Heat Transfer in Electronics

CONVECTION HEAT AND

MOMENTUM ANALOGIES

TURBULENT FLOW HEAT

TRANSFER
REYNOLDS NUMBER (DIMENSIONLESS) IS
USED TO CHARACTERIZE FLOW REGIMES

FOR FLAT PLATES (USING THE LENGTH

FROM THE ENTRY FOR X) THE TRANSITION
FROM LAMINAR TO TURBULENT FLOW IS
APPROXIMATELY Re = 5 x 105
FOR FLOW IN PIPES THE TRANSITION
OCCURS AT ABOUT Re = 2100

TURBULENT FLOW
CHARACTERIZED BY FORMATION OF
VORTICES OF FLUID PACKETS CALLED EDDIES
EDDIES ADD TO THE EFFECTIVE
DIFFUSION OF HEAT AND MOMENTUM,
USING TIME AVERAGED VELOCITIES
AND TEMPERATURES

http://boojum.as.arizona.edu/~jill/NS102_2006/Lectures/Lecture12/sphere-flow-comparison.jpg

EQUATIONS FOR MOMENTUM &

HEAT TRANSFER
EDDY AND MOLECULAR TRANSFER
COMPONENTS ARE INCLUDED

EDDY AND MOLECULAR

TRANSFER
EDDY MOTION IS THE PRIMARY MODE OF
ENERGY TRANSPORT IN THE TURBULENT
CORE AND MOLECULAR DIFFUSION IS NOT
SIGNIFICANT
EDDY VALUES GO TO ZERO AT THE
SURFACE WHERE MOLECULAR DIFFUSION
IS THE DOMINANT MECHANISM
http://www.propipe.es/image
s/img_intro.jpg

FUNDAMENTAL CONSERVATION
EQUATIONS
ARE APPLIED TO DEFINED CONTROL
VOLUMES
CONTINUITY EQUATION
CONSERVATION OF MASS
BASED ON BALANCE OVER A CONTROL
VOLUME
A UNIT DIMENSION IS USED FOR THE z
DISTANCE
FOR CONSTANT AND STEADY-STATE
TWO-DIMENSIONAL FLOWS THE
RESULTING EQUATION FOR A
DIFFERENTIAL VOLUME

CONSERVATION OF
MOMENTUM
ANALYZED IN A SIMILAR MANNER WITH A
MOMENTUM BALANCE

STRESSES INCLUDED IN THE BALANCE ARE:

SHEAR STRESS AT THE SURFACE
NORMAL STRESS AT THE SURFACE
VISCOUS STRESS IN THE FLUID
RESULTING BALANCE FOR A SINGLE
DIRECTION (x), IS (6-28):

CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
THIS IS THE SAME ANALYSIS AS FOR THE
MOMENTUM BALANCE, ONLY USING
TEMPERATURE FOR THE DRIVING FORCE
THE ENERGY TRANSFER IN AND OUT OF THE
DIFFERENTIAL ELEMENT IS ASSUMED TO
OCCUR BY THERMAL DIFFUSION AND
CONVECTION
RESULTING BALANCE EQUATION FOR
NEGLIGIBLE SHEAR STRESS (6-35)

CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
WHEN SHEAR STRESSES ARE NOT
NEGLIGIBLE, A VISCOUS DISSIPATION
FUNCTION IS INCLUDED:

SO THE EXPRESSION BECOMES

FLAT PLATE SOLUTIONS

NONDIMENSIONAL EQUATIONS
DIMENSIONLESS VARIABLES ARE DEVELOPED TO
ALLOW CORRELATIONS THAT CAN BE USED
OVER A RANGE OF CONDITIONS
THE REYNOLDS NUMBER IS THE PRIMARY TERM
FOR MOMENTUM TRANSFER
USING STREAM FUNCTIONS AND BLASIUS
DIMENSIONLESS SIMILARITY VARIABLE FOR
VELOCITY, THE BOUNDARY LAYER THICKNESS
CAN BE DETERMINED:

WHERE BY DEFINITION u = 0.99 u

FLAT PLATE SOLUTIONS

A SIMILAR DEVELOPMENT LEADS TO THE
CALCULATION OF LOCAL FRICTION
COEFFICIENTS ON THE PLATE (6-54):

HEAT TRANSFER EQUATIONS

BASED ON CONSERVATION
OF ENERGY
DIMENSIONLESS
CORRELATIONS BASED ON
THE PRANDTL AND NUSSELT
NUMBERS
A DIMENSIONLESS
TEMPERATURE IS INCLUDED
WITH THE DIMENSIONLESS
VELOCITY EXPRESSIONS:
WHICH CAN BE USED TO
DETERMINE THE THERMAL
BOUNDARY LAYER
THICKNESS FOR LAMINAR
FLOW OVER PLATES (6-63):

HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT

CORRELATIONS FOR
THE HEAT TRANSFER
COEFFICIENT FOR
LAMINAR FLOW OVER
PLATES ARE OF THE
FORM:

http://electronicscooling.com/articles/2002
/2002_february_calccorn
er.php

COEFFICIENTS OF FRICTION
AND CONVECTION
THE GENERAL FUNCTIONS FOR PLATES ARE BASED
ON THE AVERAGED VALUES OF FRICTION AND
HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS OVER A DISTANCE
ON A PLATE
FOR FRICTION COEFFICIENTS:

FOR HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS:

MOMENTUM AND HEAT

TRANSFER ANALOGIES
REYNOLDS ANALOGY
APPLIES WHEN Pr = 1
(6-79):

USING THE STANTON

NUMBER DEFINITION:
THE REYNOLDS
ANALOGY IS EXPRESSED
(6-80): .

MODIFIED ANALOGIES
MODIFIED REYNOLDS ANALOGY OR
CHILTON-COLBURN ANALOGY (EQN, 6-83):

C f ,x
hx
Re L
1/ 3
2/3
C f ,x
Nu x Pr or

Pr jH
2
2
C pV