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Quantitative methods are preferred in systems. analysis but qualitative analysis can also be incorporated in the proce: Computers are not ¢ssential, but they are almost mandatory if the system to be modeled is complex and multi-dimensional) (System analysis provides the answers by methods and techniques that are available to everyone for critical analysis and examination. These are not unique in the sense that anyone who has r sary expertise and experience can exactly duplicate the analysis. The models developed can be constantly updated as more information becomes available. Basically systems analysis is a problem solving technique, wherein attempts are made to build a replica of a real world system or situation. The system is represented by a series of mathematical expressions in such a way that the resulting relationships describe the phenomenon, The parameters that affect the system are included as well as the factors that influence the paranicters. Thus in real sense, it is implied that a good mathematical mode! of e@ system needs a thorough knowledge and understanding the system However, since in most of the cases of water resources planning and management, all the factors affecting the system are not known, or if known, often cannot be evaluated and quantified, the resulting model does not exactly describe (le real world situation, but may be close to it for all practical purposes.Societal values and Actual consequences direct and concomitant -(e- -~--——| Ohiectives [4 Constraints fo LEvannarion | » ~>{ Resources Technolog / Broadly speaking, the analysis of water resource system goes through 4 J five related stages. 1) Identification of the objectives of the design. 2) Translating the objectives into design criteria. 3) Identi th 4) De alt ing of alternative courses) of action, which will satisfy criteria. ernination of consequences that follow from each live. | 5) Comparative evaluation of the consequences of the alternatives in terms of criteria. The major elements of those design tasks are: 1) 2) 3) 4) Collection and analysis of basic data on present and projected demand for resources, including studies on population, economic activity and demand schedules, Collection and analysis of basic data on resource supply including, studies of climate, soil, topography, geology and hydrology. i [un - Assembly of an inventory of development and management alternatives, including possible dam rvoirs, irrigation works, power plant mo oO — Preliminary screening of alternatives in a system context to identify these promising measures suitable for further analysis. | Detailed analysis of systems of such alternatives leading, to identification of an optimal design.-t4- Systems analysis cannot keep planners and decision makers as an aid to prediction and planning processes, but it can also be used as a gaming or teaching tool. Systems analysis has been developed for the planning of engineering systems. It is important to emphasize that systems analysis builds on professional judgement rather than negates it. It attempts to systematize the process of planning emphasizing integrated creative engineering with socio-economic-environmental impact analysis. It enables the planner to carry out “Thought-experiments” through mathematical models in which the tool often used is optimization.