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Chapter 15: Expansions and Infinite Series

sin x
cos x
tan x

ex

x3 x5 x7

........
3! 5! 7!
x2 x4 x6

........
=12! 4! 6!
x3 2x5

........
=x+
3
15
x2 x3

........
= 1 x
2! 3!

sinh x

=x-

sinh 1 x x

x2 x3

........
2! 3!
x 3 3x 5

6
40

cosh1 x
x3 x5
tanh 1 x x

3
5

x3 x5 x7

3
5
7
(1-x)-1 = 1+ x + x2 +x3 +.
(1+ x)-1 = 1 x +x2 x3 +
tan 1 x x

(1 + x)

(1 - x) 2

= 1+

ex 1 x

1 x3 1 3 x5

2 3 24 5

1 x3 1 3 x5
x x

2
2 3 24 5

x3 x5 x7

........
3! 5! 7!

x2 x4 x6

.......
2! 4! 6!
x2 2 5
x ........
tanh x = x 3 15
cosh x

sin 1 x x
cos 1

=x+

x2 x3 x4 x5

......
= 1 2x + 3x 4x +
2
3
4
5
x2 x3 x4 x5
2
3

......
log
(1-x)
=
-x= 1 + 2x + 3x + 4x +
2
3
4
5
2

log (1 + x) = x -

n(n 1)
2
n(n 1) 2 n(n 1)(n 2) 3
n(n 1)(2n 1)
(1 x) n 1 nx
x
x
n2 12 22 32 ....n2
6
2!
3!
n 1 2 3 ..... n

3 13 23 33 ..... n 3 n(n 1)

TAYLORS THEOREM: f(x + h) = f(h) + x f(h) +

x 2
x 3
x 4
f (h) +
f (h) +
f (h) +
4!
2!
3!

h 2
h 3
h 4
f (x) +
f (x) +
f (x) +..
2!
4!
3!
( x a ) 2
( x a ) 3
( x a ) 4

f(x) = f(a) + (x-a) f (a) +

f (a) +
f (a) +
f (a) +
2!
3!
4!

x 2
x 3
MACLAURINS THEOREM: f(x) =f(0)+xf (0) + f (0)+ f (0) +..
2!
3!

f(x + h) = f(x) + hf (x) +

Infinite Series
Consider infinite series Sn=un= u1+u2+u3+u4+-------------+un+-------------------
lim

1. n Sn Finite then unis said to be convergent.

lim

2. n Sn then unis said to be divergent.

15.1

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lim

3. n Sn is not unique then unis said to be oscillatory

Necessary condition for convergence:

lim
n un 0

lim u
n 1
L
un

D Alemberts Ratio Test: If un is is a positive term series and n

then 1. un is convergent if L<1

2. un is divergent if L>1
lim

Cauchys Root Test: n (u n ) n L

then 1. un is convergent if L<1
2. un is divergent if L>1

15.2