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Mooring System Design Considerations FPSOs
Mooring System Design Considerations FPSOs
Ken Huang
American Bureau of Shipping, Houston, USA
1. INTRODUCTION
ABSTRACT
This paper identifies the critical issues related to mooring
systems designed for ship-shaped vessels, such as the Floating
Production, Storage and Offloading units (FPSOs), in general
and under the effects of Revolving Tropical Storms (RTS) in
particular. FPSOs have been employed worldwide as an
economic solution for the development of offshore oil and gas.
Most current applications are in relatively benign
environmental areas, such as Southeast Asia, West Africa and
Offshore Brazil near the Equator. Some applications are in
temperate latitudes, e.g. the North Sea, in which the design
events are winter storms. Winter storms have a limiting wind
speed of around 100-mph and are more predictable. In
contrast, RTSs, i.e. Hurricanes in the Gulf of Mexico (GOM)
and Typhoons in the South China Sea (SCS), can evolve rapidly
from Category 1 with sustained wind speeds of just over 74
mph to Category 5 with wind speeds over 155 mph. The much
more unpredictable nature of tropical cyclones and the
consequences of mooring failure causing possible property loss
and environmental damage have prompted the concern of
regulatory bodies for utilizing FPSOs in the GOM.
This paper addresses design options for FPSO mooring
systems. Firstly, the design environmental conditions of winds,
currents and waves encountered in GOM and SCS are
discussed. Secondly, mooring design issues and options are
outlined. Finally, advantages and possible drawbacks of
proposed options are highlighted. It is hoped that suggestions
in the paper will assist the designer in enhancing the reliability
of FPSO mooring systems.
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Ken Huang
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GOM
SCS
NNS
108
127
87
40
44
53
13-18
13-20
15-22
3.0
4.0
3.0
Geo. Area:
1-Min. Wind
(Knots)
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Current
(Knots)
2)
Ken Huang
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3)
yaw moment coefficients for wind, current and waves are changing
with the instantaneous vessel headings. In the above analytical
approach, however, a steady state mean vessel heading under the
design non-collinear environment is usually assumed for both
frequency and time domain line dynamic analyses.
The scenario of non-collinear environments can be more
accurately simulated using a time domain approach in system
analysis. In order to accurately predict vessel responses at each
time step, the analytical procedure must be capable of incorporating
wind, current and wave drift force and yaw moment coefficients at
various vessel headings, and using these to update the mean loads
on the vessel at each time step. It is important to accurately predict
not only instantaneous mean loads on the vessel, but also timedependent low frequency vessel forces and damping due to wind,
current and waves. Therefore, a fully coupled dynamic analysis in
time domain for mooring system responses with line dynamics will
become the state-of-the-art analytical approach. More research and
development work is required in this area. Model tests can be used
to verify analytical results of mooring responses especially under
non-collinear environments.
Following APIs recommended practice (API, 1996), both
ABS (ABS, 2000) and DnV (DnV, 1996) propose the following
combinations for the total vessel offset and mooring line tensions:
5. ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES
For FPSO mooring systems, both vessel/mooring system and
line dynamic analyses are to be performed. A simplified method of
line dynamic mooring analysis is outlined in six steps:
The higher value of the above two combinations will be used as the
design value.
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Ken Huang
Flare
Living Quarters
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Stern Thrusters
Bow Thruster
7. MOORING PATTERN
Traditionally, the equally spread mooring pattern has been
employed for mobile offshore drilling units (MODUs) based on
semisubmersibles. This is due to the more uniform environmental
loading acting on a semisubmersible from any headings relative to
the vessel. There is no need to weathervane a semisubmersible into
the least loading direction. Besides, there is only one drilling riser
on a MODU.
An FPSO can carry many production risers through the turret.
The number of mooring lines and risers, which will be placed
through the turret, is limited by the physical space of a turret. The
layout of mooring lines may pose interference concern with the
risers. To alleviate this concern a grouped mooring pattern as
shown in Figure 3 has been proposed.
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9. ANCHORING SYSTEMS
Conventional mooring line configuration consisting of wirechain combination with submersible buoys, and
The anchoring points fixed to the seabed are the critical part of
a mooring system for keeping an FPSO on location. Depending on
soil conditions and the required performance, there are various
types of anchors that can be selected. There are basically two types
of anchors:
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The author is grateful to the ABS management for their
encouragement in the writing of this paper. The author would like
to thank Mr. Alan Cain for reviewing and preparing the figures
presented in this paper.
REFERENCES
10. CONCLUSIONS
This paper presents a summary of mooring design experiences.
In particular, technical issues of turret mooring systems designed
for FPSOs have been discussed. Design options for enhancing the
reliability of a mooring system in general and under the effects of
revolving tropical storms in particular have been proposed. The
mooring design options presented are summarized as follows:
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