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SPM Add Maths Formula List Form4
SPM Add Maths Formula List Form4
NET
Add Maths Formulae List: Form 4 (Update 18/9/08)
01 Functions
If y = f ( x) , then f −1 ( y) = x
f ( x), if f ( x) ≥ 0
f ( x) Remember:
Object = the value of x
− f ( x), if f ( x) < 0 Image = the value of y or f(x)
f(x) map onto itself means f(x) = x
02 Quadratic Equations
ax 2 + bx + c = 0
−b ± b 2 − 4 ac
where a, b, and c are constants and a ≠ 0. x=
2a
*Note that the highest power of an unknown of a
quadratic equation is 2. When the equation can not be factorized.
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03 Quadratic Functions
f ( x) = ax 2 + bx + f ( x) = a( x + p) 2 + q
04 Simultaneous Equations
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05 Indices and Logarithm
an = a
n m
log a a = 1
n
log a a = x
x
m
log a = log a m − loga n
log a 1 = 0 n
n
log a m = n log a m
log c b
log a b =
log c a
1
log b =
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06 Coordinate Geometry
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Distance and Gradient
Distance Between Point A and C =
(x1 − x2 )2 + (x1 − x2 )2
y2 − y1
Gradient of line AC, m =
x 2 − x1
Or
⎛ y − int ercept ⎞
Gradient of a line, m = − ⎜ ⎟
⎝ x − int ercept ⎠
When 2 lines are parallel, When 2 lines are perpendicular to each other,
m1 = m2 . m1 × m2 = −1
m1 = gradient of line 1
m2 = gradient of line 2
⎜ 2 2 ⎟
⎛ x1 + x2 y1 + y2 ⎞ A point dividing a segment of a line
Midpoint, M = , ⎛ nx1 + mx2 ny1 + my2
P= ,
⎝ ⎠
⎞
⎜⎝ m + n m + n ⎟⎠
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Area of triangle:
Area of Triangle
1
=
2
1
A=
2
(x y1 2 + x2 y 3 + x3 y1 ) − ( x2 y1 + x3 y2 + x1 y3 )
ax + by + c = 0 y = mx+c x y
+ =1
a b
m = gradient b
m=−
c = y-intercept a = x-intercept a
b = y-intercept
Information in a rhombus:
A B
(i) same length ⇒ AB = BC = CD = AD
(ii) parallel lines ⇒ mAB = mCD or mAD = mBC
(iii) diagonals (perpendicular) ⇒ mAC × mBD = −1
(iv) share same midpoint ⇒ midpoint AC = midpoint
D BD
C (v) any point ⇒ solve the simultaneous equations
Remember:
y-intercept ⇒ x = 0
cut y-axis ⇒ x = 0
x-intercept ⇒ y = 0
cut x-axis ⇒ y = 0
**point lies on the line ⇒ satisfy the equation ⇒ substitute the value of x and of y of the point into the
equation.
Equation of Locus
( use the formula of The equation of the locus of a The equation of the locus of a moving
distance) moving point P( x, y) which is point P( x, y) which is always
The equation of the locus of a always at a constant distance equidistant from two fixed points A and B
moving point P( x, y) which from two fixed points is the perpendicular bisector of the
is always at a constant A ( x1 , y1 ) and B ( x2 , y 2 ) straight line AB.
distance (r) from a fixed point with a ratio m : n is
A ( x1 , y1 ) is PA = PB
2 2 2
PA m () 2x − x ) + ( y − y ) = ( x − x ) + ( y − y
= 1 1 2 2
PA = r PB n
2 2 2
( x − x1 ) + ( y − y1 ) = r ( x − x1 ) 2 + ( y − y1 ) 2 m 2
2
= 2
( x − x2 ) + ( y − y2 ) n
Grouped Data
Ungrouped Data
Without Class Interval With Class Interval
Mean
Σx Σ fx Σ fx
x= x= x=
N Σf Σf
x = mean x = mean x = mean
Σx = sum of x Σx = sum of x f = frequency
x = value of the data f = frequency x = class mark
N = total number of the
data x = value of the data (lower limit+upper limit)
=
2
Median
m = TN +1 m = TN +1 ⎛ 1 N −F ⎞
2 2 m = L+ ⎜2 ⎟C
When N is an odd number. When N is an odd number. ⎝ f ⎠
m
m = median
TN + T N TN + T N L = Lower boundary of median class
+1 +1
m= 2 2 m= 2 2 N = Number of data
2 2 F = Total frequency before median class
When N is an even When N is an even number. fm = Total frequency in median class
number. c = Size class
= (Upper boundary – lower boundary)
Measure of Dispersion
Grouped Data
Ungrouped Data
Without Class Interval With Class Interval
variance 2 ∑ x2 2 2∑ fx 2 2 2∑ fx 2 2
σ = −x σ = −x σ = −x
N ∑f ∑f
σ= variance σ = variance σ= variance
2
Standard Σ ( x − x )2 Σ( x−x)
σ= Σ f ( x − x )2
Deviation σ= N N σ=
Σf
Σx 2 Σx 2
σ= −x 2 σ= −x 2 Σ fx 2
N N σ= −x 2
Σf
The variance is a measure of the mean for the square of the deviations from the mean.
The standard deviation refers to the square root for the variance.
π
× D
180
Remember:
1.2 rad
180D = π rad O
??? 0.7 rad ???
360D = 2π rad
Length and Area
r = radius
A = area
s = arc length
θ = angle
l = length of chord
Arc Length: Length of chord: Area of Sector: Area of Triangle: Area of Segment:
s = rθ θ 1 2 1 2 1 2
l = 2r sin A= rθ A= r sin θ A= r (θ − sin θ )
2 2 2 2
09 Differentiation
Differentiation of a Function I
Gradient of a tangent of a line (curve or
straight) y=x
n
dy
dy δy = nx
n−1
= lim ( ) d
dx δ x→0 δx
Example
y = x3
Differentiation of Algebraic Function dy
Differentiation of a Constant = 3x 2
dx
y=a a is a constant
dy
=0 Differentiation of a Function II
dx
y = ax
Example dy
y=2 = ax1−1 = ax 0 = a
dx
dy
=0
dx Example
y = 3x
dy
=3
dx
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Differentiation of a Function III Chain Rule
n n
y = ax y=u u and v are functions in x
dy n−1 dy dy du
= anx = ×
dx dx du dx
Example Example
y = 2x 3 y = (2x 2 + 3)5 du
dy = 4x
2
= 2(3) x = 6x 2
u = 2x 2 + 3, therefore dx
dx
dy 4
y = u5 , therefore = 5u
du
Differentiation of a Fractional Function dy dy du
= ×
1 dx du dx
y= n 4
x = 5u × 4x
Rewrite
= 5(2x 2 + 3) 4 × 4x = 20x(2 x 2 + 3) 4
y = x− n
− n−1
dy −n Or differentiate directly
= −nx = x n+1 y = (ax + b) n
dx
dy
Example = n.a.(ax + b)n −1
dx
1
y=
x y = (2x 2 + 3)5
y = x −1 dy
dy −1 = 5(2x 2 + 3) 4 × 4x = 20 x(2x 2 + 3) 4
−2
= −1x = 2 dx
dx x
Law of Differentiation
Example
y = 2x3 + 5x 2
dy
= 2(3) x 2 + 5(2) x = 6x 2 + 10x
dx
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Product Rule Quotient Rule
u
y = uv u and v are functions in x y=
v u and v are functions in x
dy du dv
=v +u
dx dx dx du dv
dy v dx − u dx
= 2
Example dx v
3 2
y = (2x + 3)(3x − 2x −
x)
Example
u = 2 x +3 v = 3x 3 − 2x 2 − 2
x
x
du dv y=
=2 = 9 x 2 − 4x − 2x+1
1
dx dx u = x2 v = 2x + 1
dy du dv
=v +u du dv
dx dx dx =2x =2
dx dx
=(3x 3 − 2x 2 − x)(2) + (2x + 3)(9x 2 − 4 x − du dv
dy
= v dx −2 u dx
dx v
1)
Or differentiate directly
y = (2x + 3)(3x 3 − 2x 2 − x) dy (2 x + 1)(2 x) − x 2
=
dy dx (2)
3 2 2
(2 x2 +
1)
= (3x − 2x − x)(2) + (2x + 3) − 4x − 2 2
dx 4 x +2 x −2 2x + 2 x
= 2
x
2 (2 x + 1)
(9x 1) = 2
(2x + 1)
Or differentiate directly
2
x
y=
2x+
1
dy (2 x + 1)(2 x) − x 2 (2)
= 2
dx (2 x + 1)
2 2 2
4 x +2x −2x 2x + 2 x
= =
(2x + 1) 2 (2 x + 1) 2
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Gradients of tangents, Equation of tangent and Normal
dy
= gradient of tangent
dx
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Equation of tangent: y − y1 = m( x − x1 )
1
mnormal = −
mtangent
If A(x1, y1) is a point on a line y = f(x), the gradient 1
of the line (for a straight line) or the gradient of the dy = gradient of normal
dy − dx
tangent of the line (for a curve) is the value of
dx Equation of normal : y − y1 = m( x − x1 )
when x = x1.
dy
Turning point ⇒ =0
dx
δ x = small changes in x
δ y = small changes in y
If x becomes smaller ⇒ δ x = NEGATIVE
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10 Solution of Triangle
Outcome: Outcome:
No solution 1 solution
Case 3: When a > b sin A but a < b. Case 4: When a > b sin A and a > b.
CB cuts the side opposite to C at 2 points CB cuts the side opposite to C at 1 points
Outcome: Outcome:
2 solution 1 solution
Useful information:
In a right angled triangle, you may use the following to solve the
c problems.
b (i) Phythagoras Theorem: c = a 2 + b2
θ
a Trigonometry ratio:
(ii)
sin θ = cb , cos θ = ac , tan θ = ab
P1 ΣWi I i
I= × 100 I=
P0 ΣW
i