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Summary of The 4th A.M Programme: I / Tag Questions
Summary of The 4th A.M Programme: I / Tag Questions
!"
$ %&' #
2- What kind of verb is it? ( to be, to have or other verbs)
"0 0 !+ , !+ . /&/ , */# - !+ / ) * + %& ,)- . #(
3- Is the sentence affirmative or negative?
" $3&
2 &
#1
4- Does the pronoun need to be changed?
"5 6 7)8 9 : ; 87 1
#4
(1)
* The Tag question is made up of an auxiliary verb and a pronoun.
4 2 , 3 !+
*/-"
Pronoun
Statements
Tag question
You are Algerian ,
Aren't you ?
< . = >? @56 78
Auxiliary verb
(1)
Auxiliary Verb :
$ 3
!+ ( 1 )
( is are was were have has can could must should will would ) .
EXAMPLES :
9
Statements
Tag question
It is a lovely day,
isn't it ?
They are expensive ,
aren't they ?
It was raining yesterday ,
wasn't it ?
You were at the party ,
weren't you ?
You have got a big garden ,
haven't it ?
(1)
You have to work hard these days , don't you ?
He has got flu ,
hasn't it ?
(1)
He has to drive more carefully now , doesn't he ?
He can cook well ,
can't he ?
She could swim when she was five ,
couldn't she ?
They can do many things ,
can't they ?
You must get up early tomorrow ,
mustn't you ?
She should try harder ,
shouldn't she ?
Done By : Khelil Moudjib Arrahmane
RULES :
/:
1- If the auxiliary verb in the statement is positive (+) without not, the tag question is
negative (-).
" H A)I
AG < not A F %&0E/ D?)&
C
$ A B: #
EXAMPLES :
9
Statements ( + )
Tag question ( - )
You are Algerian ,
Aren't you ?
2- If the auxiliary verb in the statement is negative (-), the tag question is positive (+).
" H?)& A)I
AG 0#/ D
C
$ A B: # (
Statements ( - )
Tag question ( + )
You aren't Algerian ,
Are you ?
3- If there is no auxiliary verb in the statement, we use main verb( 1 ) .
" (1)
=
$
- C &
( ; ) The Main Verb :
%I7 J B: #1
<3 =
!>
( did do does )
EXAMPLES :
9
Statements
Your father bought a car ,
The students write the lesson ,
Ann goes to Paris ,
Tag question
didn't he ?
don't they ?
doesn't she ?
Tense
Past
Present
NOTES :
?@ A
1- When the subject is : I am the tag question is : aren't I .
" aren't I
A)I I am C $ A)I7 3 L K
EXAMPLE :
9
I am right, aren't I ?
2- When the subject is : ( nobody, somebody, everybody, no one, someone or everyone )
we use they in the tag questions.
they
- 0nobody, somebody, everybody, no one, someone or everyone/ C $ A)I7 3 L K (
"
- 0 used to / C $ A)I7 3 L K 4
9
INTONATION :
FG# <+ ?/H I >J* , K >LM
DE #"
1- Falling intonation
you are not really asking a question; you are only inviting the
listener to agree with you.
"V)
W$X2 YZ3 A)I7 [ C " Q 5 R S ) T& )C R3I U S SL * 5 R- 3 7 < N #" DE #" K
EXAMPLE :
9
It's a nice day, isn't it ?
2- Rising intonation
It is a real question.
" V)
T 2 YZ3 A)I7 [ C " &) & D Z S SL * \ )] 2 ?^
EXAMPLE :
5 R-
37
H" DE #" K (
9
$
+ V)
YZ- _ H C5 % 2 ` + D 7 a
2
* + 7 ]- "ed" YZ3" /t/ YZ37 "ed" a: 3C [ C "f" [ V)b
YZ37 laugh $ c& infinitive b+
/t/
/d/
/ p / d hoped
/ f / laughed
/ s / e faxed
/ sh / f washed
/ tch / g watched
/ k / h cooked
/ id /
/ t / V wanted
/ d / F ended
File : 0(
I / Expressing Ability and Inability
$M ) ^ , $M )
P!"
A- Can _ G"3 S
* We use the modal Can to express :
P
1 Ability to do something :
P!" Can
!"3*
I can swim.
`a !+ % $M ) S ;
" L H _ G"
2 Inability to do something :
I can't play tennis.
"i3 D _ G" R
`a !+ % $M ) ^ S T
W Polite requests :
Can I leave ?
j d ` _ G"
bG X G S W
4 Allowing to do something :
Yes, you can .
" _ G"3L J `a !>X c 3 , d " S '
5 Asking for permission :
Can I go out, Sir ?
j . < ; A _ G"
`a !> Ue f S Z
6 Forbidding to do something : You can't stay in class during the break.
" L
*k J S
l SH _ G"3L R
`a !+ _# S [
7 Possibility :
This metal can hurt you .
" R= B: g#- 7 8 `
`a K/:, * - S ]
8 Deducing :
I can't lift this table. It's heavy.
" Sn ]-: " Z m` T _ _ G" R
<)G# i "#" R S h
Done By : Khelil Moudjib Arrahmane
Present
I could swim .
I was able to swim.
Future
I can swim .
I am able to swim.
B May Might % 3 S ! S j
* We use the modal May to express :
P!" May
It may rain.
" Z : ]May I ask you a question ?
2 Asking for permission :
j5\ R A
m
May you live long !
W A wish :
! g *)o R %# L
* We use the modal Might to express :
!"3*
1 Possibility :
*- e S;
Uk %
/Hl
fST
# SW
P!" Might
1 A remote possibility :
There are no clouds in the sky, but it might rain tonight .
"
m` Z : ]3I < l
D8 ?)7 5
!X
2 Warning :
Don't swim here. You might be attacked by sharks.
"f S R 6) ] q
: " 3 pH 5
W Suggestion :
You're not good at English. You might try this book anyway.
c
" * L . 9 C h $7 : d I ` d ? " 7> -^ r
5 @-
!"3*
" S;
lL S T
": S W
il
im
in
ir
un
dis
Words
<3-! %#!
Agree
w X7
Legal
-)-
Regular
Polite
d`]& Q
Happy
%7>L
Definite
F 8& Q
III / So I Neither I
* R, S * 6 7 ,
!"3* S
9
Speaker - p l"
I am hungry.
" T= ? I live in Algeria .
" =>
%I I went to Tunisia, last summer.
" a w
i-) 9 : @H B I have a headache .
" -) \7
_
She is sixteen .
" 3
vC
She works in London.
"A 3
Listener - _ 3
So am I .
" - 6
So do I .
" - 6
So did I .
" - 6
So have I .
" - 6
So is he .
") 6
So does he .
") 6
7,
7,
7,
7,
7,
7,
File : 01
I / Time Clause Refer to the Future
Subordinate time clause
When he comes ,
Subordinate time conjunction
P)"3
P!" bG! q,
Main clause
he will get a big surprise
Present
Future
, K/#
f n
This type of condition is used for present or future activities which are likely to
happen. We use the present simple in the if clause and the shall/will/can/may + infinitive
construction in the main clause.
t ta 8 %&>t
t- " P)"3s , s2 l
t [tC) F)t- .`t p sl t
7 ( n %& ,)3 `
" the main clause | v d )? ?
HS
if clause | v
?
Done By : Khelil Moudjib Arrahmane
-n
Main Clause
I will take my umbrella.
Future
OR
,
Main Clause
I will take my umbrella
Future
If Clause
if it rains .
Present
STRUCTURE :
$
If + Present + , + Future
Future + if + Present
NOTES:
? @ A
1- We do not use will in the if clause, even though it refers to the future.
" HS
@- ) 9 L If P O2 H
| v
? will
EXAMPLE :
-5K
9
1.
2. Threat
2.
3. Offer
3.
4. Suggestion
4.
5. Warning
5.
6. Promise
6.
If sentences
If we don't go now, we will miss the bus.
8 3 )$ < Au D `- J Uk K
If you don't stop talking, I will punish you.
" RH C < 6kI %C w ) J Uk K (
If you don't like it, I will give you an other.
" s R ZC < RH J Uk K 1
I will help you, if you want.
" VF_ k < h C
K4
You will sink, if you swim over there.
"h 3 L H 2 @ Uk < x r K M
If you succeed in the BEM, I will give you a prize.
" >= ? R ZC < { ) J
F ]~ @8 - Uk K N
P!
\OOOOOOOH3 "
OOOOOOOO7 ] "(
&
q C "1
OOOOOOO
"4
OOOOO7`8 "M
OOOOC "N
File : 04
I / Used to
:$
b:/"
"Used to" express the idea that something was an old habit that stopped in the past. It
indicates that something was often repeated in the past, but it is not usually done now.
A t t& t~ A 9t : vt7 t " ta
t @t$ ) t 7 F tC A t t& ~ A I %C H ) "Used to"
"Au [2 6 S F %& i %I < a
_ I
c
STRUCTURE :
$
)
Used to + infinitive ( which describes a past habit )
<2 <+ $ bH O
_
rb
$ E Used to
EXAMPLE :
9
I used to smoke cigarettes. ( but now I don't any more )
"0 @$ ) Au %I / " =
% F r#7
MEANING AND USE :
!" R , % #!
1 Used to + verb refer to a habit in the past .
" <2
9 : v7
E Used to #
EXAMPLE :
9
I used to believe in ghosts; but now I don't believe in them any long. I know they don't exist.
" S Z& J F)?)2 %& 5 Au 3I < H~+ F)?)2 %& r#7
II / Relative Pronoun
C/
= 2
The relative pronoun links two clauses into a single complex clause. A
pronoun stands in place of a noun. Compare:
Jt 5 A tI& `t 7 sC/
s2 A t L " tH & tL t ? 9t : t ] )8 % t3n % t ? {2 t C/ =
M:_
This is a house. Jack built this house.
" *>3 ` 932 h ? "*>3& `
This is the house that Jack built.
"h ? m 32 O *>3 ) `
The relative pronoun refer to : ( persons things / animals places ).
" 0 7 S ? * / w v a S u Ja / P 9 : v C/ =
EXAMPLES :
relative
2
I .F $
2
9
" 7 ? ;_ X
w)&
a- That's the cat.
b- It belongs to Becky .
" IH2 /m K d
" x) ` K
* That's the cat which / that belongs to Becky.
" IH2 ) O {S `
3 Refer to place : ( Where )
0
/
- %k n K3
a- The restaurant was very clean. b- We had lunch there .(there refer to the restaurant)
0J Z
v h 3 / " y #m l `r H? 3 K d
" ? $ - A D!G K
* The restaurant where we had lunch was very clean .
" ? $ - A l `r H? 3
JZ
4 Refer mostly to people : ( Whose ) we use it instead of ( his her their )
0 his her their/ * 2 ]
- 0 S <" S O / dJa % k
E <+ n K 4
a- A window is a woman.
b- Her husband is dead .
" 9 ) & z& ' K d
"$
&_+ K
* A window is a woman whose husband is dead .
" ]? ' V & <"
&
&_+
Refer to
Function in
the sentence
People
u Ja
Things /Animals
?*/l wv a
Subject
>
Who / That
Which / That
Object
g X /!>
Which / That
Possessive
-
Whose
<+ > {/
nL
Place
-
Time
t
Reason
P3
Where
When
Why
File : 05
Conditional Type Two <* 9 K/#
f n
We use the second conditional to talk about the present, and to imagine something
totally different from the real situation now or in the future.
<* 9 K/#
t Q t S SL A)tI A %tI 7 5 t
V5 tL %tC t H
< ta 8 %tC 8 ( n
" HS
@
Au 8 3I &
FORM :
^ ! -n
If Clause
If I were you ,
Past
Main Clause
I would spank him .
Past
OR
,
Main Clause
I would spank him
Past
If Clause
if I were you .
Past
STRUCTURE :
$
If + Past + , + would + infinitive
would + infinitive + if + Past
File : 06
The Past Simple and the Past Continuous
"3 <2
, x 3P <2
The PAST SIMPLE :
x 3P <2
We use the Past Simple to talk or write about a completed event or state in the past.
" <2
%z"* T w )& L %C 2 I
8 x 3P <2
EXAMPLE :
9
Last Saturday, / Yesterday, / Two days ago, I went to Algiers.
" b
= > 9 : rPmU """ <% &)7 `3& <i&+ 2 < a @H
AS
As I was driving away, the steering wheel came off.
" F S
C r>:/L < Y7 Z
/: r#7
BECAUSE
I was working overtime because the basic wage was so low .
4 ? ~>J#
+ ?+
< a
2 ^/: r#7
WHEN
#X
WHILE
My father was reading the newspaper while my mother was cooking dinner.
" l v }PGL & r* 7 # X =
) 7 2