2014 Chuyen Đề 02 Lien Kết Hoa Học Phản Ứng Oxi Hoa Khử A

LP BI DNG VN HA NGY MI
18A/88 INH VN T - TP.HI DNG
CHUYN 02:
LIN KT HA HC
H . + . Cl :
..
..
Na . + . Cl :
..
(2/8/1)
(2/8/7)
H : Cl
.. :
Na+ Cl(2/8) (2/8/8)
H-Cl
NaCl
I. lin kt ion
1. S hnh thnh ion
Trong nguyn t, s proton bng s electron nn nguyn t trung ha in. Trong phn ng ha hc,
nu nguyn t mt bt hoc thu thm electron, n s tr thnh phn t mang in tch dng hoc
m.Nguyn t hoc nhm nguyn t mang in c gi l ion.
a. Ion dng
Cc nguyn t kim loi d nhng 1, 2, 3 electron lp ngoi cng tr thnh cc ion
mang 1, 2, 3 n v in tch dng.
Th d:
MgMg2++2e
AlAl3+ + 3e
Ion mang in tch dng c gi l ion dng hay cation.
Ngi ta gi tn cation kim loi bng cch t trc tn kim loi t "cation" nh cation liti (Li+),
cation magie Mg2+, cation nhm (Al3+), cation ng I (Cu+), cation ng II (Cu2+),...
b. Ion m
Cc nguyn t halogen khc v cc nguyn t phi kim nh O, S c th thu thm 1, 2 electron v
tr thnh cc ion m.
Th d:
Cl + e Cl
O + 2e O2
S + 2e S2
Ion mang in tch m c gi l ion m hay anion.
Ngi ta thng gi tn cc anion bng tn gc axit tng ng, th d cc ion F, Cl, S2 ln lt
c gi l ion florua, clorua, sunfua. Ion O2 c gi l ion oxit.
c. Ion n v ion a nguyn t
Ion n nguyn t l ion c to nn t mt nguyn t.
Th d: Li+, Mg2+,Al3+,Cu2+,F,Cl,S2,...
Ion a nguyn t l ion c to nn t nhiu nguyn t lin kt vi nhau thnh mt nhm
nguyn t mang in tch dng hay m. Th d, ion amoni ( NH 4 ), cc ion gc axit nh ion
Tp Ch Ha Hc & Tui Tr
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Mi s sao chp v s dng ti liu ca hoahoc.org cn ghi r ngun trch dn (Trch theo: www.hoahoc.org)
A. LIN KT HA HC
Khi nim phn t v lin kt ha hc
Phn t l phn t nh nht ca cht, mang tnh cht c tr-ng cho cht, c th phn chia thnh cc
ht nh hn trong cc phn ng ho hc v c th tn ti c lp.
S kt hp gia cc nguyn t t ti trng thi bn vng hn -c gi l lin kt ha hc.
Cc khuynh h-ng hnh thnh lin kt ha hc - Qui tc bt t (Octet)
Ni dung ca qui tc bt t: Khi tham gia vo lin kt ha hc cc nguyn t c khuynh h-ng dng
chung electron hoc trao i t n cu trc bn ca kh him bn cnh vi 8 hoc 2 electron lp ngoi
cng.
V d:
..
..
nitrat ( NO3 ), ion sunfat ( SO42 ), ion photphat PO43 ...

2. S hnh thnh lin kt ion
TP CH HA HC & TUI TR HOAHOC.ORG

Ng Xun Qunh - 0979.817.885 0936.717.885 Ym: netthubuon admin@hoahoc.org
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nh ngha lin kt ion: lin kt ion l lin kt ho hc -c to thnh do lc ht tnh in gia cc ion
mang in ng-c du.
Bn cht ca lc lin kt ion: l lc ht tnh in.
Thng c hnh thnh gia kim loi in hnh v phi kim in hnh.
Xt mng tinh th NaCl:
Mng tinh th NaCl c cu trc hnh lp phng. Cc ion Na+ v Cl nm cc nt ca mng tinh
th mt cch lun phin. Trong tinh th NaCl, c mt ion Na+ c bao quanh bi 6 ion Cl. Ngc li,
mt ion Cl c bao quanh bi 6 ion Na+
Tinh th NaCl c to bi rt nhiu ion Na+ v Cl, khng c phn t NaCl ring bit. Tuy vy
khi vit cng thc phn t mui natri clorua, n gin ngi ta ch vit NaCl.
Tnh cht ca cc hp cht lin kt ion:
+ Cc hp cht ion cng kh nng chy
+ Kh b ho tan trong dung mi phn cc hn.
+ Cng v d v
+ Hnh thnh tinh th, c dng rn
+ Tinh th ion thng khng mu
+ Dn in trng thi nng chy v dung dch, trng thi rn thng khng dn in.
Tm li: Kim loi cng d nh-ng electron, phi kim cng d nhn electron, cc ion -c to thnh ht nhau
cng mnh th cng thun li cho s to thnh lin kt ion.
II. Lin kt cng ha tr
1. S hnh thnh lin kt cng ha tr.
Khi hnh thnh lin kt cng ha tr, cc nguyn t c khuynh h-ng dng chung cc cp electron
t cu trc bn ca kh him gn k ( vi 8 hoc 2 electron lp ngoi cng).
Cc cp electron dng chung c th do s gp chung ca hai nguyn t tham gia lin kt (cng ha
tr thng th-ng) hoc ch do mt nguyn t b ra (lin kt cho nhn hay lin kt phi tr).
S electron gp chung ca mt nguyn t th-ng bng 8 - n (n: s th t ca nhm nguyn t). Khi
ht kh nng gp chung, lin kt vi cc nguyn t cn li -c hnh thnh bng cp electron do mt
nguyn t b ra (th-ng l nguyn t ca nguyn t c m in nh hn).
V d: Cng thc phn t
Cng thc
Cng thc cu to
.. electron
H2O
H-O-H
.. H
..H :O:
..
SO2
:O:: S:
..
O= SO
.. O:
a. S hnh thnh phn t n cht
Cc phn t H2, N2 to nn t hai nguyn t ca cng mt nguyn t (c m in nh

nhau), nn cc cp electron chung khng b ht lch v pha nguyn t no. Do , lin kt trong cc
phn t khng b phn cc. l lin kt cng ha tr khng cc.
b. S hnh thnh phn t hp cht
m in ca oxi (3,44) ln hn m in ca C (2,55) nn cp electron chung lch v

pha oxi. Lin kt gia hai nguyn t oxi v cacbon l phn cc, nhng phn t CO2 c cu to thng
nn phn cc ca hai lin kt i (C=O) trit tiu nhau, kt qu l ton b phn t khng b phn
cc.
2. Lin kt cng ho tr cho-nhn (lin kt phi tr).
a) nh ngha: Lin kt cng ho tr cho - nhn l lin kt cng ho tr trong cp electron dng chung ch
do mt nguyn t cung cp gi l nguyn t cho, nguyn t cn li l nguyn t nhn.
VD:
H
+
H
H
+
H
H+
hay
O
hay
O
N
N
O
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Lin kt cng ha tr trong cp electron chung b lch v pha mt nguyn t c gi l lin kt

cng ha tr c cc hay lin kt cng ha tr phn cc.
Trong cng thc cu to, ngi ta biu din cp electron chung bng mt gch ni, cp electron cho
- nhn bng mt mi tn c chiu hng v pha nguyn t nhn.
b) iu kin to ra lin kt cho nhn:

- Nguyn t cho phi c lp v e bo ho v cn t nht mt cp e t do (cha tham gia lin kt) c
bn knh nh, m in t-ng i ln.
- Nguyn t nhn phi c obitan trng.
3. Tnh cht ca cc cht c lin kt cng ha tr
Cc cht m phn t ch c lin kt cng ha tr c th l cht rn nh ng, lu hunh, iot,..., c
th l cht lng: nc, ancol,... hoc cht kh nh kh cacbonic, clo, hiro,...
Cc cht c cc nh ancol etylic, ng,... tan nhiu trong dung mi c cc nh nc.
Phn ln cc cht khng cc nh iot, cc cht hu c khng cc tan trong dung mi khng cc nh
benzen, cacbon tetraclorua,...
Ni chung, cc cht ch c lin kt cng ha tr khng cc khng dn in mi trng thi.
MI QUAN H GIA LIN KT ION V LIN KT CNG HA TR
Vi lin kt A B th xt v c im ca lin kt ca A B, ngi ta da vo gi tr hiu m in
ca hai nguyn t A v B
AB 0,4 => Lin kt cng ha tr khng cc
AB 0,4 => Lin kt ion
0,4 AB 1,7 => Lin kt cng ha tr c cc
Dng lin kt
Khng phn cc
V d
Cl : Cl
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c im lin kt
Cp e dng chung nm gia hai nguyn t
Cp e dng chung lch pha nguyn t c m in
Lin kt cng
Phn tc
H : Cl
ln hn
ha tr
Cho nhn
Cp e dng chung ch do mt nguyn t n phng
H3N : H cung cp
(Phi tr)
E chuyn hn v mt nguyn t trong phn t to thnh
Lin kt ion
Na+Clcc ion
CC LOI TINH TH
Tinh th ion
Tinh th nguyn t
Tinh th phn t
Tinh th kim loi
c hnh thnh t nhng
c hnh thnh t
Khi ion mang in tch tri du, c hnh thnh t c hnh thnh t nhng ion nguyn
cc phn t
t kim loi v cc
nim gm cac cation v anion cc nguyn t
nt mng tinh th
electron t do
Kim cng
Iot, nc
Na, Fe, Cu ...
V d Mui n
- Lc lin kt l lc
- nh kim
- Lin kt c bn cht tnh
tng tc tnh phn
- Lc lin kt c bn
- Dn in
in
t
cht cng ha tr
- Dn nhit
c
- Rt bn
- Km bn
- Nhit nng chy
- Do d dt
tnh
- Kh nng chy
- cng nh
v nhit si cao
mng
- Khi bay gi
- Nhit nng chy,
nhit soi thp
III. Lin kt kim loi
1. nh ngha: Lin kt kim loi l lin kt ho hc hnh thnh do cc electron t do gn kt cc ion d-ng
kim loi trong mang tinh th kim loi hay trong kim loi lng.
Bn cht ca lc lin kt kim loi l lc ht tnh in gia cc electron t do v cc ion (+) kim loi.
2. nh h-ng ca lin kt kim loi n tnh cht vt l ca kim loi
Do cu trc c bit ca mng tinh th kim loi m cc kim loi rn c nhng tnh cht vt l chung: tnh
dn in, tnh dn nhit, tnh do, nh kim. Cc tnh cht vt l chung u do electron t do trong kim loi gy ra.
Ngoi ra c im ca lin kt kim loi: Mt nguyn t (hay c kht), mt electron t do, in
tch ca cation kim loi cng nh h-ng n cc tnh cht vt l khc ca kim loi nh-: cng, nhit
nng chy, nhit si, t khi.
IV. Lin kt hiro
1. Khi nim
- Lin kt hyro l lin kt ho hc -c hnh thnh bng lc ht tnh in yu gia mt nguyn t hyro
linh ng vi mt nguyn t phi kim c m in ln, mang in tch m ca phn t khc hoc trong
cng phn t.
VD
O
H O
O
C
H
H
H
H
O
H
O
H
O
H
2. Bn cht ca lc lin kt hyro.

- Bn cht ca lc lin kt hyro l lc ht tnh in.
- Lin kt hiro thuc loi lin kt yu, c nng l-ng lin kt vo khong 10-40 kJ/mol, yu hn nhiu
so vi lin kt cng ha tr m nng l-ng lin kt vo khong v trm n vi ngn kJ/mol, nh-ng li
gy nn nhng nh h-ng quan trng ln tnh cht vt l (nh- nhit si v tnh tan trong n-c) cng
nh- tnh cht ha hc (nh- tnh axit) ca nhiu cht hu c.
X H ... : Y
+ Lin kt H ni phn t: Xut hin trong phn t c c X H v : Y v chng phi

t-ng i gn nhau khi hnh thnh lin kt H to thnh -c vng 5-6 cnh ( th-ng th vng 5 cnh
bn hn)
VD
H2C
OH
CH2
;
O
O H
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3. iu kin hnh thnh lin kt hyr.

+ X phi c m in cao, bn knh nguyn t phi t-ng i nh( O, N, F)
+ Y: c t nht mt cp e ch-a s dng, c r nh (O, N, F)
C 2 loi lin kt H
+ Lin kt H gia cc phn t ( lin kt H lin phn t)
VD:
R
R
+
O
O
H
H
C th c loi lin kt H lin phn t to thnh vng khp kn (dng ime) rt bn rt kh tch nhau ra
ngay c khi bay hi
Trong phn t c lin kt H ni phn t: ngoi ra cn c lin kt H lin phn t nh-ng v cng kh
khn v n to ra lin kt H ni phn t d dng hn v bn hn lin kt H lin phn t
4. nh h-ng ca lin kt H
+) nh h-ng n si, nhit nng chy
- Lin kt hyro lin phn t lm tng nhit nng chy, nhit si, sc cng b mt v kh nng ho
tan vo n-c ca cht.
- Cc cht c lin kt hyro ni phn t s gim kh nng to lin kt hyro lin phn t, lm gim nhit
nng chy, nhit si, kh nng ho lng so vi hp cht c khi l-ng phn t t-ng -ng nh-ng
c lin kt hyro lin phn t.
VD
H O
H O
(I)
O
H
(II)
(II) c nhit nng chy v nhit si cao hn(I).

+) nh h-ng n tan: Xt nh h-ng ca lin kt H gia phn t v dung mi
- Nu c lin kt H gia phn t hp cht v dung mi th tan ln
- Nhng cht c kh nng to lin kt H ni phn t d tan trong dung mi khng phn cc, kh tan trong
dung mi phn cc hn so vi nhng cht c lin kt H lin phn t
VD: Do c lin kt hyro nn H2O, NH3, HF c nhit si cao hn cc hp cht c khi l-ng phn t
t-ng -ng(hoc ln hn) nh-ng khng c lin kt hyro nh- H2S, HBr, HI... Lin kt hyro ca C2H5OH
vi H2O lm cho r-u etylic tan v hn trong n-c.

... O - H ... O - H ...O - H ...

... H- O ... H C2H5
H ... O - H
C2H5
C2H5
CH3 C CH2 C CH3

||
||
O
O
CH
CH3 C
||
O - H
C CH3
||
...
+) nh h-ng n tnh axit baz

- Ngoi ra lin kt hyro cn nh h-ng n kh nng cho v nhn proton(H+), tc nh h-ng n tnh
axit-baz ca cht.
VD: HF to lin kt hyro mnh trong dung dch nn tnh axit ca HF gim mnh so vi cc axit HCl, HBr,
HI.
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+) nh h-ng n bn ca ng phn
VD: Hin t-ng ng phn tautome:

MT S BI TP T LUN
Cu 1:
Hai nguyn t M v X to thnh hp cht c cng thc l M2X. Cho bit:
- Tng s proton trong hp cht bng 46.
- Trong ht nhn ca M c n - p = 1, trong ht nhn ca X c n = p.
8
khi lng.
47
1. Tm s ht proton trong nguyn t M v X.

2. Da vo bng tun hon hy cho bit tn cc nguyn t M, X.
3. Lin kt trong hp cht M2X l lin kt g? Ti sao? Vit s hnh thnh lin kt trong hp cht .
Cu 2:
1. Vit cu hnh electron ca cc nguyn t A, B bit rng:
- Tng s cc loi ht c bn trong nguyn t A l 34. S ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in
l 10.
- K hiu ca nguyn t B l 199 B.
2. Lin kt trong hp cht to thnh t A v B thuc loi lin kt g? V sao? Vit cng thc ca hp cht
to thnh .
Cu 3:
Mt hp cht c cng thc XY2 trong Y chim 50% v khi lng. Trong ht nhn ca X c n =
p v ht nhn Y c n = p. Tng s proton trong phn t XY2 l 32.
a. Vit cu hnh electron ca X v Y.
b. Da vo bng tun hon, cho bit X, Y l nhng nguyn t g? Cho bit bn cht lin kt v cng thc
cu to ca phn t XY2.
Cu 4:
X l nguyn t thuc chu k 3, X to vi hiro mt hp cht kh c cng thc H2X, trong X c s oxi ha
thp nht.
1. Xc nh v tr ca X trong bng tun hon.
2. Trong oxit cao nht ca R th R chim 40% khi lng. Tm khi lng nguyn t ca R.
3. Da vo bng tun hon hy cho bit X l nguyn t no. Vit phng trnh phn ng khi ln lt cho H2X
tc dng vi nc Cl2, dung dch FeCl3, dung dch CuSO4.
Cu 5:
R l mt nguyn t phi kim. Tng i s s oxi ha dng cao nht vi 2 ln s oxi ha m thp nht ca R l +2.
Tng s proton v ntron ca R nh hn 34.
1. Xc nh R
2. X l hp cht kh ca R vi hiro, Y l oxit ca R c cha 50% oxi v khi lng. Xc nh cng thc phn
t ca X v Y.
3. Vit cng thc cu to cc phn t RO2; RO3; H2RO4.
Cu 6:
Cation X+ do 5 nguyn t ca 2 nguyn t ha hc to nn. Tng s proton trong X+ l 11.
1. Xc nh cng thc v gi tn cation X+.
2. Vit cng thc electron ca ion X+. Cho bit cu trc hnh hc ca ion ny?
Cu 7:
Anion Y2- do 5 nguyn t ca 2 nguyn t ha hc to nn. Tng s electron trong Y2- l 50.
1. Xc nh cng thc phn t v gi tn ion Y2-, bit rng 2 nguyn t trong Y2- thuc cng mt phn nhm
v thuc hai chu k lin tip.
2. Vit cng thc electron ca ion Y2-. Cho bit cu trc hnh hc ca ion ny?
Cu 8:
Ha tan hon ton 7 gam kim loi M trong 200 gam dung dch HCl va thu c 206,75 gam dung dch
A.
1. Xc nh M v nng % ca dung dch HCl.
2. Ha tan 6,28 gam hn hp X gm M v mt oxit ca M trong 170 ml dung dch HNO 3 2M (long, va
) thu c 1,232 lit NO (ktc).
Tm cng thc ca oxit. Cho bit s oxi ha v ha tr ca M trong oxit.
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- Trong hp cht M2X, nguyn t X chim

Trong hp cht M2X, nguyn t X chim
8
khi lng nn:
47
MX
8
n , p,
8
2p ,
8
(2)
39p = 8(2p + 1).
2M M 39
2(n p) 39
2(2p 1) 39
T (1), (2) ta tm c: p = 19; p = 8.
2. M l kali (K) v X l oxi (O).
3. Lin kt trong hp cht K2O l lin kt ion v K l kim loi in hnh, O l phi kim in hnh.
S hnh thnh lin kt:
O + 2e O22K 2K+ + 2 1e
Cc ion K+ v O2- to thnh mang in tch tri du, chng ht nhau bng lc ht tnh in, to thnh
hp cht K2O:
2K+ + O2- K2O
Cu 2:
1. Gi tng s ht proton, ntron, electron ca nguyn t A l P, N, E (trong P = E).
Ta c: P + N + E = 34 v P + E - N = 10.
T y tm c P = E = 11; N = 12.
K hiu ca nguyn t B l 199 B nn ZB = 9
Cu hnh electron ca A, B:
A (Z = 11)
: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1
B (Z = 9)
: 1s2 2s2 2p5
2. Lin kt trong hp cht gia A v B l lin kt ion v A l kim loi in hnh (nhm IA), B l phi kim
in hnh (nhm VIIA).
S hnh thnh lin kt:
A A+ + 1e
B + 1e B+
Cc ion A v B to thnh mang in tch tri du, chng ht nhau bng lc ht tnh in, to thnh
hp cht AB:
A+ + B- AB.
Cu 3:
a. Trong hp cht XY2, X chim 50% v khi lng nn:
2M Y 50
2(p , n , )
1 p = 2p.
MX
50
(p n)
Tng s proton trong phn t XY2 l 32 nn p + 2p = 32.
T y tm c: p = 16 v p = 8 .
Cu hnh electron ca X: 1s22s22p63s23p4 v ca Y: 1s22s22p4
b. Da vo bng tun hon ta thy X l S, Y l O. Hp cht cn tm l SO2.
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Cu 9:
Kh hon ton 4,06 gam mt oxit kim loi bng CO nhit cao thnh kim loi. Dn ton b kh sinh ra
vo bnh ng dung dch Ca(OH)2 d, thy to thnh 7 gam kt ta. Nu ly lng kim loi sinh ra ha tan
ht vo dung dch HCl d th thu c 1,176 lit kh H2 (ktc).
1. Xc nh cng thc oxit kim loi.
2. Cho 4,06 gam oxit kim loi trn tc dng hon ton vi 500ml dung dch H2SO4 c, nng (d) c
dung dch X v c kh SO2 bay ra.
Hy xc nh nng mol/lit ca mui trong dung dch X.
Coi th tch ca dung dch khng thay i trong sut qu trnh phn ng.
(Trch thi tuyn sinh H- C khi A nm 2003)
Cu 10:
kh hon ton 8 gam oxit ca mt kim loi thnh kim loi cn dng 3,36 lit H2. Ha tan ht lng kim
loi thu c vo dung dch HCl long thy thot ra 2,24 lit kh H2. Bit cc kh o ktc.
Xc nh cng thc ca oxit. Cho bit s oxi ha v ha tr ca kim loi trong oxit.
P N HNG DN
Cu 1:
1. Tng s proton trong hp cht M2X bng 46 nn : 2p + p = 46.
(1)

S hnh thnh lin kt trong phn t SO2:

O:
Lin kt
S:
O:
Tng ng vi cng thc cu to:
S
O
Cu 4:
1. Theo bi ra, ha tr ca X trong hp cht vi hidro l II nn ha tr cao nht trong oxit l VI.
Vy X thuc chu k 3, nhm VIA trong bng tun hon.
2. R thuc nhm VI nn ha tr cao nht trong oxit l VI, vy cng thc oxit cao nht c dng RO3.
Trong oxit ny R chim 40% khi lng nn:
MR
40
MR = 32.
3 16 60
3. X l S. Cc phng trnh phn ng:
H2S + 4Cl2 + 4H2O H2SO4 + 8HCl
H2S + 2FeCl3 2FeCl2 + S + 2HCl
H2S + CuSO4 CuS + H2SO4
Cu 5:
1. Gi s oxi ha dng cao nht v s oxi ha m thp nht ca R ln lt l +m v -n.
S oxi ha cao nht ca R trong oxit l +m nn lp ngoi cng nguyn t R c m electron.
S oxi ha trong hp cht ca R vi hiro l -n nn t c cu hnh 8 electron bo ha ca kh
him, lp ngoi cng nguyn t R cn nhn thm n electron.
Ta c: m + n = 8. Mt khc, theo bi ra: +m + 2(-n) = +2 m - 2n = 2.
T y tm c: m = 6 v n = 2. Vy R l phi kim thuc nhm VI.
S khi ca R < 34 nn R l O hay S. Do oxi khng to c s oxi ha cao nht l +6 nn R l lu
hunh.
2. Trong hp cht X, S c s oxi ha thp nht nn X c cng thc l H2S.
Gi cng thc oxit Y l SOn.
32 50
Do %S = 50% nn
=
n = 2. Cng thc ca Y l SO2.
16n 50
3. Cng thc cu to ca SO2; SO3; H2SO4:
O
O
O
HO
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Lin kt cho nhn
S
O
Cu 6:
HO
S
S
S
11
= 2,2. Vy mt nguyn t trong X+ c in
5
tch ht nhn nh hn 2,2, nguyn t l H (Z = 1). Ta loi trng hp He (Z = 2) v He l kh him khng to
c hp cht.
Vy cng thc ion X+ c dng: [A5-nHn]+. Trong : (5-n).ZA + n = 11.
Ta lp bng sau:
N
1
2
3
4
1. S proton trung bnh ca mt ht nhn nguyn t trong X+ l
ZA (A) 2,5 (loi) 3 (Li) 4 (Be) 7 (N)

Ta loi cc trng hp A l Li, Be v cc ion X+ tng ng khng tn ti.

Trng hp A l nit tha mn v ion amoni tn ti. Vy X+ l ion NH 4 .
2. Cng thc electron ca ion NH 4 nh sau:
H
H
N
H
Cng thc electron
Cng thc cu to
Cu 7:
Gi cng thc ca Y2- l [E 5m Fm ]2 .
Theo bi, tng s electron trong Y2- bng 50 nn tng s proton trong Y2- bng 48.
Ta c:
(5-m)ZE + mZF = 48.
(1)
Ta nhn thy:
48
S proton trung bnh ca mt ht nhn nguyn t trong Y2- l
= 9,6 nn E thuc chu k 2, F chu
5
k k tip vi E nn F thuc chu k 3.
Mt khc, hai nguyn t E v F thuc cng mt phn nhm nn ZF - ZE = 8. (2)
T (1), (2) ta c: 5ZE + 8m = 48.
Ta lp bng sau:
4
M
1
2
3
ZE (E)
6,4 (loi)
8 (O)
4,8 (loi)
3,2 (loi)
Vy E l O. T suy ra F l S. Ion Y2- cn tm l ion sunfat SO 24 .

2. Cng thc electron ca ion SO 24 nh sau:
.. ..O ..
..
.. ..O .. S .. ..O ..
.. .. ..
.. O ..
..
2-
2-
S
O
O
Cng thc electron
Cng thc cu to
Cu 8:
1. Gi ha tr kim loi l n v s mol l a mol. Ta c: Ma = 7.
2M + 2nHCl 2MCln + nH2
(mol): a
a
0,5na
Khi lng dung dch sau phn ng tng 6,75 gam nn: 7 - 0,5na 2 = 6,75 hay na = 0,25.
M Ma
28 . Vy M = 28n.
Lp t l:
n
na
Ta lp bng sau:
N
1
2
3
M
28 (loi)
56 (nhn)
84 (loi)
Vy kim loi M l Fe.
2. Gi s mol: Fe = b v FexOy = c mol. Ta c 56b + (56x + 16y)c = 6,28.
Fe + 4HNO3 Fe(NO3)3 + NO + 2H2O
(mol): b
4b
b
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..
.. N ..
..
t
MxOy + yCO
xM + yCO2
(mol): a
ax
ay
CO2 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + H2O
(mol): ay
ay
Ta c: ay = 0,07. T y suy ra: Max = 2,94.
(mol): ax
0,5nax
Ta c: 0,5nax = 0,0525 hay nax = 0,105.
M Max
Lp t l:
28 . Vy M = 28n.
n
nax
Ta lp bng sau:
N
1
2
M
28 (loi)
56 (nhn)
Vy kim loi M l Fe.
x ax 3
Lp t l:
. Vy cng thc oxit l Fe3O4.
y ay 4
Cu 10:
Gi cng thc oxit l MxOy = a mol.
0
t
MxOy + yH2
xM + yH2O
(mol): a
ay
ax
Ta c: a(Mx + 16y) = 8 v ay = 0,15. Nh vy Max = 5,6.
(mol): ax
0,5nax
Ta c: 0,5nax = 0,1 hay nax = 0,2.
M Max
28 . Vy M = 28n.
Lp t l:
n
nax
Ta lp bng sau:
N
1
2
M
28 (loi)
56 (nhn)
Vy kim loi M l Fe.
x ax 2
Lp t l:
y ay 3
S oxi ha ca st trong oxit l +3, ha tr ca st l III.
3
84 (loi)
3
84 (loi)

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3FexOy + (12x - 2y)HNO3 3xFe(NO3)3 + (3x - 2y)NO + (6x - y)H2O

(12x 2y)c
(3x 2y)c
(mol): c
3
3
(12x 2y)c
(3x 2y)c
Ta c: 4b +
= 0,34 v b +
= 0,055.
3
3
T y tnh c: b = 0,05 mol; xc = 0,045 mol v yc = 0,06 mol.
x xc 3
Lp t l:
y yc 4
8
S oxi ha ca st trong oxit l + , ha tr ca st l II v III (FeO.Fe2O3).
3
Cu 9:
Gi cng thc oxit l: MxOy = a mol. Ta c: a(Mx + 16y) = 4,06.
BI TP TRC NGHIM CNG C KIN THC
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Cu 1: X, A, Z l nhng nguyn t c s n v in tch ht nhn l 9, 19, 8. Lin kt c th c gia 2

nguyn t ca nguyn t no l lin kt cng ha tr?
A. X v Z
B. A v Z
C. Khng c trng hp ny xy ra
D. X v A
Cu 2: Nguyn t X c 20 proton, nguyn t Y c 17 proton. Cng thc hp cht hnh thnh t hai nguyn
t ny l:
A. X2Y vi lin kt ion
B. X2Y vi lin kt cng ho tr.
C. XY2 vi lin kt cng ho tr
D. XY2 vi lin kt ion.
Cu 3: Lin kt ha hc trong NaCl c hnh thnh do
A. hai ht nhn nguyn t ht electron rt mnh.
B. mi nguyn t Na v Cl gp chung mt electron.
C. nguyn t clo nhng electron, nguyn t Na nhn electron to nn hai ion ngc du, ht nhau to nn
phn t NaCl
D. nguyn t Na nhng electron, nguyn t clo nhn electron to nn hai ion ngc du, ht nhau to nn
phn t NaCl.
Cu 4: m in ca nit bng 3,04; ca clo l 3,16 khc nhau khng ng k nhng iu kin thng
kh nng phn ng ca N2 km hn Cl2 l do
A. Cl2 l halogen nn c hot tnh ha hc mnh.
B. in tch ht nhn ca N nh hn ca Cl.
C. N2 c lin kt ba cn Cl2 c lin kt n.
D. trn tri t hm lng nit nhiu hn clo.
Cu 5: Cho tinh th cc cht sau: iod (1), kim cng (2), nc (3), mui n (4), silic (5). Tinh th nguyn
t l cc tinh th
A. (1), (2), (5).
B. (1), (3), (4).
C. (2), (5).
D. (3), 4).
Cu 6: Ha tr ca nit trong cc cht: N2, NH3, N2H4, NH4Cl, NaNO3 tng ng l
A. 0, -3, -2, -3, +5.
B. 0, 3, 2, 3, 5.
C. 2, 3, 0, 4, 5.
D. 3, 3, 3, 4, 4.
Cu 7: Dy no trong s cc dy sau y ch cha cc lin kt cng ha tr?
A. BaCl2 ; CdCl2 ; LiF.
B. H2O ; SiO2 ; CH3COOH.
C. NaCl ; CuSO4 ; Fe(OH)3.
D. N2 ; HNO3 ; NaNO3.
Cu 8: Cho cc tinh th sau:
Kim cng (C)

Iot (I2)
H2O
Tinh th no l tinh th phn t:
A.Tinh th kim cng v It
B.Tinh th kim cng v nc .
C.Tinh th nc v It.
D.C 3 tinh th cho.
Cu 9: Mt phn t XY3 c tng cc ht proton, electron, notron bng 196. Trong s ht mang in
nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 60, s ht mang in ca X t hn s ht mang in ca Y trong phn
t l 76. XY3 l cng thc no sau y ?
A. SO3
B. AlCl3
C. BF3
D. NH3
Cu 10: X, Y l hai nguyn t thuc cng mt nhm A, hai chu k lin tip. Cho bit tng s electron
trong anion XY 32 l 42. Xc nh hai nguyn t X, Y v XY 32 trong s cc phng n sau
A. Be, Mg v MgBe3
B. S, O v SO32
C. C, O v CO32
D. Si, O v SiO32

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Cu 11: Cp cht no sau y u c c ba loi lin kt: lin kt cng ha tr, lin kt ion , lin kt phi tr?
A. NaCl , H2O
B. NH4Cl , Al2O3
C. K2SO4, KNO3
D. SO2 , SO3
Cu 12: Tm cu sai trong cc cu sau y:
A. Nc thuc loi tinh th phn t.
B. Trong tinh th phn t, lc lin kt gia cc phn t l lin kt cng ha tr.
C. Trong tinh th phn t, lc lin kt gia cc phn t l lin kt yu.
D. Tinh th iot l tinh th phn t.
Cu 13: Tm cu sai trong cc cu sau y:
A. Kim cng l mt dng th hnh ca cacbon, thuc loi tinh th nguyn t.
B. Trong mng tinh th nguyn t, cc nguyn t c phn b lun phin u n theo mt trt t nht
nh. C. Lc lin kt gia cc nguyn t trong tinh th nguyn t l lin kt yu.
D. Tinh th nguyn t bn vng, rt cng, nhit nng chy v nhit si kh cao.
Cu 14: Chn mnh ng:
A. Trong lin kt cng ha tr, cp electron lch v pha nguyn t c m in nh hn.
B. Lin kt cng ha tr c cc c to thnh gia 2 nguyn t c hiu m in t 0,4 n nh hn 1,7.
C. Lin kt cng ha tr khng cc c to nn t cc nguyn t khc hn nhau v tnh cht ha hc.
D. Hiu m in gia hai nguyn t ln th phn t phn cc yu.
Cu 15: Cho cc nguyn t K,Na,Ca,Al, F,O, Cl. C bao nhiu phn t hp cht ion to thnh t 2 nguyn
t trong cc nguyn t trn c cu hnh electron ca cation khc cu hnh electron ca anion ?
A. 4
B. 5
C. 6
D. 7
2
Cu 16: Anion XY3 c tng s ht mang in l 62. S ht mang in trong ht nhn ca Y nhiu hn s
ht mang in trong ht nhn ca X l 2. Nhn nh no sau y l sai?
A. Y l nguyn t thuc chu k 2.
B. X l nguyn t cacbon.
C. Trong phn t hp cht gia Na, X,Y va c lin kt ion va c lin kt cng ha tr.
D. Nu Z l nguyn t cng phn nhm vi Y chu k k tip th phn t hp cht gia X v Z c tng s
ht mang in l 48.
Cu 16: Nguyn t X c tng s ht proton, ntron, electron l 115 trong s ht khng mang in chim
39,13% tng s ht. Trong hp cht ion gia M v X s ht mang in ca M chim 14,63% tng s ht
mang in ca phn t. M l :
A. Na
B. Mg
C. Na
D. K
2+
Cu 17: Anion X v cation M (M khng phi l Be) u c chung 1 cu hnh electron R. Khng nh no
sau y l sai?
A. Nu M chu k 3 th X l Flo.
B. Nu R c n electron th phn t hp cht ion n gin gia X v M c 3n electron.
C. X l nguyn t p v M l nguyn t s.
D. S ht mang in ca Ms ht mang in ca X = 4.
Cu 18: Cho cc phn t : H2, CO2, HCl, Cl2, CH4. C bao nhiu phn t c cc ?
A.1
B.2
C.3
D. 4
Cu 19 (B-07): Cho cc cht: axit propionic (X), axit axetic (Y), ancol (ru) etylic (Z) v imetyl ete (T).
Dy gm cc cht c sp xp theo chiu tng dn nhit si l
A. T, Z, Y, X.
B. T, X, Y, Z.
C. Z, T, Y, X.
D. Y, T, X, Z.
Cu 20: Dy no sau y sp xp ng theo th s oxi ho tng dn ca nit trong cc cht?
A. N2, NO, N2O, NO2, NH3, NaNO3.
B. NO, N2, N2O, NH3, NO2, NaNO3.
C. NH3, N2, N2O, NO, NO2, NaNO3.
D. NH3, N2, N2O, NO, NaNO3, NO2.
Cu 21: Cho cc nguyn t v m in tng ng : oxi 3,5 ; hiro 2,1 ; natri 0,9 ; lu hunh 3,0.
a) phn cc ca cc lin kt trong cc phn t tng dn theo dy:
A. SO2, H2O, H2S, Na2O.
B. SO2, H2O, Na2O, H2S.
C. SO2, H2S, H2O, Na2O.
D. H2S, Na2O, SO2, H2O.
Cu 22: Cho cc phn t cc cht CaO, CH4, CO2, NH3, Na2O, KCl. Tng s cc cht c lin kt ion l
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A. 4
B. 5
C. 3
D. 2
Cu 23: Cho 6C, 7N, 1H, 17Cl. S phn cc cc cht c sp xp theo th t tng dn nh sau:
A. NH3 < CH4 < HCl.
B. HCl < NH3 < CH4.
C. CH4 < NH3 < HCl.
D. CH4 < HCl < NH3.
Cu 24 : Ch ra ni dung sai :
A. S oxi ho ca nguyn t trong cc hp cht bng ho tr ca nguyn t .
B. Trong mt phn t, tng s oxi ho ca cc nguyn t bng khng.
C. S oxi ho ca ion n nguyn t bng in tch ca ion .
D. Tng s oxi ho ca cc nguyn t trong ion a nguyn t bng in tch ca ion .
Cu 25 : S oxi ho ca nguyn t nit trong cc hp cht : NH4Cl, HNO3, NO, NO2, N2, N2O ln lt l :
A. 4, +6, +2, +4, 0, +1. B. 4, +5, 2, 0, +3, 1. C. 3, +5, +2, +4, 0, +1. D. +3, 5, +2, 4, 3, 1
Cu 26 : Hon thnh ni dung sau: S oxi ho ca mt nguyn t trong phn t l ...(1) ca nguyn t
nguyn t trong phn t, nu gi nh rng lin kt gia cc nguyn t trong phn t l ...(2)..
A. (1): in ho tr; (2): lin kt ion.
B. (1): in tch; (2): lin kt ion.
C. (1): cng ho tr; (2): lin kt cng ho tr.
D. (1): in ho tr; (2): lin kt cng ho tr.
Cu 27 : cc nt mng ca tinh th natri clorua l
A. phn t NaCl.
B. cc ion Na+, Cl.
C. cc nguyn t Na, Cl.
D. cc nguyn t v phn t Na, Cl2.
Cu 28 : Trong tinh th nguyn t, cc nguyn t lin kt vi nhau bng
A. lin kt cng ho tr. B. lin kt ion.
C. lin kt kim loi.
D. lc ht tnh in.
Cu 29 : Trong tinh th kim cng, cc nt mng tinh th l
A. nguyn t cacbon.
B. phn t cacbon.
C. cation cacbon.
D. anion cacbon.
Cu 30 : Trong tinh th iot, cc im nt ca mng tinh th l :
A. nguyn t iot.
B. phn t iot.
C. anion iotua
D. cation iot.
Cu 31 : Trong tinh th nc , cc nt ca mng tinh th l :
A. Nguyn t hiro v oxi. B. Phn t nc.
C. Cc ion H+ v O2.
D. Cc ion H+ v OH.
Cu 32 : Trong phn t amoni clorua c bao nhiu lin kt cng ho tr ?
A. 1
B. 2
C. 4
D. 5
+
Cu 33 : Trong mng tinh th NaCl, cc ion Na v Cl c phn b lun phin u n trn cc nh ca

cc
A. hnh lp phng.
B. hnh t din u.
C. hnh chp tam gic.
D. hnh lng tr lc gic u.
Cu 34 : Ch ra ni dung sai khi xt phn t CO2 :
A. Phn t c cu to gc.
B. Lin kt gia nguyn t oxi v cacbon l phn cc
C. Phn t CO2 khng phn cc

D. Trong phn t c hai lin kt i.
Cu 35 : Trong phn ng ho hc, nguyn t natri khng hnh thnh c
A. ion natri.
B. cation natri.
C. anion natri.
D. ion n nguyn t natri.
Cu 36 : Trong phn ng : 2Na + Cl2 2NaCl, c s hnh thnh
A. cation natri v clorua.
B. anion natri v clorua.
C. anion natri v cation clorua.
D. anion clorua v cation natri.


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Cu 37 : Hon thnh ni dung sau : Bn knh nguyn t...(1) bn knh cation tng ng v ... (2) bn knh anion
tng ng.
A. (1) : nh hn, (2) : ln hn.
B. (1) : ln hn, (2) : nh hn.
C. (1) : ln hn, (2) : bng.
D. (1) : nh hn, (2) : bng.
Cu 38 : Trong tinh th NaCl, xung quanh mi ion c bao nhiu ion ngc du gn nht ?
A. 1
B. 4
C. 6
D. 8
Cu 39 : Lin kt ion l lin kt c hnh thnh bi
A. s gp chung cc electron c thn.
B. s cho nhn cp electron ho tr.
C. lc ht tnh in gia cc ion mang in tri du.
D. lc ht tnh in gia cc ion dng v electron t do.
Cu 40 : Ch ra ni dung sai khi ni v tnh cht chung ca hp cht ion :
A. Kh nng chy, kh bay hi.
B. Tn ti dng tinh th, tan nhiu trong nc.
C. Trong tinh th cha cc ion nn dn c in. D. Cc hp cht ion u kh rn.
Cu 41: Lin kt cng ha tr:
A. khng c tnh nh hng, khng c tnh bo ha
C. Khng c tnh nh hng, c tnh bo ha
B. c tnh nh hng, khng c tnh bo ha
D. C tnh nh hng v c tnh bo ha
Cu 42: Lin kt ion
A. khng c tnh nh hng, khng c tnh bo ha
C. Khng c tnh nh hng, c tnh bo ha
B. c tnh nh hng, khng c tnh bo ha
D. C tnh nh hng v c tnh bo ha
Cu 43: Trong phn t Cl2, xc xut c mt cc electron tp trung ln nht:
A. ti khu vc gia hai ht nhn nguyn t
B. lch v pha mt trong hai nguyn t
C. ti khu vc nm v hai pha trn ng ni hai ht nhn nguyn t
D. ti mi ni trong phn t
Cu 44: lin kt ion l lin kt c to thnh:
A. bi cp electron dng chung gia hai nguyn t lin kt
B. bi cp electron dng chung gia mt kim loi in hnh v mt phi kim in hnh
C. bi lc ht ht nhn gia hai nguyn t
D. bi lc ht tnh in gia cc ion mang in tch tri du.
Cu 45: Cho m in ca cc nguyn t : C (2,55) ; H (2,20) ; S (2,58) ; Na (0,93) ; O (3,44) ; N (3,04) ;
P (2,19) ; Cl (3,16) ; K (0,82) ; Ba (0,89). Nhm cc hp cht c cng bn cht lin kt l
A. CO2, H2S, Na2O, SO2, SO3,
B. CO2, N2, H2S, PCl5, BaCl2.
C. CO2, H2O, KOH, NaCl, H2SO4.
D. SO2, H2S, HCl, PCl3, H2O.
Cu 46: Nhn xt no sau y khng ng?
A. Kim cng l tinh th nguyn t nn nhit nng chy rt cao
B. Nc l tinh th ion nn nhit nng chy rt thp
C. Iot l tinh th phn t nn d ha hi khi un nng
D. NaCl l tinh th ion nn d b ha tan trong nc
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2014 Chuyen Đề 02 Lien Kết Hoa Học Phản Ứng Oxi Hoa Khử A

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2014 Chuyen Đề 02 Lien Kết Hoa Học Phản Ứng Oxi Hoa Khử A

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LP BI DNG VN HA NGY MI

18A/88 INH VN T - TP.HI DNG

Na+ Cl(2/8) (2/8/8)

nitrat ( NO3 ), ion sunfat ( SO42 ), ion photphat PO43 ...

TP CH HA HC & TUI TR HOAHOC.ORG

18A/88 INH VN T - TP.HI DNG

Cc phn t H2, N2 to nn t hai nguyn t ca cng mt nguyn t (c m in nh

18A/88 INH VN T - TP.HI DNG

b. S hnh thnh phn t hp cht

m in ca oxi (3,44) ln hn m in ca C (2,55) nn cp electron chung lch v

Lin kt cng ha tr trong cp electron chung b lch v pha mt nguyn t c gi l lin kt

b) iu kin to ra lin kt cho nhn:

18A/88 INH VN T - TP.HI DNG

2. Bn cht ca lc lin kt hyro.

18A/88 INH VN T - TP.HI DNG

+ Lin kt H ni phn t: Xut hin trong phn t c c X H v : Y v chng phi

3. iu kin hnh thnh lin kt hyr.

(II) c nhit nng chy v nhit si cao hn(I).

TP CH HA HC & TUI TR HOAHOC.ORG

18A/88 INH VN T - TP.HI DNG

... O - H ... O - H ...O - H ...

CH3 C CH2 C CH3

+) nh h-ng n tnh axit baz

TP CH HA HC & TUI TR HOAHOC.ORG

18A/88 INH VN T - TP.HI DNG

1. Tm s ht proton trong nguyn t M v X.

- Trong hp cht M2X, nguyn t X chim

TP CH HA HC & TUI TR HOAHOC.ORG

18A/88 INH VN T - TP.HI DNG

Trong hp cht M2X, nguyn t X chim

39p = 8(2p + 1).

TP CH HA HC & TUI TR HOAHOC.ORG

18A/88 INH VN T - TP.HI DNG

S hnh thnh lin kt trong phn t SO2:

Lin kt cho nhn

ZA (A) 2,5 (loi) 3 (Li) 4 (Be) 7 (N)

18A/88 INH VN T - TP.HI DNG

Ta loi cc trng hp A l Li, Be v cc ion X+ tng ng khng tn ti.

Vy E l O. T suy ra F l S. Ion Y2- cn tm l ion sunfat SO 24 .

18A/88 INH VN T - TP.HI DNG

TP CH HA HC & TUI TR HOAHOC.ORG

3FexOy + (12x - 2y)HNO3 3xFe(NO3)3 + (3x - 2y)NO + (6x - y)H2O

18A/88 INH VN T - TP.HI DNG

BI TP TRC NGHIM CNG C KIN THC

Cu 1: X, A, Z l nhng nguyn t c s n v in tch ht nhn l 9, 19, 8. Lin kt c th c gia 2

Kim cng (C)

TP CH HA HC & TUI TR HOAHOC.ORG

18A/88 INH VN T - TP.HI DNG

18A/88 INH VN T - TP.HI DNG

Cu 33 : Trong mng tinh th NaCl, cc ion Na v Cl c phn b lun phin u n trn cc nh ca

B. Lin kt gia nguyn t oxi v cacbon l phn cc

C. Phn t CO2 khng phn cc

B. anion natri v clorua.

C. anion natri v cation clorua.

D. anion clorua v cation natri.

TP CH HA HC & TUI TR HOAHOC.ORG

18A/88 INH VN T - TP.HI DNG

TP CH HA HC & TUI TR HOAHOC.ORG

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