TRNG I HC BCH KHOA NNG

KHOA IN T- VIN THNG

BI TP MN HC
MULTIMEDIA
TI:DIFFERENTIAL
CODING
GVHD: PHM VN TUN
SVTH: NGUYN NGC V
L QUC HNG
HIN HN
LP: 33DTDE
NHM :

Multimedia l g?
Multimedial l phng tin truyn ti thng tin
DIFFERENTIAL CODING (m ha sai lch)
M ha sai lch da trn cc mu lin k,c tng quan kh cao.
M ha sai lch truyn nhng bt sai lch nhm gim c mt s bt tn
hiu khng cn thit.
A differential PCM coder (DPCM) quantizes and encodes the difference
General DPCM:(m ha sai lch chung)
d(n) = x(n) - a1x(n-1) - a2x(n-2) -- akx(n-k)
a1, a2, ak are fixed
Adaptive DPCM: a1, a2, ak are dynamically changed with signal (m
ha sai lch thch nghi)

 M ha DPCM (Differential Pulse Code Modulation)

y l phng php m ha d on c tn tht da trn nguyn tc

pht hin s ging nhau v khc nhau gia cc im nh (pixels) gn nhau
tm cch loi b cc thng tin tha. Phng php DPCM cn s dng
c im ca mt ngi (km nhy vi mc lng t c chnh lch v
chi gia im nh gn nhau, so vi mc lng t ha chnh lch nh) v
cho php dng c trng phi tuyn v lng t ha. Hnh v 2 m t s
khi ca b m ha v gii m DPCM
l mt th tc chuyn i analog thnh mt tn hiu k thut s, trong
mt tn hiu tng t c ly mu v sau l s khc bit gia gi tr
mu thc t v gi tr d on ca n (gi tr d on da trn mu trc
hoc mu) l lng t ha v sau m ha hnh thnh mt gi tr k
thut s.
DPCM t m i din cho s khc bit gia cc mu khng ging nh
PCM ni t m i din cho mt gi tr mu.

 Khi nim c bn ca DPCM - m ha mt s khc bit, da trn thc t

l hu ht cc ngun tn hiu cho thy tng quan ng k gia cc mu

lin tip m ha s dng d phng trong cc gi tr mu trong hm
tc bit thp hn.
Thc hin cc khi nim c bn (c m t trn) c da trn mt k
thut m trong chng ta phi d on gi tr mu hin ti da trn cc
mu trc (hoc mu) v chng ti c m ha s khc bit gia gi
tr thc t ca mu v gi tr d on (s khc bit gia cc mu c th
c gii thch nh d bo li).
Bi v n l cn thit d on gi tr mu DPCM l hnh thc m ha
tin on.
Nn DPCM ph thuc vo k thut d on, k thut d bo c thc
hin tt dn n t l nn tt, trong trng hp khc DPCM c th c
ngha m rng so vi m ha PCM thng xuyn.
Nn tn tht c xy dng trn c s chnh xc ca vic khi phc
li nh trong lc trao i nhm tng hiu qu nn. Nu kt qu khng
chnh xc (c th c hin th r rng hoc khng) c th chp nhn
c, s tng dn trong vic nn l ng k.

Hnh 1 DPCM b m ha
(transmitter)

Hnh 2: DPCM coder (nhn)

u im

u im ca loi m ha ny l n
rt c hiu qu i vi m thanh
thoi
Nu mu k tip l gn nhau chng ta
ch cn m ha mu u tin vi mt
s lng ln cc bit:

Nhc im

nhc im l phc tp hn nhiu so

vi phng php m ha dng sng
v n ch c th x l c ting ni
ca con ngi.
Khng Thch hp cho cc tn hiu thay
i nhanh chng.

 iu ch xung m sai bit (Diffirental Pulse Code

Modulation)
D an n gin:

M ha
V d:
D liu tht: 9 10 7 6
D an: 0 9 10 7
M ha: +9, +1, -3, -1

M ha ADPCM
M ha ADPCM khng th cho cht lng tt nu

tc bit gim di 16 Kbps. tip tc gim tc

bit, cn phi khai thc m hnh to ting ni. T
y, ngi ta c khi nim m ha tham s hoc
cn gi l m ha da trn m hnh.
y, cc b m ha tham s hot ng s dng
m hnh ngun tn hiu c to ra nh th no v
c gng trch chn ra t tn hiu ang c m ha
cc tham s ca m hnh v truyn chng ti b
gii m. Cc b m ha tham s cho tn hiu thoi
cn c gi l Vocoder (Voice + Coder).

 iu ch Delta (Delta Modulation)

L trng hp ca DPCM.
Ch dng 1 bit ch th s tng hay gim ca gi tr tip theo (v d: 0

tng, 1 gim)
Khng thch hp i vi cc tn hiu thay i lin tc.

iu ch xung m sai bit thch nghi ADPCM (Adaptive PCM):

D liu thc c tr cho 1 hm ca nhng gi tr thc trc . V

d: gi tr trung bnh ca nhng gi tr trc .

c trng ly mu tt hn.

Khc bit thch nghi iu ch m xung ( ADPCM ) l mt

bin th khc bit iu ch m xung (DPCM) m thay i

kch thc ca bc lng t, cho php tip tc ct gim
bng thng cn thit cho mt c t l tn hiu-to-noise .
Thng thng, thch ng vi tn hiu thng k trong ADPCM
n gin gm c mt yu t quy m thch nghi trc khi
lng t ha s khc bit trong b m ha DPCM. [ 1 ]

Tiu ch ca k thut m ha sai lch(differential coding)

o Tit kim ng truyn (bng thng)
o Tn hiu thu c l ng vi tn hiu truyn i
o Gim kch thc tp tin truyn i nhng tn hiu thu c vn m bo
o Thi gian truyn
o Pht hin li
o Tc

ng dng ca m ha sai lch

Thng dng trong cc k thut nn mt, ging nh lng t th ca

s khc bit s dng dn n t m ngn hn. iu ny s dng

trong JPEG v thch ng DPCM( ADPCM) mt phng php nn m
thanh ph bin ADPCM c th xem nh l mt siu m ca DPCM.
Trong ADPCM kch thc lng t thch nghi vi tc hin ti trong
dng thay i dng sng nn.
l mt ITU-T pht biu bng rng tiu chun m
ha hot ng 48, 56 v 64 kbit / s, da trn m ha bng
con vi hai knh v ADPCM m ha ca mi ngi. [ 5 ] Trc
khi qu trnh s ha, n bt tn hiu tng t v chia n trong
di tn s vi QMF b lc (lc vung gc gng) c c hai
bng con ca tn hiu. Khi bitstream ADPCM ca mi bng con
thu c, kt qu l c ghp v bc tip theo l lu tr
hoc truyn ti d liu. B gii m phi thc hin qu trnh
ngc li, l, demultiplex v gii m mi bng con ca
bitstream v ti kt hp chng.
cp n qu trnh m ha, trong mt s ng dng nh m
ha ging ni, cc bng con bao gm ting ni c m ho vi
G.722

[4]

V d v ng dng ca m ha sai lch (cng G.726)

G.726 ADPCM l g?

ADPCM l mt thut ton nn bng ging ni hot ng trong lnh vc thi gian bng
cch d on
mu thi gian tip theo da trn quang ph v bin ca cc d liu trc . khi
s trong Hnh 1 cho thy hiu trng ca mt coder ging ni ADPCM . thch nghi

G.726 l mt thut ton ADPCM tiu chun theo quy nh ca ITU gim 64 KBps Alaw hoc m- php lut d liu logarit ca mt ng dy in thoi bnh thng vi bt
k 16 Kbps, 24 Kbps, 32 Kbps,
hoc 40 Kbps. Cc c im k thut ton hc y l bn quyn ITU

g726.h:Tp tin ny cung cp cc nh ngha bn ngoi cc chc nng lp rp c- c th

c gi . Tt c
cc chc nng ny tr G726_all_reset v G726_reset thc hin hai knh chc nng. Hai
tham s u tin l cc thng s u vo . Hai cng paralel

G726_reset ( ngn Channel, Boolean Gii m , Boolean M ha ): iu ny thit lp

li mt knh thoi. Hai tham s Boolean xc nh xem cc m ha , gii m , hoc c hai
u c t li. N hot ng cho tt c cc ch ( 16 Kbps, 24 Kbps, 32 Kbps, hoc
40
Kbps, A-law hoc m- php lut). N c nh ngha trong G726_all.asm .

Rate

A-Law

m-Law

Linear1

A-Law

m-Law

Cycles Cycles

Cycles

MHz

MHz

MHz

16

560
4.528
4.576
4.336

524
4.512
4.240 40

4.496
4.208 32
595

4.480
574
593

562
526
4.592
4.744

Linear
4.192 24
572
542

Bng 2: Bng Counts Cycle v Megahertz cho hai knh

566
530
4.760

564

Nhn xt:
M ha sai lch tit kim c thi gian truyn

Ch truyn nhng bt sai lch so vi tn hiu ban u

gi di.
Pht hin c sai lch gia hai chui bt c gi
i
i hi pha gii m phi hiu c phng thc
truyn

Ngun ti liu tham kho:

http://doc.edu.vn/tai-lieu/bai-giang-xu-ly-am-thanh-va-hinh-anh

68977/
http://tailieuhoctap.vn/chi-tiet-sach/200-nganh-khoa-hoc-kythuat/dien-dien-tu/779518-bai-tap-lon-ma-hoa-truyen-va-giai-matin-hieu-am-thanh-thoi-gian-thuc-tren-matlab
http://doc.edu.vn/tai-lieu/giao-trinh-xu-ly-am-thanh-va-hinh-anhcac-chuan-ma-hoa-am-thanh-va-nen-anh-trong-truyen-thong-daphuong-tien-68981/
http://sinhvienit.net/forum/tags.php?tag=giao+trinh+multimedia
http://www.cs.cf.ac.uk/Dave/MM/BSC_MM_CALLER/node259.ht
ml
http://www.ece.mcmaster.ca/~shirani/multi12/differential.pdf
http://books.google.com.vn/books?id=Ipk5xc_xNIC&pg=PA321&lpg=PA321&dq=multimedia+differential+cod
ing&source=bl&ots=oxHjw8ZgYI&sig=AngTZzQxSdPC8Dx1G6K
sOLNVmfg&hl=vi&sa=X&ei=2AcoVL7XGtLj8AWjnoGwBw&ved=
0CFIQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=multimedia%20differential%20co
ding&f=false
http://staff.um.edu.mt/csta1/courses/lectures/csa3020/mm7.html

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