Sao Mc

Bch khoa ton th m Wikipedia

Sao Mc

nh tng hp t tu Cassini khi lt qua Sao Mc. Chm ti l bng

ca Europa. Vt Ln, mt cn bo tn ti t lu c chiu quay
ngc vi cc di my xung quanh, pha di bn phi. Cc di my
trng, gi l vng, hay vng kh nh bay ln-my cao; nhng di my
mu nu, gi l vnh ai, hay vng kh thp hn-my thp. Vng
my trng cha bngamoniac v nhng vng my thp cha bit r
thnh phn.
c trng qu o[4][5]
K nguyn J2000
Vin im qu o

816.520.800 km (5,458104 AU)

Cn im qu o

740.573.600 km (4,950429 AU)

Bn trc ln

778.547.200 km (5,204267 AU)

lch tm

0,048775

Chu k qu o

4.332,59 ngy
11,8618 nm

10.475,8 ngy Sao Mc[1]

Chu k giao hi

398,88 ngy[2]

Tc v tr cp 1

13,07 km/s[2]

bt thng trung bnh

18,818

nghing qu o

1,305 i vi mt phng hong o

6,09 i vi xch o Mt Tri
0,32 i vi mt phng bt bin[3]

Kinh ca im nt ln

100,492

Acgumen ca cn im

275,066

V tinh t nhin

67
c trng vt l
69.911 6 km[6][7]

Bn knh trung bnh

Bn knh Xch o

71.492 4 km[6][7]
11,209 Tri t

Bn knh cc

66.854 10 km[6][7]
10,517 Tri t

Hnh cu dt

0,06487 0,00015

Din tch b mt

6,14191010 km2[7][8]
121,9 Tri t

Th tch

1,43131015 km3[2][7]
1321,3 Tri t

1,89861027 kg[2]
317,8 Tri t
1/1047 Mt Tri[9]

Khi lng

Khi lng ring trung

1,326 g/cm3[2][7]

bnh
Hp dn b mt

24,79 m/s2[2][7]
2,528 g

Tc v tr cp 2

59,5 km/s[2][7]

Chu k t quay

9,925 h[10] (9 h 55 m 30 s)

Vn tc quay ti xch o

12,6 km/s
45.300 km/h

nghing trc quay

3,13[2]

Xch kinhcc bc

268,057
17 h 52 min 14 s[6]

Xch v cc bc

64,496[6]

Sut phn chiu

0,343 (Bond)
0,52 (hnh hc)[2]

Nhit b mt

min

tr b

Mc 1 bar

165 K[2]

0,1 bar

112 K[2]

max

Cp sao biu kin

-1,6 n -2,94[2]

ng knh gc

29,8" 50,1"[2]
Kh quyn[2]

p sut kh quyn b mt

20200 kPa[11] (lp my)

Bin cao

27 km

Thnh phn kh quyn

89,82,0%
10,22,0%
~0,3%
~0,026%
~0,003%
0,0006%
0,0004%
Bng:

hir (H2)
heli
mtan
amoniac
hir deuteri (HD)
tan
nc
amoniac
nc
amonium hir
sunfit(NH4SH)

Sao Mc hay Mc tinh (ch Hn: ) l hnh tinh th nm tnh t Mt Tri v l hnh tinh ln
nht trong H Mt Tri.[12] N l hnh tinh kh khng l vi khi lng bng mt phn nghn ca Mt
Tri nhng bng hai ln ri tng khi lng ca tt c cc hnh tinh khc trong H Mt Tri cng
li. Sao Mc c xp vo nhm cc hnh tinh kh khng l cng vi Sao Th, Sao Thin
Vng v Sao Hi Vng. Bn hnh tinh ny i khi c gi lhnh tinh kiu Mc Tinh hoc hnh
tinh vng ngoi. Cc nh thin vn hc c i bit n hnh tinh ny,[13] v gn vi thn thoi v
nim tin tn gio trong nhiu nn vn ha. Ngi La M t tn hnh tinh theo tn ca v
thnJupiter, v thn quan trng nht trong s cc v thn.[14] Tn gi trong ting Trung Quc, ting
Triu Tin, ting Nht v ting Vit ca hnh tinh ny c t da vo hnh "mc" trong ng hnh.
Khi nhn t Tri t, Sao Mc c cp sao biu kin 2,94, sng to bng; v l thin th sng
th ba trn bu tri m sau Mt Trng v Sao Kim. (Sao Ha hu nh sng bng Sao Mc khi Sao
Ha nhng v tr xung i trn qu o ca n vi Tri t.)
Sao Mc cha ch yu hir v heli - chim mt phn t khi lng ca n, mc d heli ch chim
mt phn mi s lng phn t. C th c mt li trong hnh tinh cha cc nguyn t nng
hn,[15] nhng ging nh nhng hnh tinh kh khng l khc, Sao Mc khng c mt b mt rn nh
hnh. Bi v c tc t quay nhanh, hnh dng ca hnh tinh c hnh phng cu dt (n hi phnh
ra ti xch o). Lp kh quyn ngoi cng hin ln vi nhiu di my nhng cao khc nhau,
do kt qu ca hin tng nhiu lon kh ng v tng tc vi nhng cn bo ti bin. Mt c
im ni bt trn nh chp ca n l Vt Ln, mt cn bo khng l c bit n tn ti t
nht t th k 17 khi cc nh thin vn ln u tin quan st n bng knh thin vn. Bao quanh
Mc Tinh l mt h thng vnh ai m nht cng nh t quyn mnh. C t nht 67 v tinh t nhin

quay quanh n, bao gm bn v tinh ln nht gi l cc v tinh Galileo do nh bc hc Galileo

Galilei ln u tin quan st nm 1610.Ganymede, v tinh ln nht, c ng knh ln hn Sao
Thy.
c mt vi tu khng gian thm him n Sao Mc, bao gm tu Pioneer v Voyager trong cc
phi v bay ngang qua v sau tu Galileo bay quay hnh tinh ny. Con tu gn y nht bay qua
Sao Mc trn hnh trnh n Sao Dim Vng - tu New Horizons bay qua vo cui 2007. Con tu
s dng s h tr ca hp dn t Sao Mc nhm tng tc ca n. Hin nay
tu Juno ca NASA ang trn ng n thm him v trong tng lai c phi v ca ESA n thm
him cc v tinh Galileo ni chung v Europa ni ring.
Mc lc
[n]

Cu trc[sa

1 Cu trc
o 1.1 Thnh phn
o 1.2 Khi lng
o 1.3 Cu trc bn trong
2 Kh quyn
o 2.1 Cc tng my
o 2.2 Vt Ln v nhng xoy kh quyn khc
3 Vnh ai hnh tinh
4 T quyn
5 Qu o v s t quay
6 Quan st
7 V tinh t nhin
o 7.1 Cc v tinh Galilei
o 7.2 Phn loi v tinh
8 Tng tc vi H Mt Tri
o 8.1 Va chm
9 Nghin cu v thm him
o 9.1 Nghin cu trc khi c knh thin vn
o 9.2 Quan st bng knh thin vn
o 9.3 Nghin cu bng knh thin vn v tuyn
o 9.4 Thm him bng tu thm d
9.4.1 Phi v bay qua
9.4.2 Phi v Galileo
9.4.3 Phi v tng lai
9.4.4 Phi v b hy b
10 Kh nng tn ti s sng
11 Trong thn thoi
12 Xem thm
13 Tham kho
14 c thm
15 Lin kt ngoi

| sa m ngun]

Sao Mc ch yu cha vt cht trng thi kh v lng. N l hnh tinh kh khng l ln nht trong
h Mt Tri vi ng knh 142.984 km ti xch o. Khi lng ring trung bnh ca hnh tinh

bng 1,326 g/cm3, v c khi lng ring ln nht trong s bn hnh tinh kh khng l. Tuy th mt
ny nh hn bt k khi lng ring ca cchnh tinh t .

Thnh phn[sa | sa m ngun]

Trong tng thng quyn ca Sao Mc cha khong 8892% hir v 812% heli theo phn trm
th tch hoc t l phn t kh. Do nguyn t heli c khi lng gp bn ln khi lng ca nguyn
t hir, thnh phn ny thay i khi miu t theo t s khi lng phn b theo nhng nguyn t
khc nhau. Do vy, kh quyn hnh tinh cha xp x 75% hir v 24% heli theo khi lng, vi
khong 1% cn li l ca cc nguyn t khc. Cng i su vo bn trong hnh tinh th n cha
nhng vt liu nng hn cng nh mt ln hn nh bao gm gn 71% hir, 24% heli v 5%
cc nguyn t khc theo khi lng. Kh quyn cng cha du vt ca cc hp cht mtan, hi
nc, amoniac, v hp cht ca silic. Cng c s xut hin ca cacbon, tan, hydro
sulfua, neon, xy, phosphine, v lu hunh. Lp ngoi cng ca kh quyn cn cha tinh th bng
amoniac.[16][17] Thng qua nh chp ca cc thit b hng ngoi v tia t ngoi, cc nh khoa hc
cng tm thy du hiu cc phn t benzen v nhnghircacbon khc.[18]
T l xut hin ca hir v heli l rt gn vi tnh ton l thuyt v thnh phn ca tinh vn Mt
Tri nguyn thy. T l neon trong tng thng quyn ch chim khong 20 phn triu theo khi
lng, hay bng mt phn mi t l ca n trong lng Mt Tri.[19] Heli trong kh quyn cng b suy
gim dn, v t l nguyn t ny trong Mc Tinh ch bng khong 80% so vi ca Mt Tri. Nguyn
nhn ca s suy gim c th l t hin tng ging thy ca nguyn t ny ri vo trong lng hnh
tinh.[20] T l ca nhng kh him nng hn heli trong kh quyn Sao Mc gp hai n ba ln ca Mt
Tri.
Da trn nghin cu quang ph, cc nh khoa hc cho rng Sao Th c thnh phn tng t nh
ca Sao Mc, nhng hai hnh tinh kh khng l cn li l Sao Thin Vng v Sao Hi Vng c t
l hir v heli thp hn kh nhiu.[21] Bi v cha c mt thit b do thm no th ri vo tng kh
quyn ca ba hnh tinh kh khng l ngoi tr Mc Tinh, cc nh khoa hc vn cha bit t l c
mt chnh xc ca nhng nguyn t nng trong bu kh quyn ca chng.

Khi lng[sa | sa m ngun]

ng knh ca Sao Mc bng khong mt phn mi (0,10045) ca Mt Tri, v ln gp xp x mi mt ln

(10,9733) hn ng knh ca Tri t. Vt Ln c ng knh ln hn xp x so vi Tri t.

Khi lng ca Sao Mc bng khong 2,5 ln tng khi lng ca tt c cc hnh tinh khc trong
H Mt Tri[22] khi lng ca n ln n ni khi tm ca n v Mt Tri nm bn ngoi b
mt Mt Tri v tr khong 1,068 bn knh tnh t tm Mt Tri. Mc d Tri t tr ln nh so vi
hnh tinh kh ny vi 11 ln ln hn, Sao Mc c khi lng ring trung bnh nh hn. Th tch ca
Sao Mc bng 1.321 ln th tch Tri t, nhng hnh tinh c khi lng ch gp 318 ln.[2][23] Bn
knh Sao Mc ch bng khong 1/10 bn knh Mt Tri,[24] v khi lng bng 0,001 ln khi lng

Mt Tri, do vy khi lng ring trung bnh ca n so vi Sao Th l xp x nh nhau.[25] Cc nh

vt l thin vn thng s dng n v "khi lng Sao Mc" (MJhay MJup) tnh gi tr ca nhng
thin th khc, c bit l khi lng ca Hnh tinh ngoi h Mt Tri v cc sao ln nu. V d,
hnh tinh HD 209458 b c khi lng xp x 0,69 MJ, trong khi hnh tinh Kappa Andromedae b c
khi lng ti 12,8 MJ.[26]
M hnh l thuyt cho kt qu nu Sao Mc c khi lng ln hn nhiu so vi hin ti, hnh tinh
ny s co th tch li.[27] i vi s bin i khi lng nh, bn knh ca n s khng thay i
nhiu, nhng vi khi lng 500 M (hay 1,6 khi lng Mc Tinh)[27] cu trc bn trong ca n s
b nn nhiu hn di tc dng ca lc hp dn khin th tch ca n gim mc d khi lng ca
n tng ln. Kt qu l, Sao Mc c ng knh c mt hnh tinh bng vi thnh phn ca n v
tri qua lch s tin ha nh cc hnh tinh kh khc. Nu khi lng ca n ln nhiu hn th th
tch tip tc gim cho n khi mt v nhit ti tm ca hnh tinh ny c th iu kin cho
phn ng nhit hch xy ra nh trong sao ln nu vi khi lng vo khong 50 ln khi lng Sao
Mc.[28]
Mc d Sao Mc cn khong 75 ln khi lng ca n phn ng nhit hch tng hp xy
ra, sao ln ch c bn knh bng khong 30 phn trm bn knh ca Sao Mc.[29][30] Tuy th, hin
nay Mc tinh vn pht ra nhiu nng lng nhit hn so vi nhit lng n nhn c t Mt Tri;
nng lng ny to ra bn trong hnh tinh gn bng lng bc x Mt Tri m n nhn
c.[31] Lng nhit bc x d ra c nguyn nhn t c ch KelvinHelmholtz thng qua qu trnh
co on nhit. Qu trnh ny lm cho hnh tinh co li khong 2 cm mi nm.[32] Khi hnh tinh mi
hnh thnh, Sao Mc nng hn v c ng knh ln gp 2 ln ng knh hin nay.[33]

Cu trc bn trong[sa | sa m ngun]

Minh ha m hnh cu trc bn trong ca Sao Mc, vi mt li ph bi nhng lp vt cht lng dy cahir kim
loi.

Cc nh khoa hc ngh rng Sao Mc cha mt li gm hn hp cc nguyn t nng, bao ph bi

lp cht lng hir kim loi cng heli, v bn ngoi l lp kh quyn cha a s phn t
hir.[32] Ngoi nhng miu t s lc v cu trc ca n, vn cn nhng yu t bt nh trong m
hnh ny. Cc nh vt l thng miu t li hnh tinh l li , nhng chi tit thnh phn li cha g
th h vn cha th khng nh c, hay nh tnh cht vt liu phn b theo su, p sut v
nhit cha c th (xem bn di). Nm 1997, nh o qu o ca tu Galileo m cc nh khoa
hc c th suy lun ra s tn ti ca li cng nh nh hng hp dn ca hnh tinh ln con
tu,[32] v h thu c khi lng ca li vo khong t 12 n 45 ln khi lng Tri t hay gn
bng 3%15% tng khi lng Sao Mc.[31][34] S c mt ca li trong lch s hnh thnh Sao Mc
gi ra m hnh tin ha hnh tinh bao gm s hnh thnh u tin ca mt li hay bng m c
khi lng ln thu ht lng khng l hir v heli t tinh vn Mt Tri. Gi s rng li tn
ti, n phi co li thng qua nhng dng i lu ca hir kim loi lng trn ln vo li tan chy
v mang theo nhng nguyn t nng hn vo bn trong hnh tinh. Cng c th li cng ny by gi

 bin mt hon ton, do nhng o c hp dn t tu v tr cha tin cy loi tr kh

nng ny.[32][35]
bt nh trong m hnh hnh tinh gn cht vi bin sai s ca nhng php o tham s hnh
tinh hin nay: l h s tc quay ca hnh tinh (J6) nhm miu t m men hp dn ca Sao
Mc, bn knh xch o Sao Mc, v nhit ti mc p sut 1 bar. Tu Juno, phng ln t thng 8
nm 2011, c hi vng s thu hp sai s ca nhng tham s ny, v do a m hnh li hnh
tinh ln tin cy cao hn.[36]
Bao quanh li hnh tinh l lp ph hir kim loi, m rng ra khong 78% bn knh Sao
Mc.[31] Nhng git heli v neon ging thy-trong hin tng ging nh ma-ri xung lp ny, lm
mt ca nhng nguyn t ny st gim trong kh quyn bn trn.[20][37]
Bn trn lp hir kim loi l mt lp kh quyn hir trong sut. su ny, nhit cao
hn nhit gii hn, m i vi hir ch bng 33 K[38] (xem hir). Trong trng thi ny, khng c
s rch ri gia pha kh v lng ca hirhir trng thi chy siu gii hn. Cc nh khoa hc
thng coi hir trng thi kh trong kh quyn t nhng m my m rng su xung cho n
su khong 1.000 km,[31] v c trng thi lng nhng lp su hn. V mt vt l, khng c bin
gii r cho cht kh khi n tr ln nng hn v m c hn khi i su vo bn trong hnh tinh.[39][40]
Nhit v p sut tng u n bn trong Sao Mc khi i v li ca n. Ti vng chuyn pha ni
hir c nhit lng vt im gii hn ca n tr thnh kim loi, ngi ta cho rng nhit
vng ny ln ti 10.000 K v p sut bng 200 GPa. Nhit ti bin gii vi li c lng khong
36.000 K v p sut su bn trong bng 3.0004.500 GPa.[31]

Kh quyn[sa

| sa m ngun]
Bi chi tit: Kh quyn Sao Mc
Sao Mc cng c bu kh quyn ln nht trong H Mt Tri, m
rng hn 5000 km theo cao.[41][42] Do Sao Mc khng c b mt
rn, y ca bu kh quyn c coi l ni c p sut kh quyn
bng 10 bar, bng 10 ln p sut kh quyn ti b mt Tri t.[41]

Cc tng my[sa | sa m ngun]

nh ng minh ha chuyn ng ca cc di my i ngc chiu nhau trn

kh quyn Mc Tinh. Trong nh ny, b mt hnh tinh c chiu theo phng
php chiu hnh tr. Hnh nh rng hn: 720 pixel, 1799 pixel.

Sao Mc b bao ph vnh cu cc tng my cha tinh th amoniac

v c th amonium hir sunfit. Cc tng my nm v tr bin gii
vi tng i lu v sp xp thnh nhng di my khc nhau theo v
, m cc nh thin vn gi l nhng "vng nhit i". Nhng
vng ny c chia nh thnh nhng i (zone) c mu sc nh
v vnh ai c mu ti hn. S tng tc gia nhng phn hon
lu l nguyn nhn hnh thnh cc cn bo v lung xoy. Tc
gi c 100 m/s (360 km/h) l thng gp trong zonal jets.[43] Cc
nh khoa hc cng quan st thy cc bin i theo rng, mu
sc v mt nhng i ny theo nm, nhng chng vn c
n nh cho php h t tn phn bit tng i.[23]

Tng my su khong 50 km, v cha t nht hai lp my: lp dy

v thp pha di cong lp mng pha trn. Cng c nhng lp
mng cha m my nc bn di lp my amoniac, chng
c pht hin thng qua nh chp tia st trong kh quyn Sao
Mc. Do nc trong cc m my c tnh phn cc to ra hiu in
th gia cc m my v gy nn st.[31]Nhng hin tng phng
in ny c th mnh gp hng nghn ln tia st trong kh quyn
Tri t.[44] Cc m my nc c th hnh thnh theo nhng cn
bo do lung nhit dng ln t pha trong hnh tinh.[45] Nm
2013, knh thin vn khng gian Herschel pht hin ra s phn b
ca nc trong tng bnh lu tp trung ch yu bn cu nam Sao
Mc, v chng t thuyt phc rng nc trn hnh tinh ny c
ngun gc t cc sao chi ri xung.[46]
Nhng m my c mu vng v nu trong kh quyn Sao Mc l
do nhng hp cht bay ln cao khi chng chu bc x tia t ngoi
n t Mt Tri. Cc nh khoa hc vn cha bit c ch chnh xc,
nhng cht c bn trong cc m my ny l phtpho, lu hunh
hoc c th l cc hir ccbon.[31][47] Nhng hp cht mu sc ny,
hay nhm mang mu (chromophore), trn ln vo trong cc lp
my thp hn v m hn. Cc i hnh thnh do nhng vng kh
i lu dng ln to ra hin tng tinh th ha ca amoniac v cn
tr cc nh khoa hc c th quan st nhng lp my di thp
hn.[48]
nghing trc quay ca Sao Mc kh nh c ngha l hai cc ca
n khng my khi nhn c nhiu bc x Mt Tri hn vng xch
o. Nh hin tng i luxy ra bn trong hnh tinh m lng
nhit ni lc c vn chuyn ln hai vng cc, gip cn bng
nhit gia cc tng my.[23]

Vt Ln v nhng xoy kh quyn khc[sa | sa

m ngun]

nh chp Vt Ln v nhng vng xung quanh chp bi tuVoyager

1 ngy 25 thng 2, 1979, khi con tu cch hnh tinh 9,2 triu km. Chi tit
nh nht trong cc m my c phn gii nh nht c 160 km. Nhng
phn my cun sng bn tri ca Vt Ln l vng sng chuyn ng
bin ng v rt phc tp. Cn bo mu trng ngay bn di Vt Ln
c ng knh xp x ng knh Tri t.

c trng ni ting nht ca Sao Mc c l l Vt Ln, mt

cn bo c chiu quay ngc vi chiu t quay ca Sao Mc v
ng knh thng ln hn Tri t,[49] nm v Nam 22 di
ng xch o. N tn ti t t nht nm 1831,[50]v c th l t
1665.[51][52] Mt s m hnh ton hc gi ra rng cn bo l c
trng n nh trong kh quyn hnh tinh.[53]Kch thc cn bo
ln nhn qua knh thin vn nghip d nhn t mt t vi
m 12 cm hoc ln hn.[54]
Vt Ln c hnh oval quay ngc chiu kim ng h, vi chu
k khong su ngy.[55] Kch thc ca n vo khong 24
40.000 km 1214.000 km. N ln cha t hai n ba hnh
tinh c ng knh bng ca Tri t.[56] cao ln nht ca cn
bo khong 8 km bn trn so vi nhng nh cc m my xung
quanh.[57]
Nhng cn bo nh vy l nhng c im thng gp trong kh
quyn hn lon ca cc hnh tinh kh khng l. Sao Mc cng cn
cha mt s cn bo hnh oval mu trng v mu nu nh khc
nhng khng c t tn chnh thc. Nhng cn bo oval mu
trng cha cc m my tng i lnh bn trn thng quyn.
Cn bo mu nu th m hn v nm nhng "m my thng
thng" thp hn. Nhng cn bo ny c th tn ti t vi gi cho
n hng th k.

Chui khung hnh (ko di trn 1 thng) khi tu Voyager 1 tip cn Sao Mc,
cho thy cc di my chuyn ng trong kh quyn, v hon lu ca Vt
Ln.

Ngay c khi tu Voyager gi v nhng c im ca cn bo ny,

c nhng manh mi thuyt phc v cn bo khng lin quan
n c im bt k no su bn di b mt hnh tinh, nh
xoy bo quay vi sai so vi phn kh quyn cn li bao quanh, i
khi nhanh hn i khi chm hn. Trong sut thi gian cc nh thin
vn theo di hot ng ca vt trong lch s, n i vng
quanh hnh tinh c vi ln so vi bt k mt im c nh no
di n.
Nm 2000, cc nh khoa hc pht hin mt c im kh quyn
hnh thnh pha nam bn cu nhng nh hn v ging vi Vt

Ln. Cn bo nh ny hnh thnh khi mt vi cn bo oval trng

nh hn kt hp li thnh mt cn bo duy nht ba cn bo nh
hn ny c quan st u tin t nm 1938. Cc nh khoa
hc t tn cho c trng sp nhp ny l Oval BA, hay h gi l
Vt Nh. N tng mt v thay i mu sc t trng sang
.[58][59][60]

Vnh ai hnh tinh[sa

| sa m ngun]

Vnh ai Sao Mc

Bi chi tit: Vnh ai Sao Mc

Sao Mc c h thng vnh ai hnh tinh m bao gm ba vnh
chnh: vnh ht trong cng hay cn gi l qung, vnh ai
chnh tng i sng, v vnh ai mng ngoi cng.[61] Thnh
phn vt cht ca nhng vnh ny ch yu l bi, ch khng l
bng nh vnh ai Sao Th.[31] Vnh ai chnh c l hnh
thnh do vt cht bn ra t v tinh Adrastea v Metis. Thng
thng vt liu ri tr li v tinh nhng do trng hp dn
mnh hn ca Sao Mc khin chng b ht v pha hnh tinh.
Qu o ca nhng vt liu ri xoy c v pha Sao Mc v
nhng vt liu mi cng thm t nhng v va chm.[62] Theo
cch tng t, cc nh khoa hc cho rng hai v
tinh Thebe v Amalthea c th l ngun sinh ra hai di vnh ai
m hn.[62] Cng c chng c thuyt phc cho s tn ti mt
vnh ai dc theo qu o ca Amalthea m c th l
nhng mnh v bt ra t v tinh ny.[63]

T quyn[sa

| sa m ngun]

Bi chi tit: T quyn Sao Mc

Cc quang trn Sao Mc. Ba im sng chnh hnh thnh bi

lung t thng kt ni vi nhng v tinh ca Sao Mc; Io (bn

tri), Ganymede (pha di) v Europa (cng pha di). Thm

vo , c mt min trn rt sng, oval chnh, v cc quang m
hn cng hin ra trong nh.

T trng ca Sao Mc mnh gp 14 ln t trng ca

Tri t, vi cng t 4,2 gauss (0,42 mT) ti xch o
n 1014 gauss (1,01,4 mT) ti cc cc, v n cng l
t trng ln nht trong H Mt Tri (ngoi tr cc vt
en).[48] Ngun gc ca trng l t cc dng in xoy
chuyn ng cun xoy ca nhng vt liu mang dng
inbn trong li hir kim loi lng. Cc ni
la trn Io phun ra mt lng ln SO2 to thnh hnh
xuyn kh dc theo qu o ca v tinh ny. Lung kh ny
theo thi gian b ion ha trong t quyn sinh ra cc ion lu
hunh v xy. Chng cng vi cc ion hir ngun gc t
kh quyn Sao Mc, to ra di plasma trong mt phng xch
o ca Mc Tinh. Di plasma quay cng chiu vi chiu
t quay ca hnh tinh gy ra s bin dng trong t trng
lng cc ca a t. Cc electron bn trong di plasma
sinh ra ngun sng radiomnh vi nhng chp n tn s
0,630 MHz.[64]
v tr cch hnh tinh 75 ln bn knh Sao Mc, s tng
tc gia t quyn vi gi Mt Tri sinh ra vng sc hnh
cung (bow sock). Vng nm gia t quyn Sao Mc v
plasma gi Mt Tri gi l magnetopause, n nm bn
trong ca magnetosheath vng nm gia magnetopause
v vng sc hnh cung. Tng tc gi Mt Tri vi nhng
vng ny, lm ko di t quyn ca Sao Mc ra sau hng
ni Mt Tri v Sao Mc v ko di n tn st qu o
ca Sao Th. Bn v tinh ln nht nm trong t quyn Sao
Mc, v bo v chng khi gi Mt Tri.[31]
T quyn Sao Mc cng l nguyn nhn gy ra nhng t
bc x sng v tuyn t hai vng cc ca hnh tinh.
Nhng hot ng ni la ca v tinh Io (xem bn di)
phng thch kh ni la vo trong t quyn Sao Mc, to ra
vng xuyn ht ion bao quanh hnh tinh. Khi Io chuyn
ng qua vng xuyn ny n tng tc vi m ht v sinh
ra sng Alfvn mang theo vt cht b ion ha ri vo hai
vng cc Mc Tinh. Kt qu l, sng v tuyn c sinh ra
thng qua c ch pht x maserxyclotron, v nng lng
c truyn dc theo b mt hnh nn. Khi Tri t ct vo
hnh nn ny, bc x v tuyn pht ra t Sao Mc c th
vt qua cng sng v tuyn pht ra t Mt Tri.[65]

Qu o v s t quay[sa

| sa m ngun]

V tinh Io i qua Sao Mc.

Sao Mc l hnh tinh duy nht c khi tm vi Mt Tri

nm bn ngoi th tch ca Mt Tri, tuy ch cha ti 7%
bn knh Mt Tri.[66] Khong cch trung bnh gia Sao Mc
v Mt Tri l 778 triu km (bng 5,2 ln khong cch t
Tri t n Mt Tri, hoc 5,2 AU) v n hon thnh mt
vng qu o bng 11,86 nm Tri t. Gi tr ny bng
2/5 chu k qu o ca Sao Th, v to thnh gi tr cng
hng qu o 5:2 gia hai hnh tinh ln nht trong h
Mt Tri.[67] Mt phng qu o elip ca Sao Mc nghing
1,31 so vi mt phng hong o. Bi v lch tm qu
o bng 0,048, khong cch t Sao Mc n Mt Tri
thay i khong 75 triu km gia im cn nht v im
vin nht, hay l im gn nht v xa nht ca hnh tinh
trn qu o.
nghing trc quay ca Sao Mc tng i nh; ch
3,13. Kt qu l hnh tinh khng c s thay i ln ca
cc ma, ngc li so vi Tri t v Sao Ha.[68]
Tc t quay ca Mc Tinh l ln nht trong H Mt Tri,
hon thnh mt vng quay quanh trc ca n ch ht t hn
10 gi; mmen ng lng ln cng to ra ch phnh xch
o m c th d nhn t Tri t qua cc knh thin vn
nghip d. Hnh tinh c dng hnh phng cu, ng knh
ti xch o ca n ln hn ng knh gia hai cc. i
vi Sao Mc, ng knh xch o ln hn ng knh
gia hai cc khong 9275 km.[40]
Bi v Sao Mc khng phi l vt th rn, tng thng
quyn ca n chu s quay vi sai (differential rotation). Tc
t quay ca Mc Tinh ca kh quyn ti hai cc lu hn
khong 5 pht so vi ca kh quyn ti vng xch o. Cc
nh khoa hc s dng ba h thng quy chiu nhm v cc
c im chuyn ng trong kh quyn Sao Mc. H I p
dng cho nhng vng c v t 10 Bc n 10 Nam;
y l vng c chu k quay ngn nht, khong 9h 50m
30,0s. H II p dng cho mi v bc v nam ngoi vng
I; chu k ca n bng 9h 55m 40,6s. H III c xc nh

u tin bi cc nh thin vn v tuyn, tng ng vi s

t quay quanh trc ca t quyn hnh tinh; cc nh thin
vn hc coi n l chu k t quay chnh thc ca Sao
Mc.[69]

Quan st[sa

| sa m ngun]

Giao hi gia Sao Mc v Mt Trng.

Chuyn ng git li biu kin i vi cc hnh tinh pha ngoi

do v tr tng i ca chng vi Tri t.

Sao Mc l thin th sng th t trn bu tri (sau Mt

Tri, Mt Trng v Sao Kim);[48] c lc Sao Ha sng hn
Sao Mc. Ph thuc vo v tr ca Sao Mc vi Tri t,
cp sao biu kin ca n thay i t 2,9 ti v tr xung
i gim xung 1.6 trong thi gian giao hi vi Mt
Tri. ng knh gc ca Sao Mc do vy cng thay i t
50,1 xung 29,8 giy cung.[2]Nhng ln xung i l th xut
hin khi Sao Mc tin ti cn im qu o, s kin xy ra
ch mt ln i vi mt chu k qu o. Ln gn y nht
Sao Mc cn im qu o vo thng 3 nm 2011, v v
tr xung i l vo thng 9 nm 2010.[70]
Tri t vt trc Sao Mc c mi 398,9 ngy khi n
quay quanh Mt Tri, hay chnh l chu k giao hi ca hai
hnh tinh. V nh vy, Sao Mc hin ln trn nn tri vi
chuyn ng git li so vi cc ngi sao xa. Hay trong
mt thi gian, Sao Mc i git li trong bu tri m, thc
hin mt chuyn ng vng trn biu kin.
Chu k qu o xp x 12 nm ca Sao Mc tng ng vi
12 cung Hong o, v v ngun gc lch s c th l l do
cho s lng cung hong o l 12.[23] Hay mi ln Sao
Mc n v tr xung i n tin v pha ng khong 30,
bng b rng mt cung hong o.

Bi qu o Sao Mc nm bn ngoi qu o Tri t, gc

pha ca Sao Mc khi nhn t Tri t khng bao gi vt
qu 11,5. Do vy, hnh tinh lun lun hin ra gn nh mt
a trn khi nhn qua knh thin vn trn mt t. Ch c
nhng phi v tu khng gian bay n Sao Mc mi quan
st hnh nh li lim ca Sao Mc.[71]

V tinh t nhin[sa

| sa m ngun]

Sao Mc v cc v tinh Galilei

Bi chi tit: V tinh t nhin ca Sao Mc

Xem thm: Thi gian biu pht hin cc hnh tinh v v tinh
trong H Mt Tri
Sao Mc c 67 v tinh t nhin.[72] Trong s ny c
51 v tinh c ng knh nh hn 10 kilmt v ch
c pht hin t 1975. Bn v tinh ln nht, gi
l cc v tinh "Galilei" l Io, Europa, Ganymede v
Callisto.

Cc v tinh Galilei[sa | sa m ngun]

Cc v tinh Galilei. T tri qua phi, theo th t tng

dn khong cch t Sao
Mc: Io, Europa, Ganymede,Callisto.

Qu o ca Io, Europa, v Ganymede, trong cc

v tinh ln nht trong H Mt Tri, to thnh dng
cng hng qu o; bn vng qu o Io th
Europa quay c chnh xc hai vng v
Ganymede quay c chnh xc mt vng. S
cng hng ny l nguyn nhn ca hiu ng hp
dn lm qu o ca ba v tinh c dng hnh ellip,
do mi v tinh nhn thm lc ko t cc v tinh ln
cn khi chng t n im cng hng. Lc thy
triu t Sao Mc, mt khc li lm cho qu o ca
chng tr ln trn hn.[73]
lch tm qu o ca cng gy ra s bin dng
hnh th ca cc v tinh, vi lc hp dn ca Sao
Mc ko gin chng ra khi chng n gn cn
im qu o v khi cc v tinh vin im qu
o lc hp dn tr ln yu i v cc v tinh thu li
hnh dng. S co gin trong cu trc ny gy ra
mt ni ma st bn trong v tinh v lm nng vt
cht bn trong chng. y chnh l nguyn nhn
v tinh trong cng Io c s hot ng ni la mnh
(v tinh chu lc thy triu mnh nht), v xut hin
nhng c im a cht tr trn b mt Europa
(m ch nhng hot ng a cht ti to b mt
trong thi gian gn y).

Cc v tinh Galilei so vi Mt Trng

ng
knh
Tn

Europa

Ganymede

Bn knh qu
o

Chu k qu
o

Pht m
km

Io

Khi lng

a.o

km

ngy

kg

421.700

110

1,77

671.034

175

3,55

13

5262 150 14,81022 200 1.070.412 280

7,15

26

3643 105 8,91022 120

jrop 3122

nimi

90

4,81022 65

Callisto

22
klsto 4821 140 10,810 150 1.882.709 490

16,69

61

Phn loi v tinh[sa | sa m ngun]

V tinh Europa.

Trc khi phi v Voyager pht hin ra nhiu v

tinh, cc v tinh ca Sao Mc c sp xp thnh
bn nhm, da trn c im chung ca cc tham
s qu o ca chng. Sau , rt nhiu v tinh
nh c pht hin nm bn ngoi nhng v tinh
ny v to ln mt bc tranh kh phc tp. Ngy
nay cc nh khoa hc phn loi ra lm su nhm
v tinh, mc d c th c nhng c im khc
nhau na.
Nhm con chnh c bn l tm v tinh trong dng
cu hoc gn cu cng c qu o gn trn v gn
nm trong mt phng xch o ca Sao Mc v cc
nh khoa hc cho rng chng hnh thnh cng vi
lch s ca Sao Mc. Nhng v tinh cn li a
phn l nhng v tinh d hnh vi qu o ellip v
mt phng qu o nghing nhiu, v c kh nng
l chng b Sao Mc bt gi t cc tiu hnh tinh
hoc mnh v ca cc tiu hnh tinh. Cc v tinh
d hnh c chia vo nhm cc v tinh c chung
tham s qu o v do c th c cng ngun
gc, c l l v tinh ln hn hoc vt th b bt sau
b v nt.[74][75]

V tinh cu

Nhm
trong

V tinh
Galilei[76]

Nhm trong gm bn v tinh nh vi ng knh nh hn 200 km, bn

knh qu o nh hn 200.000 km, v mt phng qu o nh hn mt
na .

Bn v tinh ln nht do Galileo Galilei v c l Simon Marius pht

hin ra mt cch c lp, bn knh qu o t 400.000 n
2.000.000 km. Mt phng qu o nghing nh hn na so vi mt

phng xch o Mc Tinh.

V tinh d hnh

Themisto
(v tinh)

Nhm c v tinh duy nht l chnh n, quay trn qu o bng mt na

khong cch t nhm Galilei v nhm Himalia.

Nhm
Himalia

Mt nhm c nhiu v tinh nh bay rt gn nhau vi bn knh t

11.000.00012.000.000 km tnh t Sao Mc.

Carpo (v
tinh)

Mt nhm c duy nht v tinh khc nm gn bin trong ca nhm

Ananke, n quay cng chiu quay vi Mc Tinh.

Nhm
Ananke

Nhm c qu o nghch hnh (quay ngc vi chiu t quay Mc

Tinh) ny khng c bin gii r rt, cch Sao Mc t 21.276.000 km
vi nghing mt phng qu o trung bnh 149 .

Nhm
Carme

Nhm c qu o nghch hnh vi khong cch trung bnh n Sao

Mc 23.404.000 km v nghing mt phng qu o 165 .

Nhm
Pasipha

Nhm phn tn v m nht c chuyn ng nghch hnh bao gm tt

c cc v tinh bn ngoi cng xa nht.

Tng tc vi H Mt
Tri[sa | sa m ngun]

Minh ha cc tiu hnh tinh Trojan trong qu o vi

Sao Mc, cng nh i vi vnh ai tiu hnh tinh.

Cng vi Mt Tri, nh hng hp dn ca Sao

Mc to ln cu trc H Mt Tri. Qu o ca hu
ht cc hnh tinh trong Thi Dng h nm gn
vi mt phng qu o ca Sao Mc hn mt
phng xch o ca Mt Tri (Sao Thy l hnh
tinh duy nht nm gn nht vi mt phng xch o
Mt Tri vi qu o ca n hi nghing), khong
trng Kirkwood trong vnh ai tiu hnh tinh ch
yu do nh hng hp dn ca Sao Mc, v hnh
tinh ny cng ht phn ln cc tiu hnh tinh nh
trong giai on cc hnh tinh vng trong chu
nhng trn ma thin thch cui cng trong lch s
h Mt Tri.[77]
Cng vi cc v tinh ca n, trng hp dn ca
Sao Mc iu khin rt nhiu tiu hnh tinh thuc
vo cc im Lagrange tin trc v sau theo Sao
Mc trn qu o ca n quanh Mt Tri. Chng l
nhng tiu hnh tinh Trojan, v cc nh thin vn
chia ra lm hai nhm mang tn "Hy Lp" v
"Trojan" theo trong s thi Iliad. Tiu hnh tinh u
tin trong s ny, 588 Achilles, do nh thin vn
hc Max Wolf pht hin nm 1906; v t n
nay c khong hai nghn tiu hnh tinh trong cc
nhm c pht hin.[78] Tiu hnh tinh ln nht
l 624 Hektor.
Hu ht cc sao chi chu k ngn thuc v h Mc
Tinh nh ngha nh l cc sao chi c bn trc
ln nh hn bn knh qu o ca Sao Mc. Cc
nh khoa hc cho rng sao chi h Mc Tinh hnh
thnh t vnh ai Kuiper bn ngoi qu o Sao
Hi Vng. Trong nhng ln tip cn gn Sao Mc
qu o ca chng b nhiu lon v dn dn c chu
k qu o nh hn v i vo vng gia Mt Tri
v Sao Mc.[79]

Va chm[sa | sa m ngun]
Xem thm: Sao chi Shoemaker-Levy 9, S kin va chm Sao
Mc 2009, v S kin va chm Sao Mc 2010

Hubble chp bc nh ngy 23 thng 7 cho thy

m bi di 8.000 km trong s kin mt thin
thch ri xung Sao Mc nm 2009.[80]

nh ca Hubble chp sau s kin va chm nm

2010.

Cc nh thin vn gi Sao Mc l c my ht
bi ca H Mt Tri,[81] bi v lc hp dn
mnh v v tr ca n gn nhm bn hnh tinh
pha trong. Gn y hnh tinh nhn mt s
v va chm vi cc sao chi.[82] Hnh tinh
khng l ny l mt l chn bo v cc hnh
tinh pha trong khi nhng trn bn ph ca
thin thch. Nhng m phng my tnh gn
y li cho thy Sao Mc khng lm gim s
lng sao chi i vo pha cc hnh tinh bn
trong, do hp dn ca n gy nhiu lon qu
o cc sao chi i vo trong xp x bng s
sao chi ht v pha n.[83] Vn ny vn cn
gy ra nhiu tranh lun gia cc nh thin vn
hc, khi mt s tin rng Sao Mc ht cc
sao chi t vnh ai Kuiper v pha qu o
Tri t trong khi mt s khc ngh rng hnh
tinh ny c vai tr bo v Tri t khi nhng
thin thch t m my Oort.[84]
Nm 1997, khi xem xt li nhng bn v trong
lch s, ngi ta ngh rng nh thin
vn Cassini c th v li du vt ca mt v
va chm nm 1690. Trong cuc kho st cng
c khong 8 vt va chm trong nhng bn v
ca ngi khc m kh nng thp l h
quan st c s kin va chm.[85] Mt qu
cu la cng c ghi li khi tu Voyager 1
tip cn Sao Mc thng 3 nm 1979.[86] Trong
thi gian 16 thng 7, 1994, n 22 thng 7,
1994, trn 20 mnh v ca sao
chi ShoemakerLevy 9 (SL9, nh danh
D/1993 F2) va chm vo bu kh quyn bn
cu nam ca Sao Mc, v y l ln u tin
cc nh thin vn c c hi quan st trc tip
s kin va chm gia hai vt th trong H Mt

Tri. Va chm cng mang li thng tin hu ch

v thnh phn kh quyn Sao Mc.[87][88]
Ngy 17 thng 9, 2009, mt nh thin vn
nghip d pht hin ra v tr va chm kinh
xp x 216 trong H II.[89][90]Va chm li
mt im en trong kh quyn Sao Mc, kch
thc tng t nh bo Oval BA. Quan st
qua thit b hng ngoi cho thy mt im sng
ni va chm xy ra, hay v va chm lm nng
lp kh quyn bn di trong gn vng cc
nam Sao Mc.[91] Cc nh khoa hc c lng
ng knh ca thin thch trong v va chm
nm 2009 khong 200 m n 500 m.[92]
Mt qu cu la khc, nh hn cng c
ghi nhn vo ngy 3 thng 6 nm 2010, bi
nh thin vn nghip d Anthony Wesley
ngi Australia, v sau s kin ny cng
c ghi li trn video ca mt nh thin vn
nghip d khc ti Philippines.[93] Qu cu la
khc cng c ghi nhn vo 20 thng 8 nm
2010,[94] v 10 thng 9 nm 2012[86][95]

Nghin cu v thm
him[sa | sa m ngun]
Nghin cu trc khi c knh thin
vn[sa | sa m ngun]

M hnh trong Almagest v chuyn ng dc ca

Sao Mc () so vi Tri t ().

Cc nh thin vn Babylon c i quan st

v ghi chp v Sao Mc t th k 7 hoc 8
trc Cng nguyn.[96] Trong th k th hai m
hnh Almagest c nh thin vn Hy Lp c
i Claudius Ptolemaeus xy dng ln m hnh
a tm hnh tinh da trn nhng quan st v
chuyn ng tng i ca Sao Mc so vi
Tri t, khi ng quan st thy chu k ca n
"quanh" Tri t l 4332,38 ngy, hay 11,86

nm.[97] Nm 499, Aryabhata, nh thin vn v

ton hc c i n , cng s dng m hnh
a tm v c lng chu k ca Mc Tinh l
4332,2722 ngy, hay 11,86 nm.[98]

Quan st bng knh thin

vn[sa | sa m ngun]
Nm 1610, Galileo Galilei s dng knh thin
vn do ng t ch to quan st thy bn v
tinh quay quanh Sao McIo, Europa,
Ganymede v Callisto (m ngy nay gi l cc
v tinh Galilei); v c a s cc nh lch s
khoa hc cng nhn l ngi u tin s dng
knh thin v nhm quan st cc thin th
ngoi Tri t. Galileo cng l ngi u tin
pht hin rachuyn ng thin th khng phi
do cch nhn Tri t l trung tm ca v tr.
y l mt bng chng thuyt phc ng
hthuyt nht tm ca Nicolaus Copernicus v
chuyn ng ca cc hnh tinh; v nhng ng
h cng khai ca Galileo cho m hnh
Copernicus m ng b a ra ta n d gio.[99]
Trong thp nin 1660, Cassini s dng mt
loi knh thin vn mi v ng pht hin ra
nhng vt v di nhiu mu sc trn Sao Mc
v nhn ra hnh tinh ny phnh ra ti xch o.
ng cng th c lng tc t quay ca
Sao Mc.[17] Nm 1690 Cassini nhn ra kh
quyn Mc Tinh th hin s quay vi sai.[31]

nh mu gi v kh quyn Sao Mc, chp

t Voyager 1, vi Vt Ln v cn bo oval
mu trng di.

Vt Ln, cn bo hnh oval c trng trong

kh quyn bn cu nam Sao Mc, c th
c quan st t nm 1664 biRobert
Hooke v nm 1665 bi Giovanni Cassini, mc
d cha c vn bn lch s c th r rng ghi
nhn iu ny. Dc s Samuel Heinrich

Schwabe v chi tit v Vt Ln vo nm

1831.[100]
Mt s ngi cng b khng thy xut hin
Vt Ln khi quan st Sao Mc trong giai
on 1665 v 1708 trc khi n li hin ra vo
1878. Nm 1883 ngi ta nhn thy n ang
m i cng nh u th k 20.[101]
C Giovanni Borelli v Cassini ghi chp cn
thn v chuyn ng v chu k ca cc v tinh
Sao Mc, cho php tin on c thi gian
m cc v tinh s trc hay sau hnh tinh.
Cho n thp nin 1670, khi Sao Mc v tr
xung i vi Tri t hai bn Mt Tri, chu
k quay ca v tinh Io di thm khong 17
pht so vi ghi chp t trc. Ole Rmer
quan st thy iu ny v suy lun ra nh sng
khng c vn tc tc thi (kt lun b chnh
Cassini ban u phn i[17]), v ng cng c
lng c tc nh sng thng qua lch
thi gian ny.[102]
Nm 1892, Edward Barnard pht hin ra v
tinh th 5 ca Sao Mc bng knh thin vn
phn x 36 inch (910 mm) i quan st
Lick ti California. V tinh ny kh nh, v rt
kh nhn ra vo thi im , iu ny khin
ng nhanh chng tr ln ni ting. V tinh sau
c t tn Amalthea.[103] N l v tinh t
nhin cui cng c pht hin bng quan st
trc tip qua bc sng kh kin.[104] V khi
tu Voyager 1 bay ngang qua Sao Mc nm
1979 n pht hin ra 8 v tinh mi.

nh hng ngoi chp Sao Mc tVery Large

Telescope ca ESO.

Nm 1932, Rupert Wildt nhn ra nhng vch

hp th ca amoniac v mtan trong kh quyn
Mc Tinh.[105]

Ba cn bo tn ti lu quay ngc chiu kim

ng h mu trng c quan st t 1938.
Trong nhiu thp k chng vn l nhng c
im ri rc trn kh quyn Sao Mc, i khi
n gn nhau nhng cha h sp nhp trc
. Cui cng, hai cn bo sp nhp vo nm
1998, v ht cn bo th ba vo nm 2000, v
cc nh khoa hc hin nay gi n l Oval
BA.[106]

Nghin cu bng knh thin vn v

tuyn[sa | sa m ngun]

Vnh ai bc x v tuyn, ghi nhn bi tu

Cassini.

Bernard Burke v Kenneth Franklin nm 1955

pht hin ra nhng chp n ca tn hiu v
tuyn n t Sao Mc tn s
22,2 MHz.[31] Chu k ca nhng chp ny trng
vi chu k t quay ca hnh tinh, v h ngh
chng c th lm nh ngha ph hp cho tc
t quay ca Sao Mc. Nhng chp v
tuyn t hnh tinh ny pht ra hai loi: chp
ko di (hay chp L) trong khong vi giy, v
chp ngn (hay chp S) din ra ch trong thi
gian mt phn trm ca giy.[107]
Cc nh thin vn cng pht hin ra c ba
dng tn hiu v tuyn pht ra t Sao Mc.

Chp v tuyn camt (vi bc sng

khong chc mt) thay i theo s quay
ca Mc Tinh, v b nh hng bi tng
tc ca v tinh Io vi t trng Sao
Mc.[108]
Bc x v tuyn ximt (bc sng c
vi xentimt) do nh khoa hc Frank Drake
v Hein Hvatum quan st u tin nm
1959.[31]Ngun gc ca tn hiu ny t
vnh ai hnh vng xuyn bao quanh xch
o Sao Mc. Tn hiu ny do bc x

xyclotron pht ra telectron b gia tc trong

t trng hnh tinh ny.[109]
Bc x nhit pht ra t kh quyn Sao
Mc.[31]

Thm him bng tu thm

d[sa | sa m ngun]
Bi chi tit: Thm d Sao Mc
T 1973 mt s tu v tr t ng n
gn Sao Mc, ni bt l tu thm
d Pioneer 10, con tu u tin n gn
hnh tinh ny v gi v cc bc nh cng
nh thng tin v hnh tinh ln nht trong
H Mt Tri.[110][111] Cc chuyn bay n cc
hnh tinh thng da trn ngn sch gim
thiu nng lng cn thit con tu bay
hiu qu, hay nhin liu mang theo ti u
n t c vn tc ti a cng nh
phc v trong qu trnh thm d, hay deltav. Khi i vo qu o chuyn Hohmann t
Tri t n Sao Mc bt u t qu o
thp i hi gi tr delta-v bng
6,3 km/s[112] so vi gi tr 9,7 km/s ca
delta-v cn thit a v tinh vo qu
o thp quanh Tri t.[113] Tht may l
nh k thut h tr hp dn thng qua qu
trnh bay qua hnh tinh c th lm gim
nng lng cn thit a tu n Sao
Mc, gim thiu chi ph cho nhng chuyn
bay di nm trong khng gian.[114]

Phi v bay qua[sa | sa m ngun]

Phi v bay qua

Tu khng gian

Thi gian
gn nht

Khong cch

Pioneer 10

3 thng 12, 1973

130.000 km

Pioneer 11

4 thng 12, 1974

34.000 km

Voyager 1

5 thng 3, 1979

349.000 km

Voyager 2

July 9, 1979

570,000 km

8 thng 2, 1992[115]

408.894 km

Ulysses
4 thng 2, 2004[115] 120.000.000 km

Cassini

30 thng 12, 2000

10.000.000 km

New Horizons

28 thng 2, 2007

2.304.535 km

Voyager 1 chp bc nh Sao Mc ngy 24

thng 1, 1979, khi khong cch 40 triu km.
V tinh Ganymede di.

T nm 1973, mt vi tu khng gian

thc hin bay qua hnh tinh v thc hin
mt s quan st Sao Mc. Phi
v Pioneer ln u tin chp c nh
gn kh quyn Sao Mc v mt s v tinh
ca n. Cc tu cng pht hin ra vnh ai
bc x gn hnh tinh vi cng mnh
hn so vi tng ngh, v c hai vt
qua c nh hng ca t trng Sao
Mc. Da vo qu o ca cc tu v tr
cc nh khoa hc c th suy ra c khi
lng ca h Sao Mc. Nh hin tng
che khut tn hiu v tuyn t tu khng
gian ca hnh tinh m ngi ta c th tnh

ra c ng knh cng nh dt ca
Sao Mc.[23][116]
Su nm sau, phi v Voyager nng cao
kh nng hiu bit ca cc nh khoa hc
v cc v tinh Galilei v khm ph ra cc
vnh ai Sao Mc. Chng cng gi v cc
bc nh cho php khng nh Vt Ln
quay ngc vi (ngc chiu kim ng
h) chiu quay ca hnh tinh. So snh cc
bc nh ngi ta cng thy Vt Ln
cng thay i mu sc k t phi
v Pioneer, t mu vng cam sang mu
nu ti. Mt khu vc hnh vng xuyn
cha cc ion dc theo qu o ca v tinh
Io cng c pht hin, cc nh thin vn
cng quan st thy ni la ang hot ng
trn b mt v tinh ny. Khi tu khng gian
i ra pha sau hnh tinh, n chp c
cc nh chp tia st trong kh quyn
phn bn cu ti ca Sao Mc.[16][23]
Phi v tip theo n gn Sao Mc, tu
quan st Mt Tri Ulysses, bay qua
hnh tinh (1992) nhm da vo h tr hp
dn bay theo qu o cc quanh Mt
Tri vi mc ch nghin cu vng cc
Mt Tri. Trong qu trnh bay qua con tu
thc hin nghin cu t quyn Sao
Mc. Do Ulysses khng mang theo
camera, cc nh khoa hc khng thu
c nh quang hc no. Ln bay qua th
hai din ra nm 2004 mt khong cch
rt ln.[115]
Nm 2000, tu Cassini, trn hnh
trnh n Sao Th, bay qua Sao Mc v
gi v mt s bc nh c phn gii tt
nht i vi hnh tinh ny t trc n
nay. Ngy 19 thng 12, 2000, tu chp
nh v tinh Himalia, nhng phn gii
qu thp cc nh khoa hc nhn ra
c chi tit b mt v tinh ny.[117]
Tu khng gian New Horizons, trn hnh
trnh n Pluto, nh s h tr hp dn
ca Sao Mc. N bay n gn hnh tinh
nht vo ngy 28 thng 2,
2007.[118] Camera quan st c plasma
phun ra t cc ni la trn Io v nghin
cu chi tit cc v tinh Galilei, cng nh
thc hin quan st t xa cc v tinh vng
ngoi Himalia v Elara.[119] Qu trnh chp
nh h Mc Tinh bt u t 4 thng 9 nm
2006.[120][121]

Phi v Galileo[sa | sa m ngun]

Sao Mc chp bi tu Cassini.

Cho ti nay ch c tu Galileo l tu quay

quanh Sao Mc, khi n i vo qu o
quanh hnh tinh ngy 7 thng 12, 1995.
N thm d c hn 7 nm, thc hin
nhiu ln bay quan cc v tinh Galilei v
v tinh Amalthea. Con tu cng chng
kin v gi v cc bc nh chp sao chi
Shoemaker-Levy 9 khi n n gn Sao
Mc nm 1994, v cho php cc nh
khoa hc c c hi thun li theo di
sao chi ny. Trong phi v m rng nhm
thu thp thng tin v h Mc Tinh, kh
nng thit k ca n b gii hn bi li
bung m mt ng ten thu pht tn hiu v
tuyn.[122]
Mt thit b thm d kh quyn cng tch ra
khi tu Galileo thng 7 nm 1995, v ri
vo kh quyn hnh tinh ngy 7 thng 12.
N ri su c 150 km qua bu kh
quyn, vi thi gian thu thp d liu l
57,6 pht, v b pht nt bi p sut kh
quyn (lc b ph nt p sut kh quyn
bng 22 ln p sut kh quyn Tri t, vi
nhit kh quyn lc cui thit b o c
153 C).[123] C th sau thit b ny b tan
chy v bc hi. Tu Galileo khi kt thc
nhim v th cc nh khoa hc quyt
nh cho n ri vo Sao Mc vo ngy 21
thng 9 nm 2003, vi vn tc trn
50 km/s, nhm trnh bt k mt kh nng

no con tu c th ri vo v tinh
Europav tinh vi gi thuyt c kh nng
c s sng ca vi khun trong lng i
dng gi thuyt ca n.[122]

Phi v tng lai[sa | sa m ngun]

NASA hin ti ang c mt phi v bay ti
Sao Mc nhm nghin cu chi tit cc
vng cc cng nh kh quyn hnh tinh.
TuJuno phng ln t thng 8 nm 2011,
v s i vo qu o cc Sao Mc cui
nm 2016.[124] Trong tng lai, phi v k
hoch c ph chun nhm nghin
cu h Mc Tinh do c quan ESA ng
u, phi v Jupiter Icy Moon
Explorer (JUICE), vi thi gian d nh
phng ln nm 2022 v ti Sao Mc
khong nm 2030, nghin cu bn v tinh
Galileo v c bit l Europa.[125]

Phi v b hy b[sa | sa m ngun]

Bi v kh nng c mt i dng cht
lng di b mt cc v tinh Europa,
Ganymede v Callisto, cc nh khoa hc
mong mun c mt d n nghin cu chi
tit hn nhng v tinh bng ny. Do
kh khn v ti chnh v cn nhiu d n
nghin cu thm him khng gian v tr
khc, vi xut nghin cu cc v tinh
ny ca NASA phi hy b. D
n Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter (JIMO) ca
NASA hy b vo nm 2005.[126] Mt
xut hp tc gia NASA/ESA, gi l
EJSM/Laplace, nu c pht trin s
phng ln vo nm 2020. EJSM/Laplace
gm mt tu qu o do NASA ng
u Jupiter Europa Orbiter, v mt tu qu
o Jupiter Ganymede Orbiter do ESA
ng u.[127] Tuy nhin vo thng 4 nm
2011, ESA phi chnh thc kt thc d
n do NASA b ct gim ngn sch nghin
cu pht trin do vy buc h phi dng
tham gia d n. Thay vo ESA ph
chun mt phi v cp quan trng L1 trong
chng trnh Cosmic Vision, d n JUICE
v kh nng phng ln vo nm 2022.[128]

Kh nng tn ti s
sng[sa | sa m ngun]
Nm 1953, trong th nghim Urey-Miller hai
nh khoa hc chng t rng khi kt hp

nng lng tia st v cc hp chp ha

hc tn ti trong kh quyn nguyn thy
ca Tri t c th sinh ra nhng hp cht
hu c (bao gm axit amin) m cc nh
khoa hc cho rng chng l nhng khi c
bn ca s sng. Hai ng m phng kh
quyn vi cc phn t nc, mtan,
amoniac v hir; mi phn t ny u c
mt trong kh quyn Sao Mc. Kh quyn
hnh tinh ny c nhng lung i lu
khng kh mnh thng ng, cho php
mang nhng hp cht ny xung di su
hn. Bn trong hnh tinh nhit kh
quyn cao hn lm b gy cc phn t
ha hc v cn tr s hnh thnh nhng
dng sng nguyn thy ging nh trn Tri
t.[129]
a s cc nh khoa hc ng rng hu
nh khng th tn ti mt s sng kiu
nh Tri t trn Sao Mc, do c qu t
lng nc trong kh quyn, hu nh
khng c mt b mt rn no di su
hnh tinh v cng xung di su p sut
cng ln. Nm 1976, trc phi v
Voyager, ngi ta gi thuyt rng nhng
phn t c s cho s sng nh amoniac
hoc nc c th tn ti trong thng
quyn ca Mc Tinh. Gi thuyt ny da
trn h sinh thi bin ca Tri t m c
nhng sinh vt ph du n gin c
th quang hp sng gn mt bin, cc
loi c tng nc su hn tiu th cc
sinh vt ny, v nhng loi sn mi i
dng bt c n tht.[130][131]
Nu kh nng tn ti nhng i dng
bn di b mt bng ca ba v tinh
(Europa, Ganymede v Callisto) th mt s
nh khoa hc gi thuyt c th c nhng vi
khun him kh v him sng sng di
.[132][133]

Trong thn thoi[sa

ngun]

| sa m

Tng thn Jupiter St Petersburg.

Ngi c i bit n Sao Mc do hnh

tinh ny c th nhn bng mt thng
trong m ti v thm ch vo lc bnh
minh hay hong hn.[134] Ngi Babylon gi
hnh tinh ny i din cho v thn
"Marduk" ca h. H cng s dng chu
k qu o gn bng 12 nm ca hnh tinh
ny dc theo ng Hong o xc
nh cc chm sao thuc Hong o.[23][135]
Ngi La M t tn hnh tinh
l Jupiter (ting Latinh: Iuppiter, Ipiter)
(cng gi l Jove), v thn nam ng u
trong thn thoi La M, vi cch xng h
trong ngn ng Proto-Indo-European ca
t ghp *Dyu-pter (danh cch: *Dyusptr, c ngha "cha ca cc v thn bu
tri", hoc "cha ca v thn ngy").[136] V
thn ny c ngi Hy Lp gi
trong thn thoi Hy Lp l Zeus (),
hoc Dias (), l tn ca hnh tinh m
ngi Hy Lp vn gi ngy nay.[137]
K hiu thin v hc cho hnh tinh ny
l , th hin cho cy tm st hoc con
i bng ca thn. Hoc l vit cch iu
ca ch zeta, ch u trong t Zeus trong
ting Hy Lp.[138]
Jovian l tnh t trong ting Anh ca t
Jupiter. Dng c ca t ny l jovial, da
theo cc nh chim tinh c i thi Trung
Cc ngha l "hnh phc" hoc "vui v,"

do trong chim tinh du hiu s xut hin

ca thn Jupiter lin quan n nim vui.[139]
Trong ting Trung Quc, Hn Quc, Nht
Bn v Vit Nam coi hnh tinh ny l Mc
Tinh, (, mxng), chnh l nguyn
tMc (cy c, ma xun...) trong Ng
Hnh.[140] o Lo coi n l sao Phc trong
Phc Lc Th. Ngi Hy Lp cn gi n l
, Phaethon, "sng chi." Trong
chim tinh ca ngi Hindu, cc nh
chim tinh Hindu t tn hnh tinh theo v
thnBrihaspati, mt trong nhng "Guru",
nhng v thn cu nguyn v tn
ngng.[141] Trong ting Anh, Thursday c
ngun gc t "Thor's day", Sao Mc lin
h vi thn Thor trong thn thoi ngi
German.[142]
Trong thn thoi Trung v Th Nh K,
Sao Mc c gi l "Erendiz/Erentz", c
ngha l "sao eren(?)+yultuz". C rt nhiu
nghi vn trong t "eren". Ngi Trung
cng tnh c chu k qu o ca
hnh tinh ny bng 11 nm v 300 ngy.
H tin rng mt s s kin thin nhin v
tn gio c lin h vi s chuyn ng ca
Erentz trn bu tri.[143]

Xem thm[sa

| sa m ngun]

Sao chi Shoemaker-Levy 9

Mc Tinh nng
Thm d Sao Mc

Tham kho[sa
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2.

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