Motivation and Emotion

What is motivation?
Motivation has been defined in various ways over the years,
but a common component of the different definitions is that
motivation is a force that energizes, activates and directs
behaviour. In 2006, Franken defined motivation as the
arousal, direction and persistence of a persons behaviour.
Most theorists who proposed their own explanation of
motivation believe that any learned behaviour cannot be
executed unless it is energized. Thus, motivation is important
in performing all kinds of behaviour. Also, this means that any
changes in motivation reflect on an individuals behaviour.
We can say that motivation is the factor that direct and
energize the behavior of humans and other organisms.
Motivation is the willingness and desire to participate or do
something.

Lets talk about the 5 theories of

Motivation
Instinct Theory
All creatures are born with specific innate knowledge about how to
survive. Animals are born with the capacity and often times knowledge of
how to survive by spinning webs, building nests, avoiding danger, and
reproducing. These innate tendencies are preprogrammed at birth, they are
in our genes, and even if the spider never saw a web before, never witnessed
its creation, it would still know how to create one.
Drive Reduction Theory
According to Clark Hull (1943, 1952), humans have internal internal biological
needs which motivate us to perform a certain way. These needs, or drives,
are defined by Hull as internal states of arousal or tension which must be
reduced. A prime example would be the internal feelings of hunger or thirst,
which motivates us to eat. According to this theory, we are driven to reduce
these drives so that we may maintain a sense of internal calmness.

Arousal Theory
Similar to Hull's Drive Reduction Theory, Arousal theory states that we are driven to
maintain a certain level of arousal in order to feel comfortable. Arousal refers to a state of
emotional, intellectual, and physical activity. It is different from the above theory,
however, because it doesn't rely on only a reduction of tension, but a balanced amount. It
also does better to explain why people climb mountains, go to school, or watch sad
movies.

Psychoanalytic Theory
Remember Sigmund Freud and his five part theory of personality. As part of this theory, he
believed that humans have only two basic drives: Eros and Thanatos, or the Life and Death
drives. According to Psychoanalytic theory, everything we do, every thought we have, and
every emotion we experience has one of two goals: to help us survive or to prevent our
destruction. This is similar to instinct theory, however, Freud believed that the vast
majority of our knowledge about these drives is buried in the unconscious part of the
mind.
Humanistic Theory
Although discussed last, humanistic theory is perhaps the most well know theory of
motivation. According to this theory, humans are driven to achieve their maximum
potential and will always do so unless obstacles are placed in their way. These obstacles
include hunger, thirst, financial problems, safety issues, or anything else that takes our
focus away from maximum psychological growth.
The best way to describe this theory is to utilize the famous pyramid developed
by Abraham Maslow (1970) called the Hierarchy of Needs.

Maslows Hierarchy of Needs

Extrinsic

Intrinsic

It is driven by external forces

and structures such as
increases in pay for course
credit and rewards for
program completion.
Extrinsic motivation occurs
when people take action
based on tangible or
intangible rewards or other
outside influences. For
example, teachers may entice
children with stickers or
promises of class parties.

It comes from within a

person including personal,
professional and academic
desires; the need to conform
or succeed; or the thrill of a
challenge.
Intrinsic motivation is evident
when people engage in
activities without outside
suggestion or pressure. This
motivation may come from
the desire for enjoyment or a
feeling of obligation.

Emotions
Strong emotions can cause you to take actions you might not normally
perform, or avoid situations that you generally enjoy. Why exactly do
we have emotions? What causes us to have these feelings?
Researchers, philosophers, and psychologists have proposed a number
of different theories to explain the how and why behind human
emotions.
In psychology, emotion is often defined as a complex state of feeling
that results in physical and psychological changes that influence
thought and behavior. Emotionality is associated with a range of
psychological phenomena including temperament, personality, mood
and Motivation. According to author David G. Meyers, human emotion
involves "...physiological arousal, expressive behaviors, and conscious
experience."

Emotion is different from feelings because

feelings subjectively represent emotions,
which means that feelings are only private to
the person. Also, emotion is distinguished
from mood based on the period of time
that they are present; a mood lasts longer
than an emotion. Interchangeably used with
emotion, affect is the experience of
emotion, and is associated with how the
emotion is expressed (as seen on facial
expressions or hand gestures).

Emotion can be differentiated

from a number of similar
constructs within the field
of affective neuroscience.

Feelings
are best understood as
a subjective representation of
emotions, private to the
individual experiencing them.

Emotions
Moods

Affect

are diffuse affective states that generally

last for much longer durations than
emotions and are also usually less intense
than emotions.

is an encompassing term, used to describe the

topics of emotion, feelings, and moods together,
even though it is commonly used
interchangeably with emotion.

Theories of Emotions
The major theories of motivation can be grouped like this:
The James-Lange Theory
of Emotion

The Cannon-Bard Theory

of Emotion

Schachter-Singer Theory

According to this theory,

you see an external stimulus
that leads to a physiological
reaction. Your emotional
reaction is dependent upon
how you interpret those
physical reactions.
EXAMPLE: You are walking

This theory states that

we feel emotions and
experience
physiological reactions
such as sweating,
trembling and muscle
tension
simultaneously. More
specifically, it is
suggested that
emotions result when
the thalamus sends a
message to the brain
in response to a
stimulus, resulting in a
physiological reaction.

This theory suggests

that the physiological
arousal occurs first,
and then the
individual must
identify the reason
behind this arousal in
order to experience
and label it as an
emotion.

down a dark alley late at

night. You hear footsteps
behind you and you begin
to tremble, your heart
beats faster, and your
breathing deepens. You
notice these physiological
changes and interpret
them as your
body's preparation for a
fearful situation. You then
experience fear.

Emotions

James-Lange Theory

Cannon-Bard Theory

Schachter-Singer Theory

Theories of Emotions

Lazarus Theory

Facial Feedback Theory

Lazarus Theory states that a thought

must come before any emotion or
physiological arousal. In other words,
you must first think about your situation
before you can experience an emotion.
EXAMPLE: You are walking down a dark
alley late at night. You hear footsteps
behind you and you think it may be a
mugger so you begin to tremble, your
heart beats faster, and your breathing
deepens and at the same time
experience fear.

According to the facial feedback theory,

emotion is the experience of changes in our
facial muscles. In other words, when we smile,
we then experience pleasure, or
happiness. When we frown, we then
experience sadness. it is the changes in our
facial muscles that cue our brains and provide
the basis of our emotions. Just as there are an
unlimited number of muscle configurations in
our face, so to are there a seemingly unlimited
number of emotions.
EXAMPLE: You are walking down a dark alley
late at night. You hear footsteps behind you
and your eyes widen, your teeth clench and
your brain interprets these facial changes as the
expression of fear. Therefore you experience
the emotion of fear.

Similarities
Motivation
And
Emotions

Relationship

Many psychologists believe that the link

between motivation and emotion emerged
from three reasons. First, the arousal of
emotion and motives of motivation both
activate or energize behaviour. Second,
emotions often go together with motives. The
common Latin root word of emotion and
motivation, movere (to move) seems to imply
the said reason. And third, it is typical for basic
emotions to possess motivational properties of
their own. For example, happiness motivates a
person to achieve better performance.
A noticeable similarity between emotion and
motivation is that they are both linked to energy
or intensity instead of information or direction.
Another one is that while cognition seems to be
wrapped in coldness, emotion and motivation
are often associated to pressure and heat. Yet
another similarity is that both psychological
constructs rely on the relationship between an
individual and his environment.
Human beings tend to execute things that we hope
would lead to happiness, satisfaction and any other
positive emotion at some degree. With this said,
emotions could be viewed as a reward or punishment
for a specific motivated behaviour.

http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/theoriesof-emotion.html#lesson
este video habla 6 minutos sobre teorias de la emocion
esta muy bueno
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