DESIGN OF BOX TYPE CULVERT

2 Super imposed load

3 Live load
4 Wieght of soil
5 Angle of repose
6 Nominal cover top / bottom
6 Cocrete

Mscbc

12000
45000
18000
30
50
20
7

Thickness of top slab

Thickness of bottom slab

3.05

N/m2
N/m2
Degree
mm

Nominal cover side

wt. of concrete

400
400
410

8 Thickess of side wall

x
N/m

Water side sst

415

7 Steel

4.00

1 In side diamentions

N/m2

m
N/m2 sst

150

50
25000
13
190

mm

thickness of side wall is OK

mm

O.K.

mm
kg/m3
N/m2

mm

9 Reinforcement
Top slab

20
8

mm F @

Vertical

8
20
8
8
20

mm F @

Distribution

mm c/c

mm F @

120
110
200
100
110
-180
300

mm F @

110

mm c/c

240

mm c/c

Main
Distribution
At supports

Bottom slab

Main
Distribution
At supports

Side vertical wall

20 mm F @

mm F @
mm F @
mm F @
mm F @

8 mm F @

200

8 mm F @

mm c/c
mm c/c
mm c/c
mm c/c
mm c/c

Through out slab at bottom

mm c/c

Both side

mm C/C
110

mm C/c

400
800
20 mm F @
300 mm C/C

20 mm F @
120 mm C/C

3.05

8 mm F @
110 mm C/C
20 mm F @
100 mm c/c
410
20 mm F @
200 mm c/c
400
pk_nandwana@yahoo.co.in

8 mm F @
200 mm C/C
4.00

8 mm F @
110

mm C/c
400

O.K.

1
2
3
4
5
6
6

In side diamentions
Super imposed load
Live load
Wieght of soil
Angle of repose
Nominal cover top/bottom
Cocrete

7 Steel
1 Solution

DESIGN OF BOX TYPE CULVERT

4
x 3.05 m
12000
N/m3
45000
N/m2
18000
wt. of water
N/m2
30
Degree
50
mm
Nominal cover Side
20
wt. of concrete
M2
7
m
scbc
N/m
Out side sst
415
Fy
water side side sst

9800

N/m3

50
mm
25000 N/m3
13
190
N/m2
150
N/m2

Genral

For the purpose of design , one metre length of the box is considered.
The analysis is done for the following cases.
(I) Live load, dead load and earth prssure acting , with no water pressure from inside.
(II) Live and dead load on top and earth pressure acting from out side, and water pressure acting from inside,
with no live load on sides
(III) Dead load and earth pressure acting from out side and water pressure from in side.
Let the thicness of Horizontal slab
Vertical wall thicness
Effective slab span
Effective Height of wall

400
400
4
3.05

mm
mm
+
0.4
+
0.4

=
=
=
=

0.4
0.4
4.4
3.45

m
m
m
m

2 Case 1 : Dead and live load from out side of while no water pressure from inside.
10000
Self weight og top slab =
0.4 x
1x
1 x #### =
57000
Live load and dead load =
45000 + ####
=
67000
Total load on top =
34500
Weight of side wall =
3.45 x
0.4 x ####
=
\ Upward soil reaction at base = ( 67000 x
4.4 )+(
2 x #### )=
82681.8
4.4
1 - sin 30
10.5
0.5 = 1 =
Ka =
=
=
1 + sin 30
1+
0.5
3
1.5
\ Latral pressure due to dead load and live load = Pv x Ka
19000 N/m2
p = #### x
0.33 =
Latral pressure due to soil Ka x w x h
=
0.33 x #### h = 6000 h
Hence total pressure
= #### + 6000 h
19000 N/m2
Latral presure intencity at top
=
39700
Latral pressure intencity at bottom
= #### + 6000 x 3.45 =
Fig 1 show the box culvert
frame ABC D, along with the
external loads, Due to symmetry,
half of frame (i.e. AEFD ) of box
culvert is considered for moment
distribution. Since all the members
have uniform thickness, and uniform
diamentions, the relative stiffness
K for AD will be equal to 1 while the
relative stiffness for AE and DF will
be 1/2.

w=

67000 N/m

N/m2
N/m2
N/m2
N/m
N/m2
0.33

N/m2

19000

19000
A

4.40

h
19000

3.45

6000 h
D

C
19000

39700
w

82682 N/m

Fig 1

20700

Distribution factore for AD and DA=

1
=
1+1/2

Fix end moments will be as under : MFAB=

Mfdc=
MFAD = +
MFAD = +

pL2
12
19000

+
x
12

WL
15
3.45

2/3
wL2
12

1/2
=
1+1/2

Distribution factore for AB and DC=

1/3

#### x
3.45 2=
-66456 N - m
12
#### x
wL2
3.45 2= 82010 N - m
+
=
12
12
Where W is the total tringular earth pressure.
2

+ #### x
2

3.45

3.45 =
15

27059

WL
pL2
12
15
19000 x
3.45 2-- #### x 3.45
3.45 = -18846
MFDA = x
12
2
10
The Moment distribution is carried out as illustrate in table

N-m

MFDA = -

-12319

-31165

Fixed End Moments

Member

DC
82010.03

DA
-31165

AD
27059

AB
-66456

The moment distribution carried out as per table 1 for case 1

D
A
Joint
DC
DA
AD
AB
Member
0.33
0.67
0.67
0.33
Distribution factore
82010.03
-31165
27059
-66456
Fix end moment
-16948
-33897
26264
13132
Balance
13132
-16948
Carry over
-4377
-8755
11299
5649
balance
5649
-4377
Carry over
-1883
-3766
2918
1459
balance
1459
-1883
Carry over
-486
-973
1255
628
balance
628
-486
Carry over
-209
-418
324
162
balance
162
-209
Carry over
-54
-108
139
70
balance
70
-54
Carry over
-23
-46
36
18
balance
18
-23
Carry over
-6
-12
15
8
balance
58023
-58023
45330
-45330
Final moment

45330

67000

45330

54096

115575

115575

54096
19000

45330

116810

45330

1.725
#####
3.45 m

58023

1.725

20700 D
39700

D
75044

58023

181900

142067

181900

75044

82682

Fig 2

67000 N/m2.
For horizontal slab AB, carrying UDL @
67000 x 3.45 = 115575 N/m2
Vertical reactionat a and B =
0.5
x
Similarly, for the Bottom slab DC carrying U.D.L.loads @ #### N/m2
82681.8 x 4.40 = 181900
Vertical reaction at D and C = 0.5
x
N
The body diagram for various members, including loading, B.M. And reactions are shown in fig.2
For the vertical member AD, the horizontal reaction at A is found by taking moments at D.Thus
( -ha x 4.40
) + 45330 - #### + #### x 4.40 x 4.40 x 1/2
1/2
20700 x 4.40 x 4.40 x 1/3
+
x
-12693
183920 + 66792
-ha x 4.40 +
+
From which, ha = 54096
Hence , hd =( 19000 + #### )x 4.40 #### = 75044 N
2

x 4.40 2=
162140 N-m
8
162140
45330
116810 N-m
Net B.M. at E =
=
82681.8182 x 4.40 2=
Similarly, free B.M. at F =
200090 N -m
8
200090
58023
142067 N-m
Net B.M. at F =
=
For vertical member AD , Simply supported B.M. At mid span
19000
x 4.40 2+
1/16 x #### x 4.40 2= 71027
Simply supporetd at mid sapn =
8
58023
+ 45330
Net B.M. =
=
51677 - #### = -19351 N-m
2
3 Case 2 : Dead load and live load from out side and water pressure from inside.
In this case , water pressure having an intensity of zero at A and
9800 x 3.45 = 33810 N/m2
At D, is acting, in addition to the pressure
considered in case 1. The various pressures
w=
67000 N/m2
are marked in fig 3 .The vertical walls will thus
19000
19000
19000
be subjected to a net latral pressure of
2
13110
= 19000 N/m At the Top
Itensity
A
E
B
And
= 39700 33810
4.40
=
5890 N/m2 at the bottom
3.45

39700

39700
w

Fig 3
= #### x
4.40 2=
-108093 N - m
12
#### x
wL2
4.4 2= 133393 N - m
=
12
12
Where W is the total tringular earth pressure.

Mfdc=

MFAD = +

pL2
12
5890

+
x
12

WL
10
4.4

5890

82682 N/m2

wL2
12

Fix end moments will be as under : MFAB=

MFAD = +

Net latral pressure diagram

67000

Free B.M. at mid point E =

+ #### x
2

4.4

4.4
10

WL
pL2
12
15
5890 x
4.4 2- #### x
4.4
4.4
MFDA = x
12
2
15
The moment distribution is carrired out as illustred in table.

22194

N-m

-17963 N -m

MFDA = -

Fixed End Moments

Member

DC
133393.3

DA
-17963

AD
22194

AB
-108093

The moment distribution carried out as per table 1 for case 1

D
A
Joint
DC
DA
AD
AB
Member
0.33
0.67
0.67
0.33
Distribution factore
133393.3
-17963
22194 -108093
Fix end moment
-38477
-76954
57266
28633
Balance
28633
-38477
Carry over
-9544
-19089
25651
12826
balance
12826
-9544
Carry over
-4275
-8550
6363
3181
balance
3181
-4275
Carry over

61460

67000

61460

20044

115575

19000

115575
61460

38224

20044

61460

1.725
51903
3.45

79378
5890 D

1.725
D

-1060

balance
Carry over
balance
Carry over
balance
Carry over
balance
Carry over
balance
Final moment

-475
-118
-53
-13
79378

-2121
1425
-950
353
-236
158
-106
39
-26
-79378

2850
-1060
707
-475
317
-118
79
-53
35
61460

1425

22892

353

43637

79378

142626

142626

22892

158
82682

39

Fig 4

18
-61460

67000 N/m2.
For horizontal slab AB, carrying UDL @
67000 x 3.45 = 115575 N/m2
Vertical reactionat a and B =
0.5
x
Similarly, for the Bottom slab DC carrying U.D.L.loads @ #### N/m2
82682 x 3.45 = 142626
Vertical reaction at D and C = 0.5
x
N
The body diagram for various members, including loading, B.M. And reactions are shown in fig.3
For the vertical member AD, the horizontal reaction at A is found by taking moments at D.Thus
( -ha x 3.45
) + 61460 - #### + 5890 x 3.45 x 3.45 x 1/2
1/2
13110 x 3.45 x 3.45 x 2/3
+
x
-17918
35052.9 + 52013.9
-ha x 3.45 +
+
From which, ha = 20044
Hence , hd =( 5890 + #### )x 3.45 #### = 22892 N
2
67000
x 3.45 2=
Free B.M. at mid point E =
99684
N-m
8
99684
61460
38224 N-m
Net B.M. at E =
=
2
82682
x 3.45 =
Similarly, free B.M. at F =
123015 N -m
8
79378
43637 N-m
Net B.M. at F = 123015.043 =
For vertical member AD , Simply supported B.M. At mid span
5890
x 3.45 2+
1/16 x #### x 3.45 2= 18516
Simply supporetd at mid sapn =
8
79378
+ 61460
Net B.M. =
=
70419 - #### = 51903 N-m
2
4 Case 3 : Dead load and live load on top water pressure from inside no live load on side.
in this case, it is assume that there is no latral oressure due to live load . As before .
The top slab is subjected to a load of '=
67000 N/m2
w=

67000 N/m2

4000

4000
A

N/m

N/m

4000

4.40
3.45

Hence earth pressure at depth h is =

4000

6000

24700

Earth pressure intensity at top

4000

N/m2

24700
33810

w=

Net latral pressure diagram

and the bottom slab is subjected to a load

= 82682 N/m2
Itensity
Lateral pressure due to dead load =
1/3 x 12000 = 4000
Lateral pressure due to soil
=
1/3 x 18000 = 6000

13110

82682 N/m233810

Fig 5
24700 N/m2
Earth pressure intensity at Bottom= 4000 + 6000 x 3.45
=
In addition to these, the vertical wall lslab subjectednto water pressure of intensity ZERO at top and
N/m2 at Bottom, acting from inside . The lateral pressure on vertical walls Is shown in fig 5 and 6

33810

wL2
12

#### x
4.40 2=
-108093 N - m
12
#### x
wL2
4.4 2= 133393 N - m
=
12
12
Where W is the total tringular earth pressure.

Fix end moments will be as under : MFAB=

Mfdc=
MFAD = +
MFAD = +

pL2
12
4000

x
12

WL
15
4.4

#### x
2
6453 -

4.4

4.4
15

WL
8460
pL2
+
12
10
4000 x
4.4 2- #### x
4.4
4.4
MFDA = x
12
2
10
The moment distribution is carrired out as illustred in table.
MFDA = -

-2007

N-m

6237

N -m

Fixed End Moments

Member

DC
133393.3

DA
6237

AD
-2007

AB
-108093

The moment distribution carried out as per table 1 for case 1

D
A
Joint
DC
DA
AD
AB
Member
0.33
0.67
0.67
0.33
Distribution factore
133393.3
6237
-2007
-108093
Fix end moment
-46543
-93087
73400
36700
Balance
36700
-46543
Carry over
-12233
-24467
31029
15514
balance
15514
-12233
Carry over
-5171
-10343
8156
4078
balance
4078
-5171
Carry over
-1359
-2719
3448
1724
balance
1724
-1359
Carry over
-575
-1149
906
453
balance
453
-575
Carry over
-151
-302
383
192
balance
192
-151
Carry over
-64
-128
101
50
balance
50
-64
Carry over
-17
-34
43
21
balance
67280
-67280
49361
-49361
Final moment

49361

67000

49361

=
115575

115575

4000
A
49361

49361

112779
A
1.725

64504
3.45

67280
0D
13110

1.725

D
67280

142626
5833

132810
142626

82682
Fig 4

67000 N/m2.
For horizontal slab AB, carrying UDL @
67000 x 3.45 = 115575 N
Vertical reactionat a and B =
0.5
x
Similarly, for the Bottom slab DC carrying U.D.L.loads @ #### N/m2
82682 x 3.45 = 142626
Vertical reaction at D and C = 0.5
x
N
The body diagram for various members, including loading, B.M. And reactions are shown in fig.6
For the vertical member AD, the horizontal reaction at A is found by taking moments at D.Thus
( ha x 3.45
) + 49361 - #### + 4000 x 3.45 x 3.45 x 1/2
1/2
13110 x 3.45 x 3.45 x 1/3
x
-17919
23805
26007
-ha x 3.45 +
+
5833
From which, ha =
Hence , hd =( 13110 x 3.45 )- 4000 x
3.45 - 5833 = 2981.8
2
67000
x 4.40 2=
Free B.M. at mid point E =
162140 N-m
8

49361
112779 N-m
=
x 4.40 2=
Similarly, free B.M. at F =
200090 N -m
8
200090
67280
132810 N-m
Net B.M. at F =
=
For vertical member AD , Simply supported B.M. At mid span
4000
x 4.40 2+
1/16 x #### x 4.40 2= 6183.1
Simply supporetd at mid sapn =
8
67280
+ 49361
Net B.M. =
=
58321 + 6183 = 64504 N-m
2
Net B.M. at E =

162140
82682

5 Design of top slab :

Case
(i)
(II)
(II)

Mid section
The top slab is subjected to following values of B.M. and direct force
B.M. at Center (E)
B.M. at ends (A)
Direct force (ha)
116810
45330
54096
38224
61460
20044
112779
49361
5833

The section will be design for maximum B.M. = 116810 N -m

for water side force
wt. of concrete = #### N/m3
= 150 N/mm2
sst =
2
wt of water = 9800 N/mm2
7
=
N/mm
scbc =
for water side force
m
= 13
m*c
13
x 7
k=
=
= 0.378
K =
0.378
13 x
7
+ 150
m*c+sst
0.874
j=1-k/3 =
1 0.378 /
3
= 0.874
J =
1.155
R=1/2xc x j x k
x
7
x 0.87 x 0.378 = 1.155
R =
= 0.5
Provide over all thickness
= 400 mm so effective thicknesss
= 350
mm
141516561
116810000
1000 x 350 2=
>
O.K.
Mr = R . B .D2
= 1.155 x
2
116810000
= 2545 mm
BMx100/sstxjxD=
Ast =
150 x 0.874 x 350
3.14 x 20 x 20
3.14xdia2
using
20 mm F bars
A
=
=
= 314 mm2
4 x100
4
120 mm
Spacing of Bars =Ax1000/Ast
314 x 1000 / 2545 =
123
say
=
Hence Provided
20
120 mm c/c
mm F Bars @
Acual Ast provided 1000 x
314 /
120 = 2617
mm2
Bend half bars up near support at distance of L/5
=
4.40 /
5 = 0.90 m
0.1 x(
400 100
%
Area of distributionn steel =
0.3
= 0.21
450 100
Ast
=
0.21
x
400 x 10 = 858 mm2
area on each face= #
mm2
2
3.14 x
8
x 8
3.14xdia
using
8 mm F bars
A
=
=
= 50 mm2
4 x100
4
110 mm
Spacing of Bars = Ax1000/Ast =
50
x 1000 / 429 =
117
say
=
mm F Bars @
110 mm c/c on each face
Hence Provided
8
Section at supports :61460 N-m. There is direct compression of
54096 N also.
Maximum B.M.=
But it effect is not considered because the slab is actually reinforced both at top and bottom .
sst =
Since steel is at top
190 N/mm2
concrete M
20
k = 0.324
J = 0.89
R = 1.01
61460000
=
=
1037
\
Ast
mm2
190 x
0.892 x
350

Area

2617 /
available from the bars bentup from the middle section =
2 = 1308
mm2
1037 < 1308 Hence these bars will serve the purpose. However, provide 8 mm dia.
Additional bars @ 200 mm c/c

6 Design of bottom slab:

The bottom slab has the following value of B.M. and direct force.
Case
B.M. at Center (F)
B.M. at ends (D)
Direct force (ha)
(i)
142067
58023
75044
(II)
43637
79378
22892
(II)
132810
67280
2982
142067 N -m

The section will be design for maximum B.M.

for water side force
wt. of concrete
= 150 N/mm2
sst =
2
wt of water
7
=
N/mm
scbc =
m
= 13
m*c
13
x 7
k=
=
13
x
7
+ 150
m*c+sst
j=1-k/3 =
1 0.378 /
3
R=1/2xc x j x k
x
7
x 0.87 x 0.378
= 0.5
142067000
=
351
mm
\ d =
1000 x
1.155
Provide thickness of bottom slab D= 410 mm so that d =
142067000
BMx100/sstxjxD=
Ast =
150 x 0.874 x 360

3.14xdia2
4 x100
Spacing of Bars =Ax1000/Ast
314 x 1000 / 3010
Hence Provided
20
mm F Bars @
Acual Ast provided 1000 x
314 /
100
Bend half bars up near support at distance of L/5
=
4.40
0.1 x(
410
Area of distributionn steel =
0.3
450 100
Ast
=
0.21
x
410 x 10 = 867

20 x 20
= 314 mm2
4
100 mm
=
104
say
=
100 mm c/c
= 3140
mm2
/
5 = 0.90 m
100
= 0.21 %

using

20

mm bars

= #### N/m3
= 9800 N/mm2
for water side force
= 0.378

0.378

= 0.874
= 1.155

J
R

=
=

0.874
1.155

mm bars

401

mm

360 mm
= 3010 mm2
=

mm2

using 8

3.14xdia
=
4 x100
x 1000 / 434 =
mm F Bars @
8
=

3.14 x

434 mm2
area on each face=
3.14 x
8
x 8
= 50 mm2
4
110 mm
116
say
=
110 mm c/c on each face

Spacing of Bars = Ax1000/Ast =

50
Hence Provided
Section at supports :79378 N-m. There is direct compression of
75044 N also.
Maximum B.M.=
But it effect is not considered because the slab is actually reinforced both at top and bottom .
sst =
Since steel is at top
190 N/mm2
concrete M
20
k = 0.324
J = 0.89
R = 1.01
79378000
=
=
1301
\
Ast
mm2
190 x
0.892 x
360
3140 /
Area available from the bars bentup from the middle section =
2 = 1570
mm2
Hence these bars will serve the purpose. However, provide 8 mm dia.
1301 < 1570
Additional bars @ 200 mm c/c

-269
mm2
3.14 x
8
x 8
3.14xdia
A
=
=
= 50 mm2
4 x100
4
50
x 1000 / -269 = -187
say
= -180 mm
-180 mm c/c throught out the slab, at its bottom.

Additional reinforcemet required

2

using 8

mm bars

Spacing of Bars = Ax1000/Ast =

Hence Provided 8 mm F Bars @

7 Design of side wall:

The side wall has the following value of B.M. and direct force.
B.M. at Center (F)
B.M. at ends (D)
Direct force (ha)
-19351
58023
181900
51903
79378
142626
64504
67280
142626

Case
(i)
(II)
(II)

79378 N -m, and direct force =

181900
N
1000
x
=
437
mm
181900
proposed thickness of side wall '=
400 mm
437 /
400 = 1.09 < 1.5 OK
\ e/D
thickness of side wall is OK
Let us reinforce the section with
20 mm F bars @
300 mm c/c provided on both faces, as shown
and D = 400 mm
in fig xxx . With cover of
50 mm
1000
3.14 x
20 x
20
Asc = Ast =
x
=
1047
mm2
300
4
The depth of N.A. is computed from following expression:
b n D - dt - n + (m - 1)Asc 1 (n - dc)(D - dt- dc)
n
3
3
D
= e+
- dt
b n + (m -1) Asc n - dc
D - dt - n
2
- m Ast
n
n
The section will be design for maximum B.M. =
79378
Eccentricity =

1000 n
2
1000 n+
2

or

500 n

400

12

350

12560
500 n+
n

50

1047
x
n
n
3

n
3

12

50

50

####
n

50

167

n2

+ -1256000

175000 n

500 n

12560

multiply by n
175000 n2
500 n2

167 n3
12560

175000 n2
293500 n2

167 n3
+ -1256000 n
15359833 n
-

-118500 n2

14103833 n

84623
-711 n2
+
Solwing this trial and error we get, n
\ c'

= (

500

x
x(

112.86

628000
n

+ -1256000 n
n- 628000 -

n
=
+

400 -

1047
x
n
13

50

1047
x 400 n

-1E+06
n
350

-100

50

-n

= 437 + 150
n

-62800000
n
=
4762333
+ ####
n

587

-62800000
4762333 +

#### n

-62800000
3164125667

587

= 167 n3

-3101325667

18607954
112.86 mm
12 x
1047
( 112.86 112.86
112.86 )
50 -

= n3

50

)-

13 x 1047
112.86

237.14 =
34840
56432 +
111.3 x 62.86 121 x
181900
=
<
\ c' =
5.22
7
N/mm2 Stress is less than permissiable
34840
m c'
13 x
5.22
Also stress in steel t =
(D-dc-n)
=
x ( 400 50
- 112.86
)
112.86
n
= 142.6 N/mm2
< 190 N/mm2
O.K.
Stress in steel is less than permissiable Hence section is O.K.
or

Box culverts

20 mm F @

240

mm c/c

8 mm F @

200

8 mm F @

mm C/C
110

mm C/c

400
800
20 mm F @
300 mm C/C

20 mm F @
120 mm C/C

3.05

8 mm F @
110 mm C/C
20 mm F @
100 mm c/c
410
20 mm F @
200 mm c/c
400

8 mm F @

8 mm F @

200 mm C/C

110 mm C/c

4.00

400

Table 1.15. PERMISSIBLE DIRECT TENSILE STRESS

Grade of concrete
M-10

Tensile
stress

1.2

M-15

M-20

M-25

M-30

M-35

M-40

2.0

2.8

3.2

3.6

4.0

4.4

Table 1.16.. Permissible stress in concrete (IS : 456-2000)

Grade of
concrete
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M

10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50

Permission stress in compression (N/mm 2)

Bending acbc
Direct (acc)
(N/mm2)
3.0
5.0
7.0
8.5
10.0
11.5
13.0
14.5
16.0

Kg/m2
300
500
700
850
1000
1150
1300
1450
1600

(N/mm2)
2.5
4.0
5.0
6.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
11.0
12.0

Kg/m2
250
400
500
600
800
900
1000
1100
1200

Permissible stress in bond (Average) for

plain bars in tention (N/mm2)
2
(N/mm2) in kg/m
--0.6
60
0.8
80
0.9
90
1.0
100
1.1
110
1.2
120
1.3
130
1.4
140

Table 1.18. MODULAR RATIO

Grade of concrete
M-10

Modular ratio m31

(31.11)

M-15
19
(18.67)

M-20
13
(13.33)

M-25
11
(10.98)

M-30
9
(9.33)

M-35
8
(8.11)

M-40
7
(7.18)

Table 2.1. VALUES OF DESIGN CONSTANTS

Grade of concrete

M-15

M-20

M-25

M-30

M-35

M-40

Modular Ratio
scbc N/mm2

18.67
5

13.33
7

10.98
8.5

9.33
10

8.11
11.5

7.18
13

93.33

93.33

93.33

93.33

93.33

93.33

kc

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

jc

0.867

0.867

0.867

0.867

0.867

0.867

Rc

0.867

1.214

1.474

1.734

1.994

2.254

Pc (%)

0.714

1.214

1.429

1.643

1.857

kc

0.329

0.329

0.329

0.329

0.329

0.329

0.89
0.732

0.89

0.89

0.89

0.89

0.89

1.025

1.244

1.464

1.684

1.903

0.433

0.606

0.736

0.866

0.997

1.127

kc

0.289

0.289

0.289

0.289

0.289

0.289

jc

0.904

0.904

0.904

0.904

0.904

0.904

Rc

0.653

0.914

1.11

1.306

1.502

1.698

Pc (%)

0.314

0.44

0.534

0.628

0.722

0.816

m scbc

(a) sst =
140
N/mm2
(Fe 250)

(b) sst = j
c
190
Rc
N/mm2
Pc (%)
(c ) sst =
230
N/mm2
(Fe 415)

Grade of concrete M
tbd (N / mm2)

Shear stress tc
100As
M-20
bd
0.15
0.18
0.16
0.18
0.17
0.18
0.18
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.2
0.19
0.21
0.2
0.22
0.2
0.23
0.2
0.24
0.21
0.25
0.21
0.26
0.21
0.27
0.22
0.28
0.22
0.29
0.22
0.3
0.23
0.31
0.23
0.32
0.24
0.33
0.24
0.34
0.24
0.35
0.25
0.36
0.25
0.37
0.25
0.38
0.26
0.39
0.26
0.4
0.26
0.41
0.27
0.42
0.27
0.43
0.27
0.44
0.28
0.45
0.28
0.46
0.28
0.47
0.29
0.48
0.29
0.49
0.29
0.5
0.30
0.51
0.30
0.52
0.30
0.53
0.30
0.54
0.30
0.55
0.31
0.56
0.31

Reiforcement %
100As
M-20
bd
0.18
0.15
0.19
0.18
0.2
0.21
0.21
0.24
0.22
0.27
0.23
0.3
0.24
0.32
0.25
0.35
0.26
0.38
0.27
0.41
0.28
0.44
0.29
0.47
0.30
0.5
0.31
0.55
0.32
0.6
0.33
0.65
0.34
0.7
0.35
0.75
0.36
0.82
0.37
0.88
0.38
0.94
0.39
1.00
0.4
1.08
0.41
1.16
0.42
1.25
0.43
1.33
0.44
1.41
0.45
1.50
0.46
1.63
0.46
1.64
0.47
1.75
0.48
1.88
0.49
2.00
0.50
2.13
0.51
2.25

Value of angle
Degree
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65

sin
0.17
0.19
0.21
0.23
0.24
0.26
0.28
0.29
0.31
0.33
0.34
0.36
0.37
0.39
0.41
0.42
0.50
0.57
0.64
0.71
0.77
0.82
0.87
0.91

cos
0.98
0.98
0.98
0.97
0.97
0.97
0.96
0.96
0.95
0.95
0.94
0.93
0.93
0.92
0.92
0.91
0.87
0.82
0.77
0.71
0.64
0.57
0.50
0.42

tan
0.18
0.19
0.21
0.23
0.25
0.27
0.29
0.31
0.32
0.34
0.36
0.38
0.40
0.42
0.45
0.47
0.58
0.70
0.84
1.00
1.19
1.43
1.73
2.14

0.57
0.58
0.59
0.6
0.61
0.62
0.63
0.64
0.65
0.66
0.67
0.68
0.69
0.7
0.71
0.72
0.73
0.74
0.75
0.76
0.77
0.78
0.79
0.8
0.81
0.82
0.83
0.84
0.85
0.86
0.87
0.88
0.89
0.9
0.91
0.92
0.93
0.94
0.95
0.96
0.97
0.98
0.99
1.00
1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08

0.31
0.31
0.31
0.32
0.32
0.32
0.32
0.32
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.34
0.34
0.34
0.34
0.34
0.35
0.35
0.35
0.35
0.35
0.35
0.35
0.36
0.36
0.36
0.36
0.36
0.36
0.37
0.37
0.37
0.37
0.37
0.37
0.38
0.38
0.38
0.38
0.38
0.38
0.39
0.39
0.39
0.39
0.39
0.39
0.39
0.39
0.4

1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21
1.22
1.23
1.24
1.25
1.26
1.27
1.28
1.29
1.30
1.31
1.32
1.33
1.34
1.35
1.36
1.37
1.38
1.39
1.40
1.41
1.42
1.43
1.44
1.45
1.46
1.47
1.48
1.49
1.50
1.51
1.52
1.53
1.54
1.55
1.56
1.57
1.58
1.59
1.60

0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.41
0.41
0.41
0.41
0.41
0.41
0.41
0.41
0.41
0.42
0.42
0.42
0.42
0.42
0.42
0.42
0.42
0.43
0.43
0.43
0.43
0.43
0.43
0.43
0.43
0.44
0.44
0.44
0.44
0.44
0.44
0.44
0.44
0.44
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45

1.61
1.62
1.63
1.64
1.65
1.66
1.67
1.68
1.69
1.70
1.71
1.72
1.73
1.74
1.75
1.76
1.77
1.78
1.79
1.80
1.81
1.82
1.83
1.84
1.85
1.86
1.87
1.88
1.89
1.90
1.91
1.92
1.93
1.94
1.95
1.96
1.97
1.98
1.99
2.00
2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09
2.10
2.11
2.12

0.45
0.45
0.46
0.46
0.46
0.46
0.46
0.46
0.46
0.46
0.46
0.46
0.46
0.46
0.47
0.47
0.47
0.47
0.47
0.47
0.47
0.47
0.47
0.47
0.47
0.47
0.47
0.48
0.48
0.48
0.48
0.48
0.48
0.48
0.48
0.48
0.48
0.48
0.48
0.49
0.49
0.49
0.49
0.49
0.49
0.49
0.49
0.49
0.49
0.49
0.49
0.49

2.13
2.14
2.15
2.16
2.17
2.18
2.19
2.20
2.21
2.22
2.23
2.24
2.25
2.26
2.27
2.28
2.29
2.30
2.31
2.32
2.33
2.34
2.35
2.36
2.37
2.38
2.39
2.40
2.41
2.42
2.43
2.44
2.45
2.46
2.47
2.48
2.49
2.50
2.51
2.52
2.53
2.54
2.55
2.56
2.57
2.58
2.59
2.60
2.61
2.62
2.63
2.64

0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51

2.65
2.66
2.67
2.68
2.69
2.70
2.71
2.72
2.73
2.74
2.75
2.76
2.77
2.78
2.79
2.80
2.81
2.82
2.83
2.84
2.85
2.86
2.87
2.88
2.89
2.90
2.91
2.92
2.93
2.94
2.95
2.96
2.97
2.98
2.99
3.00
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05
3.06
3.07
3.08
3.09
3.10
3.11
3.12
3.13
3.14
3.15

0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51

Table 3.1. Permissible shear stress Table tc in concrete (IS : 456-2000)

100As
bd
< 0.15
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
1.25
1.50
1.75
2.00
2.25
2.50
2.75

Permissible shear stress in concrete

M-15
M-20
M-25
M-30
0.18
0.18
0.19
0.2
0.22
0.22
0.23
0.23
0.29
0.30
0.31
0.31
0.34
0.35
0.36
0.37
0.37
0.39
0.40
0.41
0.40
0.42
0.44
0.45
0.42
0.45
0.46
0.48
0.44
0.47
0.49
0.50
0.44
0.49
0.51
0.53
0.44
0.51
0.53
0.55
0.44
0.51
0.55
0.57
0.44
0.51
0.56
0.58
0.44
0.51
0.57
0.6

3.00 and above

tc N/mm2
M-35
M-40
0.2
0.2
0.23
0.23
0.31
0.32
0.37
0.38
0.42
0.42
0.45
0.46
0.49
0.49
0.52
0.52
0.54
0.55
0.56
0.57
0.58
0.60
0.60
0.62
0.62
0.63

Table 3.2. Facor k

Over all depth of slab

300 or more

1.00

275
1.05

250
1.10

225
1.15

200
1.20

175
1.25

150 or less
1.30

Table 3.3. Maximum shear stress tc.max in concrete (IS : 456-2000)

Grade of concrete

M-15
1.6

tc.max

M-20
1.8

M-25
1.9

M-30
2.2

M-35
2.3

M-40
2.5

Table 3.4. Permissible Bond stress Table tbd in concrete (IS : 456-2000)
Grade of concrete M10
-tbd (N / mm2)

15
0.6

20
0.8

25
0.9

30
1

35
1.1

40
1.2

Table 3.5. Development Length in tension

Plain M.S. Bars
Grade of
concrete tbd (N / mm2)
kd = Ld F

H.Y.S.D. Bars
tbd (N / mm2)

kd = Ld F

M 15

0.6

58

0.96

60

M 20

0.8

44

1.28

45

M 25

0.9

39

1.44

40

M 30

35

1.6

36

M 35

1.1

32

1.76

33

M 40

1.2

29

1.92

30

M 45

1.3

27

2.08

28

M 50

1.4

25

2.24

26

45
1.3

Value of angle
tan
0.18
0.19
0.21
0.23
0.25
0.27
0.29
0.31
0.32
0.34
0.36
0.38
0.40
0.42
0.45
0.47
0.58
0.70
0.84
1.00
1.19
1.43
1.73
2.14

Degree
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65

sin
0.17
0.19
0.21
0.23
0.24
0.26
0.28
0.29
0.31
0.33
0.34
0.36
0.37
0.39
0.41
0.42
0.50
0.57
0.64
0.71
0.77
0.82
0.87
0.91

cos
0.98
0.98
0.98
0.97
0.97
0.97
0.96
0.96
0.95
0.95
0.94
0.93
0.93
0.92
0.92
0.91
0.87
0.82
0.77
0.71
0.64
0.57
0.50
0.42

: 456-2000)
50
1.4