The Harvard System

Your Extended Essay must be properly referenced throughout.

There is more than one way to reference academic writing.
At AIC we use the Harvard System.
However you decide to do your referencing (with Microsoft Word, on your own
or in another way), you need to apply what you do consistently across the
whole essay or project.
Take care to follow the conventions and be consistent.

In-text Referencing (Harvard System)

Every time you use someone elses work (eg. a book, a website, a newspaper article) to
contribute to your essay you must use in-text referencing to tell the reader where you
got the information from. If you dont, you are plagiarising /copying.
Pay careful attention to spacing, capitalisation and punctuation.
Note: Use p. for one page and pp. for multiple pages.
Another name for in-text references is citations.
There are three ways of using in-text referencing.
1. Direct quotations. Examples:
a) One researcher has noted that the survival of the Madagascan lesser
spotted pigeon-toed tree monkey is under threat (McDermott, 2010, p.
25).
b) McDermott (2010, p. 25) has raised awareness of this issue: the survival of
the Madagascan lesser spotted pigeon-toed tree monkey is under threat.
c) Caltravas City of Arts and Sciences took more than 10 years to be
completed (Jodidio, 2007, p. 49).

2. Paraphrasing restates a short passage using your own words. Examples:

a) Concern has been expressed about the chances of survival of the
Madagascan lesser spotted pigeon-toed tree monkey (McDermott, 2010,
pp. 25-26).
b) Some writers have suggested the likelihood of a volcanic eruption in the
next decade is as high as 50% (Jackson, 2013, p. 56; Simkins 2013, pp. 102103).
c) Its not always easy being green, and Kermit the frog would know
(Muppet Wiki).
3. Summarising displays a familiarity with a longer text (even a whole article or
book), and encapsulates the writers main point or opinion on a given topic.
Examples:
a) McDermott (2010) and Sanders (2011) both have grave concerns regarding
the survival of several species unique to Madagascar.
b) Jackson (2013) has significantly contributed to a new awareness of the
likelihood of a volcanic eruption in the region, and has criticized the
apathy and inaction of local councils.

The References Section (Harvard System)

Every work you mention in in-text references must be properly identified (using the
Harvard System) in your References section.
It is also good practice to include works which you didnt use directly, but which
helped you to think about your argument or provided significant background
information.
- If you would like to use Microsoft Word to do your referencing, see the
separate instructions.
- If you prefer to do the referencing yourself, please see below for directions.
Pay careful attention to spacing, capitalisation, punctuation and italicisation.

Book with one author

Example:
McDermott, P.H., 2010. Madagascar Massacre. London: Longman.
McDermott = Surname of author, followed by a full stop and a comma.
P.H., = Initials of authors given and middle names (Phillip Harold). No space
between initials. Followed by a comma.
2010 = Year of publication. Full stop.
Madagascar Massacre = Book title in italics followed by a full stop. Each major
word is capitalized.
London = City of publication (not country), followed by a colon ( : )
Longman = Name of the publisher, followed by a full stop.
Book with an Editor
Example:
O'Riordan, T.D., ed., 2001. Globalism, Localism and Identity. London: Earthscan.
Note the inclusion of ed. to identify that T.D. ORiordan is the editor.
Chapter in an Edited Book
Example:
Rose, H., 2000. Risk, Trust and Scepticism in the Age of the New Genetics, in B.
Jones et al. eds. Risk Society and Beyond. London: Sage.
Note that the title of the chapter is not in italics but the title of the book is.
et al. is Latin and is the short form of et alii which means and others .
eds. indicates that B. Jones et al. are editors. Note the order of B. Jones.

Journal Article
Example:
Tovey, H., 2002. Risk, Morality, and the Sociology of Animals. Irish Journal of Sociology,
11(1), pp. 23-42.
Note that the number and edition of the journal are given (in this case, 11(1)).
Note that the page numbers of the article in the journal are given using pp.
Journal Article from Electronic Database
Example:
Albuquerque, U.T., 2011. Experiences of Ethnobotanists with Publication: A First
Approach. Bioscience. [Online] 61( 9), p. 706.
Available at: DOI 10.1525/bio.2011.61.9.9
[Accessed 2 September 2014].
Or
Thirunarayanan, T., 2013. Ethnobotanical survey on Folk Medicine in the
management of animal bite poisons in the forest tract of Salem region of Tamil Nadu,
India. International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences. [Online] 2(June), pp. 41-46.
Available at: http://www.ijpcs.net/uploads/1/0/3/4/10341868/ijpcs-0024-2013.pdf
[Accessed 2 September 2014].

Add as for a print journal and put a full stop after the title.
Add [Online] before the volume, issue and page number information.
Add the DOI (This is a unique identifier for the article) or the URL.
If there is no DOI put the name of the database instead eg: MasterFILE
complete.
Note that articles published online may not have page numbers.
Ensure the date accessed is included.

Newspaper Article
Example:
O'Dea, W., 2006. Irish role in battlegroup concept will help to bolster UN. Irish Times,
10 January, p. 16.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)

Authors last name

Authors initials
Year
Title of article
Name of newspaper
Date of publication
Page number

Page on a Website (Webpage)

Example:
Kelly, M., 2004. Environmental Attitudes and Behaviours: Ireland in Comparative European
Perspective. [Online] Dublin Social Science Research Centre, University College Dublin.
Available at: www.ucd.ie/environ/home
[Accessed 8 February 2013].
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)

Authors last name (if available)

Authors initials (if available)
Year website was established (if available)
Title of webpage in italics
[Online]
Publisher of webpage
Available at: URL underlined
[Accessed date you used the webpage]

Website
Example:
International Tourism Partnership, 2004. [Online]
Available at: www.internationaltourismpartnership.org
[Accessed 8 February 2013].
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)

Name of website
Year website was established (if available)
[Online]
Available at: URL underlined
[Accessed date you used the webpage]

With websites and pages from websites, if any the information is not available
it is acceptable to write N/A in place of where the information would normally
be written. This informs the reader that the information was not available.

Example Reference list is on the following page.

If possible, put the Reference list on its own page. (It looks nicer!)
Note that the resources used are in alphabetical order by author.

References
Aardvark, A. and Jones, Q.D., eds. 1977. Zoology is Fun. London: Picador.
Albuquerque, U.T., 2011. Experiences of Ethnobotanists with Publication: A First
Approach. Bioscience. [Online] 61( 9), p. 706.
Available at: DOI 10.1525/bio.2011.61.9.9
[Accessed 2 September 2014].
Britomart, J., 2010. The Tale of Soldiers and a School. Time, 175 (16): 14-21.
Jodidio, P., 2007. Calatrava. Koln: Taschen.
Martel, Y., 2002. Life of Pi. Edinburgh: Canongate Books Ltd.
Muppet Wiki, n.d. Bein' Green. [Online]
Available at: http://muppet.wikia.com/wiki/Bein'_Green
[Accessed 1 September 2014].
Thirunarayanan, T., 2013. Ethnobotanical survey on Folk Medicine in the
management of animal bite poisons in the forest tract of Salem region of Tamil Nadu,
India. International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences. [Online] 2(June), pp. 41-46.
Available at: http://www.ijpcs.net/uploads/1/0/3/4/10341868/ijpcs-0024-2013.pdf
[Accessed 2 September 2014].
Tomcat, T., 2011. Growing Tomatoes the Organic Way. [Online]
Available at: www.tastytommies.org/grow_your_own_way
[Accessed 29 September 2013].
Yahoo Sports, 2010. Yahoo News Network. [Online]
Available at:
www.sports.yahoo.com/nfl/news;_ylt=AnxyB0zxumq9EEAreSR4dsFDubYF?slug=a
p-steelers-quarterbacks
[Accessed 31 August 2010].
York, B., 2008. The Real King Alfred. BBC History Magazine, 9(2): 32-36.
Zebra, Z., 1851. Talking to Horses. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.