I J M E S TRANSLITERATION SYSTEM

FOR ARABIC, PERSIAN, AND TURKISH

Consonants
A = Arabic, P = Persian, OT = Ottoman Turkish, MT = Modern Turkish

OT

MT

b or p

th

ch

OT

MT

zh

or y

or y

or

or

sh

sh

kh

kh

dh

gh

gh

g or

g or

OT

MT

k or g k or k or n

v or u

1 When h is not final. 2 In construct state: at. 3 For the article, al- and -l-.

Vo w e l s
ARABIC AND PERSIAN
Long or

Doubled

Diphthongs

Short

OTTOMAN AND MODERN TURKISH

- iyy (final form )

uvv

au or aw

ev

ai or ay

ey

- a

- u
-
i

words of Arabic
and Persian
origin only

iy (final form )

- uww (final form )

a or e
u or / o or
or i

For Ottoman Turkish, authors may either transliterate or use the modern Turkish orthography.