The Fourier Transform: Examples, Properties, Common Pairs

The Fourier Transform: Examples, Properties, Common Pairs

Magnitude and Phase

The Fourier Transform:
Examples, Properties, Common Pairs

Remember: complex numbers can be thought of as (real,imaginary)

or (magnitude,phase).
Magnitude:
Phase:

CS 450: Introduction to Digital Signal and Image Processing

Bryan Morse
BYU Computer Science

Real part
Imaginary part
Magnitude
Phase

|F |
(F )

=
=

<(F )2 + =(F )2
)
tan1 =(F
<(F )

How much of a cosine of that frequency you need

How much of a sine of that frequency you need
Amplitude of combined cosine and sine
Relative proportions of sine and cosine

The Fourier Transform: Examples, Properties, Common Pairs

The Fourier Transform: Examples, Properties, Common Pairs

Example: Fourier Transform of a Cosine

Example: Fourier Transform of a Cosine

Z
F (u)

f (t) = cos(2st)
f (t) e

i2ut

Z
=

Z
=

cos(2st) e

i2ut

Frequency Domain
1
2 (u

cos(2st)
dt

0 except when u = s
1
1
(u s) + (u + s)
2
2

0 for all u

0.8
0.5
0.6
0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

0.2

-1

-10

The Fourier Transform: Examples, Properties, Common Pairs

Odd and Even Functions

Sinusoids

for real-valued signals

Odd
f (t) = f (t)
Anti-symmetric
Sines
Transform is imaginary

0.4

-0.5

The Fourier Transform: Examples, Properties, Common Pairs

Even
f (t) = f (t)
Symmetric
Cosines
Transform is real

s) + 12 (u + s)
1

cos(2st) [cos(2ut) + i sin(2ut)] dt

Z
cos(2st) cos(2ut) dt + i
cos(2st) sin(2ut) dt

Z
Z
cos(2st) cos(2ut) dt i
cos(2st) sin(2ut) dt
Z

Spatial Domain

dt

1/2

Spatial Domain
f (t)

-5

Frequency Domain
F (u)

cos(2st)

1
2

[(u + s) + (u s)]

sin(2st)

1
2i

[(u + s) (u s)]

10

The Fourier Transform: Examples, Properties, Common Pairs

The Fourier Transform: Examples, Properties, Common Pairs

Constant Functions

Delta Functions

Spatial Domain
f (t)

Frequency Domain
F (u)

(u)

a (u)

Spatial Domain
f (t)

Frequency Domain
F (u)

(t)

The Fourier Transform: Examples, Properties, Common Pairs

The Fourier Transform: Examples, Properties, Common Pairs

Square Pulse

Square Pulse

Spatial Domain
f (t)


1 if a/2 t a/2
0 otherwise

Frequency Domain
F (u)
sinc(au) =

sin(au)
au

The Fourier Transform: Examples, Properties, Common Pairs

The Fourier Transform: Examples, Properties, Common Pairs

Triangle

Comb

Spatial Domain
f (t)


1 |t| if a t a
0 otherwise

Frequency Domain
F (u)

Spatial Domain
f (t)

Frequency Domain
F (u)

sinc2 (au)

(t mod k)

(u mod 1/k )

The Fourier Transform: Examples, Properties, Common Pairs

The Fourier Transform: Examples, Properties, Common Pairs

Gaussian

Differentiation

Spatial Domain
f (t)
et

Frequency Domain
F (u)

eu

Spatial Domain
f (t)

Frequency Domain
F (u)

d
dt

2iu

The Fourier Transform: Examples, Properties, Common Pairs

The Fourier Transform: Examples, Properties, Common Pairs

Some Common Fourier Transform Pairs

More Common Fourier Transform Pairs

Spatial Domain
f (t)
Cosine
cos(2st)
Sine
sin(2st)
Unit
1
Constant
a
Delta
(t)
Comb
(t mod k)

Frequency Domain
F (u)
Deltas 12 [(u + s) + (u s)]
Deltas 12 i [(u + s) (u s)]
Delta
(u)
Delta
a(u)
Unit
1
Comb
(u mod 1/k )

Spatial Domain
f (t)
1 if a/2 t a/2
Square
0 otherwise
1 |t| if a t a
Triangle
0
otherwise
2
Gaussian
et
d
Differentiation
dt

The Fourier Transform: Examples, Properties, Common Pairs

The Fourier Transform: Examples, Properties, Common Pairs

Properties: Notation

Properties: Linearity

Let F denote the Fourier Transform:

F = F(f )
Let F 1 denote the Inverse Fourier Transform:
f = F 1 (F )

Frequency Domain
F (u)
Sinc

sinc(au)

Sinc2

sinc2 (au)

Gaussian
Ramp

eu
2iu

Adding two functions together adds their Fourier Transforms together:

F(f + g) = F(f ) + F(g)
Multiplying a function by a scalar constant multiplies its Fourier
Transform by the same constant:
F(af ) = a F(f )

The Fourier Transform: Examples, Properties, Common Pairs

The Fourier Transform: Examples, Properties, Common Pairs

Properties: Translation

Change of Scale: Square Pulse Revisited

Translating a function leaves the magnitude unchanged and adds a

constant to the phase.
If
f2 = f1 (t a)
F1 = F(f1 )
F2 = F(f2 )
then

|F2 | = |F1 |
(F2 ) = (F1 ) 2ua

Intuition: magnitude tells you how much, phase tells you where.

The Fourier Transform: Examples, Properties, Common Pairs

Rayleighs Theorem

Total energy (sum of squares) is the same in either domain:

Z
Z
2
2
|f (t)| dt =
|F (u)| du