NUMERICAL METHODS

IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
COURSE CODE 191157710

SEMH PERDAHCIOLU, RICHARD LOENDERSLOOT

Previous Lectures:
Assembly of system matrix
Boundary conditions and Constraints
Methods to solve large linear system of equations
Direct solvers
Iterative solvers

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Today:
Locking
Shear Locking
Volume locking
Methods to avoid locking
Higher order elements
Reduced integration
Numerical integration using Gauss quadrature

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Locking
Accuracy w.r.t. analytical solution
The ability of the element type to approximate the
correct stiffness of the structure
(In)ability of displacement field to approximate strain field
Locking
Locking is a purely numerical phenomenon !

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Locking
Cook 3.5, figure 3.5.2., p96

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Locking

Types of locking discussed:

Shear locking
Volume locking

Different underlying mechanisms !

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Shear Locking - example

Pure bending of a beam
Moment
Curvature
Span angle

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Analytical solution
elongation:

strains:

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Numerical solution (bi-linear approximation)

displacement field:

strains:

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Shear Locking

Phenomenon: Shear locking

Part of energy spent on shearing
Less energy available for bending deformation
Apparent higher stiffness

Solution?

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Numerical solution (quadratic approximation)

displacement field:

strains:

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Numerical solution (quadratic approximation)

solution:

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Visualization (shear deformation)

Bi-linear element undeformed

Bi-quadratic element undeformed

Bi-linear element deformed

Bi-quadratic element deformed

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Volume Locking - example

Rubber deformed by punch, 2D plane strain
punch
CST mesh

rubber

undeformed

at walls

deformed
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Volume Locking - example

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Volume Locking - example

Volume locking !
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Volume Locking
Solution
What can we change?
Degree of approximation?
Degree of integration
Reduced integration

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Reduced integration
Numerical integration
Gauss quadratures
In natural coordinates
necessary condition for non-rectangular elements
Transformation

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Natural coordinates

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Natural coordinates

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Natural coordinates - example

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Gauss quadrature
integration in natural coordinates

3rd order polynomial:

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Gauss quadrature
approximation of the integral:

2 point Gauss quadrature has 4 d.o.f. :

Exact solution!

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Bi-linear quadrilateral

Reduced integration
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Constraint counting

Measure for locking:

Condition for locking:

Approximation:
Degrees of freedom introduced
Penalty constraints -> integration points
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Constraint counting - example

Element 10
2 d.o.f.
4 i.p. (full integration)
1 i.p. (reduced integration)

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