In the Name of Allah,

The Most Merciful The

Beneficent,
 Presentation by
Faheem-ul-Hassan

Subject :
Telecommunication and
networks
TELECOMMUNICATIONS
AND NETWORKS
TELECOMMUNICATIONS ?
The telegraphic or telephonic
communication of audio, video, or
digital information over a distance by
means of radio waves, optical
signals, etc.
SYSTEM COMPONENTS
 COMPUTERS
 TERMINALS: Input / output devices
 COMMUNICATIONS CHANNELS
 PROCESSORS: Modems, multiplexers,
front-end processors
 COMMUNICATIONS
SOFTWARE
*
PROTOCOL
RULES & PROCEDURES
TO GOVERN TRANSMISSION
BETWEEN COMPONENTS
IN A NETWORK

*
ANALOG SIGNAL
 CONTINUOUS WAVEFORM
 PASSES THRU SYSTEM
 VOICE COMMUNICATIONS

*
 DIGITAL SIGNAL
 DISCRETE WAVEFORM
 TWO DISCRETE STATES:
1-BIT & 0-BIT
ON / OFF PULSE
 DATA COMMUNICATION
 USES MODEM TO TRANSLATE ANALOG
TO DIGITAL, DIGITAL TO ANALOG
*
0111010011101001010101110111100100010000101111010110
COMMUNICATION CHANNELS

MEANS BY WHICH DATA ARE

TRANSMITTED:
 TWISTED WIRES: Copper Wires
 COAXIAL CABLE: Insulated Copper
Wires
 FIBER-OPTIC CABLE
 MICROWAVE

*
 FIBER OPTICS
 SUPER CLEAR GLASS STRANDS
 FAST, LIGHT, DURABLE
 TRILLIONS OF BITS PER SECOND, FULL
DUPLEX
 EXPENSIVE, HARDER TO INSTALL
 OFTEN USED AS BACKBONE OF
NETWORKS
SIGNAL LASER *
CABLE
PHOTO
SIGNAL
DETECTOR
 FIBER OPTICS
 BACKBONE: Fiber optics cable carries light
signals to distribution nodes, which use
copper wires to user
 DENSE WAVE DIVISION MULTIPLEXING
(DWDM): Next-generation, uses many
colors, (up to 160) each a channel, increases
capacity of a fiber to 6.4 terabits per second
*
WIRELESS TRANSMISSION
TECHNOLOGIES

 PAGERS: Small pager beeps when

receives short message
 CELLULAR TELEPHONE: Device uses
radio waves to reach antennas within
areas called cells
 MOBILE DATA NETWORKS: Radio -
based data network using hand-held
computers, cheap, efficient
*
WIRELESS TRANSMISSION
TECHNOLOGIES

 PERSONAL COMMUNICATION SERVICE:

Cellular; lower power; higher frequency. Smaller
phones not shielded by buildings, tunnels
 PERSONAL DIGITAL ASSISTANT:
Pen sized, hand-held, digital communicator
 SMART PHONE: Wireless, voice, text, Internet

*
ORBITING SATELLITES
MICROWAVE
TRANSMISSION

UPLINK
DOWNLINK
COMMUNICATIONS CHANNELS

 TRANSMISSION SPEED: Bits per

Second (BPS) or Baud
 BANDWIDTH: Capacity of Channel;
Difference between Highest & Lowest
Frequencies
*
SPEEDS & COST OF MEDIA
MEDIUM SPEED COST
TWISTED WIRE 300 BPS - 10 MBPS LOW

MICROWAVE 256 KBPS - 100 MBPS

SATELLITE 256 KBPS - 100 MBPS

COAXIAL CABLE 56 KBPS - 200 MBPS

FIBER OPTICS 500 KBPS - 6.4 TBPS HIGH

BPS: BITS PER SECOND
KBPS: KILOBITS PS, MBPS: MEGABITS PS,
GBPS: GIGABITS PS, TBPS: TERABITS PS
COMMUNICATIONS PROCESSORS

 FRONT- END PROCESSOR: Minicomputer

manages communication for host computer
 CONCENTRATOR: Computer collects
messages for batch transmission to host
computer
 CONTROLLER: Computer controls interface
between CPU and peripheral devices
 MULTIPLEXER: Allows channel to carry multiple
sources simultaneously
*
NETWORK TOPOLOGIES

USER

USER HOST USER

USER
STAR
NETWORK TOPOLOGIES

USER USER USER

USER USER USER

BUS
NETWORK TOPOLOGIES

USER

USER USER

USER
RING
LOCAL NETWORKS
 PRIVATE BRANCH EXCHANGE (PBX):
firm’s central switching system
 LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN): dedicated
channels; limited distance (less than 2000
foot radius); higher capacity than PBX. Can
share expensive hardware & software
*
LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN)
 GATEWAY: Connection to other networks
 ROUTER: Forwards data to other networks
 NETWORK OPERATING SYSTEM (NOS):
Manages file server; routes communications on
network
 PEER - TO - PEER: In some small networks all
computers have equal power
*
WIDE - AREA NETWORK (WAN)
Network spans large geographic distances.
Can include cable, satellite, microwave
 SWITCHED LINES:
Route determined by current traffic
 DEDICATED LINES: Constantly available
for high-volume traffic
*
VALUE-ADDED NETWORK
(VAN)
 PRIVATE, MULTIPATH, DATA ONLY
 3rd PARTY MANAGED
 USED BY SEVERAL ORGANIZATIONS
 SUBSCRIPTION BASIS

*
NETWORK SERVICES

 PACKET SWITCHING
 FRAME RELAY
 ASYNCHRONOUS TRANSFER MODE (ATM)
 INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK
(ISDN)
 SYMMETRIC DIGITAL SUBSCRIBER LINE
 CABLE MODEM
 T1 LINE
*
PACKET SWITCHING (X.25)

 FORM OF Value Added Network

 BREAKS DATA BLOCKS INTO SMALL
PACKETS (e.g.: 128 Bytes)
 PACKETS ROUTED BY MOST
ECONOMICAL MEANS
 REASSEMBLED AT DESTINATION

*
FRAME RELAY
 PACKAGES DATA INTO BLOCKS
(FRAMES)
 HIGH-SPEED TRANSMISSION
 RELIABLE LINES
 NO ERROR-CORRECTION ROUTINES

*
ASYNCHRONOUS TRANSFER MODE
(ATM)

 CELL:53 Groups of 8 Bytes Each

 USES FIBER OPTICS CABLE
 INDEPENDENT OF VENDOR
HARDWARE SPEEDS
 CAN TIE LAN TO WAN

*
INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL
NETWORK (ISDN)
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD FOR
TRANSMITTING VOICE, VIDEO, DATA
OVER PUBLIC TELEPHONE LINES
*
OTHER SERVICES:
 DIGITAL SUBSCRIBER LINE (DSL):
enhancing capacity over copper
telephone lines
 CABLE MODEM: modem for cable TV
for high-speed access to Internet
 T1 LINE: dedicated telephone
connection, 24 channels @ 1.544
megabits per second
*
OTHER SERVICES:
 BROADBAND: High-speed
transmission, multiple channels
 NETWORK CONVERGENCE: Enables
simultaneous transmission of voice,
data, video. Attractive for multimedia
applications: Video collaboration, voice-
data call centers, distance learning,
unified messaging
*