1 Dlewis

Embedding Properties of Central Products
Dr. Dandrielle Lewis

Students: Ayah Almousa, UW-Madison & Eric Elert, UW-Stout
UW-Eau Claire
October 17, 2014
Dr. Dandrielle Lewis (UW-Eau Claire)
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Outline
Groups
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Outline
Groups
Normal Subgroups
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Outline
Groups
Normal Subgroups
Subnormal Subgroups
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Outline
Groups
Normal Subgroups
Subnormal Subgroups
Abnormal Subgroups
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Notation
Throughout this presentation...

Unless otherwise stated G will be a finite group.
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Notation

The direct product is always considered externally.
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Notation

For a, b G , the commutator of a with b, [a, b] = a1 b 1 ab.
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Notation

For a, b G , the commutator of a with b, [a, b] = a1 b 1 ab.
Let i : U1 U2 Ui be the standard projection map where
i ((u1 , u2 )) = ui where i = 1, 2.
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Definition of a Group
A group is a nonempty set G with a binary operation satisfying the

following properties:
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Identity: There exists e G such that e x = x = x e, x G
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Inverses: For each x G , there is an element x 0 G , called the
inverse of x, such that x x 0 = e = x 0 x.
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Closure: x y G for all x, y G .
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Closure: x y G for all x, y G .
Associativity: x (y z) = (x y ) z for all x, y , z G .
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The Dihedral Group of order 8, written as D8
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The presentation of this group is
D8 =< r , s|r 4 = s 2 = 1, rsr = s >
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D8 =< r , s|r 4 = s 2 = 1, rsr = s >
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D8 =< r , s|r 4 = s 2 = 1, rsr = s >
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D8 =< r , s|r 4 = s 2 = 1, rsr = s >
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Internal Central Product
Definition (Doerk, Hawkes)

Let U1 , U2 G . Then G is an internal central product of U1 and U2 if
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1
G = U1 U2 , and
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1
G = U1 U2 , and
[U1 , U2 ] = 1
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Lemma (Doerk, Hawkes)

Let U1 , U2 G , D = U1 U2 , U1 = {(u1 , 1)|u1 U1 } and
U2 = {(1, u2 )|u2 U2 }. Then the following are equivalent:
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1
G is an internal central product of U1 and U2 .
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1
2
G is an internal central product of U1 and U2 .

There exists an epimorphism : D G such that (U1 ) = U1 and
(U2 ) = U2 .
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Normal Subgroups of Central Products

Lemma
If f : G H is an epimorphism of groups and
Sf (G ) = {K G | ker(f ) K } and S(H) is the set of all subgroups of H,
then the assignment K 7 f (K ) is a one-to-one correspondence between
Sf (G ) and S(H).
Under this correspondence, normal subgroups correspond to normal
subgroups.
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Lemma
If f : G H is an epimorphism of groups and
Sf (G ) = {K G | ker(f ) K } and S(H) is the set of all subgroups of H,
then the assignment K 7 f (K ) is a one-to-one correspondence between
Sf (G ) and S(H).
Under this correspondence, normal subgroups correspond to normal
subgroups.
U1 U2
E
1 (H)
U1 U2
E
ker
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Theorem (Brewster, et. al. 06)
Let U1 , U2 be groups. Then N E U1 U2 if and only if [Ui , N] Ui N
where i = 1, 2.
U1 U2
E
Ui
Ui N
[U i , N]
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Theorem
Let G = U1 U2 be the central product of subgroups U1 and U2 . Then
H E G if and only if [Ui , H] Ui H where i = 1, 2.
U1 U2
E
Ui
H
Ui H
[Ui , H]
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Example: Normal Subgroups of D8 C4
Consider the central product of D8 and C4 such that D8 C4

= C2 . This
group has the following presentation:
D8 C4 = hr , s, y |r 4 = s 2 = 1, rsr = s, r 2 = y 2 , ry = yr , sy = ysi
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Example: Normal Subgroups of D8 C4
Consider the central product of D8 and C4 such that D8 C4

= C2 . This
group has the following presentation:
What are the normal subgroups of this central product?
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Normal Subgroups of D8 C4
Isomorphism Type
Trivial group
C2
C4
V4
Q8
C4 C2
D8
D8 C4
Total
#
1
7
4
4
1
3
3
1
23
Subgroups
# Normal Normal Subgroups
{1}
1
All
hr 2 i, hsi, hrsi, hr 2 si, hr 3 si, hry i, hr 3 y i
1
hr 2 i
hy i, hr i, hsy i, hrsy i
4
All
hr 2 , si, hr 2 , rsi, hr 2 , sy i
4
All
hr , sy i
1
All
hr , y i, hs, y i, hrs, y i
3
All
hr , si, hry , sy i, hrsy , ry i
3
All
D8 C4
1
All
17
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Application
Example
To see that hsi D8 C4 is not normal, we check that [hsi, D8 ] hsi D8 :
[s, r ] = sr 3 sr = r 2
/ hsi
So hsi is not a normal subgroup of D8 C4 .
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Subnormal Subgroups
Definition
Let H G . We call H subnormal in G , written H sn G , if there exists a
chain of subgroups H0 , H1 , . . . , Hr such that
H = H0 E H1 E . . . E Hr 1 E Hr = G
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Subnormal Subgroups
Definition
Let H G . We call H subnormal in G , written H sn G , if there exists a
chain of subgroups H0 , H1 , . . . , Hr such that
H = H0 E H1 E . . . E Hr 1 E Hr = G
This is called a subnormal chain from H to G .
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Theorem
Let G = U1 U2 be the central product of subgroups U1 and U2 . Then
H sn G if and only if [Ui , H, . r. ., H] Ui H for i = 1, 2
U1 U2
sn
Ui
H
Ui H
[Ui , H, . r. ., H]
We define [a, b, c] = [[a, b], c] and define commutators of n elements

recursively: [a1 , a2 , . . . , an ] = [[a1 , a2 , . . . , an1 ], an ]
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Abnormal Subgroups
Definition
Consider H G . H is said to be abnormal in G , written H abn G , if
g hH, gHg 1 i g G .
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Abnormal Subgroups
H G is abnormal if it is maximal but not normal in G .
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Abnormal Subgroups

Example
Define the diagonal subgroup of a group G G as
= {(g , g ) : g G }.
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Abnormal Subgroups

Example
= {(g , g ) : g G }.
It is known that a group G is simple if and only if is maximal in
G G . (Thvenaz)
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Abnormal Subgroups

Example
= {(g , g ) : g G }.
G G . (Thvenaz)
Consider the group A5 A5 .
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Abnormal Subgroups

Example
= {(g , g ) : g G }.
G G . (Thvenaz)
A5 is simple, so is maximal and not normal in A5 A5 .
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Abnormal Subgroups

Example
= {(g , g ) : g G }.
G G . (Thvenaz)
A5 is simple, so is maximal and not normal in A5 A5 .
So abn A5 A5 .
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Abnormal Subgroups
Theorem (Brewster et. al., 09)
Let D = U1 U2 where either U1 or U2 is solvable. Let K D. Then
K abn D if and only if i (K ) abn Ui and K = 1 (K ) 2 (K ).
U1 U2
abn
U1
abn
1 (K ) 2 (K )
U2
2
1 (K )
abn
2 (K )
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Abnormal Subgroups
But what happens if one of the factors in the direct product is not
solvable?
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Abnormal Subgroups
solvable?
Example
Recall that = {(g , g ) : g A5 } is abnormal in A5 A5 .
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Abnormal Subgroups
solvable?
Example
Recall that = {(g , g ) : g A5 } is abnormal in A5 A5 .
But cannot be written as the direct product of two subgroups of
A5 .
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Abnormal Subgroups
Theorem
Let G = U1 U2 be the central product of subgroups U1 and U2 , where
either U1 or U2 is solvable. Then H abn G if and only if H = V1 V2 where
Vi abn Ui for i = 1, 2.
U1 U2
abn
U1
abn
V1
V1 V2
U2
abn
V2
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Future Directions & Possible Capstone Projects for

Undergraduates
Characterize pronormal subgroups of central products.

Characterize abnormal subgroups of direct products and central
products of two groups where neither factor is solvable.
Classify normal subgroup containment in direct products.
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Past Research with Undergraduates
Research Problem:
Construct the subgroup lattice of D8 D8 , and identify the
extraspecial group of order 32 that lies within it.
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Research Problem:
Purpose:
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Research Problem:
Purpose:
1. To improve Brewster and Lewis Subgroup Containment Theorem for
further use.
2. Provide an example that illustrates the usefulness of the Subgroup
Containment Theorem.
3. To examine the normal subgroups of the extraspecial group of order 32
given from D8 D8 .
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Research Problem:
Purpose:
1. To improve Brewster and Lewis Subgroup Containment Theorem for
further use.
2. Provide an example that illustrates the usefulness of the Subgroup
Containment Theorem.
3. To examine the normal subgroups of the extraspecial group of order 32
given from D8 D8 .
Background:
Linear Algebra.
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D8 D8 Subgroup Lattice
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D8 D8 Subgroup Lattice
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Acknowledgments
SACNAS.
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Acknowledgments
SACNAS.
The UW-Stout REU.
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Acknowledgments
SACNAS.
The UW-Stout REU.
This project was funded by NSF grant DMS-1062403.
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References
B. Brewster, A. Martnez-Pastor, and M. D. Prez-Ramos, Normally
embedded subgroups in direct products, J. Group Theory 9 (2006),
no. 3, 323339.
, Embedding properties in direct products, Groups St. Andrews
2005. Vol. 1, London Math. Soc. Lecture Note Ser., vol. 339,
Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 2007, pp. 246255.
, Pronormal subgroups of a direct product of groups, J.
Algebra 321 (2009), no. 6, 17341745.
K. Doerk and T.O. Hawkes, Finite soluble groups, De Gruyter
expositions in mathematics, W. de Gruyter, 1992.
Jacques Thvenaz, Maximal subgroups of direct products, Journal of
Algebra 198 (1997), no. 2, 352 361.
October 17, 2014
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Embedding Properties of Central Products

Dr. Dandrielle Lewis

October 17, 2014

Dr. Dandrielle Lewis (UW-Eau Claire)

Embedding Properties of Central Products

October 17, 2014

Dr. Dandrielle Lewis (UW-Eau Claire)

Embedding Properties of Central Products

October 17, 2014

Dr. Dandrielle Lewis (UW-Eau Claire)

Embedding Properties of Central Products

October 17, 2014

Dr. Dandrielle Lewis (UW-Eau Claire)

Embedding Properties of Central Products

October 17, 2014

Dr. Dandrielle Lewis (UW-Eau Claire)

Embedding Properties of Central Products

October 17, 2014

Throughout this presentation...

Dr. Dandrielle Lewis (UW-Eau Claire)

Embedding Properties of Central Products

October 17, 2014

Throughout this presentation...

Dr. Dandrielle Lewis (UW-Eau Claire)

Embedding Properties of Central Products

October 17, 2014

Throughout this presentation...

Dr. Dandrielle Lewis (UW-Eau Claire)

Embedding Properties of Central Products

October 17, 2014

Throughout this presentation...

Dr. Dandrielle Lewis (UW-Eau Claire)

Embedding Properties of Central Products

October 17, 2014

A group is a nonempty set G with a binary operation satisfying the

Dr. Dandrielle Lewis (UW-Eau Claire)

Embedding Properties of Central Products

October 17, 2014

A group is a nonempty set G with a binary operation satisfying the

Dr. Dandrielle Lewis (UW-Eau Claire)

Embedding Properties of Central Products

October 17, 2014

A group is a nonempty set G with a binary operation satisfying the

Dr. Dandrielle Lewis (UW-Eau Claire)

Embedding Properties of Central Products

October 17, 2014

A group is a nonempty set G with a binary operation satisfying the

Dr. Dandrielle Lewis (UW-Eau Claire)

Embedding Properties of Central Products

October 17, 2014

A group is a nonempty set G with a binary operation satisfying the

Dr. Dandrielle Lewis (UW-Eau Claire)

Embedding Properties of Central Products

October 17, 2014

The Dihedral Group of order 8, written as D8

Dr. Dandrielle Lewis (UW-Eau Claire)

Embedding Properties of Central Products

October 17, 2014