13. Proximate cause.

That cause, which, in natural and continuous sequence, unbroken by any efficient
intervening cause, produce the injury, and without which the result would not
have occurred.

37. Four kinds of aggravating circumstances

Generic those that can generally apply to all crimes

USUALLY: dwelling, nighttime, recidivism
ENUMERATED:

(1) Advantage taken of public position

(2) Contempt or insult to public authorities
(3) Commission in the dwelling of the offended party
(4) Abuse of confidence; or obvious ungratefulness
(5) Places of commission
(6) Nighttime; uninhabited place; or band
(7) Recidivism
(8) Reiteracion
(9) Craft, fraud, or disguise
(10) Unlawful entry
(11) By breaking wall, etc.
(12) Aid of a minor (under 15 years)
SPECIFIC-- those that apply only to particular crimes.
USUALLY: ignominy in crimes against chastity; or cruelty and treachery in crimes
against persons
ENUMERATED:
(1) disregard of rank, age, or sex of offended party
(2) superior strength; or means to weaken the defense
(3) treachery
(4) ignominy
(5) cruelty
QUALIFYING those that change the nature of the crime.
EXAMPLES: Alevosia (treachery), or evident premeditation qualifies the killing of a
person to murder

INHERENT those that must, of necessity, accompany the commission of the

crime.
EXAMPLE: Evident premeditation is inherent in robbery, theft, estafa, adultery, or
concubinage