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Basics of Torment
Basics of Torment
Extensional Strain ( )
Modulus of Elasticity(E)
Shear strain ( )
Shear Modulus(G)
Definition of Torsion: Consider a shaft rigidly clamped at one end and twisted at the other end by a
torque
applied in a plane perpendicular to the axis of the bar such a shaft is said to be in
torsion.
The physical understanding of the phenomena of setting up of shear stresses in a shaft subjected to
torsion may be understood from the figure 1 to 3.
Fig 1: Here the cylindrical member or a shaft is in static equilibrium where T is the resultant external
torque acting on the member. Let the member be imagined to be cut by some imaginary plane mn'.
Fig 2: When the plane 1mn' cuts remove the portion on L.H.S. and we get a fig 2. Now since the entire
member is in equilibrium, therefore, each portion must be in equilibrium. Thus, the member is in
equilibrium under the action of resultant external torque T and developed resisting Torque Tr .
Fig 3: The Figure shows that how the resisting torque Tr by virtue of an infinites small shear forces acting
on the plane perpendicular to the axis of the shaft. Obviously such shear forces would be developed by
virtue of shear stresses.
Therefore we can say that when a particular member (say shaft in this case) is subjected to a torque, the
result would be that on any element there will be shear stresses acting. While on other faces the
complementary shear forces come into picture. Thus, we can say that when a member is subjected to
torque, an element of this member will be subjected to a state of pure shear.
Shaft: The shafts are the machine elements which are used to transmit power in machines.
Twisting Moment: The twisting moment for any section along the bar / shaft is defined to be the
algebraic sum of the moments of the applied couples that lie to one side of the section under
consideration. The choice of the side in any case is of course arbitrary.
Shearing Strain: If a generator ab is marked on the surface of the unloaded bar, then after the twisting
moment 'T' has been applied this line moves to ab'. The angle measured in radians, between the final
and original positions of the generators is defined as the shearing strain at the surface of the bar or
shaft. The same definition will hold at any interior point of the bar.
Modulus of Elasticity in shear: The ratio of the shear stress to the shear strain is called the modulus of
elasticity in shear OR Modulus of Rigidity and in represented by the symbol G.
Angle of Twist: If a shaft of length L is subjected to a constant twisting moment T along its length, than
the angle through which one end of the bar will twist relative to the other is known is the angle of
twist.
For the purpose of designing a circular shaft to withstand a given torque, we must develop an equation
giving the relation between twisting moment, maximum shear stress produced, and a quantity
representing the size and shape of the cross-sectional area of the shaft.
DERIVATION OF TORSION EQUATION:
When a circular shaft is subjected to torsion, shear stresses are set up in the material of the shaft. To
determine the magnitude of shear stress at any point on the shaft, consider a shaft fixed at one end AA
and free at the end BB as shown in fig.16.1 Let CD is any line on the outer surface of the shaft. Now let
the shaft is subjected to a torque T , the shaft at the end BB will rotate clockwise and every cross-section
of the shaft will be subjected to shear stresses.
The point D will shift to D and hence line CD will be deflected to CD as shown in fig.16.2a The line OD
will be shifted to OD as shown in fig.16.2b
Let
R =Radius of shaft
L = Length of shaft
T =Torque applied at the end BB
= Shear stress induced at the surface of the shaft due to torque T
C/G = Modulus of rigidity of the material of the shaft
=
also equal to shear strain
=
and is also called angle of twist.
------------------- (i)
{
in equation (i), we get
----------------- (ii)
Now the modulus of rigidity (G) of the material of the shaft is given as
------------------- 5.1
Now for a given shaft subjected to a given torque (T), the values of G,
Hence shear stress produced is proportional to the radius R.
--------------(iii)
RESISTING TORQUE:
From the point of view of equilibrium, the external torque T must be balanced by the resisting torque
(Tr). The resisting torque is the sum of the moments of tangential shearing stress acting on any
transverse section. Fig. 21.5 shows a circular shaft subjected to an external torque T. Consider a
ring radial distance r from the centre of the shaft and of thickness . The intensity of shear
stress q is equal to fs,r/R, from equation
The elementary resisting couple set up this thin ring is given by
(
)
Where = area of the elementary ring
Hence the resisting couple set up by the whole cross-section of the shaft is
Finally equating
1. The relative stiffness of two shafts is measured by the inverse ratio of the angles of twist
in equal lengths of shafts when subjected to equal torques.
2. Maximum and Mean torque: if the torque fluctuates, the greatest value of the torque
must be used in evaluating the maximum shear stress due to torsion. On the other hand
for calculating power P, mean torque should be used.
3. J for solid shaft
4. J for Hollow shaft
POWER TRANSMITTED:
Consider a shaft to a torque T and rotating at N revolutions per minute (rpm). Power is defined
as the rate of doing work. Taking second as the unit of time then, angle through which torque
moves is
If T is taken in N m, then unit of power is in N m/sec i.e., Watt. Since a Watt is a small
quantity in practice, it is expressed in kilo watt (kW).
Note that 1 metric H.P. = 0.75 kW.
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and
strain energy for a solid shaft
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