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Technical Data

Technical Data

Proper Bolt Axial Tightening Force/Proper Tightening Torque

IAxial Tightening Force for Bolt and Fatigue Limit

Strength of Bolts, Screws and Dowel Pins

IStrength of Bolt

CThe proper axial tightening force for a bolt should be calculated within an elasticity range up to 70%
of the rated yield strength when the torque method is used.
CThe fatigue strength of a bolt under repeated load should not exceed the specified tolerance.
CDo not let the seat of a bolt or nut dent the contact area.
CDo not break the tightened piece by overtightening.

A bolt is tightened by torque, torque inclination,

rotational angle, stretch measurement and other
methods. The torque method is widely used due
to its simplicity and convenience.

Pt : Tensile Load in the Axial Direction[kgf]

b : Yield Stress of the Bolt[kgf/mm2]
t : Allowable Stress of the Bolt[kgf/mm2]
(t=b/safety factor)
As : Effective Sectional Area of the Bolt[mm2]
As=Qd2/4
d : Effective Dia. of the Bolt(Core Dia.)[mm]

1)Tensile Load Bolt

Pt=tMAs-(1)
(2)
=Qd2t/4-

ISafety Factor of Unwin Based on Tensile Strength

Material
Steel
Cast Iron
Copper, Soft Metal
Stress =

ICalculation of Axial Tightening Force and Tightening Torque

The relation between the axial tightening force and Ff is represented by Equation (1) below:
Ff=0.7MyMAs-(1)
Tightening Torque, TfA, can be calculated using the equation (2) below:
TfA=0.35k(1+1/Q)yCAsCd-(2)

k :
d :
Q :
y :
As :

Using Equation
(1)

be found in the table at the right, and M5,

14.2 [mm2], should be selected.
M6, tolerable load of 213 kgf, should be selected from the column
for strength code 12.9, with the fatigue strength taken into account.

Proper torque and axial force for soft steel pieces tightened together by means of a bolt with a hexagonal
hole, M6 (strength bracket 12.9), with the pieces lubricated with oil can be calculated.
CProper Torque, by using Equation (2):
CAxial Force, by using Equation (1):
CFf=0.7MyMAs
0.7M112M20.1
1576[kgf]

I Surface Treatment for Bolt and Torque Coefficient Dependent on the Combination
of Material for Area to be Fastened and Material of Female Thread

SurfaceTreatment Torque
coefficient
for Blot
k
Lubrication
0.145
0.155
Steel Bolt 0.165
Black Oxidized Film 0.175
Lubricated with Oil 0.185
0.195
0.215
0.25
Steel Bolt 0.35
Black Oxidized Film
0.45
Not Lubricated
0.55

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Combination of material for area to be

fastened(a)and material for female thread(b)
SCM-FC FC-FC SUS-FC
S10C-FC SCM-S10C SCM-SCM FC-S10C FC-SCM
SCM-SUS FC-SUS AL-FC SUS-S10C SUS-SCM SUS-SUS
S10C-S10C S10C-SCM S10C-SUS AL-S10C AL-SCM
SCM-AL FC-AL AL-SUS
S10C-AL SUS-AL
AL-AL
S10C-FC SCM-FC FC-FC
S10C-SCM SCM-SCM FC-S10C FC-SCM AL-FC
S10C-S10C SCM-S10C AL-S10C AL-SCM
SCM-AL FC-AL AL-AL

(a)
(b)

2)If the bolt, like a stripper bolt, is to bear a tensile impact load, the right size should

I Standard Value of Tightening Coefficient Q

Tightening
Surface Condition
Coeffient
Tightening Method
Q
Bolt
Nut
Manganese Phosphate
1.25 Torque Wrench
Torque Wrench
Not treated or treated Not treated or treated
1.4
Limited-Torque Wrench with phosphate.
with phosphate.
1.6
Impact Wrench
Torque Wrench
Not treated or treated
Not Treated
1.8
Limited-Torque Wrench with phosphate.

be selected from the fatigue strength column.(Under a load of 200 kgf,

Stripper bolt made of 4137 Alloy Steel, 33 to 38 HRC, strength code 10.9)
Lubrication

Lubricated with
oil or Molybdenum
Sulfide 2 paste.
Not Lubricated

Strength Code
ex. 1 2 .9
Proof Stress(Yield Stress):90% of the minimum value of tensile strength
1 0 .9

Min. Tensile Strength:1220N/mm2{124kgf/mm2}

S10C:Soft steel not thermally refined SCM:Thermally Refined Steel(35HRC) FC:Cast Iron(FC200) AL:Aluminum SUS:Stainless Steel(SUS304)

Proof Stress(Yield Stress):90% of the minimum value of tensile strength

IInitial Tightening Force and Tightening Torque

Min. Tensile Strength:1040N/mm2{106kgf/mm2}

Nominal of Thread

Effective
Sectional
Area

M 3 M0.5
M 4 M0.7
M 5 M0.8
M 6 M1
M 8 M1.25
M10 M1.5
M12 M1.75
M14 M2
M16 M2
M18 M2.5
M20 M2.5
M22 M2.5
M24 M3

5.03
8.78
14.2
20.1
36.6
58
84.3
115
157
192
245
303
353

As
mm2

Yield Load
kgf
563
983
1590
2251
4099
6496
9442
12880
17584
21504
27440
33936
39536

12.9
Initial Tightening Force Tightening Torque
kgf
kgfCcm
17
394
40
688
81
1113
138
1576
334
2869
663
4547
1160
6609
1840
9016
2870
12039
3950
15053
5600
19208
7620
23755
9680
27675

Strength Code
10.9
Yield Load Initial Tightening Force Tightening Torque
kgf
kgf
kgfCcm
15
338
482
34
589
842
69
953
1362
118
1349
1928
286
2457
3510
567
3894
5562
990
5659
8084
1580
7720
11029
2460
10539
15056
3380
12889
18413
4790
16447
23496
6520
20340
29058
8290
23697
33853

Yield Load
kgf
328
573
927
1313
2390
3787
5505
7510
10252
12922
16489
20392
23757

8.8
Initial Tightening Force Tightening Torque
kgf
kgfCcm
10
230
23
401
47
649
80
919
195
1673
386
2651
674
3853
1070
5257
1670
7176
2370
9045
3360
11542
4580
14274
5820
16630

(Note)CTightening Conditions:Use of a torque wrench(lubricated with oil ;Torque coefficient k = 0.17; Tightening coefficient Q = 1.4)
CThe torque coefficient varies with the usage conditions. Values in this table should be used as rough referential values.
CThe table is an excerpt from a catalog published by Kyokuto Seisakusho Co., Ltd.

Impact Load
12
15
15

Reference Strength:Yield Stress for Ductile Material

Fracture Stress for Fragile Material

The Yield Stress, Strength Code 12.9, isb=112[kgf/mm2]

Allowable Stress t= b/Safety Factor(5 in the above table)
=112/5
=22.4
[kgf/mm2]

As=Pt/t
=200/22.4
=8.9[mm2]
A larger effective sectional area should

TfA=138[kgfCcm]

Reference Strength
Safety

3
4
5

Repeated Load
Pulsating Reversed
5
8
6
10
5
9

(Ex.)The proper size of a bolt with a hexagonal hole, which is to bear a repeated tensile load (pulsating) at P = 200 kgf, should be determined.
(Bolt with a hexagonal hole, made of 1045 Steel, 38 to 43 HRC, strength code 12.9)

Torque Coefficient
Nominal Diameter of Bolt[cm]
Tightening Coefficient
Proof Stress(112kgf/mm2 when the strength class is 12.9)
Effective Sectional Area of the Bolt[mm2]

ICalculations Example

yCAsCd
TfA=0.35k(1+1/Q)
TfA=0.35C0.17
(1+1/1.4)112C20.1C0.6

Static Load

If the tolerable load is 200 kgf or more, strength code 10.9, M8, 318 [kgf],
should be selected from the table at the right. Hence, MSB10 with the M8
threaded portion and an axial diameter of 10 mm should be selected. If it is to
bear a shearing load, a dowel pin should also be used.

IStrength of Screw Plug

Allowable Load P when screw plug MSW30 is to bear an impact load should be determined.
(MSW30 made of 1045 Steel, Tensile forceb, 34 to 43 HRC:65 kgf/mm2.)
If MWS is shorn at a spot within the minor diameter section and
Area A=Core Diameter d1MQML
is broken, allowable load P can be calculated as shown below.
(Core Diameter d1M-P)
A=(M-P)QL=(30-1.5)QM12
Allowable Load P=tMA
2
=1074[mm ]
=3.9M107.4
Yield Stress0.9MTensile Strengthb=0.9M65=58.2
=4190
[kgf]
Shearing Stress0.8MYield Stress
=46.6
Find the allowable shearing force base
Allowable Shearing Stresst=Shearing Stress/Safety Factor 12
on the core diameter of internal thread if
=46.6/12=3.9
[kgf/mm2]
tapping is made of soft material.

IFatigue Strength of Bolt(Thread: Fatigue strength 2 million times)

Strength Code
Effective
12.9
10.9
Nominal Sectional Area
of Thread As
Fatigue Strength* Allowable Load Fatigue Strength* Allowable Load
mm2 kgf/mm2
kgf
kgf
kgf/mm2
79
9.1
M 4
8.78
114
13.1
111
7.8
M 5
14.2
160
11.3
149
7.4
M 6
20.1
213
10.6
318
8.7
M 8
36.6
326
8.9
423
7.3
M10
58
429
7.4
548
6.5
M12
84.3
565
6.7
690
6
M14 115
702
6.1
895
5.7
M16 157
911
5.8
1250
5.1
M20 245
1274
5.2
1659
4.7
M24 353
1659
4.7
Fatigue strength* is a revision of an excerpt fromEstimated Fatigue Limits of
Machine Screws, Bolts and Metric Screws for Nuts" (Yamamoto).

M
Core Diameter d1
P

Metric_1801-1886

IStrength of Dowel Pin

The proper size of a dowel pin under repeated shearing load of 800 kgf(one-way swing)
should be determined.(Dowel pin made of S2100 Bearns Steel, 58HRC or greater.)
P=AM
=QD2/4
D= (4P)/(Q)

Yield Stress for S2100 Bearns Steel

b =120
[kgf/mm2]
Allowable Shearing Strength=bM0.8/Safety Factor
=120M0.8/5
=19.2
[kgf/mm2]

= (4M800)/
(3.14M19.2)
7.3
D8 or a larger size should be selected for MS. If the dowel pins are of a large
uniform size, some of the tools and part of the stock or the like will be unnecessary.

The dowel pin must not be loaded.

Typical strength calculations are presented here. In a real-life situation, it will be necessary to take into account hole-to-hole pitch precision, hole
perpendicularity, surface roughness, circularity, plate material, parallelism, quenching or non-quenching, precision of the press, product output, wear of
tools, etc. Hence the values in these examples are referential(but not guaranteed)values.

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