Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Oksidacije
Oksidacije
Oksidacije
1) Zasi}eni ugljovodonici
* R eaktivnost C -H veza: prim < sec < tert
1
Et
Et
: 110 : 7000
Et
Na Cr 2 O 7
Et
A cO H , H 2 SO 4
Et
O
+
OH
Et
Et
Et
36%
41%
* R etencija konfiguracije
R2
R1
O
H
R3
OH
Cr
R1
R2
Cr(O H ) 3
R3
OH
R2
OH
R2
H 2O
R3
R3
K 2 Cr 2 O 7 , H 2 O
Cr(O H ) 3
R3
R1
R1
R2
R1
Cr(O H ) 3
O
OH
H ClO 4 , A cO H
KMnO 4
OH
H 2 O , s. t.
HO
HO
( )n
( )n
CrO 3
H 2 SO 4 konc.
4 C H 3C O O H
39%
2) O K SID A C IJE A LK E N A
OH
A ) H idroksilacija ili
fragm entacija
R1
R2
R1
OH
R2
B ) E poksidacija
R3
R3
+
O
R2
R3
R1
ili
R1
R2
R3
C ) A lilna oksidacija
R1
R2
OH
R3
KMnO 4
R1
pH -zavisno
R1
R2
O K
R1
OH
Mn
Mn
R2
OH
H 2O
pH 12
R2
R1
R2
O MnO 3
OH
OH
MnO 4
pH 7
pH 9
MnO 4
H
H
R1
R1
R1
R2
Mn
Mn
R2
R2
O
O
OH
R1
CH O
+
R2
CH O
R1
KMnO 4
CO 2 H
+
R2
CO 2 H
O MnO 2
O
H 2O
R1
R2
OH
O
KMnO 4 , Na O H
tBuO H ,
OH
H 2 O , 0 C
OH
40%
H
CH O
KMnO 4 , Mg SO 4
55-66%
H 2 O , a ce ton, -1 5 C
CH O
Stereospecifi~nost dihidroksilacije
R
R
R
KMnO 4
cis
OH
OH
m e so
(e ritro)
KMnO 4
HO
cis
KMnO 4 , H 2 O
Na O H (v i{a k)
(CH 2 ) 7 CO O H
KMnO 4 , H 2 O
H 2 SO 4 do pH 9 -9,5
CH 3 (CH 2 ) 7
H
HO
(CH 2 ) 7 CO O H
H
OH
Na IO 4 , pH 7,7
HO
O
75%
+
CH 3 (CH 2 ) 7
CH 3 (CH 2 ) 7 CO O H
81%
(CH 2 ) 7 CO O H
(CH 2 ) 7 CO O H
OH
d,l
(tre o)
CH 3 (CH 2 ) 7
CH 3 (CH 2 ) 7
OH
H O O C(CH 2 ) 7 CO O H
O sO 4
Py r
O
O sO 4
Py r
OH
KO H
m a nitol
*
Os
O
O
Me
Py
r
Me
70%
O Me
O Me
O Me
O Me
O sO 4 (ka t.), Na IO 4
CH O
dioksa n, H 2 O
OAc
OAc
+
79%
N
Me
OAc
OAc
O
O sO 4 (0,5% ), N M O
H 2 O , TH F
O
O
HCHO
* NM O=
K 2 O sO 4 : bezbednija varijanta O sO 4
(* H 2 S, N aH SO 3 )
OH
100%
O
O
O HO
OC
O
O
Ph
OC
HO
HO
OH
Ph
Cl
CO 2
PCBO
Me O
Me O
N
D ihidrokinin-p-hlorbenzoat (D H Q PC B )
D ihidrokinidin-p-hlorbenzoat (D H Q D PC B )
OH
O sO 4 (1 m ol % ), N M O
CO 2 Me
D H Q PC B (kat.), T H F, H 2 O
CO 2 Me
72% , 99% ee
HO
CrO 3
OAc
OAc
CO 2 Me
PhMg Br
A c2O
Et2 O , PhH
A cO H
Ph
A cO
A cO
CrO 3
OAc
A cO H , H 2 O
CO 2 H
A cO
60%
Ph 2 C=O
Ph
O3
R1
R2
R2
O
+
R3
R1
O
O
R1
O
O
CH
R3
R2
R1
O
R3
1 H 2 O 2 , H
CO 2 H
ili CrO 3
ili KMnO 4
ili RCO 3 H
R2
R3
R1
R2
R3
3 LiA lH 4
ili N aB H 4
R3
2 Me 2 S, Me O H
ili Ph 3 P
ili H 2 + Pd/C
ili Zn/A cO H
+
R1
OH
R2
R1
O
R3
CH O
R2
1 O 3 , M eO H
75%
2 M e 2 S
1 O 3 , C H 2 C l 2 , M eO H , -78 C
82%
2 M e 2 S, -78 C do s. t.
O
O
1 O 3 , M eO H
90%
2 H 2 O 2 , H +
O
O Me
O Me
Birch
1 O 3 , M eO H
2 M e 2 S
CH 2 O H
CO 2 Me
CH O
H g (O A c ) 2
H g (O 2 CCF 3 ) 2 , H g (O NO 2 ) 2
Hg OAc
OAc
OAc
OAc
Hg
OAc
Na BH 4
40% frontalin
THF
HO
N C
H g (NO 3 ) 2
CH 3 CN, s. t.
H g (O A c) 2
O
OAc
NaBH 4
H gO A c
CH 3
H gO NO 2
N
R
Hg
O NO 2
Me
Na BH 4
NH
Na O H
H 2O
CH 3 CN
O NO 2
H O Me
H g(O A c) 2
CO 2 H
Me O H ,
Me
H
CO 2 H
H
Hg
OAc
O Me H
Me
CO 2 H
HgOAc
KBr, Br 2 , H 2 O
HBr
O Me
CO 2 H
Br
75-85%
70%
PdCl 2
Cl
OH2
Pd
Cl
Cl
Pd
H OH
OH
R
R
-PdH C l
-H C l
C l 2 Pd
Pd(0)
C u(I)
O2
C u(II)
OH
O
CH O
PdCl 2 (0 ,5 m ol % ), CuCl(2 0 m ol % )
CH O
H 2 O , D MF, O 2 , s. t.
KO H
70%
O
O
PdCl 2 , CuCl 2 , O 2
59%
H 2O
O
B ) E PO K SID A C IJA
O
R
OH
CO 2 H
Cl
CO 3 H
CO 3 H < H CO 3 H <
<
<
HO 2 C
CO 3 H
< CF 3 CO 3 H
CO 2 )2 Mg
PA A
PB A
NO 2
m -C PB A
M M PP
TFPA A
* Prilje`ajevljeva reakcija
Ph
PBA
Ph
CH Cl 3
O
H
Ph
75%
Ph
m -C PB A
C H C l3 ,
68-78%
O
PA A
CH Cl 3 ,
m -C PB A
O
PhC O O H
CO 3 H
HO
CO 2 H
O
HO
HO
O CH O
H
H 2 O 2 , H CO O H
OH
HCOOH
H 2O
O CH
O
HC O H
OH
N aO H
OH
73%
O CO CF 3
OH
CF 3 CO O O H
OH
O CO CF 3
OH
H C l, H 2 O
OH
95%
O
O
O
O
PA A
EtO A c
TFPA A , T FA
N a 2 C O 3 , C H 2 C l2
TFPA A , T FA
CO 2 Me
N a 2 H PO 4 , C H 2 C l 2
81%
O
84%
CO 2 Me
77%
* E nol-etri, enol-estri
O Et
O Et
PB A
E t 2 O , 0 C
O Et
O Bz
PhCO O H
O Bz
OH
30 sek.
61%
PBA
CH Cl 3 , -5 C
A cO
160 C
O
A cO
80%
O
O
p-T sO H
C H C l3
25 C
OAc
O
85%
Me
A cO
* cis -Stereospecifi~nost
H
H
R1
Perkiselina
R2
R2
R1
cis
R1
H
Perkiselina
R2
R2
R1
trans
77%
PBA
H
H
CH Cl 3
H
H
CO 3H
94
CO 2H
72%
Et2 O , s. t.
OX
OX
PB A
benzen, s. t.
OX
X=H
78%
7%
X = Ac
24%
18%
O
Ph
PA A , N aO A c
A cO H
Ph
H OAc
Ph
O
H
OAc
O
50%
H 2 O 2 / NaOH ;
t BuOOH
/ NaOH
H 2 O 2 , NaO H
HO
H O O
- HO
O
H 2 O 2 , Na O H
Me O H
72%
H 2 O 2 , NaO H
Me O H
CH O
Ph
Ph
O O H , Na O H
M eO H , 35-40 C
pH 8,5
Ph
CN
Ph
M eO H , pH 8,5
H 2 O 2 , NaO H
CH O
73%
Ph
NH 2
Ph
60%
O
H 2 O 2 , NaO H
O
H 2 O 2 , Na O H
Me O H
Me
O
Me
MeO H
O
HO
* R eagens: Ti( i PrO ) 4
OH
+
+
EtO 2 C
O OH
CO 2 Et
TBHP
(+)-D E T
ili
(-)-D E T
O
Ti( i PrO )
4 , TB H P
( R,R )-(+)-D E T
C H 2 C l 2 , -20 C
OH
n-C 14 H 2 9
OH
Ti( i PrO ) 4 , TB H P
(+)-D E T , C H 2 C l 2
77% ; 95% ee
OH
O
n-C 1 4 H 29
OH
91% ; >96% ee
* K ineti~ko odvajanje
O
Ph
OH
Me
Ph
OH
Me
Ph
OH
Me
80% ee
* R eakcije epoksida
Li
HO
CH , ED A
75%
D M SO , s. t., 15 h
OH
OH
Ph
Me 2 CuL i
O
O
74%
OH
OH
O
n-C 7 H 15
Ph
E t 2 O , -40 C
Red-A l
OH
THF
n-C 7 H 15
OH
90%
Br
H Br, H 2 O
CH Cl 3
O
OH
BF 3 Et2 O
be nze n
O
O BF 3
OH
99%
BF 3 Et2 O
be nze n
OHC
SeO 2
1
R
R
Se
HO
R
Se
O Se O H
H 2O
OH
O
H
Se
-Se 0
OH
OH
Se O 2 , H 2 O
55%
tBuO H
OH
OH
Se O 2 , dioksa n
H 2O ,
68%
23%
Se O 2
Me O 2 C
EtO H
Me O 2 C
CH O
55%
1 SeO 2 , E tO H , PhH
77%
2 A c 2 O
HO
A cO
O Et
CO 2 Et
Se O 2 , A cO H
75%
A cO
A cO
CrO 3
OAc
OAc
O
CrO 3 , A cO H
A cO
75%
A cO
HN
CrO 3 D MP
CH 2 Cl 2
O
O
O
O
O
DMP = N
O2
(S 1 )
hv
O O
O O
O O
1 /2 = 10 -6 s
H 2O 2
R C O 3H
KOH
+
B r2
O =O (S 1 )
H 2O 2
O 2 (S 1 )
O
(PhO ) 3 P
hv
O3
O2
hv
sens (T 1 )
sens
(PhO ) 3 P
O 2 (S 1 )
sens
Na O
sens (S 1 )
O2
sens
Br
sens:
O 2 (S 1 )
sens (T 1 )
+
Br
O
Br
Br
O 2 (S 1 )
CO 2 Na
I
H
O2
OH
NaO
I
O
O O
E ozin
I
Cl
CO 2 Na
Cl
Cl
B engalsko
crveno
Cl
H
N
Me 2 N
NMe 2 Cl
S
M etilen-plavo
OOH
hv (W ), O 2
OH
Na 2 SO 3
m etilen-plavo
73%
O2
hv , hem atoporfirin
piridin
HO
HO
8%
H
11%
44%
65%
B E N Z IL N E O K SID A C IJE
CrO 3
O
C rO 3 , H 2 SO 4 40%
OH
80-85%
100 C
O
C rO 3 , H 2 O
50%
250 C
O
CrO 3
CrO 3
OH
Me
CO O H
CrO 3
NO 2
H 2 SO 4 konc.
NO 2
NO 2
NO 2
O
R1
R1
CrO 3 , 1 0 % u A cO H
90%
s. t.
R2
R2
Na 2 Cr 2 O 7 2 H 2 O
A cO H , A c 2 O ,
OH
O
A cO
Me
NO 2
OAc
CH O
CrO 3 , H 2 SO 4
H 2 SO 4
A c 2 O , 5 -1 0 C
H 2 O , EtO H
NO 2
66%
NO 2
94%
70%
C H 3C O O H
KM n O 4
Ar
Ar
CO O H
CH 3
CO O H
KMnO 4 , Na O H
H 3O
H 2 O , 9 5 C
<20 C
70%
H g Cl
H g Cl
CO O H
KMnO 4
CO O H
HNO 3
H NO 3
Me
Me
CO O H
59%
3) O K SID A C IJE A LK O H O LA
R2
R2
OH
R1
O ks
R1
O
R1
O ks
O ks-H
R2
H
B
H 2 CrO 4 (H 2 Cr2 O 7 )
Na 2 Cr 2 O 7 , H 2 SO 4
H 2 O , 70 C
OH
94%
O
C8 H 1 7
C 8 H 17
Na 2 Cr 2 O 7 2 H 2 O
96%
A cO H , 25-58 C
HO
Br
O
Br
Br
Br
HB
OH
Na 2 Cr 2 O 7
OH
CH O
H 2 SO 4 , H 2 O
C r(V I)
O
O
K 2 Cr 2 O 7 , H 2 SO 4
OH
CH O
CrO 3 , H 2 SO 4 , H 2 O
OH
35-41%
CrO 3 , H 2 SO 4 , H 2 O
Ph
49%
CH O
de stila cija
OH
HO
45%
80%
Ph
OH
CrO 3 , H 2 SO 4 , H 2 O
O
67-79%
C H 2 C l 2 , -5-0 C
H
OH
CrO 3
O
O
Cr O H
O
OH
H
O
CrO 3
Cr O H
O
H
3,2
OH
HO
H
1
18
OH
OH
HO
1
Jones-ov reagens
2,5
HO
C rO 3 + aceton + H 2 SO 4 + H 2 O
CO 2 Me
CO 2 Me
OH
Jone s
titrov anje
88%
H
CO 2 Me
CO 2 Me
OH
Jone s
70%
OAc
OAc
OH
Jones
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
Ph
Ph
80%
(t BuO) 2 CrO 2
(eksplozivan)
CH O
OH
t Bu
2 CrO 4
tBuO H ,
85%
petrole tar
t Bu
OH
2 CrO 4
tBuO H ,
CH O
pe trole ta r
94%
2 Py r u piridinu
HO
O
H
H
H
CrO 3
piridin
OH
Ph
Ph
O
O
CrO 3
piridin
Ph
Ph
O
CrO 3
OH
piridin
CrO 3
OH
piridin
CH O
CH O
88%
88%
65%
89%
C o llin s-o v re ag en s :
OH
CrO 3 2Py r u CH 2 Cl 2
[RO H ] : [Cr(VI)] = 1 :5 - 1 :6
CrO 3 2Py r
98%
CH 2 Cl 2
C ollins
OH
OH
O
CH O
93%
CH O
C ollins
OH
99%
C ollins
PCC
OH
CrO 3
H Cl
Py r
OH
PCC, CH 2 Cl 2
93%
OH
PCC, CH 2 Cl 2
HO
91%
O
PCC, CH 2 Cl 2
OH
Cr
Cr
O
O
Cr(VI)
PCC
OH
CH 2 Cl 2
OH
(-)-Pulegon
PCC, A l 2 O 3
ili
PCC, Na O A c
OH
PC C (3,7 ekv.)
C H 2 C l 2 , s. t., 2 h
HO
OH
82%
CH O
OHC
CH O
CH O
PC C (3 ekv.)
90%
C H 2 C l2
OH
PCC, Na O A c
CH 2 Cl 2 , s. t., 2 h
CH O
76%
OH
O
O
60%
PCC
O
O
72%
CH 2 Cl 2
O
O
O
CH O
OH
Me O
PCC (1 e kv .)
Me O
CH 2 Cl 2 , s. t., 1 h
O
OH
CH O
PC C (1,5 ekv.), N aO A c
53%
C H 2 C l 2 : dioksan = 1 : 1
HO
PDC
76%
C rO 3 + H 2 O
HO
Pyr
Cr 2 O 7
N
H
* u C H 2 C l2 : R C H 2 O H
R -C H O
* u D M F : R C H 2O H
OH
PD C
R -C O O H
CH O
CH 2 Cl 2
92%
OH
O
CH O
O
PD C (1,5 ekv.)
70%
CH 2 Cl 2
OH
PD C
D MF
CO O H
PD C
OH
D M F, s. t.
CO O H
83%
OH
PD C (1,6 ekv.)
D M F, s. t., 6 h
67%
65%
MnO 2
MnO 2
OH
* M nSO 4
H 2O
K M nO 4
M nO 2 xH 2 O
pH
MnO 2
A r CH 2 O H
Ar
100-200 C
CH O
M nO 2
OH
CH O
MnO 2 , pe trol-eta r
80%
6 dana, s. t.
R etinen
V itam in A
Me O
Me O
OH
Me O
MnO 2 , a ce ton
OH
Me O
s. t., 5 h
MnO 2
HO
HO
80%
OH
CH O
OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
MnO 2
OH
90%
CH Cl 3
HO
OH
94%
KMnO 4
R -C H 2 -O H
CO 2 Et
R -C O O H
CO 2 Et
KMnO 4 , Na 2 H PO 4
Mg SO 4 , H 2 O
pe trol-e ta r, 1 5 C
OH
KMnO 4 , H 2 SO 4
CO 2 H
51-54%
OH
Ph
pH = 7
Ph
H 2O
CO 2 H
65%
KMnO 4
OH
CO O H
H 2 SO 4 , H 2 O
Ag 2 C O 3 / C e llite
Fe tizon-ov re a g e ns
A g 2 CO 3 /Ce llite
CH O
be nze n
OH
95%
Fetizon
O
OH
OH
OH
A g 2 CO 3 /Ce llite
be nze n
HO
80%
Oppenauer-ova oksidacija
R1
A l(O R) 2
R1
OH
A l(O t B u) 3
O
O
R2
R2
Al
R1
R2
R1
(RO ) 2 A lO iPr
+
R2
( tBuO ) 3 A l
80%
a ce ton, be nze n,
OH
O
O
OH
, A l(O i Pr) 3
HO
A l(O i Pr) 3
a ce ton
O
H
Me
Me
KBrO 3
CO 2 H
A cO H , A c 2 O
H 2 SO 4
A cO O A c
I OAc
O
O
100 C
O
Periodinane
H
D MP
CH 2 Cl 2 , s. t.
OH
90%
O
O
Me O 2 C
Me O 2 C
D MP, CH 2 Cl 2
OH
Ph
Ph
D M P, Pyr
O
O T BD MS
Me O 2 C
s. t., 2 h
OH
64%
CH O
C H 2 C l 2 , s. t.
91%
O T BD MS
Me O 2 C
0,67 h
Me
T BD MS =
Si tBu
Me
HN
HN
D M P (1,5 ekv.)
87%
C H 2 C l 2 , s. t.,
1,5 h
OH
O
O
OH
SPh
C H 2 C l 2 , s. t.,
N
O
SPh
D M P (10 ekv.)
T BD MS
1,5 h
70%
N
O
T BD MS
OH
CO 2 Me
D MP (v i{a k)
CH 2 Cl 2 , s. t., 1 h
CO 2 Me
98%
P b (O Ac) 4
Ph
2Pyr
Pb(O A c) 4
OH
CH O
Ph
Py r
90%
piridin
CH O
OH
Pb(O A c) 4
benzen
50%
O
C u2
OH
Cu 2
O
Ph
Ph
OH
O
(CH 2 ) 8
Cu(O A c) 2 , A cO H
, 1 m in
OH
70%
Ph
Ph
90%
O
89%
(CH 2 ) 8
O
DMSO -a
D M SO + D C C + TFA Pyr
vi{ak
3 ekv.
kat. kol.
H
O
N C N
Me
R1
O
-Me 2 S
R2
S Me
NH Cy
R1
O C R2
D MSO
DCC
R1
Cy
R2
H H
R1
HN
R2 H
T FA Py r = F 3 C
Py r
O
HN
HN
D MSO , D CC
OH
CH O
T FA Py r, C 6 H 6
100%
CH O
OH
D MSO , D CC
84%
T FA Py r, C 6 H 6
* D M SO / A c 2 O
A c2O
D M SO
-A cO H
O
S
R 2 CH O H
-A cO H
H
HO
OH
D M SO
A c2O
OHC
OH
R2C
H
S
-M e 2 S
R 2 C=O
OH
D MSO , P 4 O 1 0
O
O
O
O
D MSO + T FA + Et3 N
ili
65%
CH 2 Cl 2 , -7 8 C
O
S
O C
> -30 C
CF 3
Me
0 C
CF 3
O
O
S
O C
C
O
Cl
-60 C
Cl
-C O , -C O 2
O
HN
Ph
Cl
Cl
O
Ph
1 D M SO , (C O C l) 2 , -78 C
OH
2 D IPE A *, -78 C do s. t.
HN
Ph
O
Ph
3 K C N
HN
Ph
Ph
95%
CN
OH
* D IPE A = Me
OH
N
Boc
1 D M SO , (C O C l) 2 , C H 2 C l 2
2 E t 3 N , -78 C do s. t.
C O
O
CH O
96,4%
OKSIDACIJA GLIKOLA
OH OH
Glikolno raskidanje
Criegee-ova oksidacija
P b (O Ac) 4
(O T A )
Pb(O A c) 4
OH
A cO H
OH
O
OH
R
64%
CH O
+
Pb(O A c) 3
Pb(O A c) 2
O
CH 2 O
OH
Pb(O A c) 3
OTA
A cO H
OH
A cO
O
O
OAc
OH
A cO Pb
OTA
100
A cO H
OH
OH
OH
H
H
3800
O TA
A cO H
OHC
CH O
OH
1
O TA
A cO H
OH
CO 2
H
OH
O TA (sporo dodavanje)
OH
benzen, 25-30 C
CO 2
OHC
CO 2 Bu n
77-87%
HIO 4 , NaIO 4
Malaprad-eova reakcija
OH
H O 2C
OH
R1
KIO 4 , H 2 SO 4
O
I
H 2 O , EtO H
R2
CH O
OH
H O 2C
CH O
89%
OH
76%
OH
O
H IO 4
O
OH
HO
H IO 4
OH
Na IO 4 , CH 2 Cl 2
O
OH
Na H CO 3 , H 2 O
<30 C
O
O
CH O
97%
4) OKSIDACIJE FENOLA
K 3 F e(C N) 6
OH
O
K 3 Fe (CN) 6
pH >7
K 3 Fe (CN) 6
OH
HO
OH
OH
OH
o, o
K 3 Fe (CN) 6
OH
o, p
H
O
O
20%
O
HO
OH
K 3 Fe (CN) 6
HO
O
O
OH
OH
OH
U sninska kiselina
O N(S O 3 K) 2 Fremy-jeva so
OH
Fre m y X=H
Frem y
pH > 7
H
X
O
O
Frem y X=R, O R
CO 2 Et
HO
Frem y
CO 2 Et
85%
NH 2
Frem y, 2 ekv.
EtO
93%
EtO
O
O N(SO 3 K) 2
R-COOH
CH O
O MnO 3
KMnO 4
R C
H 2 SO 4 , H 2 O
O MnO 3
OH
H
OH2
CO 2 H
CH O
H 2 O , 70 C
CO 2 H
KMnO 4
90-96%
K 2 Cr 2 O 7 , H 2 SO 4 , H 2 O
O
A g NO 3
75%
100 C
CH O
Na O H
in situ
A g 2O
A g 2O
CH O
CO 2 H
Na O H , H 2 O
CH O
CO 2 H
A g 2O
Na O H , H 2 O
CO 2 H
95-97%
S
60%
76%
O
R1
* R
R1
OX
SeO2
O
OH
Se
Se O 2
R
R1
O
R
R1
R1
Se O 2
Ph
R
R1
OH
Se
Ph
72%
Se O 2
O
90%
P b (O Ac) 4
O
O
OTA
C6H 6
31%
OAc
O
OTA
C6H 6
A cO
, 90 h
O
O T A , BF 3 Et2 O
86%
C 6 H 6 , 2 5 C
A cO
OAc
A cO
O
AS O 2 N
Ar
Davies-ov reagens
Ar
N
SO 2 A r
1 K H D M S
2 PhSO 2 N (O )C H Ph (1,5 ekv.)
TH F, -78 C
O
85%
OH
O
O
OH
OH
1 K H D M S, TH F, -78 C
2 D avies, 1,5 ekv.
O
OH
78%
A rSO 2 N CH A r