1

<>
? , .
.
(); , ()
, , .
* (Reflex);


1.
.
2. , ,
.
3. , , .
(, , )
* (Effecters); , glands, , , ,

* (neural tube); ectoderm neral palte

1. ; , , , ,
2. ; ,
* ,
1. ; ()
2. 2, 4, 8 (morula)
.( 5-7)
3. 8,

4. (embryo) .
5. ,
.
6. 1-2 (blastula)
7. .
( 2-3)
* (derm)
1. (ecoderm)
1) ,
2)
3) , , ,
2. (endoderm)
1) , , ,
2) , , ,
3) ,
3. (mesoderm)

1) , (), ,
2) , , , , , (, , , )
3) , , , ,
*
1. .
2. 3 (embryo)
.
3.
4. 2.3-2.5mm , (neural
fold) .
5. 1 .
6. 1 3 .
7. 1 , , .
8. , ( )
9. 1 , , , ,
( 5)
10.
,
11. , 3 , , 4
( 2. ---)
* ;
neuroblast .
-
1. ventricular zone; ,
2. ependimal layer= subventricualr zone
3. mentle later= intermediate zone; gray matter
4. marginal zone; (myelin sheath) white matter
*
-( ) Dorsal alar plate(sensory and coordination)
1.
2. , , ,
-() Ventral basal plate(motor)
1.
2.
- sulcus limitans;
,
cf. ; ()()()
; ()()()
*
1. ; .
2. ;

3. ; (paleocortex)
( archicortex) .
4. (neocortex) .

cf. ; ,

(- , , , , , ,

Prosencephalon
(forebrain)

Encephalon
(brain)

Telencephalon

Diencephalon

Mesencephalon
(midbrain)

Mesencephalon

Rhombencephalon
(hindbrain)

Metancephalon

Myelencfephalon

Hemisphere
Corpus striatum
Rhinencephalon
Thalamencephjalon
Epithalamus
Metathalamus
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Tectum of
mesencephalon
Crus cerebri
Tegmentum
Cerebellum
Pons
Medulla oblongata

Spinal cord

; )

Lateral
ventrical

3
Third
ventrical

Cerebral
aqueduct
4
Forth
ventrical

Central cord

*
*
1. 3 2- 4, 10
(cephalic flexure);
- ; prosencephalon
- ; mesencephalon
- ; rhombencephalon
(cervial flexure)- 26,
2. 5 3; 6mm, optic vesicle

optic cup;
(hemispheral vesicle)
;

;
10-14mm



; 9mm
pontine flexure
- 4
60mm ; 4
. .

*
-
.
1. anencephaly-
;
.
.
2. spina bifida occulta- .
1
,

2
*
1.
- ,
- , ;
2.
(= );
(= ); ,

-, ,
-, ,
*
1. neuron; , ,
,
2. neuroglia;
,
* ;

; or nucleus
(4-145),
; (, Golgi , ,
)+
cf. Nissl Nissl body(= Tigroid body- )
;
- ribonucleoprotein(RNA)

* Axon;

Nissl
axon hillock; ,

; endoplasmic reticulum , ,
neurofilement
- myelin sheath neurolemma
naked fiber;
; terminal bouton end bulb
-
Ranvier node; ,
unmyelinated fiber;
* Dendrite = protoplasmic process
;
; Nissl , Golgi , ,
; ,
crista , .
; 1, 2,3

; ,

*
1. unipolar neuron; 1 T"
- pseudounipolar nerve cell
2. or bipolar neuron; 1
- ; , ,

3. multipolar neuron; 1 ,
-
*
1. afferent neuron
1) exteroceptor; , ,
mechanoreceptor; or
thermoreceptor; (, )
nociceptor; ,
2) visceroceptor;
, ,
, , , , ,
interoceptor
3) properioceptor; ,
(, , )

4)
Meissner -
Ruffini -
Krause -
-
1:1
ex); , ,
2. efferent neuron
; motor neuron(; )

1) somatic motor neuron; ()

upper motor neuron; , ( O)
lower motor neuron; or ( X)
2) visceral motor neuron; (, ) ,

proganglionic neuron-
postganglionic neuron-
3) interneuron;
or circuit

muscle spindle; 2-3mm,
-
( ) ,
,
6-8(3-16) ; intrafusal muscle fiber
(1-5) ,
; extrafusal muscle fiber
; 1 4-5(2-11)
; .
nuclear bag fiber(=); , ,
nuclear chain fiber; , ,
1-2
1 ; , ()

2 ; ,
1 2 a,
; (, )
A .
-

1 or 2 .
(=); (fiber)
-1 ;
-2 ;
,
;
, Ia ,
- or

- Ia ;
- ;
; length detector, ()

; change detector,

* Golgi tendon organ ( )

1. or .
2.

3.
Ib fiber .
4. Ib figer
.
5.
.
6. () .
* Muscle spindle()
1.
.
2.
.
3.
6-14
4.
.
5. 2 , 4-5 2 .
6.

7. sheath
.
8.
9.
.
10.
() ()

<2-2>
Ia 12-20 70-120

A
Ib 12-20 70-120

Pacini
6-12
36-75
()
A
M
eissner
()

2-5
12-30
(, )
A

(C )

0.5-2
1.5-2
C
C

.
11.
. = Stretch receptor()
* < 2-1>
*
unmyelinated nerve fiber; ,

- naked never fiber;

myelinated nerve fiber; ,
.

() ()

A
(,,,)
, , , ,

= 1-20 5-120
B= 1-3
3-15

C=

0
.5-1.5
0
.6-2

- ; Schwann's cell
- ;
cf.
*< 2-2>
* myelin sheath
Schwann
Schwann

; -50 ,

Ranvier node; ,
internode; Ranvier , 200-1000
(= ), Ranvier , .
Schwann cell ,
* Schwann sheath; Schwann
;
; Golgi,
; peripheral neuroglia
Schwann
; , inner, outer mesaxon
Ranvier , Schwann
; , Schwann cell

, , ,
,
.
*
1.
2.
3.
4. ; ,
* neuroglia

, .
1.
1) astrocyte;

 vascular end feet -

; , , , .
; , ,
2) oligodendrocyte; ,
, Schwann

, macroglia
3) ependimal cell
,
ependimal fiber
( )
, , ; ,
4) microglia = ; , () or () or
()
,
; .

2.
1)Schwann Schwann cell; , , (
)
2) Satellite cell; ,
, (), micropimocytotuc
vesicle
* terminal synapse
1. - axodendritic synapse; , 1
2. - axosomatic synapse; -
3. - axoaxonic synapse; - or
4. - dendrodendritic synapse; 2
( )
5. glomerular synapse;

ex) ,
++
* Ca ; , Ca++ Ach

* ; .
1. Acetylcholine(Ach)
Ca++
Ach acetylcholine esterase choline acetate
-

2. monoamine;
. 2
-catecholamine(dopamin, norepinephrine, epinephrine);
-indolamine(serotonin);

Catecholamin; tyrosine(or phenylalaine) , .

, .
locus nucleus .
(cf. ? , Fe , Melanin)
-,
-
or dopamin
catecholamine
Indolamine; Tryptophane
- serotonin (5-hydroxy-tryptamine)

Acetylcholine(Ach)
, , ,
, , Meynert ,
Norepinephrine(NE)
(), ,
Dopamine(DA)
, ,
Serotonin(5-HT)
, ,

Gamma-amino-butyric acid(GABA) , , ,
Glycine

Glutamin acid
,
serotonin ; ,
3.
glycine gamma-amino-butyric acid(GABA);
*<2-3>
* neuroglial tumor;
1. astrocytoma; 20-30%, 70-80%
,
,
; - , ,
- ,

1) fibrillary astrocytoma
; . , , ,
2) protoplasmic astrocytoma
; , , .
*
1. light touch;
- ; , ,
2. localization of touch;
- ;
3. two point tactile discrimination; , .

-; 3 , 3-4
4. pain;
- tabes dorsalis or polyneuritis

5.
6.
7.

8.

3
press pain; ,
temperature testing
vibration; turning fork or

-;
- 60
() appreciation(stereognosis);

5 , , ,

* evolution of movement
movement or motion;
(fast twich fiber)= Type
(slow twich fiber)= Type
.
.
.
.

, .
, .

() .
.
. ( B )
.( )


, ()
()-,
-, ,
.
.
or
.
.
, .
.
.
( -)
myoglobin( ) .( )

.
.
.
.
.
.( )
.()
.
.
85%
75%
.
.
ATP, ,
(. )

()

. . ,
myofibrillar ATPase
.
or ;
(-)
; - (? , )
*<5-1> () ()
*

1. slow M. =; .
, , ,
-
(4.5-7.2)
2. fast M. =; .
, ,
.
(11.4)
* ; , ,
. , , ,
, ,
.
1. .
2. , .
3.
.
4. ,

* ,
1. , ,
, ,
.
2. () , , ,

3. .
4. ,

5. .
* reflex
, ( )
? or
; 1 or
or or
cf.
() >>
, .
1. stretch reflex ( myotatic reflex);

2. flexor reflex ( withdrawal reflex) = =
()
A, C
3. crossed extension reflex;

. .
.



, -
or or ,


* ataxia;
(, )
1. ;
test; - finger-nose test
; dysmetric-
decomporation fo mevement-
2
,
dyssynergia-
,
2. ; ,

3. -
Romberg -
, , , ,

* =;
-

( )
()

*
1. ( Babinski sign);
- ,

- . ,
, 1
2. Hoffmann's finger reflex; .
- ,
* reflex( )
1. - ; , ,


2. - ; ()

ex)

3. - ; , or
. , ,

* Shock-
()

1. ; ex)- . - . -
2.
=Encephalization(); ( ; , )
( ; )
3. Shock . , ,
, ,
4. Shock , C3-C4
,

6
*

(C.N.)
(C.N.)
(C.N.)
(C.N.)
(C.N.)
(C.N.)
(C.N.)
(C.N.)
(C.N.)
(C.N.)
(C.N.)
(C.N.)

olfactory nerve
optic nerve
oculomotor nerve
trochlear nerve
trigeminal nerve
abducens nerve
facial nerve
vestibulocochlear nerve
glossopharyngeal nerve
vagus nerve
accessory nerve
hypoglossal nerve

olfactory never

* olfactory never ;
( , )
1. fiber's of olfactory nerve=
; - small ( )
2. cribriform plate
3. olfactory bulb; small (ex. , ....)
4. olfactory tract( );
5. ( ); , ,
* lamina propria;
-- olfactory gland
* olfactory epithelium; 3
1. olfactory receptor cell; ,
2. supporting (sustentacular) cell; .
3. basal cell;

* olfactory bulb; ()
.
glia
1.
2. -
3. -
4. -
5. -

optic nerve

* ; ,

-
15
;
; 2
*
1. ()
cf. ; - central fossa

2.
3. optic chiasma; X
; optic tract
4. optic tract; 2
; ,
80%-
20%- (= ) ,
5. lateral geniculate body;
;
( 17) ,
6. optic radiation
7. visual cortex=
1) 17= brod. 17;
, , , , ,
.
4
17
2) 18; 17 ,
; ,
3) 19;
; ( )
4) 8; ,

,

oculomotortrochlearabducens nerve

* , , ;
,
( Edinger-Westphal )
; ,
Edinger-Westphal =
() oculomotor nucleus(somatic motor neurons)
=(, )
Red nucleus; Fe , ,

* oculomotor nerve; , +
;
- , 3
- ( )
* trochlear nerve;
- inferior colliculus



;
;
; diplopia( )

* abducens nerve;
- 4 facial colliculus
; strabismus-
; ()
-

trigeminal nerve

; + ,
sensory components=
1
- , ,
, , , ,


, ; 2-3
* = = Gasser
1. ;
. - , ()
. - ,
. -
. - ,
2. ; , , , ()
*
*

3. ; , , ,
*
1. ;
2. ;
3. ;

*
1. = = ;
2. = =
par caudalis;
pars interpolaris; 3 ,

.( , )
pars oralis;
.( )
ex)
, - , -
ex)
* motor components;



(, , , ), , , (),

; ,
( )
cf. - ( -)

facial nerve

; - taste bud,
- , (, , )
* (); -

greater petrosal nerve
; , ,
chorda typmani nerve
; 2/3(), (, )
* ;
- (- )
- ( temporal, zygomatic,
buccal, mandibula, cervical)
*

vestibulo cochlear nerve

* vestibular nerve
, ()
()
1. ; 4

- lateral vestibular nucleus

- superior vestibular nucleus
- medial vestibular nucleus
- inferior vestibular nucleus
; , ,

( , )

* cochlear nerve;
= (, , )
( )
;
- posterior cochlear nucleus
- anterior cochlear nucleus
1. ;
; .
2
or
or ,
() or ( )
(brod. 41, 42)

, , glossopharyngeal, vagus and accessoru N.

*
, - 1/3,
, ,
, , ,

- , ,
, ,
*
,,;
,;
1. for supply of strialcd muscle
nucleus ambiguus;
- ,

- , ,
- ;
* ,
1. ;
otic ganglion
2. ; , ,

=Hering nerve
3. ; 2-3 , , ,


4. ;
5. ; , 1/3 ,
*
1.

- superior ganglion ; , , ,

- interior ganglion( ); 1/3()

2.
inferior salivatory nucleus; ()
3.
; , (, )
9, 10, 11

* ; . .
1.
mening's branch(); , ()
auricular branch(); ,
()
.
2.
pharyngeal branch(); ,

superior langngeal branch(); ,
, (), ,
cardiac branch();

recurrent nerve(); , ,
, ,

tracheal branch();

esophageal branch();
3.
Anterior, Posterior vagus trunk(, )
;
-, , , , (), , ,

*
1. (); , , ,
2. ; , SCM. trapezius

hypoglossal nerve
*

hypoglossal nucleus-
4


; , 3 (, , )

() SVA
() SSA
() GSE
GVE

()

()
()
Gasser

Corti

() GSE
() GSA

() GSE
() SVE

GVE
GVA
SVA
SSA

SSA
SVE
GVE
GVA
SVA
SVE
SVE

()
()


()

GAV
SVA

SVE
GSE

()



5

1 5

()

()

()

()

()

GSA
() GSE
GSA

SVA , (),
, (),
, , GSA
(
)
()

() , ,
(),
()
, ,
, ,
( 2/3)
, ,

( 1/3)

, ,
(
)

()

, , ,
,

< 6-1>

* olfactory nerve

1. ;
2.
(anosmia), hyposmia meningioma
hyperosmia .
anosmia-
* optic nerve
1. - hysteria or
; ,
, or ()
2. -
3. -
4. -

5. - or ,
* , ,
1. strabismus, squint; or
- ,
- ,
- ,
2. double vision, diplopia; or
*
1. ; , , ,
3
2.
; ,
;

3. ;
,
*
1.
; ( ), ( )
.
- ; ( lagophthalmos)
; , , ,
stapedius muscle ;
2.
;
, or
Bell ; ,

; or ,
- ; ' snout reflex'
Chvostek ;
;

3. ; - 2/3
*
1. ; ,
. 15dB
(15-30dB)

2.
; , , Weber's test , Rinne's test
-
; , , Weber's test , Rinne's test
-, Mnire, , streptomycin
- .
tinnitis; or
-
hyperacusis; ,
, .
*
1. ;
2. ; 1/3
* ,
1. ;
- , ,
, , curtain
= curtain
*
1. ;

2. ;
,

, 31,

8 C1-C8 ( - 7 )
12 Th1-Th12 (7-9 )
5 L1-L5 (9-12 )
5 S1-S5 (12 -1 )
1 Co1
cf. 1-
8- 7 1
-

* ;
-, , (ramus)
- ( ); , ,
*

( );
, ,
, ; (+)
1. ; 2 .
,
1 = ; ,
2 ; great occipital nerve


2. ; , , .
(, )

*
1.
1- ,
1- , , (deep muscle)
2.
1- , intercostal nerve
12; 12 subcostal nerve
, , ,
1- ,
1 , 12
3.
1- ,
1- ()
4.
1-
1- ,
*
1. ;
C1-C4 1
,
,
1) (, )
small occipiral nerve-
great auricular nerve-
transverse colli nerve-
supraclavicular nerve- ,
2)
or ansa cervicalis or hypoglossi
; C1, C2 ,
; C2, C3 descending cervicalis
,
phrenic nerve; 3-5 ,
;

; (=+)

5-8 1 , 4, 2
1)
C5; ,
C5-C7;
C5;
C5-C6; .
, ,
2) ; , ,
C5-C8; ,
C5-C7; ,
C5-C8;
; ,
; +
) C5-C6; . ,
.
) C5-C7; . , ,
, ()
,
) C6-Th1; ,
,
,
-
-
-; (, )
-; 2 ( )

2.

-;
) C8-Th1; .

; , ,
; ,
; ,
) C6-Th1; . ,

, (, 2 )

; , ,
3. ; 1-4 1 , 12 50%
Th12- L1;
- , . - ,
L1; ,
-, ,
,
L1-L2; ,

-
-
; ,
L2-L3;

L2-L4; ,
,
L2-L4;
,
; ;
1 ; -
,
4. ; 4- 3 1 ,
,
L4-S1;
, ,
L5-S2;
S1-S2; ,
( ) ,
; , 1cm, L4-S2
L4-S3


; - , ,
-
5. ; S2-S4 , S4
,
,

S2-S4;
) ; ,
) ; , . or
) , ; ()
= ; 2-4 ,
,
) , ,
)
)
) , S,
; , ,

8 Autonomic Nervous System

* parasympathetic part
1. efferent nerve fiber

 ,

-( or Edinger Westphal )
-( )
-()
-()
; 2, 3, 4 ,

-
; (, , , )
2. afferent nerve fiber;
-; ,
-; , O2, CO2
-; (, )
ANS ; ,

; , stretch,

*
hypothalamus; ,

-
- ;
- ;
; , , ,

- or ,
* enteric nervous system;

or

; ,
,

visceral effectors;
.
,
* Choline ; ,

; (, , )


muscarine()
* Adrenaline ;
(or epinephrine)

; (, , , , , )
*
acetylcholine; ,
acetylcholinesterase
dopamine
-dopamine( )
*
; , hormone(
)
ex) ,
.
; ( )
-
cf. (30-55Hg) (, )
()
, ;
(=, , catabolic); , , , ,
, , ,

(=, , rest & relaxation division); ,
, , , , ,
ex) , ,
, ; .

(); -
-
* ,
1. ; 1 - 1

; , , , , 2, 3, 4

2. ; ,
;
3. ;
;
4. ; . epinephrine, norepinephrine( )

; , ,

5. ; norepinephrine, acetylcholine
; acetylcholine
6. ; ,
; , ,
*
1.

1) ;
- ,
- ,
-; ptosis
2) iris
-; - (Edinger-Westphal )
( ; )
-; - (,
)
2.

eye

glands
heart
lung

gastrointestinal tract
liver

gallbladder
kidney
urinary bladder

erectile tissue of
penis and clitoris
ejaculation
systemic arteris



erector pili muscle
suprarenal
cortex
medulla

pupil

, , ,
,

( (), (
)
)

( )
( )

(), (
)
(choline)

epinephrine
norepinephrine

1) , ;
2) ;
3. ;

* <8-2>
*
; , ,

; ,
.
cf. .
*
,


;

ex) myocardial ischemia; , ,

angina pectoris;
;
; ,
;
(by , )
; acetylcholine, serotonin, histamine
prostaglandin(PG);
Asprin;
Histamine; (), ( )
histamine
* orthostatic hypotension;
;
() , or


or Shy-Drager
norepinephrine
cf. epinephrine
* A.N.S.
1. (autonomy)- ,
.
2. (double inneveration)- , or

3. (tonic inneveration)- or

.
4. (autagonistic inneveration)- ,

5. (reciprocal inneveration)-
,

* A.N.S
1. nicotine- .
2. epinephrine, norepinephrine- .
-
- ,
( )
3. atropine- ,
4. pilocaprine-

3 - dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater
35-38g
- 10
12-14
8-9
L3-L4
cauda equina
* white matter of the spinal cord
,
(cf. - )
*

( )


; propriospinal system,
-, ,
-
*
1; 1,
2; 1 2
3-7;
8; 6, 7
1-11;
12; 10, 11
1; 11
2; 11 12
3; 12
4-5; 12, 1 ,
1; 1
2-5; 1 1/3
; 1, 2 -
*
1. anterior or ventral horn

 , (motorneuron)
extrafusal muscle fiber

2. lateral horn(- )

(, 8-3);
cf. (); (2-4)
intramural ganglion
3. posterior horn

; Clarke (, , 8-2 ) ,

posterior horn proper nucleus- ,
*
1.
nucleus pulposus, anulus fibrous
, , , ,

, or
hernia
; , ( , , )
; ,
2. spondylosis;

30 ,

osteophyte
, ,
,

, ,
3.
, ,

,
( )
, , , , , 1 or 2
spinal shock; ,
. (1-8)

10

* Pyramidal tract()
1. 3-12

2. , ( )


3. 4(, ) Betz cell() ,
, () ,

4.
5. , ,

6. , (80%)
7. 20%

8. 100 50% , 50% .
9.
.
10. ,
,
11. , , ,
(Brod. 4), (Brod. 6)
* ;


; , . , ,
-
1.
; 100. 3% 10-20, 8% 4-10, 89% 0.4-3 . ,
2.
; 4, Betz
; 4, 6, 3, 1, 2()
40, 43(2 );
( )
3.
( 2/3, , () )
()
; , 90% (=
pyramidal decussation)
- ,

; , or
.
( );
4.
, .
50%
( )
and
;

ex) ----
----
,
* Extrapyramidal tract()
1. (Brod. 4) , or
2, 2; , ,
3. , (, ,
),
4. -
- , network()
5. , , , , , , ,
,
6. ,
, , ,
* ; , ,

, , ,
cf. ; melanin , dopamin
- dopamin ; ()
- Parkinson's disease;
- , ;
1. corticoextraphramidal system;
corticopontocerbellar tract
- corticopontine tract;
- pontocerbellar tract;
2. striopallidal extrapyramidal system; , ,
, .
3. cerebellar extrapyramidal system;

, ,
4. corticospinal extrapyramidal system;

- rubrospinal tract;
- vestibulospinal tract;
- reticulospinal tract;
-( ) tectospinal tract; ,
cf. ; ,
;
cf.
- ; (, , , , )
- ( )
, ()
*
1. Brown-Squard ; T8

 or , ,


;
.

; , , , ,
,
; ,
; , , , , ,
, ,
2. transverse myelitis
.

; , , ,
; ,
2-,
; , , , , , Devic, , ,

11

*
C.N.S; , , , , 1
. 1(-, )
- or 1
; , ,
-; , ,
-, ;
; 1200-1500g, - 10%
cf. - 1350g, - 1250g
; 5
400g, 1 2, 3 3( )
cf. 950-1000g
* cerebral hemisphere
; -( )
-
-
; -
-
-
cerebral longitudinal fissure; , cerebral falx
corpus callosum; ,
fornix; , . ,
*
1. frontal lobe

 , , , ,
; , , ,


36%
precentral sulcus;
, - precentral gyrus(1 , Brod. 4)
superior frontal sulcus; ,

inferior frontal sulcus; ,
2. parietal lobe
, , ,
; , ,
postcentral sulcus, intraparietal sulcus
(); ,
; , 1
; supramargimal gyrus
; angular gyrus
3. temporal lobe
, ,
;
, , , (- )
(= );
(Brod. 41, 42)
;
4. insula=
3 ,
; insula brevis gyrus
; insula longus gyrus
, , ,

5. occipital lobe


; (, )
6. (" ) limbic system; (= ),
, , , , , , - ( )
, -
; , , ( )
*
; sella turcica
mammillary body; , 2 ,
interpeduncular fossa
;
;

 ;
-
pons;

;
; ( )
;
* internal capsule(); ,
hemisphere pedicle .

-
*
1. anterior limb- , , , ,
()
; ,
;
2. genu- ,
; (Brod. 4, ) ,
3. posterior limb;
; (3, 1, 2. ) ,

; (, , )
4. retrolenticular part;
,
optic radiation; ,

5. sublenticular part
acoustic;

* external capsule; ,

* corpus callosum
1

rostrum;
genu of corpus callosum;
trunk;
splenium;
* anterior commisure;
(, )
, ,
* ()
; , , ,

* association fiber


,

uncinate (hook) bundle; (, )

arcuate bundle; ,
cingulate;
superior longitudinal bundle; , ,
inferior longitudinal bundle; ,
* -
1. ,
1) - Brod. 4, 1 , ,
;
- Brod. 6
2) - , ,
- , ,
.
2. ; 8-
3. Broca ; 44-45 ( ) expressive aphasia

12

* <>; , ,
2500, 1.5-4, 300


; 100(Economo 40)
cf.
6 (, isocortex)
-
*
1. molecular or plexiform layer of Cajal
, , (Cajal )
; ,,
, ,
2. outer granule cell layer
,
3. outer pyramidal cell layer
Martinotti (
)
4. inner granule cell layer

()

5. inner pyramidal cell layer
,

 ; , . Martiontti .
6. polymorphous layer

;
* ()
1.
-(Brod. 1, 2, 3)
-(Brod. 43)
-(Bord. 2)
-(Brod. 17)
-(Brod. 41, 42)
2.
-(Brod. 5, 7)
-(Brod. 18= 2
Brod. 19= 3or )
3.
-1; Brod. 4
-; Brod. 6( Betz )
75% , 18% , 7%
-; Brod. 6
-; Brod. 8
-; Brod. 44, 45
4.
-; Brod. 9, 10, 11, 12
- ; Brod. 39, 40
* Betz cell ; , , , ,
. , ,


*
1. (Brod. 4, 6)
1) 4- ,
,

-
4,
Betz ( 90) , 34000
4 - ( )
- , ,

2) 6- , , (ex. )
4 ,
6;
.
28% 6

 , ,
4
4
3) supplementary motor area(Brod. 6)
4
; ,
4) 4, 6
4; ,
4., 6; , ,
2. somesthetic or sensory area
1= ; 3
( 3, 1, 2),
,
1

2
; ,
, ,

3. supplementary sensory= 2



4. visual cortex()
(17),
() ()
, ,
5. auditory area
; -
-
41, 42 - mild deafness, ,
Brod. 41, 42
, ()
* ,
; 90%
; , , , , , ,
,
; , , , , ,

; , ,
;
*< 12-1>

13
*

 , , ,
,

-
-
-

, ,
,

-
-
-

* caudate nucleus
, ( )
, ,

* lentiform nucleus
; , ,
; , ,

* amygdaloid body
,

,
, ,
* claustrum

,
Baillarger .
,
* hippocampus

; 1. ,
2. ,
3. ,
* globus pallidus, pallidum

-
; , .

( )
( )

,
,


,
,

,
Data,
, ,

,
*
,
, (encephalization )
; , ,

, , , ,


*
; dyskinesia
- hyperkinetic syndrome; , ,

- hypokinesia;
- tremor; ,
- rigidity
1. chorea;
, ,

jerky
ex) , ,
Huntington's chorea- GABA, substance P,
dopamine


2. athetosis
, , , , , ,

; sinuous writhing



athetosis
(L-DOPA)
3. hemiballismus
.
,


,

or
4. Parkinson's disease
,
, , ,


()
- , cogwheel rigidity, bradykinesis

,
()
,
,
,
(, )

,
,
(=)
- dark adaptation; 15-20 ()
- light adaptation; 3-5 ()
*
1.
2.
3.
4.
*
1.
2. , ,
3. () , ,

14

* <>
-,
-
-( )
-(, )
-
- (, , )
- programing;
,
- 1878. P. Broca
()
-

- subcalosal gyrus
cingulate gyrus
parahippocampal gyrus
dentate gyrus
hippocampus--

 indusium griseum
; ,

- ,
;

* hippocampal formation


Cajal(1893, 1903), Lorente de No(1933, 1934)- , ,


( )
- , () ;
- ; ,
( )
hippocampal fimbria
dentate gyrus fasciola gyrus
* hippocampus(Ammon Ammon's horn)
;( , ) (data base)
; , 2
. ,
hilus( )
; stratum oriens ,

alveus;
stratum oriens( )
; , ,
,
stratum pyramidale;
stratum radiation;
stratum reticulare;
stratum molculare;
- ( )
*

()
-
- ()
estradiol corticosterone
estradiol- ( ) ( )
corticosterone-
-stress() ( )
- , ( )
-, ,

 hormone ,


; , (short memory= recent memory)



* ;
= ,
-
(ADH) ,
cf. -
-ADH ; (); 1.5, 5/day
() reward center ; ,
- () reward center or pleasure center
*
; ,
; arrest reaction( )
(- , - , , , )
= or

; , ,

*
1. - emotion, behavior

cf. ; ,

2. ,
3. amygdala; , ,

ACTH,
( )
*
1. - akinetic mutism, , ,

2. hippocampal formation,
- angitis, () delirium
3. -
4. emotion-
5. - ,
*
1.

 , ,
,
2.
, ,
, .
- ( , )
- ( . cf. )
-
3.
, , , ()- , ,
cf.
- ( ), (
)
4.
() ,
,
, .

5. ,
, , , ,
, ,
; Catecholamine ( , )
stress )

19

*<>

,
, 3 (, , )

-
, ( )
*
- lobule, lobe
- cerebellar arbor vitae
- vermis
- cerebellar hemisphere
- , ; vallecula cerebelli
- , ,
; , , , , ,
,
(, )
; . , , , ,
, sports
-; , sports , ,

*
1. superior cerebellar peduncle( brachium conjunctivum)

,

; ()
; ,
2. ( brachium pontis)
;
() ,
cf. -
-
- ( )
3. ( restiform body)


- juxtarestiform body ,


* crerbellar cortex- 3
17*20
, Purkinje ,
1. moleclar layer
;

; ,
;
2
- , .
, ,
2. Purkinje

Purkinje -
Nissel ( RNA )
3. granular layer; Golgi

or cerbellar island or glomerulus-

- 2

* -5 cell
1. Purkinje cell

, 2
; 1-2 1 -

- 30, 70
2. Golgi cell


3. granule cell

,
5-7, , (Nissle )

4-7
;
4. basket cell, stellate cell

- Purkinje
- Purkinje

* cerebellar nucleus- ()
1. dentate nucleus
,

Golgi
; , ,

2. emboliform nucleus;
; ,
3. globose nucleus;
; , ,
4. fastigial nucleus; 4 , ,

; Balance(, ),
*
,

Dow, Moruzzi(1958), Snider(1944), Eccles(1967)
( or )

? .
,

, ,

ex) , .

*
1. flocculonodular syndrome
= ( ); ,
, ,
vestibulocerebellum (
, ) .
2. neocerebellar syndrome
,

3. anterior lobe syndrome
,
()

(); , ,
( ), () .
4.
- ()

5.
dysarthria-
,
,

6. vermis syndrome
medulloblastoma

,

or , or ,
.

21

*<>
, , , ,
; , ,
, ; , subthalamus
;

; (, , ) ,
, hormone ,

(, ), (, stress
)
(,
)

 (, ) ( pH, hormone )
( , )
( )

*
5g, 3, .
,
;
cf. - ,
- 5, 6, 7, 8
- 9, 10, 11, 12
cf. -
(? , , )
* mammillary body


,
-; ,
-; ( .) ,
; ( ), , (
) .
-
; ,
, .
; ,

* paraventricular nuleus
3( - )
Gomori



- vasopressin( hormone, ADH antidiuretic hormone)
Oxytocin
cf. vasopressin oxytocin .
cf. vasopression;
ADH , 5/day,
(; )vasopression ; , ,
*
1.
ADH;
Oxytocin; ,
2.
MSH; ( , )
3.


* intundibulum (3)
1. ; infundibular recess

2. fibrillar zone(); ,
3. palisade zone(); (= , ) ,

, ,
-
*
1.
? hormone
-vasopressin, oxytocin
-TRH;
LH-RH;
cf. ; , ,
; testosterone
( )
GHRH;
2. ; ,
; diabetes insipidus, ADH
cf. ADH; , ,

3. =
; ,
-; , hyperphagia
; ,
-; , hypophagis
4.
- ,
-
; , =
;
pyrogen(); , , , ,
setting point
prostaglandir(PG);
Asprin;
5. ; (),
, , 2



6. ;
ex) , gluose ,
24; (serotonin), (melotonin)

 Pineal body; = 24 (, , )
- melotonin; , , , ,

- serotonin; , , , ,

7. stress ; injury, , , or ,
stress ,
,
; Corticoid - cortisol(95%)
cortisol - . . ,
, . RA . stress
; catecholamin(epi, norepi.) stress ,
8. ; , ,
,
, , ,
, , , .(= )
cf.