng ca nng lng mt tri v tia ion
nh hng ca nc
nh hng ca cc yu t km hm
Km hm s oxy ho bng cch lm t mch

oxy ho.
Km hm oxy ho bng cch lm gim tc pht trin mch
Km hm phn ng oxy ho bng cch v hot cc hp cht cha kim loi c
hot ng xc tc
Km hm phn ng bng cht hip tr
Tc hi ca sn phm oxy ho
Sn phm oxy ho thng lm v hot enzyme, c bit h enzyme tiu ho.
Sn phm oxy ho lipit c kh nng phn ng cao vi protein to thnh hp
cht bn vng, khng tan trong nc cng nh trong dung mi hu c v cng
khng b thu phn bi enzyme.
Km hm s oxy ho bng cch lm t mch oxy ho.

C th gim tc phn ng ny theo chiu hng a vo phn ng cht
chng oxy ho InH, c mc nng lng lin kt nh, c kh nng d dng xy ra phn
ng vi RO2 hn, khi :
RO2 + InH ROOH + In*
Gc In* l gc km hot ng, khng th tng tc vi phn t lipit. Sau
gc In s b v hot bi t hp.
RO2 + InH ROOH + In*
In* + In* In In
RO* + In ROOIn
Cc cht chng oxy ho c th l nhng cht c bn cht phenol hoc amin.
R3
RO2 + R1
R3
OH
Phenol
R2
ROOH + R1
R2
Gc In km hot ng
R3
RO2 + NHR1
OH
R2
RO2NHR1
R2
Amin - phenol
RO2
RO2H + RO2NR1
Gc In km hot ng
R2


nh hng ca oxy
nh hng ca nhit
nh hng ca nc
hot ng xc tc
Km hm oxy ho bng cch lm gim tc

pht trin mch
V d: sulfua c kh nng ph hu hydroperoxit
ROOH + R1SR2 ROH + R1SOR2
ROOH + R1SOR2 ROH + R1SO2R2
Tiuram (hp cht sulfua) c kh nng phn ng kiu ny
CH3
CH3
NCSSCN
S
CH3
CH3


nh hng ca oxy
nh hng ca nhit
nh hng ca nc
hot ng xc tc
Km hm phn ng oxy ho bng cch v hot cc hp

cht cha kim loi c hot ng xc tc
Cc ion kim loi giao chuyn l yu t xc tin qu trnh oxy ho
trong cc phn ng:
Fe2+ + ROOH Fe3+ + RO* + OH*
Fe3+ + ROOH Fe2+ + RO2* + H*
V vy c th chn cc cht c kh nng to phc vi kim loi qua
loi tr c kh nng chuyn ho tr ca kim loi. Cc cht chng oxy ho
dng ny nh acid citric, acid malic, acid fitinic
O=CO
CH2COONa+
Na+OOC OH
CH2
Me
Na+OOC O
CH2
CH2
COONa+
COONa+
Citratnatri
Me


nh hng ca oxy
nh hng ca nhit
nh hng ca nc
hot ng xc tc

O
C OH
C OH
2ROOH
C
O
HO C H
CH2OH
O
OH
C
C=O
C=O
C
HO C H
CH2OH
2RO2
OH
InH
(Hydroquinon)
Trong vng quinon l gc km hot ng


nh hng ca oxy
nh hng ca nhit
nh hng ca nc
hot ng xc tc
2.3.3. Cc phn ng oxy ho kh xy ra khi bo qun v ch bin sn phm giu glucid
1. Qu trnh h hp t bo
SH2
NAD
FADH2
2Fe2+
2Fe3+
2Fe2+
NADH
+H
FAD
QH2
2Fe3+
2Fe2+
2Fe3+
WFe3+
WFe2+
O2
O2
2H+
ATP
H2O
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + 686 Kcal

C6H12O6
C6H12O6
Ym kh
VK. lactic
Ym kh
Nm men
(1)
2 CH3 CHOH COOH

Acid lactic
(2)
2 CH3 CH2OH + CO2

Ru etylic
(3)
CO 2
= 1, t s
Phng trnh (1) l phng trnh t chy hon ton cc cht t s
O2
ny gi l h s h hp. Nh vy c 3 trng hp xy ra:
Nu
CO 2
1, bn cnh qu trnh h hp hiu kh cn qu trnh h hp ym kh sn sinh ra CO2
O2
nh ln men ru, lc ny trong nguyn liu tch t acid hoc ru, tu thuc vo iu kin
bo qun v tc nhn vi sinh vt.
CO 2
Nu
1th lng oxy hp th nhiu hn CO2 bay ra, nh vy sn phm to thnh khng
O2
nhng l CO2, H2O m cn c cc cht hu c khc.
CO 2
Nu t s
= 1 l qu trnh ch xy ra h hp hiu kh hon ton.
O2
2. Oxy ho glucose di tc dng ca glucoxydase
C6H12O6
O2 + H2O
glucoxydase
C6H12O7 + H2O2
Gluconic
2.3.4. S oxy ho kh sinh hc cc acid amin.

O2
Acid amin
Oxyacid
Enzyme
(mch thng)
O2
Acid amin
Sn phm thm mu
Enzyme
(mch vng)
Xetoacid
CHNG III
NH HNG PHN NG THU PHN
V OXY HO KH TRONG MT S
QU TRNH CNG NGH THC PHM
3.1. NH HNG CA PHN NG THU PHN TRONG MT S QU TRNH

CNG NGH
3.1.1. Phn ng thu phn v qu trnh hnh thnh nc mm trong qu trnh sn xut.
Nc mm l ch phm thu c t qu trnh thu phn tht c, c thc hin

theo nguyn l: c em trn ln vi mui theo t l nht nh v ln men t nhin. Trong
qu trnh protein c c thu phn di tc dng ca enzyme to thnh peptide, acid
amin theo s .
Cng vi qu trnh , mu sc v mi v ca nc mm dn dn c hnh thnh
do cc qu trnh sinh ha hc, vi sinh hc phc tp din ra khng ngng. S tng ha
gia cc vt cht sinh thnh cng vi mu sc, mi v c trng to nn tnh c o
ca ch phm nc mm. Qu trnh to mu c quyt nh bi cc phn ng sinh ha
hc phc tp nh melanoidin, quynonamin v oxy ha kh
Qu trnh hnh thnh mi v c trng ca nc mm l do cc qu trnh ln men
to ra cc amin, acid hu c bay hi v cc cht hu c c mi thm khc. Tc nhn ch
yu tham gia vo qu trnh hnh thnh mi l vi sinh vt. Qu trnh thu phn protein c
c xc tc bi h enzyme protease, h serin-protease v h acid protease.
H acid protease: i din cho h enzyme ny l chathepsin c trong t bo c, h ny
ch tm thy trong nc bi thi im 24h, sau hot tnh gn nh mt hn. H
enzyme ny c tnh acid, thng hot ng mnh nhng b c ch bi nng mui
cao, theo nghin cu ca Sharp th h ny mt hot tnh nng mui 5% sau 12h. Vy
h acid protease ny t c vai tr trong qu trnh hnh thnh nc mm.
Ngoi h enzyme trn, cc tc gi cn nghin cu vai tr ca h thioprotease, theo
Awada th h enzyme ny khng c hot tnh ngay t ngy u n ngy chp chn,
cho nn xem nh khng tn ti h enzyme ny trong tht v ni tng c dng lm nc
mm.
H enzyme metalo-protease: c nhiu trong ni tng c, h enzyme ny chu c nng

mui cao nn hot ng mnh trong nc bi, hot tnh tng dn n thng th 3, sau
gim dn n cui qu trnh. H enzyme ny c th gi l amino-protease hay A-pase, h
enzyme ny thy phn rng ri chui peptide, chu c nng mui cao, pH thch hp =
57, phn t lng l 260.000 n v. Mun tch h enzyme ny c th dng phng php
lc gel (gel filtration, G = 100 sephadex), pI = 45, n nh vi Mg2+, Mn2+, mt hot
tnh vi Zn2+, Ni2+, Pb2+,Hg2+, c RF = 0.07 trong in di.
H serin-protease: tn ti thi gian u trong nc bi, sau hot ng yu. Hot tnh tng
dn t thng th 2, cng hot ng ln thng th 3 v hot ng ko di n khi
chp chn, h enzyme ny c nhiu trong ni tng c, c trng cho h ny l tripsin,
kimmotripsin. Loi enzyme ny thng b c ch bi chui peptide (6 acid amin), enzyme
ny c hot ha nh cathepsin B trong t bo, cathepsin B thy phn tho g chui
peptide ny lm cho sesin-protease hot ng tr li. Trong mi trng nc mm
cathepsin B b c ch bi nng mui cao nn vic tho g phi tin hnh tng t, t
u N ca cu trc, nhim v ny li do metaloprotease m nhn. Sau khi c hot ha
serin-protease hot ng mnh ng vai tr quan trng trong sut qu trnh hnh thnh
nc mm, serin-protease hot ng tt pH = 9, hot ng an ton pH = 510.
Qu trnh hnh thnh nc mm trong iu kin t nhin c phn chia lm 2 giai
on sau:
Giai on I. T u n thng th 3, trong giai on ny h enzyme metaloprotease
ch ng thu phn protein t u nit hnh thnh cc acid amin nh alanine, Isoleucine,
arginin, aspactic ng thi tho g chui c ch trong cu trc ca enzyme serinprotease.
Giai on II. Sau khi chui c ch c tho g, serin-protease hot ng mnh thu
phn cc peptide v protein cn li cho n khi chp chn. Cc acid amin c to thnh
trong thi k ny l proline, valine, Tyrosine, phenylalanine Nh vy, mun tng nhanh
qu trnh thu phn v tho g chui c ch cn gim bt mn thi gian u v to
iu kin tip nhit cho b chp t0 = 40450C, hoc c th tng cng cho chp nhng
ch phm enzyme vi sinh vt hay thc vt.
Bng 2. Cng thc thc nghim quy lut bin

i nit trong dch chp
L
Loi chp
Loi m
Cng thc thc nghim (*)
Chp c cm, nh o, tip

nhit, cho mui mt ln.
NTS
Naa
NNH3
*y1 = 5.5568lnT + 4.3474

y2 = 2.0276lnT + 4.0191
y3 = 0.7627lnT + 0.5581
Chp c cm, nh o, tip

nhit, cho mui nhiu ln.
NTS
Naa
NNH3
y1 = 5.5670lnT + 5.1022
y2 = 2.1063lnT + 4.1997
y3 = 0.7421lnT + 0.4693
Chp c cm gi nn, nh
o, tip nhit, cho mui
mt ln.
NTS
Naa
NNH3
y1 = 5.5052lnT + 5.3652
y2 = 2.0671lnT + 3.7692
y3 = 0.7005lnT + 0.4693
Chp c cm gi nn, nh
o, tip nhit, cho mui
nhiu ln.
NTS
Naa
NNH3
y1 = 5.4729lnT + 5.7259
y2 = 1.5693lnT + 5.5189
y3 = 0.6221lnT + 1.8659
* t y1 = NTS, y2 = Naa , y3 = NNH3
Bng 3. Cng thc xc nh quy lut bin i cc acid amin trong dch
chp c cm nh o, tip nhit, cho mui mt ln.
STT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Acid amin
Cistein
Lysine
Histidine
Arginine
Aspactic
Glutamic
Serine
Glysine
Treonine
Alanine
Proline
Tyrosine
Phenylalanine
Valine + Metionine
Leucine + Isoleucine
Acid amin tng s
Cng thc ton hc

y1 = 0.2761lnT 0.2234
y2 = 1.1070lnT + 1.2750
y3 = 1.0675lnT 0.8679
y4 = 0.6388lnT 0.1260
y5 = 0.7232lnT 0.0526
y6 = 1.3697lnT + 0.6847
y7 = 0.6721lnT 0.4626
y8 = 0.4201lnT + 2.6400
y9 = 1.2090lnT 1.0779
y10 = 0.8557lnT + 0.4457
y11 = 0.6526lnT 0.3360
y12 = 0.9155lnT 0.4565
y13 = 0.1467lnT + 0.4587
y14 = 1.2745lnT + 0.6080
y15 = 1.7744lnT + 1.2691
y16 = 13.1092lnT + 3.8274
chp c cm nh o, tip nhit, cho mui nhiu ln.
STT
Acid amin
Cng thc ton hc
Cistein
y1 = 0.4967lnT 0.2348
Lysine
y2 = 1.1313lnT + 2.3364
Histidine
y3 = 1.0757lnT 0.2001
Arginine
y4 = 0.8778lnT + 0.1144
Aspactic
y5 = 0.7725lnT + 0.6758
Glutamic
y6 = 1.1414lnT + 2.0901
Serine
y7 = 0.6880lnT + 0.0401
Glysine
y8 = 0.4215lnT + 3.0353
Treonine
y9 = 1.4635lnT 0.6949
10
Alanine
y10 = 0.7816lnT + 0.9731
11
Proline
y11 = 0.5383lnT + 0.4726
12
Tyrosine
y12 = 0.8357lnT + 0.5729
13
Phenylalanine
y13 = 0.1587lnT + 0.5993
14
Valine + Metionine
y14 = 1.4158lnT + 1.5429
15
y15 = 1.5747lnT + 3.0586
16
Acid amin tng s
y16 = 13.5784lnT + 14.2150
chp c cm gi nn nh o, tip nhit, cho mui mt ln.`
STT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Acid amin
Cistein
Lysine
Histidine
Arginine
Aspactic
Glutamic
Serine
Glysine
Treonine
Alanine
Proline
Tyrosine
Phenylalanine
Valine + Metionine
Acid amin tng s
Cng thc ton hc

y1 = 0.0788lnT + 0.0536
y2 = 1.1478lnT + 1.1336
y3 = 0.3643lnT 0.2548
y4 = 0.8649lnT 0.8493
y5 = 0.3754lnT + 0.4014
y6 = 1.2984lnT + 0.1649
y7 = 0.8609lnT + 0.6380
y8 = 0.5113lnT + 1.9914
y9 = 1.9919lnT 1.1958
y10 = 0.6429lnT + 0.3108
y11 = 0.9129lnT 0.9173
y12 = 1.0568lnT + 0.0335
y13 = 0.3667lnT + 0.8094
y14 = 1.7260lnT 1.0973
y15 = 1.8857lnT + 0.2666
y16 = 13.1311lnT + 0.3265
chp c cm gi nn nh o, tip nhit, cho mui nhiu ln.
STT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Acid amin
Cistein
Lysine
Histidine
Arginine
Aspactic
Glutamic
Serine
Glysine
Treonine
Alanine
Proline
Tyrosine
Phenylalanine
Valine + Metionine
Acid amin tng s
Cng thc ton hc

y1 = 0.2267lnT 0.1599
y2 = 1.1300lnT + 0.8822
y3 = 0.4174lnT 0.1464
y4 = 0.7762lnT + 0.2942
y5 = 0.3222lnT + 0.9432
y6 = 1.1365lnT + 1.1987
y7 = 0.7746lnT + 1.4751
y8 = 0.4752lnT + 1.6733
y9 = 1.0561lnT 0.4764
y10 = 0.5882lnT + 0.7199
y11 = 0.6868lnT + 0.3616
y12 = 1.0428lnT + 1.1355
y13 = 0.3770lnT + 1.0221
y14 = 1.4737lnT + 0.6055
y15 = 1.8419lnT + 1.7469
y16 = 11.8962lnT + 12.6201
Acid amin (g/l)
y(g/l)
80
70
15
60
y
50
40
y
III
y
16
IV
16
I
16
II
16
30
20
10
10
5
0
2
10
18
26
38
46
62
Thi gian (ngy)
Hnh 8. Quy lut bin i ca acid amin tng s ca chp c cm

Trong :
I
y16
= 13 .1092 x + 3.8274 chp
II
y16
= 13 .5784 x + 14 .2150chp
III
y16
= 13 .1311 x + 0.3265 chp
IV
y16
= 11 .8962 x + 12 .6201chp
c cm cho mui 1 ln
c cm cho mui nhiu ln
c cm gi nn cho mui 1 ln
c cm gi nn cho mui nhiu ln
x = lnT
3.1.2. Sn xut nc chm t xc nm men nh phn ng thu phn

HCl
Thu phn
X l
Xc nm
men
t l
[HCl]
X l
Nc chm
T0 = 100 20C
Hnh 9. S h thng cng ngh thu phn xc t bo nm

men sn xut nc chm bng HCl
C ch ca qu trnh thu phn din ra
Protein
HCl
Acid amin
Peptide
NH2 CH CO NH CH CO NHCH COOH

R1
R2
Rn
NH2 CH COOH
NH2 CH CO NHCH COOH
R2
R1
Tinh bt thu phn thnh ng maltose ri cui cng thnh ng glucose
2C 6 H 10 O5 n + nH 2 O nC12 H 22 O11 2n(C 6 H 12 O 6 )
(Tinh bt)
(Maltose)
(Glucose)
Rn
Cellulose thu phn thnh pentose v cui cng thnh furfurol

3H O
C 6 H 10O5 n LLL C 6 H 12O6 EMP
C 5 H 10 O 5 -
C 4 H 3OCH O
2
(Cellulose)
(Glucose)
(Pentose)
(Furfurol)
Cht bo b thu phn thnh glycerin v acid bo
C3 H 5 COO R 3 + 3H 2 O C3 H 5 (OH ) 3 + 3RCOOH

(Acid bo)
(Lipid)
(Glycerin)
N tng s (g/l)
Xc
nm
men
cn
li 15
(g/l)
NTS
25
Xc nm men cn li
N NH 3 ( g / l )
20
1.5
10
15
1
10
Naa
5
0.5
0
10
15
20
25
N NH 3
30
[HCl] %
Hnh 10. Mt s bin i khi thu phn xc nm men bng HCl
15
10
Nit tng s (g/l)
Xc nm men
cn li (g/l)
N NH 3 ( g / l )
25
NTS
Xc nm men cn li
20
1.5
15
1
10
0.5
Naa
NH3
0
60
70
80
100
Thi gian (pht)
Hnh 11. S bin thin hm lng xc nm men cn li, NTS,

Naa, v NH3 theo thi gian thu phn
Sinh khi nm men ph thi
X l
Thu phn
-Loi b CO2 = 15 pht

-Ra bng acid HCl 1% trong thi
gian = 4 gi
- T0 = 10020C, = 90 pht
- Nng HCl l 20%, hoc 15%
- Modul thu p: 3 dung dch
HCl/nm men
Lc
Trung ho
Thnh phm
Hnh 12. S cng ngh sn xut nc chm t xc

nm men ph liu
3.1.3. Phn ng thu phn trong sn xut tm chua v cc bin i to nn sn phm

c trng
Qu trnh thu phn protein thnh acid amin v cc peptide.
Qu trnh ln men to acid lactic t c cht l tinh bt, ng saccharose, thnh
Thu phn
Glucid
(Tinh bt, thnh)
HOOC CH2 CO COOH
2H2
+ CO2
H2O
HOOC CH2 CH2 COOH
Succinic
Glucose
H3C CO COOH
CH3CHO
H3C CHOH COOH

Lactic
HOOCH + CH3COOH
CH3COOH
Acetic
3.1.4. Phn ng thu phn trong qu trnh nu dch ln men bia

E
Malt
Tnh bt
Houplon
Cc cht khc
T0
Nu dch ln men
X l
Dch ln men
Qu trnh ho tan
Qu trnh thu phn cc cht t malt, tinh bt

Hnh 13. S h thng tru tng ca qu trnh nm dch ln men bia
C ch phn ng thu phn tinh bt bng enzyme amylase
CH2OH
O
H
H
H
OH
H
H
CH2OH
O
H
H
H
OH
H
OH amylase
H2O
OH
H+
OH
Amylase phn ct
1,4 glucozit
H+
OH
H2O
O
CH2OH
H
O
H
O
H
OH
OH
H
OH
OH
Amylase phn ct
1,6 glucozit
a. Thu phn tinh bt bi enzyme.
S tc ng c lp ca -amylase ln tinh bt
S tc ng c lp ca -amylase ln tinh bt
S tc ng ng thi ca -amylase v -amylase ln tinh bt
S tc ng ca amilophosphatase ln tinh bt
Thu phn protein
Thy phn cc hp cht khc
Thu phn fitin

Thu phn hemicellulose
3.1.5. Phn ng thy phn trong qu trnh ra tht c xay trong cng ngh sn xut
surimi
Ln III (dd acid acetic)

Ln I (dd NaCl)
C Mi
C Nhm
C
C Sn Thc
Ln II (nc thng)
Qu trnh ra
Xay nh
t0
Thi gian
Nng
T l dung mi
Hnh 14. H thng tru tng ca cng ngh ra tht c xay
Ph gia
Phi trn ph gia
nh hnh
Surimi
* Qu trnh thu phn lipid
CH2OCR1
CH2OCR2
CH2OCR3
CH2OH
Acid
Kim
R1COOH
CH2OH
+
RCOONa
CH2OH
COO COO
RRR
Ht nh tng
COO
Nh tng tan trong nc
* Qu trnh thu phn protein

t0
Mi trng
Chu k
T l
Qu trnh ra
Tht c xay
Thu phn
ct mch prtein
Loi b
X l
- Mu
- Mi
- Lipid
- Khong
- Mt s cht khc
Surimi
Gp phn ci thin
cht lng surimi v
mu sc, mi v v
bn ng kt
Gim bn
ng kt ca
surimi
Tn tht vt cht
Hnh 15. nh hng qu trnh ra n cng ngh sn xut surimi
3.1.6. Phn ng thu phn trong qu trnh sn xut chitosan

V gh
HCl
NaOH m c
V tm S
Kh khong
Kh khong
HCl
Deacetyl (ng
thi kh protein)
Kh protein
Protease
Deacetyl
Deacetylase
Chitosan
Chitosan
Theo phng php ha hc
Theo phng php sinh hc
Hnh 16. Cc bc cng ngh sn xut chitosan theo

phng php ho hc v phng php sinh hc
C ch ca qu trnh thu phn protein v deacetyl bi NaOH

* Phn ng thu phn protein
H2N CH CO NH CH CO
R1
NaOH
t0 cao
H2N CH COOH + H2N CH CO NH CH
R2
R1
Polypeptide
R2
Acid amin
R3
Peptide
* Phn ng deacetyl
CH2OH
O
H
H
OH H
H
H
HN COCH3
Chitin
CH2OH
O
H
H
OH H
H
CH3COONa
NaOH
O
H
HN COCH3
O
t0 cao
CH2OH
O
H
H
OH H
H
O
H
CH2OH
O
H
H
OH H
H
NH2
Chitosan
H
NH2
Bng 7. nh hng ca ch nu NaOH n kh nng kh

protein v deacetyl ca gh
Kt qu
STT
Cc thng s c nh
[NaOH] = 45%
w/v = 1/10
0
t = 80 20C
Thi
gian
(h)
NTS (%)
deacetyl
(DD)
(%)
nht
(0E)
7.8
1.0
6.2
1.5
5.7
2.0
5.2
2.5
5.9
Mu sc
5.0
Pht nu
7.71
51.2
13.8
5.5
Ng vng
7.97
65.7
16.4
6.0
Ng vng
8.03
74.1
17.8
6.5
Trng ng
8.31
82.7
16.6
[NaOH] = 45%
w/v = 1/10
0
t = 90 20C
[NaOH] = 45%
w/v = 1/10
t0 = 100 20C
0
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
0
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
Trng
Vng
Trng ng
Trng ng
Trng ng
Trng
Trng
Trng
7.8
6.6
6.3
5.6
6.4
7.91
8.22
8.58
8.65
7.8
7.1
6.5
6.8
7.2
8.06
8.39
8.59
8.66
62.2
78.3
95.4
98.2
70.1
86.2
95.5
98.5
13.2
23.3
17.6
12.6
11.8
10.4
8.1
7.3
NTS
0E
DD %
deacetyl
nht
NTS
D
Giai on kh protein
TH
Giai on deacetyl
Thi gian (h)
Hnh 17. Quy lut bin i NTS, DD, v nht theo thi gian x l kim
c trn v tm hoc v gh
Protease
V tm
HCl
Deacetylase
Qu trnh cng ngh

CaCl2 CH3 CO
Acid amin + Peptide
Chitosan
3.1.7. Bin i ca nguyn liu thu sn sau thu hoch do phn ng thu phn
1. Phn ng thu phn trong cng ngh sau thu hoch mt s ng vt thu sn v cc
bin i
a. Cathepsin v calpain cc enzyme ni bo lm mm c tht thu sn
Bng 9. c im ca cc proteinase ni sinh lin quan n
s mm ha c tht (Asghar v Bhatti, 1987)
V tr
tn ti
Cht c
Proteinase
-calpsin
m-calpsin
Khong
pH hot
ng
6.57.5
6.57.5
Lysosom Cathepsin B 3.56.5

Cathepsin L 3.06.5
Cathepsin D 3.06.0
Cathepsin
Hot tnh
- Gii phng a-actinin, Z-nin
- Thoi ha desmin, connectin, nebulin, troponin
T, troponin I, tropomyosin, protein C v protein M.
- Thoi ha myosin, actin, troponin T v collagen
- Thoi ha myosin, actin, troponin T, troponin I,
tropomyosin, a-actinin, v collagen
- Thoi ha myosin, actin, troponin T, troponin I,
tropomyosin, a-actinin, v collagen
Nng (% so vi cc i)
120
100
80
5%
2.50%
60
0.50%
Mu i chng
40
20
0
0
10
15
20
25
Thi gian m (gi)
Hnh 18. nh hng ca NaCl i vi hot

ca cathepsin
Calpsin
Hot cn li (%) .
nh hng n cu trc c tht thy sn

120
100
80
m - Calpain
(0,91 mole/ml)
60
Calpain (0,91
mole/ml)
40
20
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Calpain ( mole/ml)
Hnh 19. Tc dng c ch ca calpastatin tm s (P.monodon)

ln hot ca enzyme calpain
T l sng (%)
b. Bin i v t l sng, v thnh phn ho hc ca thu sn sau thu hoch do phn ng

thu phn
Enzyme
Protein
Acid amin + Peptide
Lipase
Lipid
Acid bo + Glycerin
Enzyme
Glucogen
Glucose
120
100
Nhit thng
80
0
T = 20 1 C
0
T = 10 1 C
60
0
T = 15 1 C
40
20
0
0
5
6
7
Thi gian bo qun (ngy)
Hnh 20. Bin i t l sng ca s theo thi gian bo qun nhit khc nhau
Trng lng (%)
120
100
T = 10 10C
80
T = 15 10C
60
T = 20 10C
40
20
0
0
3
4
Thi gian bo qun (ngy)
Hnh 21. Bin i trng lng ca s theo thi

gian bo qun nhit khc nhau
Hm lng protein (%)
16
14
12
0
T = 27 2 C
10
0
T = 20 2 C
T = 13 20C
T = 3 20C
6
4
2
0
0
14
25
37.5
50
70
95
100
125
Thi gian bo qun (h)
Hnh 22. Bin i hm lng protein ca gh theo

thi gian bo qun nhit khc nhau
Bng 10. Hm lng tng acid bo ca gh xanh (P.pelagicus) bin i theo thi
gian bo qun nhit bo qun khc nhau (% trn mt n v trng lng ti).
STT
Acid bo (%)
K
hiu
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Myistic
Palmitic
Palmitoleic
Stearic
Cis-vaccenic
Oleic
Linoleic
Linolenic
Arachidic
Gondoic
Eicosadiennoic
Homo--linoleic
Eicosatetrenoic
Eicosapentanoic (EPA)
Behinic
Erucic
Myristoleic
Docosahexaenoic(DHA)
Tng acid bo
14:0
16:0
16:1w7
18:0
18:1w7
18:1w9
18:2w6
18:3w3
20:0
20:1w9
20:2w6
20:3w6
20:4w3
20:5w3
22:0
22:1w9
14:1w5
22:6w3
Ti
0.84
0.14
0.06
0.04
0.1
0.1
0.02
0.15
0.01
0.08
0.17
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.13
0.00
0.01
0.08
1.98
Ch bo qun mu
320C
1320C
48h
120h
24h
72h
0.67
0.83
0.71
1.34
0.03
0.09
0.12
0.07
0.01
0.02
0.04
0.02
0.01
0.03
0.05
0.02
0.05
0.08
0.11
0.07
0.06
0.09
0.13
0.07
0.01
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.04
0.07
0.12
0.06
0.06
0.11
0.14
0.11
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.01
0.06
0.08
0.12
0.09
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.04
0.01
0.02
0.01
1.06
1.49
1.64
1.90
2720C
4h
12h
0.80
0.68
0.15
0.08
0.07
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.11
0.07
0.11
0.07
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.08
0.06
0.15
0.04
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.02
0.01
0.12
0.08
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.01
0.07
0.05
1.80
1.24
Acid bo (%)
2.5
2
T = 2720C
1.5
T = 3 20C
T = 1320C
0.5
0
0
12
24
48
72
120
Thi gian (h)
Hnh 23. Bin i hm lng tng acid bo ca gh xanh

(P.pelagicus) theo thi gian bo qun nhit khc nhau
Bng 11. Hm lng acid bo bo ho ca gh xanh (P.pelagicus) bin i

theo thi gian bo qun nhit bo qun khc nhau (% trn mt n v
trng lng ti).
Ch bo qun mu
ST
T
Acid bo (%)
K
hiu
Ti
320C
1320C
2720C
48h
120h
24h
72h
4h
12h
Myistic
14:0
0.84
0.67
0.83
0.71
1.34
0.80
0.68
Palmitic
16:0
0.14
0.03
0.09
0.12
0.07
0.15
0.08
Stearic
18:0
0.04
0.01
0.03
0.05
0.02
0.04
0.03
Arachidic
20:0
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.00
Behinic
22:0
0.13
0.06
0.08
0.12
0.09
0.12
0.08
1.16
0.77
1.03
1.01
1.52
1.12
0.87
Tng acid bo bo ho
Acid bo bo ho (%)
1.6
1.4
1.2
T = 27 20C
0
T = 3 2 C
1
0.8
0
T = 13 2 C
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0
12
24
48
72
12
Thi gian (h)
Hnh 24. Bin i hm lng acid bo bo ho ca gh xanh

Bng 12. Hm lng acid bo khng bo ho ca gh xanh (P.pelagicus) bin i theo thi
gian bo qun nhit bo qun khc nhau (% trn mt n v trng lng ti).`
STT
Acid bo (%)
K
hiu
Ch bo qun mu
320C
1320C
Ti
48h 120h 24h
72h
0.06 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.02
0.1
0.05 0.08 0.11 0.07
0.1
0.06 0.09 0.13 0.07
0.02 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.01
0.15 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
2720C
4h
12h
0.07 0.04
0.11 0.07
0.11 0.07
0.02 0.01
0.01 0.01
1
2
3
4
5
Palmitoleic
Cis-vaccenic
Oleic
Linoleic
Linolenic
16:1w7
18:1w7
18:1w9
18:2w6
18:3w3
6
7
8
Gondoic
Eicosadiennoic
Homo--linoleic
20:1w9 0.08
20:2w6 0.17
20:3w6 0.01
0.04
0.06
0.00
0.07
0.11
0.01
0.12
0.14
0.01
0.06
0.11
0.00
0.08
0.15
0.01
0.06
0.04
0.00
Eicosatetrenoic
20:4w3 0.01
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
10
Eicosapentanoic (EPA)
20:5w3 0.02
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.01
0.02
0.01
11
Erucic
22:1w9 0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.00
12
Myristoleic
14:1w5 0.01
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.02
0.01
13
Docosahexaenoic(DHA) 22:6w3 0.08
0.04
0.01
0.02
0.01
0.07
0.05
0.29
0.46
0.63
0.38
0.68
0.37
Tng acid bo
0.82
Acid bo khng bo ho (%)
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
T = 27 20C
0.5
T = 3 20C
0.4
T = 13 20C
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
12
24
48
72
12
Thi gian (h)
Hnh 25. Bin i hm lng acid bo khng bo ho ca gh xanh

Acid bo DHA (%)
0.09
0.08
0.07
0.06
0.05
T = 13 20C
0.04
T = 27 20C
T = 3 20C
0.03
0.02
0.01
0
0
12
24
48
72
120
Thi gian (h)
Hnh 26. Bin i hm lng acid docosahexaenoic (DHA) ca

gh xanh theo thi gian bo qun nhit khc nhau
Acid bo EPA (%)
0.025
0.02
T = 2720C
0.015
T = 3 20C
T = 13 20C
0.01
0.005
0
0
12
24
48
72
12
Thi gian (h)
Hnh 27. Bin i hm lng acid eicosapentaenoic (EPA) ca

gh xanh theo thi gian bo qun nhit khc nhau
Hm lng m baz bay hi (mg%)
100
90
80
70
T = 27 20C
60
T = 18 20C
50
T = 13 20C
40
T = 3 20C
30
20
10
0
0
12
24
36
48
72
96 120 144 168

Thi gian (gi)
Hnh 28. Bin i hm lng m baz bay hi ca gh xanh

c theo thi gian bo qun nhit khc nhau
Hm lng m baz bay hi (mg%).
90
80
70
60
T = 27 20C
T = 18 20C
50
T = 13 20C
40
T = 3 20C
30
20
10
0
0
12
24
36
72
96
120
140
Thi gian (gi)
Hnh 29. Bin i hm lng m baz bay hi ca gh xanh

ci theo thi gian bo qun nhit khc nhau
Hm lng m baz bay hi (mg%)
35
30
25
20
Tht cng que

Tht thn
15
10
5
0
0
24
48
72
Thi gian (gi)
Hnh 30. Hm lng m baz bay hi gia tht thn v tht

cng, que trong qu trnh bo qun nhit 320C
im cm quan
20
18
16
14
T = 27 20C
12
T = 20 20C
10
T = 13 20C
T = 3 20C
8
6
4
2
0
0
100
200
Thi gian bo qun (h)
Hnh 31. Bin i cm quan ca gh xanh theo thi gian bo

qun nhit khc nhau
2. Bin i ca rong bin sau thu hoch do phn ng thu phn
CH2OH
O
CH2OH
O
HO
HO
OH
OH
H2O
Cellulose
CH2OH
O
Enzyme
Vi sinh vt
CH2OH
O
HO
OH
HO
OH
310
Hnh 32. S phn gii cellulose thnh cellulodextrin
HO
CH2OH
O
HO
CH2OH
O
O
O
OH
OH
O
CH2OSO3
H
OH
n
H2O
Enzyme
Vi sinh vt
HO
CH2OH
O
HO
CH2OH
O
O
OH
OH
O
CH2OSO3
H
OH
310
Hnh 33. S phn gii agar thnh agar dextrin
O2
CH2O
OH
Carrageenan
H2O
Enzyme
Vi sinh vt
SO
O2
CH2O
OH
Carrageenan dextrin
310
Hinh 34. S phn gii carrageenan thnh carrageenan dextrin
Bng 13. Bin i ca nht v hiu sut thu alginate ca nguyn liu
theo phng php lm kh v thi gian chm lm kh
Thi gian lm kh
(ngy)
Phng php
Bin i
lm kh
ca alginate
Phi
nht (centipoise)
595
540
Hiu sut (%)
25.35
24.22 24.51 23.14 24.06 22.51 23.77 22.13
Sy
Phi
489
Sy
420
Phi
418
Sy
340
Phi
379
Sy
292
* nh hng ca thi gian chm lm kh

Rong c lm kh ngay
Rong khng c lm kh ngay
Phng php phi
Phng php sy
* nh hng ca mi trng nc ra rong sau thu hoch v thi gian, nhit bo qun
rong kh.
Bng 14. nht v hiu sut thu hi alginate

ca nguyn liu x l nc ngt ngay sau thu
hoch, phi v bo qun
Bo qun
Ch bo
qun
Bin i
ca alginate
1 tun
T0
thng
510
0C
2 tun
T0
thng
nht
(centipoise)
525
539
Hiu sut (%)
23.92
24.33 22.86
487
510
0C
509
3 tun
T0
thng
466
23.35 21.65
510
0C
489
4 tun
T0
thng
451
22.56 20.84
Khng
bo
510
qun
0C
447
595
21.9
2
25.53
Bng 15. nht v hiu sut thu hi alginate ca

nguyn liu khng x l nc ngt, phi v bo qun
Bo qun
Ch bo
qun
Bin i
ca alginate
1 tun
T0
thng
510
0C
2 tun
T0
thng
nht
(centipoise)
497
513
Hiu sut (%)
22.54
22.86 21.14
447
510
0C
3 tun
T0
thng
5100
C
4 tun
T0
thng
510
0C
Khng
bo
qun
480.4 423.5
457.8 411
445.5 582
21.71 20.01
20.79 19.24
20.02 24.28
3.2. BIN I THC PHM DO PHN NG OXY HO

KH TRONG MT S QU TRNH CNG NGH
3.2.1. Qu trnh oxy ho kh trong qu trn ln men bia
1. Oxy ho kh xy ra trong qu trnh lm lnh dch ng ln men
2. Qu trnh oxy ho kh to nn sinh khi t bo nm men.
a. Qu trnh oxy ho kh to sinh khi t bo nm men
S lng t vo thay i trong qu trnh ln men c biu din trn ng cong
sinh trng ca nm men c phn chia thnh 4 pha sau:
Pha lag (pha tim tng): giai on u ny khng c s tng ln v s lng t bo
nm men , nhng nm men tng hp tch cc cc enzyme cho giai on tip theo, giai
on ny thng ko di trong khong thi gian 6h.
Pha log (pha m): giai on ny ch nm men pht trin mnh, s pht trin
ny dn n s lng t bo tng ln t 1.21.3 ln trong khong thi gian 1 gi.
Pha n nh: giai on ny si lng t bo nm men sinh ra cn bng vi s
lng t bo nm men cht i v c trng thi n nh.T0, pH,
Pha t vong: c s gim xung v s lng t bo. Giai on ny s lng t bo
nm men cht i nhiu hn s lng t bo mi sinh ra do s cung cp cht dinh
dng ngy cng t i v s tch lu sn phm thi c hi cng nhiu.
Hnh 35. S thay i ng, nhit , chua v

s lng t bo nm men giai on ln men chnh
b. Qu trnh oxy ho kh to nn sn phm bia c trng

H
(1)
HO
CH2OH
O H
+ ATP
OH
OH
CH2 O PO3H2
O H
H
+
OH H
HO
OH
Hexokinase
Mg2+
OH
Glucose
(2)
HO
H2O3P O H2C
(3)
H H
OH
CH2 OH
Glucose-6-phosphatizumerase
OH
H
Glucose-6-phosphat
H2O3P O H2C
OH
Glucose-6-phosphat
CH2 O PO3H2
O H
OH
ADP
HO
H
OH
Fructose-6-phosphat
CH2 OH
H2O3P O H2C
CH2 O PO3H2
Phosphofructokinase
H
HO
H
OH
Fuctose-6-phosphat
+ ATP
HO
H
OH
Fuctose-1,6-diphosphat
+ ADP
H2O3P O H2C
(4)
H H
CH2 O PO3H2
HO
Aldolase
CH2 O PO3H2
HC=O
C=O
H C OH
PhosphodioxyKeton
HC=O
H C OH
3-phosphoglyceraldehyd
O = C O ~ H2PO3
dehydrogenase
+ H3PO4 +
NAD+
CH2 O PO3H2
+ NADH + H+
Acid 1,3-diphosphoglycerinic
O = C O ~ H2PO3
H C OH
H C OH
CH2 O PO3H2
3-phosphoglyceraldehyd
(6)
CH2 O PO3H2
CH2OH
H
OH
Fuctose-1,6-diphosphat
(5)
COOH
+ ADP
CH2 O PO3H2
Acid 1,3-diphosphoglycerinic
H C OH
CH2 O PO3H2
Acid 3-phosphoglycerinic
+ ATP
COOH
COOH
Phosphoglyxerometase
H C OH
(7)
H C O PO3H2
CH2 O PO3H2
+ H2O
CH2 OH
COOH
COOH
Enolase
(8)
H C O PO3H2
H C O ~ PO3H2
CH2 OH
Acid 2-phosphoenol piruvic
COOH
H C O ~ PO3H2
H2 O
CH2
(9)
COOH
Piruvatkinase
CH2
Acid 2-phosphoenol piruvic
ADP
C=O
CH3
Acid piruvic
ATP
COOH
(10)
H
Cacboxylase
C=O
C=O
+ CO2
CH3
CH3
Acid piruvic
Acetaldehyd
H
Alcoldehydrogenase
(11)
C=O
+ NADH +
H+
CH3 CH2 OH
+ NAD+
Ru ethylic
CH3
Acetaldehyd
C 6 H 12 O6 + 2 ATP + 2 H 3 PO4 + 4 ADP 2C 2 H 5 OH + 2CO2 + 4 ATP + 2 ADP
C 6 H 12 O6 + 2 H 3 PO4 + 2 ADP 2C 2 H 5 OH + 2CO2 + 2 ATP
ng hng th hai ca qu trnh ln men ru c th lch sang l s to thnh glycerin t

phosphodioxy Keton theo s sau:
Phosphodioxy Keton
NADH
Glycerophosphat
dehydrogenase
NAD+
-glycerophosphat
Glycerin + H3PO4
ng hng th 3 ca qu trnh ln men ru c th to thnh cc b acetic v glycerin
2C 6 H 12 O6 + 2 H 2 O C 2 H 5 OH + CH 3COOH + 2C3 H 8 O3 + 2CO2

Glucose
Ru ethylic
a.acetic
Glycerin
C6H12O6
(Glucose)
ATP
(Hexokinase)
ADP
Glucose-6- P
Fructose-6- P
ATP
(Hexokinase)
ADP
Fructose-1,6-di P
CH2 OH
CHO
C=O
CH OH
CH O P
CH O P
(DioxyKeton P )
(Aldehyd - 3 P - glyceric)
Hnh 36. S chuyn ho glucose trong t

bo nm men iu kin ym kh
(Aldehyd - 3 P - glyceric)
NAD
H3PO4
NADH + H+
CH2 O P
CH OH
COO P
(Acid 1,3 di P - glyceric)
ADP
CH3CH2OH
(Ru ethanol)
NAD
ATP
CH2 O P
NADH + H+
CH3CHO
(Aldehyd acetic)
CH OH
COOH
(Acid 3 P - glyceric)
Phosphoglyceratmutase
CO2
(I)
CH3
C=O
COOH
(Acid piruvic)
ATP
ADP
Piruvatkinase
CH2
CO P
H2O
COOH
(Acid P - enolpiruvic)
CH2 OH
CHO P
COOH
(Acid 2 P - glyceric)
Hnh 36. S chuyn ho glucose trong t bo nm men iu kin ym kh
CH3
CO2 NADH + H+
C=O
COOH
(Acid piruvic)
(II)
O
CH3 C
SCoA
(Acetyl coA)
HOOC C CH2 COOH
COOH
HOOC CH2 C CH2 COOH
O
(Acid oxaloacetic)
OH
(Acid citric )
NADH + H+
CO2
NADH + H+
HOOC CH2 C CH2 CH2 COOH
HOOC CH CH2 COOH

OH
(Acid malic)
O
(Acid -xetoglutamic)
CO2
NADH + H+
O
HOOC CH = CH COOH
(Acid fumaric)
SCoA
CH2 CH2 COOH
(Xucinyl - CoA)
CO2
NADH + H+
Hnh 37. Chuyn ho acid pyruvic trong t bo nm men trong iu kin hiu kh (c oxy)
3. Qu trnh tn to ru cao v acid hu c trong bia l qu trnh oxy ho kh

CH3 C COOH +
R CH COOH
CH3 CH COOH + R C COOH
NH2
R C COOH
NH2
CO2
R CHO
O
2 (R CHO)
H2O
R COOH
Acid bo
Chng hn nh s tn to tyrosol sau
R CH2OH
Ru cao
OH
2 CH3 CH COOH
Acid pyruvic
CH2 CH COOH
Tyrosine
NH2
Yeast
S tn to tyrosol
OH
2 CH3 CH COOH
NH2
CH2 CH COOH
Alanin
OH
O
CO2
OH
2
+ H2O
CH2 COOH
Acid hu c thm
OH
CH2 CHO
Adehyd thm
Tyrosol
CH2 CH2OH
Qu trnh tn to ru cao c th khi qut nh sau
Glucose
Nm men
Acid pyruvic
Nm men
Acid amin
Alanin
Ru cao
Acid hu c
Nm men
Glucose
Acid pyruvic
Acid amin
Alanin
Acid hu c Ru cao
4. Qu trnh hnh thnh diacetyl v phn hu diacetyl trong bia do qu trnh oxy ho kh
* Qu trnh hnh thnh diacetyl
CH3 CHOH COOH
CH3 COOH
V sinh vt (nm men hoc vi khun)
H2O
OH
CH3 C COOH
- acetolactic
C=O
CH3
Oxy ho v
decacboxyl ho
CO2
H2
CH3 C C CH3
O O diacetyl
* Qu trnh phn hu diacetyl
H
CH3 C C CH3
O O
diacetyl
+ H2
- acetolactatdecacboxylase
CH3 C C CH3
O OH
Acetoin
5. Qu trnh oxy ho kh lm thay i cc thnh phn trong bia

a. Bin i hm lng nit
Bng 16. S thay i hm lng m v cc thng s lin quan

trong qu trnh ln men theo thi gian
Cc thng s bin i trong qu trnh ln men bia
Thi
gian Nhit
(gi) (0C)
N NH 3
pH
p sut
(Kg/cm2)
ng
(plato)
S lng
t bo
(triu/lit)
NTS
(mg/l)
Na.amin
(mg/l)
(mg/l)
10.5
5.2
11.5
21
3080
875.8
4.20
24
12
4.9
11.2
34.65
3080
875.8
4.20
48
12
4.3
0.5
8.5
65.80
2800
835.8
4.20
72
12
4.3
0.5
6.5
96
2520
805.8
4.20
96
12
4.2
0.5
3.45
112
2100
734.4
5.60
120
4.1
0.5
2.2
91.50
1680
664.4
5.60
144
4.0
2.1
18
1400
603.3
7.00
168
4.0
2.1
14.50
1260
563.0
7.00
Bin i lm gim hm lng nit

Ngun nit
Dinh
dng
nit
Sinh tng hp
protein kin to
enzyme
Sinh tng hp
acid amin ni
bo
Xy dng sinh khi nm men
Tn to
acid hu
c
Tn to
ru cao
Hm lng m (mg/l).
3500
3000
2500
N TS
2000
N Acid amin
1500
1000
500
0
0
24
48
72
96
120
144
168
Thi gian (gi)
Hnh 38. Biu so snh mc bin i ca hm lng m

tng s v hm lng m acid amin theo thi gian
(mg/l)
m N
8
7
6
5
NN NH
4
3
2
1
0
0
24
48
72
96
120
144
168
Thi gian (gi)
Hnh 39. th biu din s bin i hm

lng m NH3 theo thi gian
im cm quan trung bnh
b. Qu trnh oxy ho kh lm bin i cht lng cm quan ca dch ln men bia v hnh thnh
hng v mu sc c trng.
6
5
4
Mu sc
V
Mi
bt
2
1
0
0
24
48
72
96
120
144
168
Thi gian (gi)
Hnh 40. th biu din mc bin i cm quan v mu

sc, mi, v v bt ca bia trong qu trnh ln men chnh
3.2.3. Phn ng oxy ho kh trong sn xut ru vang
Qu
Ph gia
p dch
Lm dp v
iu chnh thnh phn
iu chnh thnh phn
Ln men
Ln men 2 giai on
X l
X l
Vang trng
Vang
Ph gia
1. Phn ng oxy ho nc qu lm gim cht lng ca ru vang.

Khi p, hoc lm dp qu t bo b ph v, cn bng sinh ho trong qu
b ph hu nghim trng. ng thi do tip xc vi oxy khng kh, cc
enzyme trong nc qu hot ng mnh (c bit cc enzyme oxy ho kh
oxydoreductase) lm cho nc qu b oxy ho nhanh chng. Trong qu
trnh oxy ho polyphenol l ng k nht sau n cc vitamine v cc cht
khc.
Polyphenol
O2
Tanin
Qu trnh oxy ho nc qu s gy ra nhiu bin i lm gim cht lng ca

dch qu trc khi ln men v nh hng mnh n cht lng ca ru vang sau ny.
Cc bin i cht lng c c th v cc hng sau.
Mt mi thm t nhin ca nc qu: do qu trnh oxy ho lm bin i cu trc ho
hc ca cc nhm mang mi t lm mt mi.
Hm lng tanin tng ln do oxy ho polyphenol s lm cho v cht tng ln, nh
hng khng tt n i sng nm men, vi khun, lm cho kh nng ln men yu. V
cht cao s lm cho v ca ru vang khng bo ho.
Mu sc ca nc qu b sm li lm nh hng n mu sc ca ru vang, nht l
trong sn xut vang trng.
Hin tng oxy ho kh xy ra s lm enzyme b kt ta. Cc enzyme thng b kt

ta khi c mt cc mui st, mui ng th oxy ho kh. Cc enzyme ny rt cn
thit cho qu trnh lm chn ru vang sau ny. Qua cho ta thy hin tng oxy
ho kh trong giai on lm dp hoc p qu xy ra s nh hng ln n cht
lng ca ru vang. Do , cn c bin php lm gim thiu hin tng ny bng
mt trong nhng phng php sau:
Khng lm dp qu trong qu trnh thu hi, vn chuyn.
Sau khi p hoc lm dp qu phi tin hnh sn xut ngay. Nu chm d ch
mt vi gi th cht lng ca ru vang cng km i.
Dng bin php ho l hn ch oxy ho.
p lc dch qu trong iu kin khng c oxy.
B sung thm cht chng oxy ho vo dch p. Trong SO2 l cht chng
oxy ho c s dng ph bin v cho php dng trong sn xut ru
vang hu ht cac nc sn xut ru vang. Tc dng ca SO2 trn cc
phng din: chng oxy ho, tiu dit vi sinh vt c hi nh khun nm v
vi khun lactic.Tc dng chng oxy ho ca SO2 ch, SO2 thu oxy ca
mi trng v lm gim hot ng ca enzyme oxy ho kh. Tuy nhin
cn lu v liu lng SO2 b sung, thng dng l 30120 mg/lt nc
qu. Nu liu lng SO2 qu nhiu s cho ru vang c mi kh chu nh
hng n s sng ca nm men v vi khun ln men malolactic sau ny.
C th x l nhit cho dch qu v hot enzyme oxy ho. Tuy nhin phng
php ny cng nh hng ng k n cht lng ca ru vang. Ch cho php
x l nhit trong thi gian ngn v nhit khng qu cao, chng hn nu pH
ca dch qu sn xut vang l = 3.23.6 th ch cn gia nhit 600C trong
thi gian = 1520 pht. Phng php ny thng thc hin trong sn xut
vang da, v ng thi vi qu trnh v hot enzyme oxy ho cn c qu trnh
v hot enzyme bromelain.
2. Phn ng oxy ho kh trong qu trnh ln men to nn thnh phn v cht lng ca

ru vang.
Trong qu trnh ln men nu khng c phn ng oxy ho kh th khng th

hnh thnh ru vang c trng. Qu trnh oxy ho kh l yu t m u cho vic
hnh thnh sinh khi t bo, sinh tng hp h thng enzyme ca vi sinh vt v qu
trnh trao i cht (ln men) to sn phm c trng: ethanol, ru cao, aldehyd
thm, acid hu c
Mi trng ln men
Glucose
saccharose
Acid amin
Nm men
Ru cao
Ethanol
CO2
Glycerin
Acid hu c
Dinh dng khc
Acid lactic
cn (%)
12
10
hm lng
ng 180 g/l
Hm lng
ng 200 g/l
Hm lng
ng 220 g/l
Hm lng
ng 250 g/l
4
0
2.5
3.5
4.5
5.5
pH
Hnh 41. th biu din nh hng ca pH n cn cc

hm lng ng khc nhau
CHNG 4
KH NNG BIN I CA HP
CHT C BN TRONG CNG
NGH THC PHM
4.1. KHI QUT CHUNG V CC NGUYN NHN LM BIN I THC PHM

4.1.1. Thc phm d b bin i do bn cht ca chng cha ng cc cht sng d bin i
4.1.2. Thc phm b bin i do tc ng ca cc yu t mi trng cng ngh

Bng 17. Cc hng bin i chung ca thc phm trong cng ngh
Yu t
Ho hc
Sinh hc
Mi trng
Acid, kim
Chiu hng bin i ca thc phm

Thc phm b mm nhn do phn ng thu phn
Bin mu, kh nng bin tnh ca cc cht hu c
Oxy
Thc phm bin i theo chiu hng oxy ho
Alcol
Kh nng mt nc, bin mu, bin tnh
Cht ph gia
Kh nng ho hp, to mu, mi.

Kh nng gi nc
Cht st trng, ty
ra
Kh nng mt mu
Kh nng bin tnh ca cc cht hu c
Enzyme
Kh nng thu phn lm mm thc phm
Vi sinh vt
Kh nng ln men
Kh nng to mi
Kh nng phn hu
Kh nng thu phn
Bng 17. Cc hng bin i chung ca thc phm trong cng ngh
Nhit cao
Kh nng bin tnh cc cht hu c

Kh nng phn hu cc cht hu c
Kh nng mt nc
Kh nng to mu, to mi
Kh nng a t
Nhit thp
Kh nng mt nc, bin tnh (nhit ng lnh)

Kh nng a t (nhit ng lnh)
Thu phn nh (nhit ng lnh)
nh sng, cc tia
vt l
Kh nng gim thiu vi sinh vt

Bin tnh
Thay i mu, oxy ho
Nghin trn
Kh nng to gel
Kh nng trn ln, ho hp
Kh nng mt nc
Kh nng gn kt
Xay nh
Kh nng ct nh
Quay mui
Kh nng kh tp cht
Tng cng dn, cng
Kh nng mt nc
Kh nng ty trng
Vt l
C hc
4.2. KH NNG BIN I CA PROTEIN TRONG CH BIN V BO QUN

4.2.1. Hin tng bin tnh ca protein (protein degeneration)
1. Khi qut chung v hin tng bin tnh (to denature)
Di tc dng ca cc tc nhn vt l, ho hc, c khi c c hc u lm cho

protein b bin tnh. Ngha l xy ra s sp xp li cc nhm mch bn trong ni ti phn
t protein, cc cu trc bc cao b thay i do cc lin kt th cp, ch yu l lin kt
hydro b ph v. T lm cho protein b bin i tnh cht (to denature). Hin tng
gi l bin tnh protein.
Khi protein b bin tnh, tnh cht ca protein s thay i nh sau:
Mt tnh cht hot ng sinh hc

Mt kh nng ho tan trong nc
Mt kh nng kt tinh v nhng tnh cht l ho hc khc ( nht, sc cng b mt)
Bin i hnh dng v kch thc phn t
Tng cng b thu phn bi enzyme protease trong ng ng tiu ho
Cho n nay cha mt l thuyt no gii thch tho ng c ch ca cc qu trnh bin tnh
protein.
Cc qu trnh bin tnh protein di tc dng ca tc nhn gy bin tnh khc nhau s
khng ging nhau.
Tuy nhin trong s bin tnh ca globulin c nghin cu cn k hn c. Khi b bin
tnh, cc lin kt th cp trong phn t protein b ph v, mch polyPeptide b m,
protein b mt kh nng hp nc km theo gii phng cc nhm chc ( SH, S S ,
OH ) vn trc kia nm n su pha trong mch polyPeptide. V vy protein b bin tnh
cho phn ng mu c trng mnh hn. Cc mch polyPeptide b bin tnh thng lin kt
li vi nhau khng theo mt quy lut no c thnh mt tp hp ln, do bin tnh thng
lm cho protein b vn cc v kt ta.
Bin tnh protein lm vn cc v kt ta
(a)
(b)
(c)
(a): Mch polyPeptide cha b bin

tnh.
(b): Mch polyPeptide bin tnh
(c): Tp hp cc protein bin tnh
2. Tnh ph bin ca hin tng bin tnh protein v ngha ca vic nghin cu kh
nng bin tnh ca protein trong sn xut thc phm
Kh nng bin tnh ca protein nhit cao

Kh nng bin tnh ca protein nhit ng bng.
T l protein b bin tnh khng thun nghch trong qu trnh
ng lnh ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh:
S lng v kch thc ca tinh th nc

S n nh ca nhit trong khi bo qun
Thi gian bo qun
S c mt ca ph gia
Trng thi thc phm ban u
S m bng, bao gi
Tc tan bng
Kh nng bin tnh ca protein trong mi trng acid, kim

Kh nng bin tnh ca protein trong iu kin mi trng alcol
Kh nng bin tnh ca protein bi tanin
Kh nng bin ca protein di tc dng ca lc c hc nghin
trn

O
O
O
O
O
- piran
Flavan
Flavon
HO
OH
OH
Flavonol
Phenol
Flavonol
Ngng t
OH
OH
Cetaclin
Olygome
(Tanin)
Protein
Phc hp khng ho tan
OH
2. Tnh ph bin ca hin tng bin tnh protein v ngha ca vic nghin cu kh
nng bin tnh ca protein trong sn xut thc phm
Kh nng bin tnh ca protein nhit cao

Kh nng bin tnh ca protein nhit ng bng.
T l protein b bin tnh khng thun nghch trong qu trnh
ng lnh ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh:
S lng v kch thc ca tinh th nc

S n nh ca nhit trong khi bo qun
Thi gian bo qun
S c mt ca ph gia
Trng thi thc phm ban u
S m bng, bao gi
Tc tan bng

Kh nng bin tnh ca protein trong iu kin mi trng alcol
Kh nng bin ca protein di tc dng ca lc c hc nghin
trn
Kh nng bin ca protein di tc dng ca lc

c hc nghin trn
Lc gi
Lc gi
hay nghin trn
Protein cu trc
bc I, II, III, IV
hay nghin trn

Protein cu trc
bc I dui thng
Hnh 42. Kh nng to gel ca protein
Gel protein
4.2.2. Hin tng thu phn protein (decomposition, hydrolysis)

1. Khi qut chung
2. Qu trnh t phn gii (thu phn bng enzyme ni ti)
a. Tc t phn gii protein.
b. Cc yu t nh hng n s t phn gii (autolysis)
Ging loi
pH
Nng NaCl
Nhit
c. Tnh ph bin v ngha ca qu trnh t phn gii ca protein.
Qu trnh t phn gii s xy ra gn cui qu trnh t cng ca c tht. ng vt sau khi git
m, c sau khi nh bt nu khng c bo qun nhit thp (ice) s dn nhanh n qu
trnh t phn gii. Tu vo mc ch cng ngh m khng ch hay xc tin qu trnh ny. Trong
trng hp bo qun sn xut nguyn liu ng lnh th cn c bin php km hm qu trnh t
phn gii. Trng hp sn xut thc n chn th qu trnh t phn gii c ngha nng cao cht
lng mi, v cho sn phm. Bi l khi qu tnh t phn gii xy ra s lm cho thc phm thay
i v mt s tnh cht: c tht mm mi hn, hng v thm ngon hn khi gia nhit, m ln,
enzyme tiu ho d dng tc dng.
Cn lu : iu kin nhit cho qu trnh t phn gii thc phm cn thc hin
140C, nhit ny nhm khng ch s hot ng ca vi sinh vt thi ra. Tuy nhin cng c
th thc hin nhit cao hn (nhit thng) nhng c tm thm gia v v thc hin trong
thi gian ngn. V d: c trc khi rn ng hp, ngi ta p c vi ph gia v c t phn
gii trong 2h sau mi rn, kt qu lm cho c sau khi rn c v ngt hn, mi thm hn, c
mm mi hn, mu sc p hn
3. S thu phn protein bng cc tc nhn bn ngoi
a. Tc nhn l enzyme
H enzyme protein c chia lm 2 nhm:
Nhm 1: endoprotease: ch tc ng vo cc mi ni Peptide trung tm ca phn
t protein, phn ct phn t protein thnh nhng phn nh hn. Thuc loi enzyme
ny gm c pepsin, tripsin, chimotripsin, papain.
Nhm 2: exopeptidase: l cc loi enzyme thu phn cc mi ni Peptide u
mch, kt qu ln lt gii phng cc acid amin t do. Thuc nhm ny gm c
cacboxypeptindase, aminopeptindase, dipeptindase
b. Thu phn bng tc nhn ho hc (acid, kim)
Thu phn bng acid:
Cc lin kt Peptide l lin nh dng (nh phn tch phn cc phn ng thu
phn) cho nn cc lin kt ny cng b cc yu t acid, kim tc ng thu phn.
Khi cho protein vo mi trng acid, tu theo tng loi acid, nng ca chng,
nhit v thi gian m sn phm s khc nhau (acid amin, Peptide, pepton). Tuy
nhin cn lu rng: khi thu phn trong mi trung acid th khng xy ra hin tng
raxemic ho, triptophan b ph hu, mt phn acid amin c cha lu hunh v mt s
loi oxyt acid b ph hu.
Thu phn bng kim
Khi thu phn trong mi trng kim cn lu hin tng raxemic ho xy ra lm
mt kh nng tiu ho cho ngi v ng vt, arginin b ph hu v phn ln cc acid
amin cha lu hunh b ph hu
V l nhng l do trn m khng ch bin thc phm thu phn bng tc nhn thu
phn l kim.
4. ngha ca phn ng thu phn trong sn xut thc phm
4.2.3. Qu trnh thi ra ca protein

1. Khi qut chung v cc qu trnh phn ng thi ra protein
Protein
Protease
H2O
Vi khun gy thi ra
Acid amin
Peptide
Sn phm thi ra
Phn ng chm
Phn ng nhanh
a. Phn ng kh amin ca acid amin

b. Mt s phn ng phn hu acid amin ring bit
S phn hu arginin
S phn hu prolin
S phn hu cystin v cystein
S phn hu triptophan
S phn hu glutamic v acid aspactic
S phn hu histidin thnh histamin, s phn gii lizin thnh cadaverin, s
phn gii phenylalanin thnh phenylethylamin.
c. Phn hu cc cht c m khc
Phn hu creatinin
Phn hu lecithin
Phn hu base purin
Phn hu phosphoproteit v nucleoproteit
2. Tc thi ra v nhn t nh hng

a. Tc thi ra
b. Cc nhn t nh hng n tc thi ra
Tnh cht c tht.
nh hng ca nhit
nh hng ca pH
nh hng ca s lng vi sinh vt ban u
4.2.4. Chiu hng bin i ca protein di tc ng ca mi trng cng ngh

Bng 18. Chiu hng bin i ca protein di tc ng ca mi trng cng ngh
Yu t
Cng ngh
Chiu hng bin i c li
Chiu hng bin i khng c li
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Nhit
thp
Lnh ng
(Frozen)
Lm lnh
(Chilling)
Luc, chn, nu,
hp
Bin tnh thun nghch

Nc kt bng - bo qun
protein
Bin tnh khng thun nghch

Mt nc protein kh xc.
Thu phn nh tu thuc thi gian
To gel thi im nht nh
Bo qun protein
Thu phn tu thuc thi gian.

Bin tnh, nng cao kh nng

tiu ho.
Thu phn to v ngt, mi
thm
Mi v tng cng
Bin tnh, nng cao kh nng
tiu ho.
Thu phn nng cao cht
lng mi v v kh nng
tiu ho
Mt nc
Phn ng chy protein to CO2 +

H2O, lm mt nc.
Tc phn ng tu thuc vo
phng php v k thut cng
ngh
Ho hp vi ph gia, a t phn t.
Phn hu protein nu thi gian ko
di.
Nhit
cao
Sy, nng
Nhit
thng
T phn gii tng mi v.

Ch thc hin thi gian ngn
Bng 18. Chiu hng bin i ca protein di tc ng ca mi trng cng ngh

Bo qun
Xay nghin
To ru cao t acid amin (cng ngh ln

men bia)
To ethanol, acid hu c
To mi thm nc mm do vi sinh vt
ym kh trao i cht c acid amin tham
gia (Cng ngh sn xut nc mm)
Enzyme ca vi sinh vt tham gia.
Thu phn protein c to acid amin,
Peptide.
To phn ng cho mi thm
Hn ch mt nc ca protein (lm bn
protein)
Ct mch protein
Nghin gi
Bin tnh - to gel
Thu phn mnh ,khng xy ra hin

tng raxemic
Mu sc v mi protein thit c c ci
thin
Ln men bia, ru
Vi sinh
vt
Ln men sn xut
nc mm
Tm
gia v
Lc tc
dng
c hc
Sn xut sn
phm thu phn
Ra kh mi tht
Acid
c trong cng
ngh sn xut
surimi
p sut Hm (ninh)
cao
Bin tnh - tng kh nng tiu ho, lm

mm sn phm
Phn hu protein c
mc
Ln men sn xut cc
sn phm
Vi sinh vt phn hu
sn phm thu phn
to sn phm cp thp
gy mi kh chu cho
nc mm.
D phn hu nu thi
gian ko di, nhit
thch hp cho hot ng
ca vi khun gy thi
- Mu xm nu thi
gian ko di.
- Phn hu mt s acid
amin.
- Thu phn ct mch,
gim to gel
-
Phn hu mt phn
acid amin
4.3 KH NNG BIN I CA GLUCID TRONG CH BIN V BO QUN

4.3.1. S thu phn ca glucid
* C ch thu phn tinh bt bng enzyme amylase
* Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh thu phn tinh bt
+ Nhit :
+ pH:
+ Nng c cht :
* C ch thu phn cellulosec Reese 1950 v cng s a ra m hnh sau y

Cellulose
t nhin
C1
Cellulose
hot ng
Cx
ng ho tan
(Cellobiose)
Theo Rid th s phn hu cellulose nh enzyme theo s sau :

Cellulose t nhin
Cellulase C1
Mch polyglucozidee hydrat ho
Cellulase Cx
Cellobiose
Cellobiase
Glucose
Cellobiase
Glucose
Qu trnh thu phn glucid kh ph bin trong

thc t sn xut thc phm nh :
- Trong cng ngh ln men ru, alcol t tinh bt, r
ng.
- Cng ngh sn xut bnh m.
- Cng ngh sn xut malt v nu dch ln men bia.
- Cng ngh sn xut tng.
- Cng ngh sn xut ng glucose, maltose.
- Cng ngh sn xut Agar, alginat, chitosan
- Cng ngh sn xut ng nghch o.
- Ln men sn xut sa chua
4.3.2. Mt s kiu phn gii khc

Con ng phosphorolise: c th ni theo kiu phn gii ny acid phosphoric s
thay th vai tr ca nc qu trnh thu phn. Phn ng tin hnh theo kiu
phosphorilase ch tc dng vo lin kt 1,4 ca tinh bt v s dng li khi ti lin kt
1,6. Tc dng ca n ch c tip tc khi lin kt 1,6 c gii phng nh enzyme
amilo 1,6-glucozidase. C th coi phosphorilase l loi enzyme glucozidetranspherase.
Qu trnh phn ng c tip din v to nn hng lot cc phn t glucose-1-phosphat.
S phn gii ca glycogen cng tin hnh tng t. Cc disaccarit cng b tc
dng ca enzyme phosphorilase to ln cc dn xut ca monosaccarit tng ng ng
thi gii phng monosaccarit th 2.
Maltose
CH2OH
H
HO
O
H
OH
OH
Maltosephotphorilase
CH2OH
H
H
O
O
H
OH
OH
G P v G
CH2OH
H
OH
H
HO
O
H
CH2OH
H
H
O
OH
OH
O
H
+
OH
OPOH HO
OH
H
OH
H
OH
4.3.3. Phn ng mt nc, a t nhit cao ca glucozide (hin tng caramen ho)
* Giai on u :
Khi nhit t n nhit nng chy, saccharose b mt nc ni phn ng thi
ct mch to cc sn phm theo phng trnh sau y:
C12H22O11
-H2O
C6H10O5 + C6H10O5.
Glucosan
Levulosan
* Giai on tip theo:

Khi nhit tng n 1851900C, hai sn phm ny li a t vi nhau to
izosaccarosan, ng thi cc izosaccarosan li a t v mt nc to sn phm caramelan
mu vng (tng lng nc mt 10%).
C6H10O5 + C6H10O5
C12H22O11
C12H20O10
-H2O
(izosaccarosan)
C24H36O18 (caramelan)
Sn phm caramelan li tip tc ngng t vi izosaccarosan v mt 3 phn t nc to

sn phm caramelen. Tng lng nc mt trong thi k ny l 14%. Caramelen c mu
nu, v ng.
-3H2O
C24H36O18
C36H50O35 (caramelen)
* Giai on cui:
Khi nhit tip tc tng, thi gian gia nhit ko di, lng nc mt i 25%, cc sn phm tip
tc a t v mt nc to caramelin c mu nu en, v ng.
4.3.4. Kh nng to gel ca glucid.

1. Kh nng to gel tinh bt :
OH
OH
OH
OH
Nghin, gi
hoc t0 cao
n
HO
OH
HO
HO
HO
HO
Cu trc xon phn t amylose
Xut hin ni
lc ma st
Gel n hi
Cc phn t mt
cu trc xon
Nghin, gi
(hoc ngui)
2. Kh nng to gel ca alginat
Ca2+
Cu trc dng li gel alginatcanxi

dng v trng (Egg-box)
Cu trc phn t alginat t do
NH3+
NH3+
OOC
NH3+
NH3+
COO
NH3+
Chitosan
COO
OOC
Alginat
COO
COO
Gel alginat-chitozan
NH3+
Chitosan
NH3+
NH3+
COO
COO
NH3+
NH3
OOC
OOC
COO
NH3+
OOC
NH3+
OOC
Ca2
COO
Alginat
COO
Alginat
NH3+
Chitosan
COO
Alginat
Chitosan
COO
COO
NH3+
NH3+
NH3+
To gel kp alginat chitosan v Ca2+
Kh nng to gel ca alginat
3. Kh nng to gel ca agar:
4. Kh nng to gel ca carrageenan
Protein
NH 3+
COO
SO42 -
NH 3+
COO
SO42 -
NH 3+
COO
SO42 -
NH 3+
SO42 -
Carrageenan
SO42 -
Ca2+
Ca2+
Ca2+
SO42 -
SO42 -
Carrageenan
SO42 -
SO42 -
SO42 -
SO42 -
SO42 -
SO42 -
SO42 -
NH 3+
NH 3+
NH 3+
NH 3+
Protein
Hnh 45. Kh nng trn ln v to gel gia carrageenan v protein
4.3.4. Phn ng oxi ho kh glucid

1. S oxy ho kh gin tip (oxy ho kh sinh hc)
Glucose
A.nucleic
Chu trnh
pentose
Fructose 1,6 diphosphat

Triose
Alanin
Glyxin
Cistein
Serin
Leuxin
Valin
Pentose
Glyxerin
Pyrivic
Acetylco.A
Ethanol
Lactic
Acetic
Formic
Butyric
Acid bo
OxaloAcetic
NADH + H+
Xitric
FADH2
FAD
NAD
NADH + H+
Fumaric NAD
Aspactic
Lyzin
Treinin
Izoleuxin
Lipid
- xetoglutaric
Xuccinic
NAD
Glutamic
Prolin
Arginin
NADH + H+
Protein
Hnh 46. S oxy ho kh sinh hc glucose cung cp nng lng v sn phm ln men
2. Oxy ho trc tip

Glucose
Oxy ho
Gluconic
Sn phm thm mu
4.3.5. Bin i ca glucid trong bo qun rau qu sau thu hoch

1. c tnh sinh hc ca nguyn liu rau qu
2. Cc qu trnh sinh ho xy ra sau khi thu hi v thi gian bo qun rau qu
H hp hiu kh: khi rau qu c tip xc vi oxy khi
C6H12O6 + O2
6CO2 + 6H2O + 282.104J
(Glucose)
Khi d chui h hp hot ng
C6H12O6
NAD
O2
NADH
O 2
+H
Mch chuyn proton H+, e
H2
O
ATP ATP ATP
Khi 2/3 lng nhit to ra mi trng xung quanh cn 1/3 dng cho vic duy tr
qu trnh sng ca rau qu hoc d tr di dng ATP, lc ny nhit ca khi rau qu s
tng ln.
H hp ym kh xy ra trong mi trng khng c oxy hoc lng oxy trong cc t
bo khng . Qu trnh h hp ny v c bn ging nh qu trnh ln men c phng trnh
ho hc nh sau:
C6H12O6
2C2H5OH + 2CO2 + 11,7.104J
Phn ng ny c sinh nhit nhng nhit lng to ra nh hn gn 24 ln so vi h
hp hiu kh, ru sinh ra t qu trnh ny tch t trong cc t bo, c ch s sng ca chng
v l nguyn nhn gy ng bn trong rau qu.
Mc tin trin ca qu trnh h hp c c trng bng cng h hp, c
biu th bng s miligam CO2 to ra t 1kg rau qu trong thi gian 1 gi.
Ngi ta thy rng cng h hp ca rau qu thay i theo tng thi k pht
trin ca chng t khi pht trin cho n khi gi, cht. Qua th hnh [47] v trn cho thy,
thi k bt u sinh trng v pht trin ca cc t bo, cng h hp gim nhanh chng
theo thi gian (1). n thi k th (2) khi t bo pht trin mnh, tc ca cng h
hp c chm hn v t ti cc tiu khi qu pht trin y v bt u qu trnh chn (3).
i vi mt s loi qu hch, qu nhiu ht, chui, i, xoi... qu trnh chn bt u
t khi cng h hp t ti cc tiu (3) v tng ln nhanh chng trong qu trnh chn, t
n im cc i (4) khi qu chn hon ton (qu trnh chn t 3 n 4). y l thi k
chuyn ho mnh m cc cht trong thnh phn ho hc ca rau qu lm cho cht lng ca
chng t n gi tr cao nht. Giai on tng cng h hp (t 3 n 4) ny c gi l
s tng climacteric. Nhng loi qu m c s tng nhanh v cng h hp trong qu trnh
chn v t ti gi tr cc i khi chn hon ton gi l qu climacteric
CO2 (g/100g/24h)
3.5
3.0
1
2.5
2.0
1.5
5
1.0
cl
0.5
m
IV
VIII
VII
II
Thng
Hnh 47. ng hc ca s h hp trong qu

trnh pht trin ca rau qu.
Giai on
Hnh 48. S v cng h hp qua cc thi k

pht trin ca rau qu
Giai on gi
Chu k Climactevic
qui trnh chn
Giai on sp chn
Giai on pht trin
Cng h hp
3. Nhng yu t nh hng n tc ca cc qu trnh sinh ho trong rau qu

a. Nhit
b. m tng i ca khng kh
c. Thnh phn khng kh ca mi trng
4. chn ca rau qu
- chn thu hi
- chn k thut
- chn s dng
- chn sinh l
5. Nhng bin i ca rau qu trong qu trnh chn
* Nhng bin i glucid trong thnh phn ho hc ca qu trnh chn.
* Nhng bin i v trng thi vt l, sinh l, ho l
* Nhng bin i v ch tiu cm quan
* Mt s p dng vic nghin cu qu trnh bin i sinh ho glucid ca rau qu sau thu
hoch bo qun v dm chn
4.4. KH NNG BIN I CA LIPIT TRONG CH BIN V BO QUN

4.4.1. S thu phn lipit
Di tc dng ca cc yu t nhit , ho cht kim, acid, enzyme lipase, lipit
thng b thu phn to thnh cc sn phm n gin nh acid bo, glycerin, baz nit,
acid phosphoric
Triglycerit
axit bo + glycerin
Leuxithin
Axit bo + baz nit + glycerin + axit phosphoric
Xfalin
Trng hp thu phn bng kim s to thnh x phng v glycerin (qu trnh x
phng ho).
Ch s Xa ca lipit tng dn theo thi gian do acid bo hnh thnh ngy cng tng.
Hin tng du m ho chua trong bo qun cng do qu trnh thu phn lipit gy
nn.
Trong sn xut thc phm thng phi phng trnh hin tng ny, bi v qu
trnh thu phn l qu trnh m u cho phn ng oxy ho cht bo lm gim nhanh
cht lng thc phm.
4.4.2. S nh ho lipit
Hnh 48. S to nh tng bn ca lipit trong mi trng kim
4.4.3. S i ho lipit
1. i ho do phn ng thu phn
2. i ho do phn ng oxy ho kh
a. i ho ho hc
b. i ho sinh hc
4.5. NHNG BIN I C BN CA VITAMINE
4.5.1. Gii thiu chung v vitamine v kh nng bin i ca chng
1.Gii thiu chung v vitamine
2. Cc chiu hng bin i chung ca vitamine
Cc yu t mi trng
O2, t0 cao, acid, cht oxy ho
nh sng, m, khng kh, pH
kim
Hydrogen trong mi trng t0
cao, p sut cao
Nhit , cht oxy ho, pH acid.
Mi trng kim, tia t ngoi.
Chiu hng bin i

- Oxy ho mt hot tnh sinh hc.
- Mc ph thuc vo thi gian tc dng
- Phn gii phn t mt hot tnh sinh hc
- Mc ph thuc vo thi gian tc dng
- S no ho lm thay i cu trc - mt
hot tnh sinh hc.
- Bn, t thay i
- L cht chng oxy ho
- B ph hy mt hot tnh sinh hc.
Loi
Vitamine
Vitamine A
Vitamine B6
Vitamine B1
Vitamine B12
Vitamine B3
Vitamine A
Vitamine E
Vitamine C
Vitamine E
Vitamine B1
4.5.2. Nhng tnh cht, chc nng v s bin i ca mt s vitamine trong cng ngh
thc phm.
1. Viamin A
a. Cu to, tnh cht, chc nng.
b. Vitamine A v provitamin A trong thc phm - nh hng ca cc qu trnh bo
qun v ch bin ti hm lng vitamm A.
Ngun gc
Hm lng vitamine A trong mt s sn phm
2. Vitamime D:
b. Vitamine D trong thc phm v kh nng bin i ca chung trong bo qun v ch
bin thc phm
3. Vitamm E (tocoferol)
4. Vitamine B1:
b. S tn ti ca vitamine B1 trong t nhin.
5. Vitamine B6
b. Bo qun v ch bin
6. Vitamine C:(acid ascocbic)
b. Tnh cht cng ngh
c. Bin php bo v vitamine C trong ch bin v bo qun

7. Vitamine B12:
CHNG 5
KH NNG BIN I CA CHT MU
THC PHM TRONG QU TRNH
CNG NGH
5.1. NGHA CA CC SC T TRONG SN XUT THC PHM
C th thc hin iu bng nhng cch sau:

1.
Xy dng mt quy trnh gia cng nguyn liu bn thnh phm bo

ton c ti a cc mu c sn trong nguyn liu.
2.
Tch ra, c c v bo qun cc cht mu t chnh nguyn liu thc vt

hoc t cc nguyn liu khc giu mu sc. Sau t cc cht mu t
nhin c c ny c th dng nhum mu cho chnh nguyn liu
m thu c cht mu hoc cho nhng dng nguyn liu hon ton
khc.
3.
Tng hp nhn to cc cht mu ging cht mu t nhin ca sn phm

thc phm ri dng chng nhum mu cho cc sn phm khc m
dng t nhin khng mnh hoc b mt mu ban u do qu trnh ch
bin.
4.
Dng cc bin php k thut thch hp iu chnh cc phn ng theo

chiu to ra nhng cht mu mi t nhng hp phn c trong nguyn
liu.
5.
Tm bin php k thut ty ra cc mu sc khng thch hp lm tng

cht lng to iu kin thun li cho cc qu trnh tip theo nh ty mu
dung dch ng, nc qu, du n, rong bin, du c, agar
5.2. CC SC T T NHIN
5.2.1. Dip lc t (Clorofil)
Cu to ca 2 loi clorofil nh sau:

C55H72O5N4Mg
- Clorofil A
C55H70O6N4Mg
- Clorofil B
Clorofil B c mu sc nht hn clorofil A, t l clorofil B/clorofil A l 1/3.
* Mt s tnh cht ca clorofil:
Clorofil protein
T0 cao
Dch bo cha acid thot ra pH
Clorofil + Protein bin tnh
Kh
XH2
(tc nhn kh)
Feofitin + MgX2
Mu xm Oliu
Clorofil-A + Kim (C32H30ON4Mg)(COONa)2 + CH3OH + Ru fitol
Clorofil-B + Kim (C32H28O2N4Mg)(COONa)2 + CH3OH + Ru fitol
5.2.2. Carotenoid
* Tnh cht
* Licopin
* Xantofil
* Capxantin
* Criptoxantin.
Protein
CH3+
* Bicxin
* Xitroxantin
O
O
H3C CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
H3C CH3
O
O
NH3+ NH3+
Protein
Dng lin kt ca astaxantin vi protein
CH3+
5.2.3. Cc sc t flavonoid
* Antoxian
* Flavonol
5.3. MU SC THC PHM C HNH THNH TRONG QU TRNH CNG
NGH
Phn ng gia ng v acid amin (malanoidin)

Phn ng dehydrat ho cc ng hay phn ng caramen ho.
Phn ng phn hu acid ascobic, limonic, maleic, tactric v mt s acid hu c
khc.
Phn ng hp cht phenol + acid amin (quinonamin)
Phn ng oxy ho cc hp cht ca st v to thnh phc c mu.
Phn ng to nn cc sunfua kim loi c mu
Phn ng oxy ho phenol, phn ng chy ca lipid.
5.3.1. To mu mi do phn ng caramen

5.3.2. S to mu mi do phn ng melanoidin`
1. Mt s giai on ch yu ca Melanoidin
a. Giai on u
O
O
1 C H
2 C OH
R
ng glucose
1 C H
COOH
+
COOH
2 CH HN C R
H2N C R
R
H
Phc ng amin
H
Acid amin
* Chuyn v amadori
O
1 H
C
2 CH HN C R
R
COOH
COOH
Phc ng amin
2 1
R C CH2 HN CH R
1-amin-1-dexoxi-2-xetose
O
(dng xeton)
COOH
R C = CH HN CH R
Mt s giai on ch yu ca Melanoidin
OH 1-amin-1-dexoxi-2-xetose
(dng enon)
b. Giai on trung gian
5
H2O
Fufurol
Acid amin
Aldehyd
Sn phm
trung gian
H2O
Reducton
Acid amin
Phn hu ng
1-amin-1-dezoxi-2-xetose
3
Aldehyd
Ketone
DiAcetyl
Acid amin
H2O
Ozon
Aldehyd
Sn phm
trung gian
Aldehyd
Sn phm
trung gian
a t
To
mu
Hnh 49. Cc ng hng phn ng giai on trung gian ca melanoidin
a t
c. Giai on cui cng ca phn ng melanoidin

* Phn ng ngng t aldol
OH
O
O
H CH2 C
+
H
H
Axetaldehyd
Axetaldehyd
* Phn ng trng hp ha to sn phm vng
V d 1:
NH2
CHO
+ [O]
CH2
CH2
+
CHO
NH2
CH3 C
aldehydaminAcetic
V d 2:
R C C R
CH3 CH CH2 C
Andol
O
H
N
+
3H2O
N
Pirazin
R
+ 2 NH3
R
NH
Dn xut imidazol
* Phn ng to nn cc melanoidin c mu nu, khng tan trong nc
Phn ng ngng t
Polyme khng no
Polyme khng no
ho tan trong nc
khng ho tan trong nc
Mu m
Mu m
Phn ng trng hp
O O
R CHO
3 H2O
Sn phm Melanoidin
2. Cc yu t nh hng v iu kin xy ra phn ng melanoidin

Cng mi thm, mu sc ca phn ng ph thuc vo cc yu t sau y.
Bn cht acid amin

Bn cht cc loi ng
T l acid amin so vi ng
nh hng ca hm m
Nhit
pH mi trng
Mt s iu kin khc
nh hng ca hm m
nh hng ca cht km hm
3. Tnh ph bin ca melanoidin
5.3.3. S to thnh cc cht mu do s oxy ho cc phenol
1. Cc hp phn ca phenol
a. ng phn thun nghch do C3 gy ra
b. ng phn d cu th do C2 gy ra
2. Tnh cht chung ca hp cht polyphenol

a. Phn ng oxy ho kh
a. Phn ng oxy ho
Polyphenol
O2
Octoquinol
H2O
Polyphenol
O2
AH2
Octoquinol
H2O
b. Phn ng cng
OH
O
O
CH2 CH COOH
SH
Octoquinon
NH2
OH
CH CH COOH
Acid amin Cistein
SH
NH2
c. Phn ng ngng t
Polyphenol
O2
Octoquinon + Glucose
n(Octoquinon)
3. Chc nng cc polyphenol
Polyphenoloxydase
Octoquinon
(1)
Polyphenol + CO2 + H2O
(2)
Flobafen (c mu nu hoc nu en)
(3)
4. C ch ca phn ng to mu do oxy ho kh cc polyphenol

a. Oxy ho
OH
O
HO
OH
HO
O2
Polyphenoloxydase
OH
OH
OH
OH
Octoquinon
b. Ngng t to thnh dime
HO
Ngng t
OH
O
OH
OH
OH
OH
O
HO
O
OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
HO
HO
OH
OH
Diphenolquinon
c. S to thnh bisflavanol
OH
O
HO
OH
CHOH
OH
OH
OH
OH
+
Tng tc
HO
Octoquinon
+
OH
OH
O
HO
HO
OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
O
HO
OH
O
HO
OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
Diphenolquinon
Bisflavanol
d. S to thnh teaflavin
OH
OH
HO
HO
OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
O
HO
HO
Polyphenol
OH
O
OH
OH
OH
HO
e. Phn ng to thnh tearubigin
Teaflavin
OH
OH
O
COOH
H2C
HO
OH
Teaflavin
OH
COOH
Tearubigin
S tng qut v s to mu do phn ng oxy ho kh

enzyme v phi enzyme ca polyphenol
Polyphenol
[O2]
Polyphenoloxydase
[Octoquinon]2
Ngng t
Diphenolquinon
Kh
Diphenolquinon
Oxy ho phi enzyme
Otoquinon Biflavonol
Teaflavin (vng)
Oxy ho phi enzyme
Tearubigin ()
Oxy ho phi enzyme
5.3.4. S to mu mi do phn ng quinonamin
Cc sn phm c mu mi khng nhng do phn ng oxy ho v ngng t

cc polyphenol m cn do phn ng ngng t octoquinon v acid amin. Do
ngi ta thng gi l phn ng polyphenolamin hay l phn ng quinonamin.
Phn ng ngng t quinon v acid amin c th xy ra theo 2 giai on
* Giai on I.
Cc octodiphenol b oxy ho di tc dng ca polyphenoloxydase v s c
mt oxy to thnh parahydroxyoctobenzoquinon.
* Giai on II
Parahydroxyoctobenzoquinon tip tc ngng t vi acid amin to thnh
polyphenolamin. Sau cc cht trung gian ny bin i tip tc, kt qu to thnh
cc aldehyd c gc R ca acid amin c mi thm v cc sn phm quinonamin a
t cho mu t vng da cam n tu theo acid tham gia. S tng qut ca phn
ng quinon amin c trnh by trn hnh [50].
OH
HO
OH
H
OH
Polyphenol
OH
HO
O2
Enzyme
HO
+ R1 CH COOH
NH2
OH
OH
O2
Enzyme
NH3
HO
OH
NH2
NH CH COOH
OH
R2CHO
HO
OH
HO
- CO2
HO
N = CH R2 Decacboxylase
NH CH COOH
R1
NH CH COOH
R1
+ R2 CH COOH
NH2
NH CH COOH
R2
NH CH COOH
OH
OH
R1
R1
H2O
H
OH
- H2 O
R1
H2O
H
Quinon
HO
NH CH COOH
OH
O
H
OH
OH
O
OH
Hnh 50. S phn ng quinonamin
OH
R2
NH CH COOH
NH CH COOH
R1
5.4. K THUT GI MU HOC LM THAY I MU THC PHM

5.4.1. K thut gi mu thc phm
* C s khoa hc v cc bin php k thut gi mu xanh ca dip lc t
Mu xanh dip lc t thng c nhiu trong rau xanh, ch xanh, u xanh
Trong qu trnh gia cng k thut nh luc rau, xo rau, thanh trng hp rau,
u, sy ch thng mu xanh b bin i, nu khng c bin php k thut
tng ng gi mu xanh
C s khoa hc cc bin php k thut da vo tnh cht ca clorofil.
Clorofil Protein
T0 cao acid dch bo thot ra, pH
Thu phn
gim, protein bin tnh
Clorofil
Kim
H2X, pH thp
Cu
Xanh m
Xanh sng
Fe
Nu
Al
Xm
Feofitin (mu xm oliu)
Nh vy, vn mu cht lm mt mu clorofil l do mi trng pH thp

ca dch bo thot ra. Do vy cn c bin php khng ch yu t ny l.
Gia nhit nhanh trn mi trng nc ln khong 34 lt/Kg nhm khng ch s
gim pH.
Gia nhit trong mi trng c cacbonat kim hoc kim th (nhm trung ho acid
dch bo, tng pH), mt khc clorofil trong kim cho mu xanh.
B sung dinatriglutamat vo mi trng nc nu.
Nhum mu clorofil kim cho u trc khi vo hp.
i vi sn xut ch xanh: bin php chn ch xanh trc khi sy, mc ch tiu dit
enzyme polyphenoloxydase hn ch s hnh thnh mu nu , vng ca phn ng
mu do oxy ho polyphenol. Tuy nhin phi ch iu kin chn vi thi gian nhanh,
nc ln lm mu xanh khng b bin i hoc b sung cacbonat kim hoc kim
th vo mi trng nc chn ch.
* Trong sn xut hp, bin php quan trng l thm rutin bo v mu , vng
ca anh o, mn. B sung thm tanin, ascobic bo v mu ca du ty, anh
o.
5.4.2. K thut lm thay i mu thc phm
1. Tc nhn vt l
* nh sng
nh sng c kh nng lm tng cng hay lm mt mu, chng hn
Lm mt mu rong , agar khi phi nng
Lm thm mu nc mm, nc ng, mt ma khi phi nng
* Nhit cao
Nhit cao c kh nng lm thay i mu ca thc phm. V d nhit cao lm

mt mu xanh xm ca tm v chuyn sang mu . Nhit cao lm tng cng mu thuc
l, ch en khi sy. Nhit cao iu chnh mu ca malt vng v malt thm khi sy.
Qua cho thy tc ng ca nhit cao ln cc phng din sau
Phn hu cht mu, hoc xc tin phn ng kh cht mu.
Xc tin cc phn ng to mu polyphenolamin, melanoidin, quinonamin,
caramen
Tng cng oxy ho cht mu c sn trn nguyn liu lm thay i mu (hin
tng tm khi gia nhit).
2. Tc nhn ho hc
* m
nh hng ln n qu trnh thay i mu. m khc nhau cho cng mu khc
nhau (v d qu trnh sy malt, qu trnh c c mt qu)
* pH mi trng.
pH ca mi trng nh hng n cu trc phn t cht mu do vy c vai tr lm
thay i mu ca cht mu. V d: mu xm ca tm s chuyn sang mu khi a tm
vo mi trng acid. Mu xanh dip lc t s mt i v chuyn thnh mu xm oliu khi
c mt acid, ngc li mu xanh s gi c khi mi trng c kim.
* S hin din ca cc phn ng ho hc

Phn ng caramen ho
C12H22O11
H2O
C12H20O10
H2O
C12H18O9
H2O
Trng hp
C36H50O25
H2O
(C3H2O)x
(cht mu humin)
19H2O
C96H102O51
(Caramenlin)
Trng hp
C36H48O24
(Caramenlen)
Hoc vit cng thc: Cm(H2O)n
Khi t l m/n = 1.3 th sn phm c mu.

Tng qut:
Khi mt 12% H2O to sn phm l caramenlan (vng)
Khi mt 15% H2O to sn phm l caramenlen (vng m)
Khi mt 20% H2O to sn phm l caramenlin (vng nu)

Khi mt > 20% H2O to sn phm l humin (mu en)
T0 = 1200C: phn ng bt u
T0 = 1602000C: phn ng tng nhanh
T0 = 4000C chy thnh than
(Caramenlan)
Phn ng phn hu ng nhit cao thnh hp cht humin ging sn phm caramen ho
O
O
O
OH
C
C
C
O
H
H
H
CC=C
n. HO C H
HO C
HO C
H
n
Phn ng ny ph bin trong cc qu trnh nh
* Sy sn phm gia v nhit cao
* Sy malt c bit (1702200C)
Phn ng Maye Melanoidin
C cht tham gia phn ng ny gm c
ng hoc sn phm phn hu ng nhit cao.
Nhm amin trong cc cht (amit, acid amin, Peptide, amoniac).
iu kin ca phn ng nh sau
T l ng/amin.
Nhit (nhit bt u l 300C, t = 600C tng nhanh, t = 1200C tng rt nhanh).
Mi trng kim hay acid u xy ra.
m: W 90% th khng phn ng, W 30% phn ng rt thun li.
(Phn ng ny thng gp trong ch bin thc phm: cc qu trnh gia nhit, qu trnh
c c cc sn phm mt qu, ng, c chua, sy malt, sy sn phm gia v, nng sn
phm gia v).
Phn ng to hp cht phenol vi ion st

Dioxiphenylamin
Phenylalamin
Tyrozin
Fe3+
Mu tm xm
Fe2+ to phc mu xanh vi hp cht cha amin v hydroxin

Fe2+
C CH
C=C
(Mu xanh)
O N OH
N OH
Phn ng oxy ha kh: ch yu do hp cht phenol
[O2]
Ngng t
Hp cht phenol
Quinon
Flobaphen ( nu hoc nu en)
Oxydase
Phn ng ny ph bin trong cc qu trnh sau:
Tm bin en
Bt m thm en
To ct thm en
Qu trnh bin mu thm ca dch ln men bia khi lm lnh
To mu ca nc mm
Sn xut ch en, ch
3. Tc nhn ho l
4. Tc nhn vi sinh vt
5. Tc nhn sinh hc khc
5.4.3. Cc bin i c bn ca cht mu khi c tc dng ca cc tc nhn lm thay i mu
Thay i cu trc phn t (v d: carotenoid trong du c b mt mu khi chng c

cng hydro lm thay i cu to.
C=C
+ H2
(C mu)
C=C
(Khng mu)
Cc nhm mu c to thnh hay b bao vy. Astaxanthin c nhm mang mu trn 2

vng thm, khi nhm mang mu gn vi protein, chng c mu xm.
Cc cht mu b phn hu - thay i tnh cht, v d: mu tan mu khng tan (ch
v b ch).
C th b hp th dn n thay i mu
Mu thay i ko theo thay i mi, v v mt s tnh cht sinh hc khc
5.4.4. Cc bin php k thut lm thay i mu thc phm
1. Bin php to mu
To mu bng phn ng ho hc melanoidin quinonamin, polyphenolamin
To mu bng cch b sung mu t ngoi.
To mu bng cch chuyn t mu ny sang mu khc nh cc yu t cng ngh
2. Ty mu cho thc phm

* Cc bin php vt l.
Dng cc phng php: lng, lc, khuy, o trn lm mu trng ra
(nh bin php qut ko, ty mu ko. Dng nng lng h (t ngoi) ty
mu rong , agar).
* Cc bin php ho l.
S hp ph: dng cht hp ph c kh nng hp ph cc cht mu ln b
mt cht hp ph v loi cht mu ra khi sn phm bng phng php lc b
cht hp ph sau khi hp ph. Phng php ny thch hp cho dng dung dch,
v d: ty mu cho du c, nc mm xut khu, dch alginat, agar
Cc trng hp hp ph
Hp ph phn t: ton b phn t cht khng in ly b hp ph
Ad + M AdM
Ad: Cht hp ph
M: Cht mu hp ph
Hp ph ion:
Hp ph ion n gin: l s hp ph ch xy ra vi mt loi ion trn b mt cht hp
ph cha in tch.
V d: Ad - + ( B + + AC - ) AdB + AC Hp ph thu ho: trn b mt cht hp ph trung ho in.
V d: Ad + ( B + + AC - ) + H 2 O AdHAC + B + + OH Hp th trao i ion: trn b mt hp ph v chuyn tn vo dung dch mt lng
ion c cng din tch.
Ad - ( X + ) + ( B + + AC - ) Ad - B + + ( X + + AC - )
Trong X+ v B+ l nhng ion c trao i.

tnh ton trong qu trnh hp ph, trong cng ngh thc phm thng p dng phng
trnh ng nhit thc nghim ca Freundlich.
Trong : X: l lng cht b hp ph
1
X
M: lng cht hp ph
= k .C n
M
C: nng cn bng ca cht b hp ph
k, n: l hng s thc nghim cho mi cht b hp ph,
cht b hp ph v mi nhit khc nhau.
i vi vic kim tra sn xut thng s dng phng trnh di dng logarit
x: l lng cht b hp ph khi cn bng %,
X 1
Trong
:
lg
= lg C + lg k
m: lng cht hp ph
M n
C: nng cui (cn bng) ca cht b hp ph %
x
,: hng s ph thuc vo cht lng cht hp
hay
= .C.
m
ph.
Trong :
x
a.c
=
(1)
m b+c
x: lng cht b hp ph
m: lng cht hp ph
a: h s b hp ph
b: h s hp ph
c: lng cht mang mu cn li sau khi qu trnh hp ph
cn bng
Khi mun kh mu trit th c phi l v cng b. Khi phng trnh (1) s

tng ng
x a.c
x.b
=
c=
m
b
m
mun cho c tin n v cng b th m tin n v cng ln.

Tnh cht ca cht hp ph l n c th ht 4050% sn phm theo trng
lng ca n, do s gy hao tn du hoc cht dinh dng trong nc qu cn ty
mu.
Hnh 51. Quy trnh cng ngh ty mu bng t st trng
t st
trng
H2SO4
(15% W du)
Acid ho
Nc mm, du n,
du c c mu m
Sy kh
Nng nhit
Tn nh
Thc hin hp ph
Lc tch cht hp ph
Du sch mu sng
(6080%)
T0, pH,
khuy o
* Cc bin php ho hc
Dng tc nhn kh: tng tc vi cht mu lm thay i cu to ca cht mu t

lm mt mu hoc lm gim cng mu.
Trong thc t thng dng cc cht cha S dng kh, bt: SO2, NaHSO3, Na2SO4
hoc dng H2.. Na2SO4 c dng nhiu trong sn xut ng trng giai on nu ng,
ty mu cho dch ng.
Tc dng ca chng trn cc phng din sau:
Kh cht mu khng mu theo c ch
C=C
H H
H C = C SO3
HSO3
(Cht mu)
hoc
HSO + 2 H 2 O HSO + H 2
C=C
(Cht mang mu)
H2
(Khng mu)
H H
H C = C H
H H
(Khng mu)
Ngn nga to mu trn c s bao vy nhm cacbonyl c kh nng sinh mu

SO2 c tc dng nh cht xc tc chng oxy ho, v d SO2 km hm tc dng xc tc oxy
ho ca Fe trong vic to mu ca cc polyphenol.
Vi H2 c tc dng l no ho cc ni i ca cht mu t lm mt mu do thay i cu
trc. V d: qu trnh hydrogen ho du c sn xut margarin th du c cng b mt mu.
* Cc bin php ho hc
Dng tc nhn oxy ho: oxy ho cc cht mu thnh khng mu hay mu
nht hn. Tc nhn oxy ho thng dng l O2, O3, H2O, peroxit kim loi, pesunfat, clo, iod,
brom
V d trng hp dng Cl2 : c ch ty mu nh sau:
1
2
Cl 2 + H 2 O HCl + HClO sau HClO HCl + O2
O2 c tc dng oxy ho cht mu to thnh dng kh khng mu

1
H O H O + O [O] oxy ho chuyn cht mu sang dng kh khng mu
2
hoc: cht mu trc tip tc dng vi HClO

R
C=C
+ HClO
(Cht mang mu)
* Cc phng php khc
R CH CH2 Cl
OH
(Khng mu)
Dng mi trng pH kh mu
Mi trng kim: kh mu cho du c, rong bin. Mi trng kim c kh
nng lm tng qu trnh oxy ho cht mu v c kh nng lm tng qu trnh
ho tan cht mu v loi ra.
Mi trng acid: c tc dng
Ho tan cht mu
Lm thay i phn b din tch trn nhm mang mu t lm mt mu
(kh mu ca mc, kh mu xanh ca c thu).
5.5. MT S HIN TNG BIN MU CA THU SN V CC BIN PHP

PHNG CHNG
5.5.1. Hin tng bin en ca tm
1. C ch chung
OH
OH
O2
Polyphenoloxydase
O2
H2O
E
OH
2. iu kin ca qu trnh bin en
Acid amin
R
Monophenol khng mu
E
Phc hp polymer mu nu
pHth(E) = 6 th vn tc oxy ho cao tm s (monodon)
pHth (E) = 8 vi tm he trng (theo Simpson v cng s)

pHth (E) = 6.5 i vi tm hm (theo Chen v cng s)
t0 = 400C vi tm s (monodon) Khnh Ho
t0 = 30350C v tm hm
t0 = 450C vi tm s i Loan
3. Cc bin php chng bin en
Bo qun nc kt hp ho cht (Nguyn Vit Dng, nm 1998)
Nu bo qun bng nc t l 2:1 th thi gian bo qun l 3 ngy.

Nu bo qun bng nc kt hp vi Kaliascobat 0.1% th thi gian bo qun l
6 ngy.
Nu bo qun trong hn hp sau th thi gian bo qun c 17 ngy.
Kaliascobat (KS) 0.1%
Natritripolyphosphat (Na5P3O10) 0.05%
NaCl 3%
Nc 2/1
Nu bo qun bng hn hp
4hexylResol (hexylResolcinol) 50 ppm
Thi gian bo qun c 20 ngy
Acid citric 1%
KS 0.1%
Na5P3O10 0.05%
Nc 2/1
Ngoi ra c th bo qun bng BL7P, NaHSO3, acid citric
5.5.2. Hin tng bin xanh ca tht c thu v mt s bin php ty mu xanh
1. Hin tng
2. Mt s kt qu iu tra ban u
Mu xanh xut hin hay t nguyn liu sau khi thu mua. Nu x nghip pht hin th
loi b l hng. Nhng thc t rt kh pht hin bi v lc u ch l xanh nht, sau khi
bo qun ng lnh mu xanh m dn. Do vy vic pht hin tht c thu bin xanh thng
c pht hin sau khi bo qun ng lnh. Vn ny nh hng ln n hiu qu kinh
t ca x nghip.
Qua iu tra cho thy, c thu nh bt vng bin Nha Trang c t l bin xanh cao
hn. C thu khai thc vng bin Phan Thit, Cam Ranh cha thy c xut hin mu
xanh. Mt khc c cng bo qun lu hin tng bin xanh cng nhiu. Phn bng thng
b bin xanh nhiu hn mc d c cn ti nguyn cha c du hiu h hng.
3. Mt s kt qu bc u thm d nguyn nhn hnh thnh mu xanh trn tht bng c thu
a. Thm d s c mt ion ng trong phc mu xanh
Cu(OH)2 + NH4OH [Cu(NH3)4](OH)2 + H2O
(ng amonicat mu xanh)
KCN
[Cu(CN)4]3 (Khng mu)
b. Thm d nguyn nhn vi sinh vt

Phn lp vi khun t cc ming c b bin xanh sau nui cy quan st mu.
Cy li vi khun va nui sang ming c cha b bin xanh v quan st. Kt qu ming c
khng c xut hin mu xanh sau mt thi gian . Nh vy nguyn nhn do vi sinh vt
cng cha chc chn.
c. Thm do nguyn nhn do sc t mt
Ly mt t mt c em p tm cng ming c cha b bin xanh, quan st cho thy
mu vng nht ch khng thy mu xanh ca mu c thu bin xanh.
d. Tm hiu nguyn nhn do sc t ca c
D ho tan
Mu sc thay i ph thuc vo nhit , cc sc t c mt v nhiu yu t khc.
Khi tng s lng nhm (OH) th mu xanh m ln.
Nu nhm (OH) c thay th bng nhm metyl th mu sc chuyn thnh mu
Antoxian
+ Kim loi mu xanh khc nhau
+ Kali mu
+ Ca, Mg xanh veOOHCu to ca antoxian
Mu sc ph thuc vo pH mi trng
pH 7 antoxian: xanh
pH < 7
Khi gia nhit mt mu
Th nghim tnh cht ho tan sc t xanh

Ngm trong nc lnh 50C, 100C th thy sc t khng tan
Nc c nhit 200C, 300C sc t cng khng tan, hoc tan rt t
Ngm trong ru ethylic c cc nng khc nhau sc t xanh khng tan
Ngm trong dung dch ete, thi gian khc nhau th sc t xanh cng khng tan
Ngm trong dung dch Keton 10 pht: mu xanh ho tan, ming c b gim cht lng.
Ngm trong dung dch HCl 15 pht cc nng khc nhu th thy sc t khng ho tan.
Ngm trong H2SO4 nng khc nhau, mu xanh khng tan.
Ngm trong mi trng ho cht ty mu khc
Ngm trong dung dch H2O2 10% th mu xanh mt hon ton
Ngm trong dung dch H2O2 1%, 2% th mu xanh mt gn hon ton

Ngm trong dung dch Acetic 1%, = 10 pht mu xanh ho tan.
Qua kt qu th nghim cho thy vi Acetic nng 1%. Thi gian ngm ngm =
10 pht, nhit thng c kh nng ty mu xanh ca c thu hon ton. Sau khi kh mu
em bo qun ng mt thng thy mu xanh khng c xut hin tr li.
Trn y l mt s kt qu nghin c bc u v hin tng bin xanh ca c thu.

Vn ny cn c tip tc nghin cu tm nguyn nhn v bin php phng cha.
CHNG 6
CC QU TRNH HNH THNH V
BIN I MI CA THC PHM
TRONG GIA CNG K THUT
6.1. NGHA CA VIC NGHIN CU CC CHT MI TRONG SN XUT

THC PHM
Cng nh mu sc, mi l mt tnh cht cm quan quan trng ca thc phm, v

chng c nhng tc ng sinh l rt r rt. Cht mi c nh hng ln n h tun hon,
nhp tim, h h hp, nhp th, n s tiu ho, thnh gic, th gic v c xc gic.
V vy trong sn xut thc phm cn nghin cu tm mi bin php k thu bo
v mi thm t nhin, to ra cc mi thm mi hoc kh i nhng mi kh chu khng c
li cho thc phm.
* Cc bin php gi mi
Cc cht thm thng d bay hi v khng bn, c th dng cc bin php thu cc cht
thm khi cc cht thm b tch ra ca qu trnh gia nhit (un nng, c c, nu chn) v
hp ph tr li thc phm.
Chng thu tinh du thm ca cc ngun giu cht thm sau b sung vo thc phm: tinh
du thm, vani.
B sung cc ph gia gi mi thm, chng hn c th thm cumarin gi mi vani.
* Cc bin php to cc mi thm mi
Tng hp cc cht thm nhn to c mi thm thch ng b sung vo cc thc phm
(mi hoa hng).
Chit tch cht mi ca ph liu tm, cua b sung vo surimi sn xut sn phm m
phng.
Sinh tng hp cht thm bng phng php sinh hc (biotechnology) to mi thm c
trng (mi thm ca nc mm).
Tng cng cc iu kin: cho cc phn ng to mi thc hin ti a cc phn ng to mi
nh melanoidin, quinonamin (trong sn xut malt, sn xut thc phm gia v sy kh)
ng thi vi cc qu trnh gi mu, to mi c trng, c nhiu trng hp cn phi ty
mi kh chu ca thc phm, chng hn vic ty mi tanh, khai ca c nhm trong sn xut
cc thc phm t c nhm, hay ty mi cho bt c thc phm. Cc phng php ty mi
thng l phng php hp ph, phng php bay hi v phng php ho hc.
6.2. VI NT V MI
6.2.1. Nhng c im v bn cht ca mi

1. Bn cht ca mi do nhm mang mu quyt nh
2. Mi thng chu nh hng ln nhau
3. Mi c th c th c tng ln hay mt i bi mt s cht khc, yu t khc.
4. Mi cn ph thuc vo gc R m nhm mang mi nh vo
5. Mi cn ph thuc vo cc nhm th xung quanh nhm mang mi c bn
6. Mi cn ph thuc vo nng ca cht mang mi trong khng kh
6.2.2. S lc mt s cht mi t nhin
1. Tinh du v nha
2. Sesquitecpen
3. Ditecpen
4. Tritecpen
6.2.3. S qua tnh cht chung ca tinh du
6.2.4. Phng php khai thc tinh du
6.3. CC QU TRNH LM THAY I MI CA THC PHM

6.3.1. S thay i mi do gia cng k thut.
Mt s thc phm khi qua cc cng on gia cng k thut, mi b mt i

hoc mi c tng cng. V d:
Malt ti: mi hng kh chu, malt sy kh c mi thm c trng.
* Malt
Sy
Malt kh
Mi hng Bin i Mi thm
* C Nu C chn
Mi tanh
Mi thm + tanh
* Go, u phng Rang Go rang, u rang
Mi t nhin
Bin i Mi thm c trng
Mt s thc phm khi gia nhit mi thm yu i, v d: nc mm nu th
mi thm mt mi thm.
a. S hnh thnh cc mi thm do gia cng k thut
Hu ht cc cht thm hnh thnh trong gia cng k thut u l hp cht c
nhm cacbonyl (aldehyd). Do vy nghin cu i vo con ng tm kim phn
ng to ra cc aldehyd ny (t cc cht no, c ch ra sao, kt qu phn ng, iu
kin phn ng).
* Phn ng maillard l ngun to ra cc aldehyd (melanoidin) gc R ca acid amin.
Acid amin + hexose + pentose
Fucfurol
Oximetylfucfurol
aldehyd
Cc reducton
Fucfurol, Oximetylfucfurol u cng l cc aldehyd.

Fucfurol c mi to do phn ng pentose.
Oximetylfucfurol c mi mt do phn ng c hexeose.
Hai fucfurol ny cn c th c to ra do
Acid amin + 1-amin-1-dezoxi-2-xetose (c ch phn trc)
Ngoi ra cc aldehyd khc c th c ti to do tng tc ca acid amin v fucfurol.

Acid amin
Fucfurol
Acidimin
Fucfurolic
+ H2O
aldehyd + CO2 + NH3
O
O
Fucfurol
O2
O
C
R CH COOH
OOH
O
Acid peroxifucfurol
H2O
NH2
R C COOH
NH Acid amin
+ H2O
R CHO + CO2 + NH3
O
C
H
O
Acid Fucfurol
V d:
R CH COOH
Aldehyd t leuxin cho mi bnh m
NH2 Acid amin
Aldehyd t glixin cho mi mt
Aldehyd t valin cho mi thm hoa
hng
Aldehyd t phenylalanin cho mi
thm hoa hng
R CHO
aldehyd
CO2
R CO CO R
Reducton
R CH CO R
NH2
* Phn ng quinonamin l ngun tn to aldehyd

Acid amin + polyphenol
Polyphenoloxydase
Sn phm mu + aldehyd
* Phn ng tng tc gia acid amin v ascobic l ngun tn to ra cc aldehyd.

Acid amin
Ascobic
Polyphenol
(Ion Cu2+, hoc t0 = 80900C)
Aldehyd
Sn phm dn xut ca ascobic
C OH
C OH
H2
C=O
O
C=O
H C
HC
HO C H
HO C H
CH2OH
CH2OH
Ascobic
DehydroAscobic
Acid amin
R1 CHO
O
C
CH NH2
C=O
HC
HO C H
CH2COOH
b. Thay i mi do phn ng gia dung mi vi cu t thm

C6H5 CH2 C
O
H
C6H5 CH2 CH
2C2H5OH
Mi hoa hng
Mi d hng
C6H5 CH2 O C
+ 2C2H5OH
C6H5 CH2 OH +
OC2H5
C2H5O C
Mi hnh nhn
Mi hoa nhi
OC2H5
Mi qu
* Phn ng oxy ho
C6H5 CH2 OH
C6H5 C
O2
Mi hnh nhn
O
H
Khng mi
* Phn ng t oxy ho (khi mi trng c vt kim)

C6H5 CH2 C
Mi d hng
O
H
+ [OH]
O
C6H5 CH2 C
Mi mt
O CH2 CH2 C6H5
* Thay i mi bng phn ng ngng t

O
C
O
C
O
C
+
OCH3
O CH2 CH
OCH3
OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
Mi vani yu
Mi vani
* Phn ng chuyn este
C6H5 CH2OC
Mi hoa nhi
+ C5H11 O C
Mi anbro
O
H
C5H11 O C
Mi anbro
+ C6H5 CH2OC
CH3
O
C6H5
* Tng tc ca cht mi vi mi trng acid hoc kim, lm thay i mt electron

trong nhm mang mi
NH4+ COO R
Mi khai nh
NH3 + R COOH
Mi khai
H2N C
R COOH
NH2
Mi khai
N (CH)3 +
R COOH
Mi tanh
COO
NH3 C
Mi khai nh
+
(CH)3 NH+ OOC R

Mi tanh nh
O
NH2
6.3.2. Thay i mi do vi sinh vt
Vi sinh vt gy hng
Nc mm dung dch
(khng mi)
C mi thm c trng
6.3.3. Thay i mi do qu trnh sinh hc (s chn ca qu)
Qu xanh
(khng mi thm)
Bin i
(Qu trnh sinh hc)
Qu chn
(Mi thm c trng)
6.3.4. Qu trnh ty mi
a. Phng php vt l: hp ph cc cht mi trn cc cht c kh nng hp ph - ph hp
cho kh mi nc mm, kh mi du c.
b. Lm bay hi cht mi: do cht mi d bay hi (sc hi nc kt hp p sut cao) y cht
mi. V d: kh mi cho bt c thc phm thng thc hin theo phng php ny.
c. Ho tan mi trong dung mi v tch ra: kh mi ca nhuyn th, c bng ho tan mi
trong ru
d. Phng php ho hc (trung ho). V d: kh mi cho surimi, c, nhuyn th bng dung
dch
* C ch kh mi.
Da vo bn cht ca cc cht mang mi tanh khai c tnh kim nh, c th tng tc
vi acid, sau tng tc lm cho mt in t xung quanh Nit thay i dn n lm yu
hoc mt mi.
i vi Ure (tht c nhm)
O
O
H
O
+
+ 2NH3
H2N C
HO C
2
OH
NH2
Trong mi trng acid ure b thu phn to NH3
Vi NH3 (mi khai)
NH3 + R COOH
R COONH3
Khi nhm nguyn t nh vo N c bn cht khc lm cho in t phn b xung quanh

Nit b thay i, nhm mang mi khai b bin dng dn n b mt mi hoc yu i.
i vi trimetylamin (mi tanh)

N (CH)3
+ R COOH
(CH)3 NH+ OOC

R
CH3
H3C N CH3
CH3
+
R COOH
Nhm mang mi tanh
H3C N+ CH3
CH3
COO
R
Mt mi
Mi tanh cn do acid bo phn t lng cao hnh thnh. Acid bo ny c tnh cht kh bay
hi, nhng li d b a t nhit cao. Sau khi a t tp hp ln chng li b mt mi. Do
vy, vic kh mi cho du c bng phng php sc hi p lc cao, t0 cao l hiu qu hn c.
e. Phng php dng cht mi ny kh cht mi khc
Cu to ca cht mi trong tinh du
R CH2OH
CH2OH
* Khi tng tc vi NH3
R CH2OH R NH2 + H2O (trong R l R CH2 )
R CH2OH + R NH2 R CH2 NH R + H2O
R CH2OH + R CH2 NH R R CH2 N R + H2O
CH2
Thay R CH2 bng R ta c cng thc sn phm gn hn
R N R
Cui cng ta c th thay ba ha tr ca Nit trong NH3 bng 3 gc R. Ta c th

vit gn nh sau.
R N R
HNH
H
3R CH2OH
3H2O
Nh vy s phn b in t trn nhm mang mi phn t Nit b thay i, t lm

cho NH3 b mt mi khai, hoc yu mi khai.
* Khi cht thm ca tinh du tng tc vi TMA s xy ra qu trnh phn ng:

R CH2OH + N (CH3)3
H2O
R CH2 CH2 N = (CH3)2
R CH2OH + R CH2 CH2 N = (CH3)2
H2O
CH3
R CH2 CH2 N
CH2
CH2
R
R
Tip tc phn ng gia phn t cht thm vi sn phm trung gian
CH3
R CH2OH + R CH2 CH2 N
H2O
CH2
CH2
R CH2 CH2 N
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
t R bng R CH2 CH2 ta c th vit gn qu trnh phn ng nh sau

R CH2OH +
N (CH3)3
N (R)3
g. Kh mi bng h vi sinh vt
Nh c kh nng trao i cht ca vi sinh vt c th lm bin i cc cht mang mi v
chng mt mi. Hin nay vic kh mi bng phng php vi sinh (phng php EM) ang
c p dng vo vic kh mi nc thi, chung tri c ch ca phng php cn ang tip
tc nghin cu.
6.3.5. Tch chit ch phm mi t, v t ph liu tm, gh

1. Khi qut chung v cht mi t nhin ca tm, gh v ngha ca vic chit rt cht
mi t ph liu tm gh.
2. Gii thiu mt s dung mi dng chit cht mi tm, gh t nhin.
Dch chit trong cc loi dung mi
Cng mi trung bnh
Ru
0.275x210
Dung dch NaCl 0.9%
0.300x210
Sorbitol
0.450x210
Du n
0.350x210
Glycerin
0.500x210
Nc ct
0.350x210
Bng 18. Cng mi ca cc dch cht mi t ph liu

tm trong cc dung mi khc nhau
Bng 19. Hm lng nit ca cc dch chit cht mi

(gN/l) trong cc dung mi khc nhau
Dch chit trong cc

loi dung mi
Mu tm
NTS
N NH 3
Naa
Ru
61.25
0.327
1.574
Dung dch NaCl 0.9%
62.789
0.1633
1.215
Sorbitol
59.21
0.175
1.647
Du n
54.94
0.239
1.423
Glycerin
52.79
0.182
1.695
Nc ct
60.67
0.309
1.612
Bng 20. thnh phn amino acid t do ca dch chit cht mi t ph liu
tm trong dung mi sorbitol, glycerin v mui sinh l (g/l)
STT Amino acid
1
Alanine
2
Glycerin
3
Aminobutyric acid
4
Valine
5
Leucine
6
Isoleucine
7
Norleucine
8
Threonine
9
Serine
10
Methionine
11
Aspartic acid
12
Phenylalanine
13
Hydroxyproline
14
Glutamic acid
15
Ornithine
16
Lysine
17
Histidine
18
Tyrosine
19
Tryptophane
Tng cng
Glycerin
267.4
445.1
145.3
152.8
189.1
18.2
0.5
61.5
138.4
39.6
45.3
97.9
36.2
17.8
11.3
350.9
1172.0
3089.6
222.5
6510.4
Sorbitol
58.2
199.5
33.7
174.0
41.0
51.8
23.5
11.1
24.4
21.1
61.9
2.8
5.2
4.9
219.9
806.4
2291.9
149.0
4180.3
Dung dich mui sinh l

26.4
106.2
3.4
31.6
32.3
5.1
10.5
4.8
7.7
6.8
30.7
16.7
7.9
15.5
23.6
214.5
508.8
25.0
1077.5
Bng 20. nh hng ca t l dung mi, nhit , thi

gian ly tm v thi gian chit n cng mi
Dung mi
Cc yu
t
T l dung mi
W/V
Cng mi
Nc
1.4x27
Nhit
(0C)
Cng mi
Thi gian ho tan
(pht)
Cng mi
55
Thi gian chit

(pht)
Cng mi
15
1.6x27
15
2.4x27
2.8x27
Ru
4.8x25
60
6.4x25
15
7.2x25
15
8.8x25
Sorbitol
Du n
2.4x27
65
2.4x26
65
2.8x27
15
20
3.6x27
1.2x27
60
3.2x26
20
3.2x27
NaCl
1.8x27
15
5.2x26
20
2.2x27
15
5.6x26
2.4x27
Glycerin
2.8x27
60
3.2x27
20
3.6x27
15
4.0x27
Hnh 51. Quy trnh cng ngh sn xut ch phm hng v tm, cua, gh t ph liu
Nguyn liu
Ra
Nghin gi
Dung mi
Chit rt
Li tm
Phn tch lp
Hn hp du + Sc t
Li tm ln II
Tch bt
Tn dng SX chitin
Dch chit
T0 = -50-600C
= 15h
Sy chn khng
ng kh
Sn phm dng bt
Sn phm
Tn dng sn xut
Bao gi, bo qun

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CC PHN NG C BN V BIN I CA

THC PHM TRONG QU TRNH CNG NGH

PGS.TS. TRN TH LUYN

1.1. BN CHT V VAI TR CA PHN NG THU PHN TRONG CNG

1.1.1. Bn cht ca qu trnh thu phn

b. Phn ng thu phn l yu t m u to c cht cho phn ng oxy ho

Saccharose Thu phn

c. Phn ng thu phn l yu t m u cho cc qu trnh ln men

Cc cht dinh dng

Trong sn xut bnh m

Trong cng ngh sn xut malt cho ln men bia

Peptide + Acid amin

Giai on sy nhit cao

1.2. C CHT V CHT XC TC CA PHN NG THU PHN

Lin kt ny do cc in t nh v ca lin kt n v mt h thng in

Khi N v C u tch in dng v c th biu din phn in tch bng nh sau:

Este ca acid sulfuric

1.2.2. Tc nhn v c ch trong phn ng thu phn

C cht b thy phn

Qu trnh thy phn

Sn phm thy phn

Cc yu t nh hng n hng s t phn ng

Tnh c hiu cao

iu kin nh nhng (thng nhit thng)

D b nh hng bi cc yu t mi trng, pH, t0, kim loi nng, nng enzyme

Hot lc ca enzyme c xc nh gi tr hot ng ca n

Mi enzyme yu cu c nhng iu kin hot ng ring

c. C ch tc dng ca enzyme hydrolase ln c cht b thu phn.

Kiu c ch th nht: l kiu hnh thnh n gin, tm i nhn () ca enzyme

Hnh 1. C ch tng tc ca cholinesterase trn c cht Acetylcolin

CH3 C+ O+ (CH2)2 N (CH3)3

HOOC CH2 Glu

d. Mt s c im ca phn ng thu phn bi enzyme

PHN NG OXY HA KH TRONG

2.3.1. Phn ng oxy ha kh sinh hc trong qu trnh ln men

2.2. VAI TR CA PHN NG OXY HA KH V NGHA CA

Nhiu phn ng oxy ha kh c tc dng lm tng cht lng thc phm

2.3. PHN NG OXY HA KH TRONG CNG NGH THC PHM

Cc cht dinh dng khc

V d 1: Qu trnh to thnh ethanol trong t bo nm men c th

V d 2: Qu trnh to thnh acid lactic trong t

CH3 CHOH COOH

V d 3. Qu trnh ln men sn xut bt ngt

Hnh 3. S ln men sn xut bt ngt

V d 3. Qu trnh ln men sn xut bt ngt

HOOC CH2 CH2 C COOH

Qu trnh bin i t -xetoglutaric thnh glutamic

V d 4: Qu trnh ln men sinh khi tng hp acid amin ca vi

HOOC CH2 CH COOH

HOOC CH2 CO COOH

HOOC CH2 CH COOH

HOOC (CH2)2 CO COOH

Hnh 5. S tng qut ln men sinh tng hp

HOOC (CH2)2 CH COOH

2.3.2. Phn ng oxy ho kh khi bo qun v ch bin sn phm giu lipit

Epoxide, aldehyd, ceton, ru bc cao, sn phm oxy ho

Lipoxydase phn ng vi O2 to thnh phn t peroxit v chuyn oxy hot

Sau nguyn t H t nhm metylen (CH2) c chuyn ra v tr O2

Theo c ch phn ng mch