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Bai Tong Ket LTE 4G
Bai Tong Ket LTE 4G
Bai Tong Ket LTE 4G
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khong cch gia 2 sng mang k nhau l 200KHz. Mi knh s dng 2 tn s ring
bit cho 2 ng ln v xung gi l knh song cng. Khong cch gia 2 tn s l
khng i bng 45MHz. Mi knh v tuyn mang 8 khe thi gian TDMA v mi khe thi
gian l mt knh vt l trao i thng tin gia MS v mng GSM. Tc m t (6.513)Kbps. 125 knh tn s c nh s t 0 n 124 c gi l knh tn s tuyt i
ARFCN (Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number).
Ful(n) = 890 MHz + (0,2MHz) * n
Fdl(n) = Ful(n) + 45MHz
Vi 1 <= n <= 124
- s dng cc phng php a truy nhp chnh l :
+ a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s (FDMA - Frequency Division Multiple
Access ).
+ a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian (TDMA Time Division Multiple Access).
+ a truy nhp phn chia theo m (CDMA Code Division Multiple Access).
2. cc h thng in hnh:
Th h th hai (2G) xut hin vo nhng nm 90 vi mng di ng u tin,
s dng k thut a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian (TDMA). Trong thi k ca
th h th hai, nn cng ngh thng tin di ng tng trng vt tri c v s
lng thu bao v cc dch v gi tr gia tng. Cc mng th th hai cho php
truyn d liu hn ch trong khong t 9.6 kbps n 19.2 kbps. Cc mng ny c
s dng ch yu cho mc ch thoi v l cc mng chuyn mch knh.
Tng t nh trong 1G, khng tn ti mt chun chung ton cu no cho 2G, hin
nay cc h thng 2G da trn 3 chun cng ngh chnh sau:
-D- AMPS (Digital AMPS): c s dng ti Bc M. D-AMPS ang dn c
thay th bi GSM/GPRS v CDMA2000.
-GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications): Cc h thng trin khai GSM
c s dng rt rng ri trn th gii (ngoi tr Bc M, Nht). H thng GSM
dn knh phn chia tn s c s dng, vi mi u cui di ng truyn thng
trn mt tn s v nhn thng tin trn mt tn s khc cao hn (chnh lch 80MHz
trong D-AMPS v 55MHz trong GSM). Trong c hai h thng, phng php dn
knh phn chia thi gian li c p dng cho mt cp tn s, lm tng kh nng
cung cp dch v ng thi ca h thng. Tuy nhin, cc knh GSM rng hn cc
knh AMPS (200kHz so vi 30kHz) qua GSM cung cp truyn d liu cao
hn D-AMPS
- CDMA (code Division Multiple Access):
CDMA s dng cng ngh a truy cp thng qua m . Nh cng ngh ny m CDMA
c th nng cao dung lng cung cp ng thi cc cuc gi trong mt cell cao hn
hn so vi hai cng ngh trn.
- PDC (Personal Digital Cellular): L chun c pht trin v s dng duy nht
ti Nht Bn. Ging nh D-AMPS v GSM, PDC s dng TDMA.
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Trong :
-HSCSD = High Speed Circuit Switched Data: s liu chuyn mch knh
tc cao:
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1 . c im v cc k thut chnh:
c im ni bt nht ca mng 3G l kh nng h tr mt lng ln cc khch
hng trong vic truyn ti m thanh v d liu c bit l cc vng th - vi tc
cao hn v chi ph thp hn mng 2G.
3G s dng knh truyn dn 5 MHz chuyn d liu. N cng cho php vic truyn
d liu tc 384 Kbps trong mng di ng v 2 Mbps trong h thng tnh. Ngi
dng hy vng mng 3G s c pht trin hiu qu hn na, cc khch hng ca
cc mng 3G khc nhau trn ton cu c th kt ni vi nhau.
Kt cu phn tng: H thng UMTS da trn cc dch v c phn tng, khng
ging nh mng GSM. trn cng l tng dch v, em li nhng u im nh trin
khai nhanh cc dch v, hay cc a im c tp trung ha. Tng gia l tng iu
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khin, gip cho vic nng cp cc quy trnh v cho php mng li c th c phn
chia linh hot. Cui cng l tng kt ni, bt k cng ngh truyn d liu no cng c
th c s dng v d liu m thanh s c chuyn qua ATM/AAL2 hoc IP/RTP.
CDMA c dng trong mng IMT-2000 3G l WCDMA (Wideband CDMA) v
cdma2000.
- WCDMA l i th ca cdma2000 v l mt trong 2 chun 3G, tri ph rng hn
i vi CDMA do c th pht v nhn thng tin nhanh hn v hiu qu hn.
- Chu u, mng 3G WCDMA c bit nh l UMTS (Universal Mobile
Telephony System) l mt ci tn khc cho W-CDMA/dch v 3G.
UMTS s dng WCDMA, WCDMA nh chun pht v tuyn. N c bng thng knh l
5 MHz, c th mang 100 cuc gi cng mt lc, hoc n c th mang d liu ti
2Mbps. Tuy nhin, vi s tng cng HSDPA v HSUPA chnh l trong nhng release
sau ny (R99/R4/R5/R6) ca chun, tc pht d liu tng ti 14,4 Mbps.
UMTS cho php c 2 ch FDD v TDD. Ch u tin l FDD l uplink v
downlink trn cc tn s khc nhau. Khng gian gia chng l 190MHz cho mng
band1. TDD uplink v downlink c chia theo thi gian vi nhng trm c s (base
station) v sau di ng pht ln lt trn cng tn s, c bit ph hp ti nhiu loi
ng dng khc nhau. N cng thc hin nhng cell nh. Thi gian bo v c yu
cu gia pht v thu. H thng TDD c th hiu qu khi s dng trong picocell
mang d liu internet.
Tn s: hin ti c 6 bng s dng cho UMTS/WCDMA, tp trung vo UMTS tn
s cp pht trong 2 bng Uplink (1885 2025)MHz v Downlink (2110 2200)
MHz.
UMTS s dng WCDMA nh mt c cu vn chuyn v tuyn. iu ch trn ng
uplink v downlink l khc nhau. Downlink s dng dch kha pha cu phng (QPSK)
cho tt c nhng knh vn chuyn. Tuy nhin, Uplink s dng 2 knh ring bit thc
hin quay vng ca b pht trng thi on v off khng gy ra nhiu trn ng
audio, nhng knh i ( dual channel phase chifl keying) dng m ha d liu ngi
dng ti I hoc u vo In-phase ti b iu ch DQPSK, v iu khin d liu
c m ha bng vic s dng m khc nhau ti u vo Q hoc quadrature ti b
iu ch.
- cdma2000, chun 3G khc. N l mt s nng cp cdmaOne. N s dng tri ph
rng do c th pht v thu thng tin nhanh hn v hiu qu hn, pht d liu
internet nhanh, video, v pht nhc cht lng CD. Tuy nhin, c nhiu phn t
cdma2000 c gi l cdma20001X, 1X-EV-DV, 1X EV-DO, v cdma2000 3X.
Chng pht dch v 3G khi chim d mt ph tn nh (1,25 MHz mi sng mang)
u im ca cng ngh W-CDMA so vi GSM:
- Tiu chun thng nht ton cu cho cc loi hnh thng tin v tuyn.
- C kh nng truyn ti a phng tin.
- Thc hin truyn ti dch v hnh nh tc thp cho n tc cao nht l 2Mbps.
- Tnh bo mt ca cuc thoi v mc hiu qu khai thc bng tn cao hn.
- C kh nng chuyn mch mm, tch hp c vi mng NGN.
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- Cht lng thoi c nng ln v dung lng mng tng ln 4-5 ln so vi GSM.
- CDMA c c ch gip tit kim nng lng, gip tng thi gian thoi ca pin.
- Kh nng m rng dung lng ca CDMA d dng v chi ph thp hn so vi GSM.
Th h 3.5G :
3,5G l nhng ng dng c nng cp da trn cng ngh hin c ca 3G. Cng
ngh ca 3,5G chnh l HSDPA (High Speed Downlink Package Access). y l gii
php mang tnh t ph v mt cng ngh, c pht trin trn c s ca h thng 3G
W-CDMA.
HSDPA cho php download d liu v my in thoi c tc tng ng tc
ng truyn ADSL, vt qua nhng cn tr c hu v tc kt ni ca mt in
thoi thng thng.
HSDPA l mt bc tin nhm nng cao tc v kh nng ca mng di ng t bo
th h th 3 UMTS. HSDPA c thit k cho nhng ng dng dch v d liu nh:
dch v c bn (ti file, phn phi email), dch v tng tc (duyt web, truy cp server,
tm v phc hi c s d liu), v dch v Streaming
1 . cc c im cng ngh :
Hin nay, 4G mi ang giai on u ca qu trnh pht trin vi nhiu cch tip cn
tng i khc nhau . ta s xem xt 5 c im c bn, l ng lc cho s pht
trin h thng di ng 4G.
-H tr lu lng IP:
- H tr tnh di ng tt:
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Phn 3
GII THIU V CNG NGH V MC TIU THIT K
LTE
1.1
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bng tn)
-
1.6
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1.3
Chng 2
Pht trin kin trc h thng
3.1 Kin trc mng truy nhp v tuyn
a.Cc chc nng ca mng truy nhp v tuyn;
-M ha,an xen,iu ch v cc chc nng lp vt l in hnh khc.
-ARQ,nn tiu v cc chc nng lp lin kt in hnh khc.
-Cc chc nng an ninh (mt m ha v bo v tnh ton vn).
-Cc chc nng qun l ti nguyn ,chuyn giao v cc chc nng iu khin ti
nguyn v tuyn in hnh khc.
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Hnh 3.3: Cu hnh cho EPS h tr ca 3GPP bao gm c truy cp UMTS / HSPA
-EPC ni n LTE RAN qua giao din S1 v n Internet qua giao din SGi.
-Ngoi ra EPC ni n HSS(tng ng vi HLR trong mng li GSM/WCDMA) qua
giao din S6a.
-Gia UE v mng truy nhp v tuyn c giao din Uu.
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-S2a:l giao din gia mng khng thuc 3GPP vi PDN Gateway.
-S2b :l giao din gia ePDG v PDN Gateway.
-S2c l giao din gia UE v Gateway.
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Chng 3
Cc k thut cho truy nhp v tuyn trong LTE
I -H thng truyn dn: ng xung OFDMA v ng ln SCFDMA:
ng xung v ng ln trong LTE da trn vic s dng nhiu cc cng ngh a
truy nhp , c th : a truy nhp phn chia tn s trc giao cho ng xung ( OFDMA)
, v a truy nhp phn chia tn s - n sng mang ( SC-FDMA ) cho ng ln . trc
tin ta xt cho ng xung .
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thnh cc tp con khc nhau v c gn cho cc ngi s dng khc nhau truyn
t cc u cui khc nhau n trm gc .
Trong trng hp OFDMA c s dng cho ng ln , tn hiu OFDM c pht i
t cc my u cui khc nhau c ghp knh theo tn s , iu quan trng l khi
truyn dn t cc u cui cc v tr khc nhau so vi trm gc phi n trm gc
mt cch ng b theo thi gian .c bit l s mt ng b gia cc truyn dn t cc
u cui di ng khc nhau ti trm gc phi nh hn di CP m bo tnh trc
giao gia cc sng mang con thu c t cc u cui di ng khc nhau trnh
nhiu gia nhng ngi s dng .
Do khc nhau v khong cch t cc my u cui di ng n trm gc v v th
dn n khc nhau v thi gian truyn lan , nn phi iu khin nh thi pht ca tng
u cui . iu khin nh thi pht nhm iu chnh nh thi pht ca tng u cui di
ng m bo rng cc truyn dn ng ln c ng b ti tram gc . do thi
gian truyn lan thay i khi u cui di ng chuyn ng trong , iu khin nh thi
pht phi l mt qu trnh tch cc lin tc iu chnh nh thi pht cho tng u cui
di ng .
Ngay c khi iu khin nh thi pht hon ho , vn lun c mt lng nhiu gia
cc sng mang con do sai s tn s . trong trng hp sai s tn s hp l v tri
Doppler nh th nhiu ny thng tng i nh . tuy nhin iu ny ch sy ra khi coi
rng cc sng mang con khc nhau c thu ti trm gc vi cng sut gn nh nhau
trn ng ln do khong cch t cc my u cui n trm gc l khc nhau , v th
suy hao ng truyn ca cc ng truyn ny cng c th rt khc nhau . nu 2 u
cui pht cng mt cng sut th do khong cch khc nhau nn cng sut tn hiu thu
ti tram gc t 2 u cui ny c th rt khc nhau v v th tn hiu thu t trm u
cui mnh hn s gy nhiu i vi tn hiu thu yu hn cho d vn duy tr c trc
giao hon ho gia cc sng mang con . trnh iu ny cn phi thc hin iu
khin cng sut pht ca cc du cui mt mc nht nh . i vi OFDMA ng
ln bng cch gim cng sut ca u cui gn trm gc m bo cng sut ca
cc tn hiu thu gn nh nhau .
1.4 thu pht tn hiu OFDM
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D liu cn truyn thng c dng dng d liu ni tip .Trong OFDM ,mi symbol
thng truyn 40-4000 bit v do vy giai on bin i song song thnh ni tip l cn
thit bin i dng, bit ni tip u vo thnh d liu cn truyn trong mi symbol
OFDM .D liu c phn phi cho mi symbol ph thuc vo s iu ch c s
dng v trn mi ti ph c th thay i v nh vy s bit tii ph cng thay i .Kt
qu l giai on bin i ni tip thnh song song bao hm vic lm y payload d
liu ca mi ti ph .Ti my thu qu trnh l ngc li ,vi d liu t cc ti ph c
bin i tr li thnh dng d liu ni tip gc.
Khi s truyn OFDM xy ra trong mi trng radio truyn lan a ng (multipath)
,fading chn lc tn s c th lm cho nhng nhm ti ph b suy gim nghim trng
,c th gy ra cc li bit .Cc Null ny trong p tuyn tn s ca knh c th lm cho
thng tin trong nhng sng mang k cn d b ph hy, to thnh cm mi bit trong mi
symbol. Phn ln cc s ca li tin (FEC) lm vic c hiu qu hn nu cc li
c tri rng ra ,hn l to thnh b ,v v vy ci thin ch tiu k thut phn ln
cc h thng dung xo trn d liu (scrambing) nh mt phn ca giai on bin i
ni tip thnh song song .iu ny c thc hin bi s ngu nhin ho v tr ti ph
ca mi bit d liu lin tip .Ti my thu qu trnh xo trn c s dng gii m tn
hiu .iu ny khi phc dy bit d liu gc nhng tri rng cc cm li bit lm cho
chng c phn b gn u theo thi gian .S ngu nhin ha v tr ca cc li bit
nh vy ci thin ch tiu k thut sa li tin (FEC) v nhn chung ca c h thng .
1.4.2 iu ch RF :
u ra ca b iu ch OFDM l tn hiu di gc ( baseband ),tn hiu ny phi
c dch (hoc phch UpConverte) ln tn s cao pht i .iu ny c th c
thc hin khi dng k thut tng t hoc dng dch tn s .C hai k thut trn u
thc hin cng mt thut ton ,tuy nhin k thut iu ch s c khuynh hng tr nn
chnh xc hn do s phi hp uc ci thin gia x l knh I , Q v chnh xc pha
ca b iu ch IQ s .
1.4.3 khong bo v (GUARD PERIOD)
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nhiu ng. C th gim nh hng ISI ti tn hiu OFDM bng cc thm vo khong
bo v trc ca mi symbol .Khong bo v ny l bn copy tun hon theo chu
k ,lm m rng chiu di ca dng sng symbol .Mi ti ph trong phn d liu ca
mi symbol ,c ngha l symbol OFDM cha c b sung khong bo v ,c chiu di
bng kch thc IFFT( c s dng to tn hiu ) c mt s nguyn ln cc chu
k .Do vy vic a vo cc bn copy ca symbol ni ui nhau to thnh mt tn hiu
lin tc ,khng c s gin on ch ni .Nh vy vic sao chp u cui ca symbol
v t n u vo to ra mt khong thi gian symbol di hn .
1.5 k thut OFDMA
Vi tn hiu OFDM tiu chun rt hp , thit b u cui truyn dn c th b hin
tng phadinh bng hp v can nhiu . l l do ti sao 3GPP chn OFDMA cho
ng xung , trong c kt hp yu t ca a truy nhp phn chia thi gian (TDMA)
. OFDMA cho php cc nhm nh ca sng mang con c cp pht giao ng gia
nhng ngi dng khc nhau trn bng tn ny , nh trong hnh :
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qu tiu cc i vi vic thit k mt b pht sng nhng trong UE; l, khi truyn d
liu t UE n mng, cn c mt b khuch i cng sut nng tn hiu n ln mt
mc cao mng bt c (pick up). B khuch i cng sut l mt trong nhng
thnh phn tiu th nng lng ln nht trong mt thit b, v v th nn c hiu qu
cng sut cao cng cao cng tt lm tng tui th pin ca my. Tnh hiu qu ca b
khuch i cng sut ph thuc vo hai yu t :
B khuch i phi c kh nng khuch i gi tr nh cao nht ca sng. Do
nhng rng buc trong cht bn dn, gi tr nh ny quyt nh mc tiu th nng
lng ca b khuch i.
Tuy nhin, cc gi tr nh ca sng khng mang nhiu thng tin hn cht no so vi
cng sut trung bnh ca tn hiu trong thi gian truyn nhn. V th, tc truyn
khng ph thuc vo mc cng sut ng ra cn thit cho cc gi tr nh m ph thuc
vo mc cng sut trung bnh ca sng.
Bi v c mc tiu th nng lng ln tc truyn u quan trng i vi cc nh
thit k UE, cho nn b khuch i cng sut nn tiu th cng t nng lng cng tt.
Nh vy, UE no s dng phng thc iu ch c t l PAPR cng thp th thi gian
hot ng ca n mt tc truyn nht nh cng di.
Mt phng thc iu ch tng t vi OFDMA c bn, nhng c mt PAPR tt
(thp) hn, l SC-FDMA (Single Carrier-Frequency Division Multiple Access _ a Truy
cp Phn Tn Mt Knh truyn duy nht). Do PAPR ca n tt hn, n c 3GPP
chn truyn d liu hng ln. Tuy mang ci tn nh vy song SC-FDMA cng
truyn d liu qua giao tip v tuyn trong nhiu knh con, nhng b sung thm mt
bc x l na, nh c minh ha trong Hnh . Thay v t 2, 4 hoc 6 bit vi nhau
nh trong v d OFDM to thnh tn hiu cho mt knh con, khi x l b sung trong
SC-FDMA tri thng tin ca mi bit ra trn tt c cc knh con. iu ny c thc
hin nh sau: Cng mt s bit (v d nh 4 i vi iu ch 16-QAM) c nhm li
vi nhau, nhng trong OFDM, cc nhm bit ny l d liu nhp cho hm IFFT, cn
trong SC-FDMA, cc bit ny c a vo mt hm FFT (Fast Fourier Transformation)
trc . D liu xut ca qu trnh ny l c s cho vic to ra cc knh truyn con
cho hm IFFT theo sau. Bi v khng phi tt c cc knh con u c dng bi UE,
nn nhiu knh c t mc khng (0) trong th. Nhng knh ny c th c
dng bi cc UE khc hoc khng.
pha my thu, tn hiu c gii iu ch, c khuch i v c x l bi hm
FFT theo cch ging nh trong OFDMA. Nhng biu bin kt qu khng c
phn tch thng ra c c dng d liu ban u, m c np vo mt hm IFFT
g b tc dng ca qu trnh
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4 . cc bng tn h tr :
Cc c im k thut ca LTE tha hng tt c cc bang tn c xc nh cho
UMTS , v l mt danh sch tip tc pht trin . hin c 13 bng tn FDD v 8 bng tn
TDD .quan trng l s chng cho ca mt s cc bng tn tn ti , nhng iu ny
khng nht thit phi thu gn cc bng tn m t c th c thc hin c th da
trn nhu cu thc t ca tng khu vc .
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sut pht cng nh tng bng thng ca h thng . k thut OFDM l mt phng thc
truyn dn tc cao vi cu trc n gin nhng c th chng phadinh chn lc tn
s , bng cch chia lung d liu tc cao thnh N lung d liu tc thp truyn
qua N knh truyn con s dng tp tn s trc giao . knh truyn chu phadinh chn lc
tn s c chia thnh N knh truyn con c bng thng nh hn , khi N ln cc
knh truyn con chu phadinh phng . OFDM cn loi b c hiu ng ISI khi s dng
khong bo v ln . ngoi ra vic s dng k thut OFDM cn gim phc tp ca
b Equalizer ng k bng cch cho php tn hiu cn bng trong min tn s . t
nhng u im ni bt ca h thng MIMO v k thut OFDM , vic kt hp h thng
MIMO v k thut OFDM l mt gii php ha hn cho h thng thng tin khng dy
bng rng tng lai .
2.2 s dng h thng MIMO trong LTE :
Cho n nay vic truyn d liu thng thng thng qua mt dng tn hiu duy nht
trong khng gian gia b pht sng v b thu sng. Hu ht cc h thng khng dy
hin nay u hot ng theo ch ny, v mt b pht sng th hai trn cng tn s
c xem l nhiu khng mong mun, lm gim cht lng knh truyn. Tuy nhin
trong thc t, c th thy rng ngay c mt tn hiu duy nht cng b phn x v tn x
bi nhng i tng trong l trnh truyn, v u kia nhn c vi bn sao ca tn
hiu ban u t nhng gc khc nhau vo nhng thi im hi lch nhau mt cht.
i vi nhng cng ngh truyn khng dy n gin, cc bn sao ny cng l nhiu
khng mong mun. Nhng LTE li li dng s tn x v phn x trn l trnh truyn
bng cch truyn vi dng d liu c lp qua nhng ng-ten ring. Cc ng-ten ny
c t cch nhau t nht l mt na bc sng, iu ny t n to ra nhng cuc
truyn ring bit, vn phn ng khc nhau khi chng gp nhng chng ngi trong l
trinh truyn. pha my thu, nhng dng d liu khc nhau c bt (pick up) bi cc
ng-ten c lp v cc dy chuyn thit b thu c lp. Vic truyn vi tn hiu c lp
trn cng bng tn ny c gi l MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output), v Hnh di
cho thy mt cch biu din ha n gin ha ca k thut ny. Trong thc t, iu
ny c ngha l vi li ti nguyn LTE c gi ng thi trn cng tn s nhng
thng qua nhng ng-ten khc nhau.
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trn c dng cho mc ch ny. Nhng thnh t cn thit cho cc tnh ton ny bao
gm li (gain), pha (phase) v cc nh hng a ng truyn (multipath effect) cho
mi l trnh truyn c lp. V khun kh c hn, ti liu ny khng i su vo cch tnh
ton ny.
Bi v cc knh MIMO phn bit vi nhau, nn 2x2 MIMO c th lm tng tc
truyn tng th ln hai ln, cn 4x4 MIMO th tng ln bn ln. Tuy nhin iu ny ch
c th t c trong nhng iu kin tn hiu l tng. V vy, MIMO ch c dng
cho cc cuc truyn hng xung trong LTE, bi v b pht sng ca trm c s t b
rng buc v cng sut hn b pht sng hng ln. Trong nhng iu kin truyn t
thun li hn, h thng t ng quay tr li kiu truyn mt dng d liu duy nht v
cng gim lun cp iu ch t 64-QAM xung 16- QAM hay thm ch QPSK. Ngoi ra,
nh trnh by trong phn ni v HSPA+, cn c mt s qun bnh (c ny mt
kia) gia iu ch cp cao hn v s dng MIMO. V th trong nhng iu kin tn hiu
km hn l tng, truyn MIMO ch c dng vi iu ch 16-QAM thi, nh vy
khng th gp i tc truyn so vi truyn mt dng duy nht s dng 64-QAM.
hng ln, tht kh cho cc UE s dng MIMO do bi kch c ng-ten hn ch v
cng sut ng ra ca n, cho nn chun LTE hin nay khng c MIMO. Tuy nhin bn
thn knh truyn hng ln LTE vn thch hp cho truyn MIMO hng ln. tn
dng trn vn knh truyn ny, mt s cng ty ang tnh ti vic thc hin MIMO cng
tc (collaborative MIMO), hay cn gi l MIMO a ngi dng (multiuser MIMO), trong
tng lai. y, hai UE s dng cng mt knh hng ln cho li ti nguyn ca
chng. V pha trm c s, hai dng d liu ny c phn tch bi b thu sng
MIMO v c x l nh l hai cuc truyn t nhng thit b c lp, ch khng phi
nh hai cuc truyn t mt thit b duy nht nn phi c kt hp li. Tuy iu ny
khng lm cho tc truyn ca mi thit b cao hn, nhng dung lng hng ln
tng th ca cell c gia tng ng k.
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K thut Beamforming :
li ghp knh khng gian ( spatial multiplexing ):
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chng 4
cc kin trc giao thc LTE
Tng quan v kin trc giao thc LTE cho ng xung c minh ha trong
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+RLC x l vic pht li cc PDU thu b li cng nh loi b thu kp v mc ni cc PDU thu.
+RLC m bo vic chuyn cc RLC SDU theo ng trnh t ln cc lp trn.
a)C ch pht li PDU:
-C 1 giao thc pht li lm vic gia RLC pha pht v pha thu.
-Bng cch gim st cc s th t thu ,RLC thu c th nhn ra cc PDU b mt.Bo co trng
thi c phn hi n RLC pht yu cu pht li cc PDU b mt.
- thc hin vic pht li cc PDU th RLC c lp cc ch cu hnh khc nhau:
+Ch cng nhn AM(Acnowledged Mode):c s dng cho cc dch v da trn TCP nh
chuyn file khi m truyn s liu khng b li l mi quan tm u tin.
+Ch khng cng nhn UM(Unacknowledged Mode):trong UM,chuyn theo trnh t ln cc
lp cao hn vn c m bo ,nhng khng yu cu pht li cc PDU b mt.
+Ch trong sut TM(Transparent Mode).
b)RLC lm nhim v phn on v mc ni
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Knh iu khin dnh ring (Dedicated Control Channel DCCH): c dng cho vic truyn
dn thng tin iu khin ti hoc t thit b u cui di ng. Knh ny c s dng cho vic
cu hnh ring l tng thit b u cui di ng v d nh nhng tin nhn chuyn giao khc nhau.
Knh iu khin multicast (Multicast Control Channel - MCCH): c dng cho vic truyn
dn thng tin iu khin c yu cu cho vic tip nhn ca MTCH.
Knh lu lng dnh ring (Dedicated Traffic Channel - DTCH): c dng cho vic truyn d
liu ngi dng n hoc t mt thit b u cui di ng. y l 1 loi knh logic c dng
truyn d liu ngi dng ng ln v ng xung phi-MBMS (non-MBMS).
Knh lu lng multicast (Multicast Traffic Channel MTCH): c dng cho truyn dn
ng xung nhng dch v MBMS.
b)Tp cc knh truyn ti c nh ngha trong LTE bao gm:
+Knh qung b (BCH:Broadcast Channel) c mt nh dng truyn ti c nh, c
cung cp bi cc c tnh k thut. N c dng cho vic truyn dn nhng thng tin
trn knh logic BCCH.
Knh tm gi(PCH Paging channe): c dng cho vic paging thng tin trn
knh logic PCCH. Knh PCH h tr vic thu nhn khng lin tc
(discontinous reception DRX) nhm cho php thit b u cui di
ng tit kim nng lng pin bng cch ng (sleeping) v ch thc
(wake up) khi nhn PCH ti nhng thi im xc nh trc. C ch
paging c m t c phn chi tit hn trong chng 5.
Knh chia s ng xung Downlink Shared Channel (DL-SCH): l knh
trng bi nh dng truyn ti bn tnh v hoch nh bn tnh (semistatic transport format and semi-static scheduling). Trong trng hp
truyn dn nhiu t bo (multi-cell transmission) s dng MBSFN, cu
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vi DL-SCH.
Chng 5
Lp vt l LTE
*Cc chc nng ca lp vt l
- Pht hin li trn knh truyn
- M ha ,gi m trn knh truyn
- Yu cu lp t ng hn hp
-nh gia, kt hp v lp bn cc knh m ha vn chuyn cc knh vt l
- iu ch v gii iu ch knh vt l
- ng b tn s v thi gian
- o lng tnh song v tuyn
- iu ch nten MIMO
- a dng truyn ti
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- Beamforming
- iu ch RF
5.1. Tng quan lp vt l
Cc chi tit k thut lp vt l c chia thnh 4 phn nh trong hnh
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5. 2.4 Ti nguyn vt l ng ln v nh x.
Nh m t, cc FS1 ng ln c cu trc gigns ng xung khung hnh,
khe v di tiu khung.. V d nh x cho PDSCHv PUCCH c hin th chi tit
trong hnh 4.5 v 4.6 tng ng. S lng cc k hiu trong mt khe ph thuc vo
di CP. i vi mt CP bnh thng, c by k hiu SC-FDMA cho mi khe. i vi
mt CP m rng c su k hiu SC-FDMA mi khe. Gii iu ch tn hiu tham chiu
c truyn i trong cc k hiu th t ca khe trn tt c cc song mang th cp ca
khi ti nguyn c phn b PUSCH. l d ton cho knh ng ln kich hot
eNB gi iu ch tn hiu..
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5.3.1 M ha knh
D liu v iu khin dng d liu n t lp MAC c m ha v gii max bng
cc knh m ha. M ha knh kt hp pht hin li, sa li, tc ph hp, xen
gia,cc knh van chuyn hoc iu khin nh xj thong tin ln hoc chia tch t cc
knh vt l.
Hai knh m ha c s dng trong LTE cho TrCH: m ha turbo cho UL-SCH, DLSCH, PCH, v MCH; m xon (tail-biting convolutional coding) cho BCH. i vi c hai
chng trnh, t l m ha l R = 1 / 3 (c ngha l, cho mi bit m i vo b m ha,
ba bit i ra).Vic iu khin thgn tin m ha bng cch s dng cc h thng khac
nhau.
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Cc chi tit ca vic x l lp vt l cho cc TrCH khc nhau theo TrCH loi v c
quy nh trong sut TS 36,212.
5.4. lp vt l th tc TS-26.213
Mt s th tc ca lp vt l c lin quan n hot ng LTE. y l nhng quy nh
ti 3GPP TS 36.213.13
TE s dng iu HARQ v thch ng lin kt tng t nh HSPA, thch ng iu ch
v m ha mng (AMC) c s dng nh c ch cho thch ng lin kt nng cao
thng lng d liu trong mt knh fading. K thut ny thay i theo cc iu ch m
ha ng xung da trn cc iu kin knh ca mi ngi dng. Khi lin kt c cht
lng tt, h thng LTE c th s dng mt iu ch cao hn (thm bit trn mt biu
tng) hoc m ha knh t hn, kt qu d liu cao hn t gi. Khi iu kin lien kt
kmvif cc l do nh fadinh hay can thip tn hiu, h thng c th s dng su
iu ch thp hn hoc knh m ha mnh m hn duy tr gii hn chp nhn c
trong danh sch kt ni v tuyn.
Khng phi tt c cc th tc lp vt l c nh ngha y nhng ni
chung
nguyn tc ca cc th tc chnh c nu ra y.
5.4.1 Tm kim t bo
ay l 1 th tc UE tit kim thi gian v ng b tn s v tm ID t bo cut lp
vt l t bo. kch hot tnh nng tm kim di ng eNB truyn i RS, P-SCH, v SSCH. Bi v ng b ha tn hiu nm trung tm ca cc knh, 1 t bo LTE tm
kim mt th tc h tr kh nng m rng bng thng truyn dn t 6 RB cho n ti
a trn100 RB.
5.4.2. Kh nng kim sot
TH tc ny bao gm kh nng kim ng ln v kh nng cp pht ng xung.
Xc nh kh nng kim soat nng lng cho mi phn t. Kh nng kim sot
trong cc h thng OFDMA l t quan trng hn trong cc h thng CDMA, trong
OFDMA,cc UE c tch bit theo thi gian v tn s trong khi CDMA chng chia
s
cng mt knh vt l v c phn cch bng m s nn i hi cht hn gii hn v
nng lng nhn c. Tm quan trng ca kh nng kim sot tng trng vi MUMIMO, trong hot ng tt nht khi ngun in nhn cmi lc t UE ti eNB l
cn bng.
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lun mang trn PUSCH. Nu vic lp lch trnh ca cc bo co tun hon vkhng
tun hon va chm, cc bo co khng tun hon lun lun c u tin. Cc
PUCCH ngn hn
bo co lun lun c cha thng tin c lp hu ch cho cc eNB, trong khi cc bo
co PUSCH cha nhiu d liu hn v ch c th c gii m t mt vi d liu
c truyn i.
C nhiu ty chn cho bo co CQI ca c hai PUCCH v PUSCH bao gm c UE
c s tr gip la chn nhm ph v cc loi bo co tun hon CQI khc nhau .Khi
so snh vi bo co CQI n ca HSDPA, LTE c thm nhiu bo co cu trc phc
tp vi nhng tim nng cho hiu sut tt hn.
Bo co PMI c s dng kt hp vi MIMO ch n eNB, ma trn m ha c
sn trc s cho kt qu hiu sut tt nht. PMI c th l mt gi tr duy nht hoc
nhiu gi tr cu trc mng cho cc RB c th. PMI mang n mt ch s mt ca bng
m trong ma trn m trc. i vi cc cu trc ng xung n gin 2x2 SU-MIMO
c
bn ma trn. i vi cu trc 4x4 phc tp c 32 ma trn l kt hp MIMO v
beamforming.
Cc thng tin phn hi xp hng xc nh s a thch ca dng d liu song song
MIMO
v lun lun bo co l mt gi tr duy nht cho knh ny. N l mt n gin ha lm
gim ng k nhng s lng d liu phn hi nh hng n th hng CQI v PMI.
nh gi phn hi l cn thit cho mi khung (10 ms), chm hn so vi CQI v bo co
PMI c th c thc hin ti cc tiu khung.
5. 4.5 th tc lin quan n PUSCH
Vic giao UE cho truyn dn ca PUSCH c cung cp bi mt danh sch mang tin
trn PDCCH, cung cp cc UE vi RB bt u v chiu di ca RB tip gip vi
PUSCH truyn.
Vic truyn UE ca SRS cho d ton knh ng ln khi khng c PUCCH hoc
PUSCH c ln k hoch khng c y cc quy nh ti thi im vn bn ny.
Tham s c cung cp bi cc tng trn s bao gm SRS tun hon v thi gian, a
im biu tng trong tiu khung, bc nhy tn s, dch chuyn tun hon, V lp li.
5.4.6 th tc lin quan n PDCCH
UE cn gim st cc ng xung v s hin din ca cc PDCCH. PCFICH cho bit
s PDCCH k hiu (1, 2, hoc 3) tng tiu khung gim st v thi gian biu tng
PHFICH, c c t P-BCH. Thi gian PHICH t hn hoc bng s lng cc biu
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tng PDCCH v l 1 hoc 3 cho hot ng truyn thong n hng, v 1 hoc 2 cho
hot ng MBSFN.
5.4.7 th tc lin quan n PUCCH
V tr ca cc ACK / NACK gi trong PUCCH cho PSDSCH truyn i c xc nh
ngm t PDCCH lin quan. i vi mt PDSCH pht hin trong tiu khung, cc bn tin
lin kt ACK / NACK c truyn i trong tiu khung n 4. S tr ny l mt thng s
quan trng trong vic xc nh tr tng th truyn li, vi tm tiu khung (8 ms).
5.5 Lp vt l o lng TS 36.214
Cc UE v cc eNB c yu cu thc hin cc php o ca lp vt l ca i pht
c trng. Nhng yu cu ny c quy nh ti TS 36,21414 , php o c bo co
cho cc lp cao hn v c s dng cho nhiu mc ch bao gm c intra- frequency
v inter-frequency, tip cn cng ngh v tuyn (inter-RAT), cc php o thi gian, v
cc php o cho RRM.
5. 6. Qun l ti nguyn v tuyn
Nhng yu cu cho RRM c nh ngha trong TS 36.133.15 RRM bao gm cc th
tc v thc hin cc yu cu c s dng lm cho vic s dng hiu qu cc
ngun ti nguyn v tuyn. Nhng yu cu c bn nht trong ch EUTRAN_RRC_IDLE bao gm t bo la chn ban u v t bo ti la chn, bao gm
c cc th tc khc nhau gia cc i pht tip cn cng ngh (RAT). B sung cc th
tc c xc ing trong ch E-UTRAN_RRC_ CONNECTED lin quan n chuyn
giao v o lng hiu sut.
Mt bn tm tt cc yu cu RRM hin ti l nh sau:
Th tc trong E-UTRAN RRC_IDLE ch di ng
T bo la chn
T bo ti la chn
E-UTRAN ni tn s, E-UTRAN lin tn s, UTRAN FDD
UTRAN TDD, GSM
Th tc trong E-UTRAN RRC_CONNECTED ch chuyn ng
Bn giao tr v cc yu cu gin on cho
E-UTRAN FDD - FDD, E-UTRAN FDD - TDD, E-UTRAN TDD - FDD
E-UTRAN TDD - TDD, E-UTRAN - UTRAN FDD, E-UTRAN - UTRAN TDD
E-UTRAN - GSM
Th tc kim sot lu ng kt ni RRC
RRC ti thnh lp
truy cp ngu nhin
Dc imt Thi gian v truyn tn hiu
UE truyn ti thi gian
UE hn gi chnh xc
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Th tc o UE ti RRC_CONNECTED
E-UTRA UE o
Php o ni tn s E-UTRAN FDD
Php o ni tn s E-UTRAN TDD
Php o lin tn s E-UTRAN FDD
Php o lin tn s E-UTRAN FDD - TDD
Php o lin tn s E-UTRAN TDD - FDD
Php o lin tn s E-UTRAN TDD - TDD
Php o Inter-RAT
Php o E-UTRAN FDD - UTRAN FDD
Php o E-UTRAN TDD - UTRAN FDD
Php o E-UTRAN FDD - UTRAN TDD
Php o E-UTRAN TDD - UTRAN TDD
Php o E-UTRAN FDD - GSM
Php oE-UTRAN TDD - GSM
Hiu sut yu cu i vi cc php o UE
RSRP chnh xc tuyt i
la chn tnh chnh xc ca RSRP
chnh xc yu cu trong Lin tn s RSRP
UTRAN FDD CPICH RSCP
UTRAN FDD sng mang RSSI
UTRAN FDD CPICH Ec / Khng
UTRAN TDD P-CCPCH RSCP
UTRAN TDD sng mang RSSI
UTRAN TDD P-CCPCH RSCP
GSM song mang RSSI
Hiu sut yu cu i vi php oE-UTRAN
DL RS Tx powe
CHNG 6
CC TH TC TRUY CP LTE
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chng 7
LTE-advanced
Thng 12 nm 2008, cc nh nghin cu gii thiu cng ngh LTE-advaced ln
u tin, n ph v nn tng cng ngh di ng bng rng truyn thng trc LTE.
Cc nh nghien cu thnh cng trong vic ng dng cc cng ngh xut cho
LTE-advaced . Trong cc cuc trnh din, cc nh nghin cu v khai thc chng
minh c kh nng tng tc ca LTE trong cc t bo, c th tip tc ci thin v
con ng pht trin LTE v sau l an ton. nng cao hiu sut h thng , LTE h
tr kt hp 1 h thng MIMO 2x2 v 1 tram relay. ...... Cc vng ph sng di ng ci
tin v s cng bng h thng, s cung cp cho ngi s dng d liu cao hn t gi
v s cho php cc nh khai thc tn dng c s h tng hin c mng LTE v vn
p ng nhu cu ngy cng tng bng thng.
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Chng 8
Qa trnh nghin cu LTE v tin trnh thng mi ha
1 . khi qut :
in thoi di ng bng thng rng ang tr thnh hin thc,nh th h Internet pht
trin truy cp bng thng rng bt c ni no khng ch nh hoc vn
phng.c tnh s c khng 3,4 t ngi s c bng thng rng vo nm 2014.
Khong 80% s l thu bao di ng bng thng rng v a s s c phc v bi
cng ngh HSPA (High Speed Packet Access) v mng LTE.
Mi ngi c th duyt Internet hoc gi mail bng cch s dng notebook c cng
ngh HSPA, thay th modem DSL c nh ca h bng modem HSPA hoc USB, h c
th gi v nhn video hoc file m thanh bng in thoi 3G. i vi LTE,ngi dng
s c phc v tt hn, n s nng cao hn yu cy cc ng dng nh truyn hnh
tng tc, video blogging, game v cc dch v chuyn nghip khc.
LTE cung cp mt s li ch quan trng cho ngi s dng v nh iu hnh, bao gm:
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cnh , nhm lm vic IEEE 802.16 ang pht trin phin bn 802.16j trong nghin
cu trin khai cc trm relay (tip sc) bn cnh cc trm pht sng BS s dng
knh truyn mt cch hiu qu, tng tc truyn dn v m rng vng ph sng.
Nhm IEEE 802.16 cng ang nghin cu phin bn 802.16m vi mc ch y tc
d liu ca WiMAX ln hn na trong khi vn tng thch vi WiMAX c nh v di
ng v ang c trin khai. Phin bn ny theo d kin s c hon thin vo
cui nm 2009, nh l mt bc tin vt tri hn 3G LTE. Phin bn 802.16m s
vn da trn k thut ng-ten MIMO trn nn cng ngh a truy nhp OFDMA vi s
lng ngten pht v thu nhiu hn WiMAX di ng Wave 2 . 802.16m trang b 4
ng-ten pht v 4 ng-ten thu s c th y tc truyn ln ln hn 350Mbps. Theo
d kin, WiMAX Release 2 vi s hon thin ca 802.16m s hon thnh vo cui nm
2009 v c th bt u trin khai dch v t 2010 (xem hnh 1).
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Nhn chung v mt k thut, hai cng ngh WiMAX v 3G LTE dng nh ngang ti
ngang sc vi nhau. Song, cng ngh mnh nht, vt tri nht i khi khng phi l
cng ngh ginh chin thng m mt cng ngh thnh cng l mt cng ngh ph hp
nht, ha hp nht. By gi chng ta s xem xt cc kha cnh khc lin quan n s
cnh tranh ca WiMAX v 3G LTE trn ng tin ti mng di ng th h th 4.
Cnh tranh gia WiMAX v 3G LTE
WiMAX l mt khao kht gia nhp vo th trng thng tin di ng ca cng ng
cng ngh thng tin . WiMAX l thut ng c bt u nhc n t nhng nm
2000, vi mc ch ban u ch hng n th trng Internet bng rng cc vng
ho lnh. Tip theo, WiMAX hng n cung cp gii php Internet bng rng di ng.
K t , n c xem nh l mt i th cnh tranh ca mng thng tin di ng 3G v
by gi l 3G LTE. Nu t WiMAX vo v tr cnh tranh vi mng thng tin di ng,
bit rng mng thng tin di ng ngy nay c khong hn 2,6 t thu bao trn th gii,
r rng WiMAX gp nhiu kh khn tm kim th phn ca mnh.
Li im ca WiMAX so vi 3G LTE l WiMAX sn sng c trin khai dch
v rng khp : thit b mng WiMAX hon thin, thit b u cui WiMAX s c mt
trong nm ti trong khi 3G LTE phi i thm vi nm na. WiMAX va cung cp
gii php c nh va cung cp gii php di ng bng rng vi chi ph trin khai thp
hn so vi trin khai mt mng 3G/3G LTE hon ton mi. Do vy, WiMAX thc s gy
c ch ca cc nc ang pht trin m mng 3G cha c, mng Internet
tc cao bng cp xDSL cha rng khp.
So vi WiMAX, 3G LTE c mt cng ngh i trc l 2G, 3G vi s lng thu
bao c sn. y l mt li th ln trin khai 3G LTE. c bit cc thit b di ng
3G LTE s tng thch vi cc mng thng tin di ng th h trc, do vy ngi dng
s c th chuyn giao d dng gia mng 3G LTE vi cc mng 2G GSM/GPRS/EDGE
v 3G UMTS tn ti. iu ny cho php nhng nh cung cp mng 3G LTE c th
trin khai mng dn dn cng ging ht khi h nng cp mng 2G ln 3G.
Trong khi WiMAX phi trin khai mng t con s khng. Do WiMAX khng tng
thch vi cc chun di ng khng dy trc nn vic thit b u cui WiMAX c
c tch hp vi chip 2G/3G hay khng vn cn l mt cu hi m. N hon ton
khng phi l mt cu hi v k thut m l mt vn mang tnh chin lc. N ty
thuc vo tc nhn no s trin khai mng WiMAX trong tng lai : nh cung cp mng
thng tin di ng 2G/3G hin ti hay mt nh cung cp mng WiMAX hon ton mi.
Nu l mt nh cung cp mng 2G/3G th chc chn h s trin khai 3G LTE nu nh
WiMAX khng mang li li ch no t bit vt tri so vi 3G LTE. Nu nh cung cp
ch c mng 2G/2.5G, h cng c th chn la WiMAX nh mt s nhy cc ln gn
4G thay v i ln 3G/3.5G ri 3G LTE.
Nh phn tch trn, vic trin khai 3G LTE t mng 3G, 3.5G c sn l mt con
ng d dng. Lm nh vy cc nh cung cp mng c th trin khai 3G LTE dn
dn khng cn thit phi m bo mt vng ph rng kn. Bn cnh nh cung cp
mng vn tn dng c mng li 3G c, tn dng h thng qun l thu bao v
tnh cc c sn. T ny n khi 3G LTE hon thin v c vo s dng, 3.5G c
kh nng p ng nhu cu dch v bng rng trc khi WiMAX thc s chim c
mt th phn quan trng. V thc t c th nhn thy l cc nh cung cp mng
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3G/3.5G h khng h vi vng trong vic tin n 3G LTE. V kha cnh kinh t h s
khng trin khai 3G LTE trc khi thu li c vn v li t vic nng cp ln 3G.
Kt lun
Du rng mi ngi c nhng nhn nh khc nhau, nhng ci nhn khc nhau v
tnh cnh tranh ca hai cng ngh ny. C mt iu thng nht l hai cng ngh ny
thu ht c mt s quan tm ln, to c mt bc nhy trong cng ngh thng tin
di ng khng dy. im yu ca WiMAX l n khng c tnh k tha t cc h thng
mng c sn nh 3G LTE i khi li tr thnh mt im mnh v n cho php nhiu tc
nhn mi thm nhp vo th trng thng tin di ng. S thm nhp ny s lm tng
tnh cnh tranh, tng cht lng dch v v gim gi cc vin thng cho ngi dng.
LTE- Cng ngh tim nng cho 4G
c xy dng nh l mt cng ngh 4G hay c t k thut ca mng di ng th h
th t, LTE (Long Term Evolution) l th h th t tng lai ca chun UMTS do 3GPP
pht trin. LTE c thit k cung cp cc tc d liu nhiu megabit, s dng
hiu qu mng v tuyn, gim tr, ci thin tnh di ng, do gip cung cp dch v
tt hn. S kt hp ny nhm tng cng s tng tc ca ngi s dng vi mng
v thc y nhu cu v cc dch v a phng tin di ng trong tng lai. Ngoi ra,
cc cuc gi ci tin LTE cho mt chuyn giao ti mt mng li ton IP, phng, vi
kin trc mng n gin ha v cc giao tip m, lm gim ng k nng lng tiu
th thit b u cui. Cc yu cu ny c nh ngha bi SAE (System Architecture
Evolution - Ci tin cu trc h thng), c bit nh EPC (Evolved Packet Core Mng li gi ci tin) - c t k thut ca 3GPP i vi nhng thay i v cu trc
mng li gi.
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