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Matematika
ZADACI IZ MATEMATIKE
DERIVACIJE
0, a < 1
lim ax =
1, a = 1
x
, a > 1
0.06
1
1 0.06t
+ 2.86 =
+ 2.86 =
lim 2.45 ( )
t+
2
2
1
= 2.45
+ 2.86 = 2.45 0 + 2, 86 = 2.86
2
3
x
+ x.
Rjesenje:
x 6= 0
D = R\{0}
Pravac x=a je okomita asimptota ako vrijedi:
lim f (x) =
3
3
+x = +0=
lim
x0
x
0
x = 0 okomita asimptota.
xa
lim
3
x
+x
= lim
x
x
lim
3+x2
x
3 + x2
2x
0
=
L
H
=
lim
=1=k
x
x 2x
x2
= lim
3
+ x 1x
x
= lim
3
x
=
3
=0=l
y = kx + l
y =1x+0
y = x kosa asimptota
x2
x+1 .
Rjesenje:
(x2 )0 (x + 1) x2 (x + 1)0
y =
(x + 1)2
2x21 (x + 1) x2 ((x)0 + (1)0 )
0
y =
(x + 1)2
2x (x + 1) x2 (1 + 0)
y0 =
(x + 1)2
2x2 + 2x x2
0
y =
(x + 1)2
x2 + 2x
0
y =
(x + 1)2
0
3
x3 2 x2 + 3 3 x
2
x
Rjesenje:
3
y = x 2 2x 3 + 3x 3 2x1
3
3x
x
Rjesenje:
(3x )0 x 3x (x)0
y =
x2
x
3 ln3 x 3x 1
0
y =
x2
3x (xln3 1)
y0 =
x2
0
1
xa , b
6= 0, a > 0
Rjesenje:
y = bxa
y 0 = (bxa )0
y 0 = b(xa )0
y 0 = b(a)xa1
y 0 = abxa1
1
y 0 = ab a+1
x
ab
y 0 = a+1
x
1 3x4 .
1
(1 3x4 )0
f 0 (x) =
4
2 1 3x
1
f 0 (x) =
(12x3 )
4
2 1 3x
6x3
f 0 (x) =
1 3x4
10
f 0 (x) = 3x ln3 2x
1x3
Rjesenje:
p
ln4 ( 1 x3 )0
1
3
f 0 (x) = 4 1x ln4
(1 x3 )0
3
2 1x
1
3
f 0 (x) = 4 1x ln4
(3x2 )
3
2 1x
f 0 (x) = 4
1x3
11
1x
14. Nadi prvu derivaciju funkcije f (x) = e x+1 .
Rjesenje:
1x r 1 x
f 0 (x) = e x+1 (
)0
x+1
1x
1
1x 0
f 0 (x) = e x+1 q
)
(
x
+
1
1x
2 x+1
1x
1
(1 x)0 (x + 1) (1 x) (x + 1)0
f (x) = e x+1 q
(x + 1)2
2 1x
x+1
1x
1
2
0
f (x) = e x+1 q
(x + 1)2
2 1x
x+1
1x
e x+1
f 0 (x) = q
1x
2
x+1 (x + 1)
1x
e x+1
f 0 (x) =
3
1 x (x + 1) 2
1x
e x+1
p
f 0 (x) =
1 x (x + 1)3
1x
e x+1
f 0 (x) =
1 x (x + 1) x + 1
1x
x+1
e
p
f 0 (x) =
(x + 1) (1 x)(x + 1)
1x
e x+1
f 0 (x) =
(x + 1) 1 x2
0
12
2x + 1 u
Rjesenje:
f (x + h) f (x)
f 0 (x) = lim
h0
p
p h
2(x + h) + 1 2x + 1
2(x + h) + 1 + 2x + 1
lim
p
=
h0
h
2(x + h) + 1 + 2x + 1
2(x + h) + 1 (2x + 1)
=
= lim
h0 h( 2x + 2h + 1 +
2x + 1)
2x + 2h + 1 2x 1
= lim
=
h0 h( 2x + 2h + 1 +
2x + 1)
2
= lim
=
h0
2x + 2h + 1 + 2x + 1
2
1
2
=
=
=
2x + 2 0 + 1 + 2x + 1 2 2x + 1
2x + 1
f 0 (4) =
1
1
1
= =
24+1
9 3
13
14
Rjesenje:
1
T 0 (Q) = p
(ln(3Q2 ))0 =
2 ln(3Q2 )
1
1
= p
(3Q2 )0 =
2
2
2 ln(3Q ) 3Q
1
1
6Q =
= p
2 ln(3Q2 ) 3Q2
1
= p
Q ln(3Q2 )
15
x=1
x = 0.001 = dx
x + x = 1 + 0.001 = 1.001
y = x10
y 0 = 10x9
y(x + x) y(x) + y 0 (x) dx
y(1 + 0.001) y(1) + y 0 (1) dx
y(1.001) 110 + 10 19 0.001
y(1.001) 1.01
16
L, te relativnu pogresku,
Rjesenje:
Prirast funkcije:
y = y(x + x) y(x)
Q = Q(L + L) Q(L)
Q = Q(9.001) Q(9)
Q = 9.001 9
Q = 0.000166662
Diferencijal funkcije:
dy = y 0 (x) dx
dL = L = 0.001
1
1
dQ = Q0 (L) dL = dL = 0.001
2 9
2 L
dQ = 0.000166667
Relativna pogreska:
y dy
100
y
Q dQ
0.000166662 0.000166667
100 =
100 = 0.003000084%
Q
0.000166662
17
t...y 1 =
n . . . y = 2x + 2
18
8
4+x2
u tocki
21. Izracunaj:
x 2x
lim
x1
x1
Rjesenje:
x 2x 1 21 0
lim
=
= = L0 H =
x1
x1
1 1
0
0
(x 2 x)
=
= lim
x1
(x 1)0
1
1 22x
(2 x)0
= lim
=
x1
1
1
=
= lim 1 +
x1
2 2x
1
1 3
=1+
=1+ =
2 2
2 21
19
22. Odredite podrucje rasta i pada funkcije f (x) = 3x4 + 6x2 15.
Rjesenje:
D=R
f 0 (x) = 12x3 + 12x
12x3 + 12x = 0
12x(x2 1) = 0
12x = 0 x = 0
x2 1 = 0
x=1
x = 1
, 1 -1, 0 0, 1 1, +
f(x)
+
+
%
.
%
.
20
00
, 2 2, +
21
U x = 0 nema ekstrema.
f 00 (1) = 72 12 48 1
f 00 (1) = 24 > 0
min(1, f (1))
f (1) = 6 14 8 13 10 = 12
min(1, 12)
22
25. Izracunajte maksimum funkije dobiti ako je zadana funkcija ukupnih troskova
C(Q) = Q3 6Q2 + 140Q + 750 i funkcija ukupnih prihoda
R(Q) = 7.5Q2 + 1400Q, gdje je Q kolicina proizvodnje.
Rjesenje:
D = Q [0, + >
D(Q) = R(Q) C(Q)
D(Q) = 7.5Q2 + 1400Q (Q3 6Q2 + 140Q + 750)
D(Q) = Q3 1.5Q2 + 1260Q 750
D0 (Q) = 3Q2 3Q + 1260
Q1,2 =
(3)
D00 (Q) = 6Q 3
D00 (20) = 6 20 3 = 123 < 0
max(20, D(20))
D(20) = 15850
max(20, 15850)
23
A(Q) =
200
Q3
200
A00 (5) =
>0
125
min(5, A(5))
A(5) = 152
min(5, 152)
A00 (Q) =
24
25
26
27
3 22 2
ET,Q (2) = 2
=5
2 2
28
9500
3p2 + 675
u odnosu na cijenu p.
Rjesenje:
Eq,p
D . . . 3p2 + 675 6= 0
3p2 6= 675 uvijek
p0
q0
0
p 0
p
9500
6p2
= q = 9500
=
q
3p2 + 675
3p2 + 675
3p2 +675
6p2
6p2
|Eg,p | = | 2
|= 2
3p + 675
3p + 675
6p2
> 1/ 3p2 + 675
2
3p + 675
6p2 > 3p2 + 675
3p2 > 675/ : 3
p2 > 225
p > 15
Pel =< 15, + >
Pneel =< 0, 15 >
29
x1 + x2
f (x1 , x2 , x3 ) = x1 x2 ln
=
x2 + x3
s
(x1 + x2 )
= 2 x1 x3 ln
=
(x2 + x3 )
r
x1 + x2
2
= x1 x3 ln
=
x2 + x3
= 2 f (x1 , x2 , x3 )
Funkcija je homogena stupnja = 2.
30
x y2.
Rjesenje:
x (y)2 = x 2 y 2 =
5
5
= 2 x y 2 = 2 f (x, y)
f (x, y) =
31
Rjesenje:
3(x)2 + 2(y)2
=
f (x, y) = log
xy
32 x2 + 22 y 2
= log
=
2 xy
3x2 + 2y 2
2 (3x2 + 2y 2 )
= log
= f (x, y) =
= log
2 xy
xy
= 0 f (x, y)
32
= 2 +t 3.6L 2 C t = 2 +t Q(LC)
1
+t>1
2
1
t>1
2
1
t>
2
1
t < , + >
2
Napomena:
> 1 prinosi su rastuci.
= 1 prinosi su konstantni.
< 1 prinosi su opadajuci.
33
= t+ 4 2.5Lt C 4 = t+ 4 Q(LC)
1
t+ <1
4
1
t<1
4
3
t<
4
3
t < , >
4
34
x y+z+y z+v
f (x, y, z, v) =
x + 2y + 3z + 4v
ako sve varijable istovremeno:
a) povecamo 256 puta?
b) smanjimo za 34.39%?
Rjesenje:
a)
f (x, y, z, v) = f (x, y, z, v)
f (256x, 256y, 256z, 256v) = 256 f (x, y, z, v)
s
x y + z + y z + v
f (x, y, z, v) =
=
x + 2y + 3z + 4v
s
s
3
x y + z + y z + v
2 (x y + z + y z + v)
=
=
=
(x + 2y + 3z + 4v)
(x + 2y + 3z + 4v)
1
= 4 f (x, y, z, v)
1
35
b)
34.39
x = x(1 0.3439) = 0.6561x
100
1
f (0.6561x, 0.6561y, 0.6561z, 0.6561v) = 0.6561 4 f (x, y, z, v)
f (0.6561x, 0.6561y, 0.6561z, 0.6561v) = 0.9f (x, y, z, v)
xx
Ako sve varijable istovremeno smanjimo za neki postotak p tada ce se vrijednost funkcije smanjiti za 100(1 )%.
100(1 )% = 100(1 0.9)% = 10%
Kada sve varijable istovremeno smanjimo za 34,39% tada ce se funkcija
smanjiti za 10%.
36
37
y.
39. Nadi sve prve parcijalne derivacije funkcije f (x, y, z) = e2xz ln(yz) + 1.
Rjesenje:
fx = e2xz (2xz)0 0 + 0 =
= e2xz 2z (x)0 = e2xz 2z 1 = 2ze2xz
fy = 0
1
1
(yz)0 + 0 = z (y)0 =
yz
yz
1
1
= z =
yz
y
1
(yz)0 + 0 =
yz
1
= e2xz 2x (z)0
y (z)0 =
yz
1
y1=
= e2xz 2x 1
yz
1
= 2xe2xz
z
fz = e2xz (2xz)0
38
2xy
x+y .
Rjesenje:
ux =
39
40
d3 f
dxdydz .
Rjesenje:
fz = y x 1 = y x
fzy = xy x1
fzyx = 1 y x1 + x y x1 lny 1 =
= y x1 + x y x1 lny = y x1 (1 + xlny) = fxyz
41
p
44. Izracunajte koeficijente parcijalne elasticnosti funkcije f (x, y) = x y 2 u
odnosu na varijable x i y te interpretirajte rezultat na nivou x = 25, y = 3.
Rjesenje:
Ef,x =
x
x
1
x
fx = p
p
(1 0) =
f
2(x y 2 )
x y2 2 x y2
25
25
=
Ef,x (25, 3) =
2 (25 9) 32
y
y
1
y 2
= fy = p
p
(0 2y) =
f
x y2
x y2 2 x y2
9
9
Ef,y (25, 3) =
=
25 9
16
42
p1
p1
3lnp2
q1p1 = 1
= 1
q1
p21
3p1 lnp2
Eg1 ,p2 =
p2
p2
1
1
q1p2 = 1
=
3p1
1
q1
p2
lnp2
3p1 lnp2
43
46. Za funkciju q
4 5
f (x, y, z) = 3 xzy2 , izracunajte xfx + yfy + zfz .
Rjesenje:
xfx + yfy + zfz = f
f (x, y, z) = f (x, y, z)
s
r
r
4 (y)5
4 x 4 5 y 5
9 4 5
(x)
3
3 x y
3
=
=
=
f (x, y, z) =
(z)2
2 z 2
2 z 2
r
4 5
7
3
3 x y
= 7
= 3 f (x, y, z)
2
z
7
=
3
r
7 3 x4 y 5
xfx + yfy + zfz =
3
z2
44
4 + 2 3.4L 4 C 2 = 4 Q(L, C)
3
EQ,L + EQ,C =
4
45
y
z
Odredite parametar t R, t 6= 1, tako da zbroj svih parcijalnih elasticnosti
dane funkcije bude jednak nuli.
Rjesenje:
Ef,y + Ef,y + Ef,z = = 0
tR
t.d.
Ef,y + Ef,y + Ef,z = 0
f (x, y, z) = f (x, y, z)
s
1
t+1
zx
1
t+1
=
f (x, y, z) =
y
z
"
#
1
t+1
r
1
zx
1
t+1
=
t+1
(1 ) t+1
=
y
z
#
"
1
t+1
r
1
1
zx
1
= t+1 t+1
=
t+1
y
z
!
1
t+1
r
1
1
zx
1
= t+1 t+1
= t+1 f (x, y, z)
y
z
1
=0
t+1
1 = 0
6 t R t.d. = 0
(Ne postoji t R takav da je = 0)
46
47
Rjesenje:
fx = 2x 4
2x 4 = 0
x=2
fy = 4y 8
4y 8 = 0
y=2
D1 = fxx
fxx = 2
D1 = 2 > 0
D2 = fxx fyy f xy 2
fyy = 4
fxy = 0
D2 = 2 4 02
D2 = 8 > 0
)
D1 > 0
min(2, 2, f (2, 2))
D2 > 0
f (2, 2) = 22 4 2 + 2 22 8 2 = 12
min(2, 2, 12)
48
f (x, y) = ex
+y 2 4x
Rjesenje:
2
fx = ex
2
ex
+y 2 4x
(2x 4)
+y 4x
(2x 4) = 0
2x 4 = 0
x=2
2
fy = ex
2
ex
+y 2 4x
2y
+y 2 4x
2y = 0
2y = 0
y=0
D1 = fxx
2
fxx = ex
fxx
+y 4x
(2x 4)2 + ex +y 4x 2
2
2
= ex +y 4x (2x 4)2 + 2
fxx = 2e4
D1 = 2e4 > 0
2
D2 = fxx fyy fxy
2
fyy = ex
+y 2 4x
4y 2 + ex
+y 2 4x
fyy = ex +y 4x (4y 2 + 2)
fyy = 2e4
49
fxy = (2x 4) ex +y 4x 2y
fxy = 0
4
D2 = 2e 2e4 02 = 4e8 > 0
)
D1 > 0
min(2, 0, e4 )
D2 > 0
50
DQ2 Q2 = 2
DQ1 Q2 = 0
D2 = 2 (2) 02 = 4 > 0
)
D1 < 0
max(5, 3, 29)
D2 > 0
51
52
53
y = 8 x2 = 8 4 = 4 = 2
f 00 (x) = 24x2 32
f 00 (2) = 64 > 0
min(2, 2, 32)
54
LC = 4/2
LC = 16/ : L
16
C=
L
16
= L + 16L1
L
T 0 (L) = 1 16L2
16
1 2 = 0/ L2
L
2
L 16 = 0
L2 = 16
L1 = 4
6 L62 = 6 4
16
C=
=4
4
T 00 (L) = 32L3
T 00 (4) = 0.5 > 0
T (L) = L +
min(4, 4, 8)
55
56