Infi 2

2006
2
104281

:
-1-
" -
2006

2
) (104281 .
.
.
!
) (- -
, 2006 , .hbd@netvision.net.il
, / ,
, 1.1
" , ] [,
] [
] [ . "
".
:
http://www.penguin.org.il/guides/gfdl_heb/
-2-
" -
2006

:1 - 7 .............................................................................................
7 ..........................................................................................................................
7 ......................................................................................................................... 1
7 ....................................................................................................................... 1
7 ........................................................................................................................
)7 .......................................................................................................................... (1
)7 .......................................................................................................................... (2
8 ...........................................................................................................................
)8 .......................................................................................................................... (3
)8 .......................................................................................................................... (4
8 .........................................................................................................
)8 .......................................................................................................................... (5
)9 .......................................................................................................................... (6
)9 .......................................................................................................................... (7
10 ...............................................................................................................
)10 ........................................................................................................................ (8
)10 ........................................................................................................................ (9
:2 - )( 11 ...............................................................................
11 ...................................................................................
)11 ...................................................................................................................... (10
)12 ...................................................................................................................... (11
)13 ...................................................................................................................... (12
)13 ...................................................................................................................... (13
)13 ...................................................................................................................... (14
:3 - )( 15 ...............................................................................
)15 ........................................................................................................................ (1
) (2 16 ............................................................................................
)16 ........................................................................................................................ (3
) (4 17 .......................................................................................................
17 .............................................................................................
)17 ........................................................................................................................ (5
)17 ........................................................................................................................ (6
)17 ........................................................................................................................ (7
:4 18 ................................................................................................
) (1 18 ......................................................................................................
:5 )( 20 ....................................................................................
20 ................................................................................................................
)20 ........................................................................................................................ (1
)21 ........................................................................................................................ (2
)22 ........................................................................................................................ (3
)23 ........................................................................................................................ (4
:6 )( 24 ....................................................................................
)24 ........................................................................................................................ (1
)24 ........................................................................................................................ (2
-3-
" -
2006
)25 ........................................................................................................................ (3
)26 ........................................................................................................................ (4
) (5 26 ............................................................................................ WALLIS
:7 )( 27 ....................................................................................
)27 ........................................................................................................................ (1
)27 ........................................................................................................................ (2
)28 ........................................................................................................................ (3
:8 29 ................................................................................................
)29 ........................................................................................................................ (1
)29 ........................................................................................................................ (2
)29 ........................................................................................................................ (3
)30 ........................................................................................................................ (4
)30 ........................................................................................................................ (5
)31 ........................................................................................................................ (6
)32 ........................................................................................................................ (7
:9 )( 33 ....................................................................................
) (1 ) ( 33 .........................................................................................
)34 ........................................................................................................................ (2
)35 ........................................................................................................................ (3
:10 )( 36 ...............................................................
)36 ........................................................................................................................ (4
37 ..............................................................................................................
)37 ........................................................................................................................ (1
)37 ........................................................................................................................ (2
)37 ........................................................................................................................ (3
)37 ........................................................................................................................ (4
)38 ........................................................................................................................ (5
)38 ........................................................................................................................ (6
)38 ........................................................................................................................ (7
)38 ........................................................................................................................ (8
:11 )( 39 .......................................................................................
)39 ........................................................................................................................ (1
39 ..........................................................................................................
)39 ........................................................................................................................ (2
39 ..............................................................................................................
39 ..............................................................................................................
)( 40 ........................................................................................................................
)( 40 ........................................................................................................................
41 ...............................................................................................................
)41 ........................................................................................................................ (3
)41 ........................................................................................................................ (4
41 .............................................................................................................
)42 ........................................................................................................................ (5
)42 ........................................................................................................................ (6
:12 )( 43 ..................................................................................................
)43 ........................................................................................................................ (1
)43 ........................................................................................................................ (2
)44 ........................................................................................................................ (3
)45 ........................................................................................................................ (4
:13 46 ....................................................................
-4-
" -
2006
)46 ........................................................................................................................ (1
)47 ........................................................................................................................ (2
)47 ........................................................................................................................ (3
:14 )( 49 ........................................................
)49 ........................................................................................................................ (1
)50 ........................................................................................................................ (2
)51 ........................................................................................................................ (3
)52 ........................................................................................................................ (4
:15 53 .......................................................................................................
)53 ........................................................................................................................ (1
)53 ........................................................................................................................ (2
)54 ........................................................................................................................ (3
)55 ........................................................................................................................ (4
)55 ........................................................................................................................ (5
:16 )( 57 ...........................................................................................
)57 ........................................................................................................................ (1
)59 ........................................................................................................................ (2
)59 ........................................................................................................................ (3
)60 ........................................................................................................................ (4
:17 61 .......................................................................................
)62 ........................................................................................................................ (1
)62 ........................................................................................................................ (2
)63 ........................................................................................................................ (3
64 .............................................................................................
)65 ........................................................................................................................ (4
)65 ........................................................................................................................ (5
:18 66 .......................................................................................
)66 ........................................................................................................................ (6
)67 ........................................................................................................................ (7
)68 ........................................................................................................................ (8
)69 ........................................................................................................................ (9
70 ..........................................................................................
)70 ...................................................................................................................... (10
:19 71 .........................................................................
)71 ........................................................................................................................ (1
)74 ........................................................................................................................ (2
:20 77 .........................................................................
)77 ........................................................................................................................ (1
)77 ........................................................................................................................ (2
) (3 78 .....................................................................................................
)79 ........................................................................................................................ (4
)80 ........................................................................................................................ (5
:21 81 ...............................................................................................
)82 ........................................................................................................................ (1
)83 ........................................................................................................................ (2
)84 ........................................................................................................................ (3
)84 ........................................................................................................................ (4
:22 85 ...............................................................................................
)86 ........................................................................................................................ (5
)87 ........................................................................................................................ (6
-5-
" -
2006
:23 89 .............................................................................................
)89 ........................................................................................................................ (1
)90 ........................................................................................................................ (2
)91 ........................................................................................................................ (3
)92 ........................................................................................................................ (4
)93 ........................................................................................................................ (5
:24 94 .............................................................................................
) (6 94 .............................................................................
)95 ........................................................................................................................ (7
)96 ........................................................................................................................ (8
)97 ........................................................................................................................ (9
:25 98 .....................................................................................................
)98 ........................................................................................................................ (1
100 .............................................................................................
)101 ...................................................................................................................... (2
)102 ...................................................................................................................... (3
:26 103 ...................................................................................................
) (4 ) (lemniscate 103 ..................................................................
)104 ...................................................................................................................... (5
105 .................................................................................................
)106 ...................................................................................................................... (6
)106 ...................................................................................................................... (7
)107 ...................................................................................................................... (8
:27 108 .....................................................................................................
)108 ...................................................................................................................... (1
)109 ...................................................................................................................... (2
)110 ...................................................................................................................... (3
)111 ...................................................................................................................... (4
)112 ...................................................................................................................... (5
)113 ...................................................................................................................... (6
:28 , 114 ......................................................
114 .................................................................................................................... 1
114 .......................................................................................................
114 .................................................................................................................... 2
)115 ...................................................................................................................... (7
)117 ...................................................................................................................... (8
)118 ...................................................................................................................... (9
:29 119 ..................................................................................................
)119 ...................................................................................................................... (1
)120 ...................................................................................................................... (2
)121 ...................................................................................................................... (3
)122 ...................................................................................................................... (4
)123 ...................................................................................................................... (5
:30 125 ..................................................................................................
)125 ...................................................................................................................... (6
)127 ...................................................................................................................... (7
)128 ...................................................................................................................... (8
)129 ...................................................................................................................... (9
: 131 ................................................................................................
-6-
" -
2006
:1 -
) F ( x ) f ( x I x I ). F '( x) = f ( x
1
F , G , f c . F ( x) = G ( x) + c
1
F G ( F G ) ' = F ' G ' = f f = 0.
f ( x)dx
)(1
sin xdx = cos x + c

)(2
2
x
2
= xdx
: f !
:
x = 0 -
)
,
""(,
)F ( x
)f ( x
-7-
" -
2006
af ( x)dx = a f ( x)dx
( f ( x) + g ( x) )dx = f ( x)dx + g ( x)dx
:
)(3
x 1
1
dx +
= dx
2
1+ x
1 + x2
4
= dx
1+ x
1+ x
( x + 1 ) ( x 1)dx +
2
= dx
1+ x
x3
x + arctan( x) + c
3
)(4
sin x
tan( x)dx = cos x dx = ln cos x + c

u v - . . [u ( x) v( x) ] ' = u ' v + uv ' :
. uv = u ' v + uv ' :
) (. uv ' = uv u ' v :
)(5
e x + c
xe dx = xe e dx = xe
x
u = x; v ' = e x
u ' = 1; v = e x
v ' - .
-8-
" -
2006
(6)
cos( x)dx = e cos( x) + e sin( x)dx

x
u = cos( x)
v ' = ex
u ' = sin( x)
v = ex
sin( x)dx = e x sin( x) e x cos( x)dx
u = sin( x)
v ' = ex
u ' = cos( x)
v = ex
cos( x)dx = e x cos + e x sin( x)dx = e x cos( x) + e x sin( x) e x cos( x)dx
2 e x cos( x)dx = e x cos( x) + e x sin( x) + c
(7)
arctan( x)dx =
ln 1 + x
x
dx = x arctan( x)
= 1 arctan( x)dx = x arctan( x )
+c
2
1+ x
2
u = arctan( x )
v' =1
2
u'=
1
1 + x2
- "
v=x
-9-
2006
f :I
xI
:J I
tJ
)" (.
. F ( x) = f ( x)dx
x . (t ) - )) . F ( (t
) f ( (t )) '(t
= ) [ F ( (t ))] ' = F '( (t )) '(t
) F ( (t )) = F ( x) = f ( x)dx = f ( (t )) '(t
:
= f ( x)dx
) x = (t
dx
) = '( t
dt
dx = '( t ) dt
)(8
+
)( x > 0
dt
1 1
=
= dt
)10t (t + 1
t t +1
dt
1
10
9
10
)10t t (t + 1
dx
t = x10
1
)+ 1
x( x
10
1
x =t 10 ( t ):
) [0, )[0,
dt =10 x dx
) (t "
dt
9
10 t 10
= dx
1
1 x10
ln t + ln t + 1 ) + c = ln 10 + c
(
10
10 x + 1
)(9
:
1 + x dx
: :
u=x
v ' = 1+ x
3
2
v = ( x + 1) 2
3
u' =1
: :
t = 1+ x
- 10 -
" -
2006
:2 - )(

)P ( x
P, Q
)Q( x
P Q .
= )R( x
)(10
2 x x x + 3x 4
4x 1
dx = ( 2 x 2 x 3)dx + 2
= dx
2
x +1
x +1
2 x3 x 2
4x 1
3x + 2
dx
3
2
x +1
)(13
> P . Q
Q )
( ) ( x
) ( x 2 + px + q ) p 4q < 0
(.
2
)P( x
A
B
C
Dx + E
P
:
=
+
+
+ 2
+ ... :
2
Q
) Q( x) x + 2 x 5 ( x 5
x x +1
.
:
.1 . Q
P
.2
.
Q
.3 4 .
)(1
x = A ln( x ) + c
)(2
A
1
=
+c
n + 1 ( x )n 1
) ( x
n >1
- 11 -
" -
2006
Ax + B
dx =
+ px + q
(3)
p 2 4q < 0

(4)
(x
Ax + B
+ px + q )
dx =
p 2 4q < 0
n
(11)
2x
A
dx
dx
B
=
=
+
dx =
+ 9x 5
(2 x 1)( x + 5)
(2 x 1) ( x + 5)
A
dx
B
=
+
(2 x 1)( x + 5) (2 x 1) ( x + 5)
1 = A( x + 5) + B(2 x 1)
2
A=
0 = A + 2 B
11
1 = 5 A B
B = 1
11
1
2
1
1
=
dx
dx =
11 2 x 1
11 x + 5
1
1
= ln 2 x 1 ln x + 5 + c
11
11
- "
- 12 -
2006
(12)
9x
9x 5
9x 5
dx =
dx =
6x +1
(3 x 1) 2
A=3
9x 5
A
B
=
+
2
2
(3 x 1)
3 x 1 (3 x 1)
B = 2
3
2
dx
dx =
=
3x 1
(3 x 1) 2
2
= ln 3x 1
+c
3(3 x 1)
(13)
4x 1
2x
1
x 2 + 1dx = 2 x 2 + 1 x 2 + 1 dx =
" "
= 2 ln x 2 + 1 arctan( x)
(10 )
(14)
dx
dx
=
=
+1
( x + 1)( x 2 x + 1)
A= 3
1
A
Bx + C
1
=
+ 2
B =
2
( x + 1)( x x + 1) x + 1 x x + 1
3
2
C=3
x + 2
1 1
1
dx + 2
dx =
=
3 x +1
3 ( x x + 1)
1
1 1
2x 1
3
1
= ln x + 1 + 2
dx + 2
dx =
3
3 2 ( x x + 1)
2 ( x x + 1)
1
1
1
1
dx =
= ln x + 1 ln x 2 x + 1 + 2
3
6
2 ( x x + 1)
" "
2
p
p2
2
x + px + q = x + + q
:
2
4
- "
- 13 -
2006
dx
dx
dx
4
=
=
2
2
x +1
1 3 3 2
1
x +
x 2 + 1
2 4
3
dx
1
1
1 4
=
= ln x + 1 ln x 2 x + 1 +
2
3
6
2 3 2
1
x 2 + 1
1
1
2 3
1
2
arctan x + c
= ln x + 1 ln x 2 x + 1 +
3
6
3 2
2
3
- "
- 14 -
2006
( )- :3
(1)
(x
Ax + B
+ px + q )
dx =
Ax + B
2
p
p 2
x + + q
2
4
dx
x + =t
2
A t + B
2
dt =
n
t 2 + a 2
dx = dt
n > 1; p 4q < 0
2
p2
p2
2
2
.q
> 0 p 4q < 0 :
= a : q
4
4
A t + B
A
P
dt
2t
2
=
=
dt =
dt + B A
n
n
2 (t 2 + a2 )
2 ( t 2 + a 2 )n
t 2 + a 2
=
In
n +1
A
P
dt
1
+ B A
t 2 + a2 )
(
2
2 n + 1
2 ( t + a 2 )n
dt
(t 2 + a2 )
= 1
(t
dt
+ a2 )
u = (t 2 + a2 )
(t
t
2
+a
2 n
(t
+ a2
(t + a ) a
+ 2n
(t + a )
)
2
u ' = n ( t 2 + a 2 )
=
n 1
2t
(t
v=x
dt
2
+a
2 n
2n a 2
(t
2a n ( t + a
2
dt
+ a2 )
n +1
I n +1
2 n
2n 1
In
2a 2 n

dt
1
t
I1 = 2 2 = arctan + c
a +t
a
a
- "
dt =
v' =1
+ 2n
2 n +1
In
I n +1 =

a 2 - t
- 15 -
2006
( 2)
dx
cos x =
x
2
x = 2arctan t
2 dt
dx = 2
1+ t
t = tan
x
2
2
2
x
x
x
x
x
x
2
cos = 2 tan cos = 2t cos =
sin x = 2sin cos = 2
x
2
2
2
2
2
2
cos
2
1
2t
= 2t
=
1+ t2 1+ t2
x
1
1 t2
=
cos x = 2 cos 2 1 = 2
1
2
1+ t2
1+ t2
2t
sin x =
1+ t2
1 t2
cos x =
1+ t2
2dt
dx
1 + t 2 = 2dt = dt + dt = ln 1 t + ln 1 + t + c =
cos x =x 1 t 2 1 t 2 1 t 1 + t
t = tan
2
1+ t2
sin
dx =
2 dt
1+ t 2
sin x =
2t
1+ t 2
cos x =
1 t 2
1+ t 2
1 + tan 2
= ln
+c
x
1 tan
(3)
:
.( t = sin x :" )
- "
- 16 -
dx
cos x
2006
( 4)
dx
1+ x
t = x + 1+ x 2
t
1 2x
dt =1+
dx =
dx
2 1+ x 2
1+ x 2
dt
dx
=
t
1+ x 2
dt
= ln t + c = ln x + 1 + x 2 + c
t

e x e x
2
x
e + e x
cosh( x) =
2
sinh( x) =
dx
1+ x
x = sinh( t )
dx = cosh( t ) dt
1+ sinh 2 ( p ) = cosh 2 ( p )
cosh t dt
= dt = t + c = arcsin h( x) + c
cosh t
(5)
ln( x + 1 + x 2 ) = arcsin h( x) :
(6)
1 + sin x
sin x e
1 + cos x e dx = 1 + cos x dx + 1 + cos x dx =

=
ex
x
dx + e x tan dx =
x
2 t= x
2 cos 2
2
2
e 2t 2 dt
2t
2 cos2 t + 2 e tan t dt =
x = 2t
dx = 2 dt
= e 2t tan t 2e 2t tan t dt + 2 e 2t tan t dt = e 2t tan t + c

1
cos 2 t
u ' = 2e 2t ; v = tan t
u = e 2t ; v ' =
(7)
- "
dx :
- 17 -
2006
:4
) (1
C
1 x C
= ) C ( x
0 x C
.
) : (.
" ) C ( x .
:
0
3
0
0
C0
C1
C2
C = Ci
i =1
:
C .
1
1
C . , C :
4
4
) (.
C , C) . =
(.
C .
C .0 : > 0 C"
) . - -
(.
C . .
C . .
x C x - 3 -0 -2 -.
Ci - 3:1
f " = .
C .0
- 18 -
" -
2006
:
= 0 . D
D , S ( D, C ) = 0 D , xi D ) mi ( C .0
) . C - C :
(.
sup S ( D, C ) = 0
D
0
:
j
2
> 0 , D . - = . C j
3
j
2
D - j - ) ,( C j - . < -
3
j
2
S = ( D , C ) = M i ( xi ) xi 1 x = C j = <
3
i =1
Cj
:
I ( C ) = inf S ( C , D) = 0
D
.0
C ] [ 0,1 .0
- 19 -
" -
2006
:5 )(
)f ( x
a
f ( x)dx
)f ( x
x = a. x = b -
) F ( x , ) f ( x .
) f ( x)dx = F (b) F (a) = F ( x

b
)(1
2
2
= (2 + cos x x )dx = 2 dx + cos xdx x dx
24
= +1
- 20 -
x3
3
= 2 x 0 2 + sin x 0 2
" -
2006
(2)
2
I =
0
x 2 x + 2 dx
2
x 2x + 2
2
(
u '=
2(
u=
)
)
x 2 2 x + 2
2 x2
x2 2 x + 2
x2 x
=2 2
v `=1
v= x
dx = 2 2
0
x 2x + 2
2
2
0
x2 2 x + 2
x 2x + 2
2
dx
0
x( x 1)
x2 2x + 2
x2
x 2x + 2
2
I
2
I = 2
2
x2
1
dx
2
2 0 x 2x + 2
2
x2
x2 2 x + 2
dx =
2
= x2 2x + 2
0
=
0
( x 1)
+1
x 2x + 2
2
(tdt==xdx1)
1
1
dx
2
1
2x 2
1
dx
dx =
2 0 x2 2 x + 2
x2 2 x + 2
0
dt
t2 +1
dx = 0
0
x 2x + 2
= ln(t + t 2 + 1)
1 1+ 2
I = 2 + ln
2 1 + 2
- "
1
2
- 21 -
dx =
1+ 2
= ln
1
1 + 2
dx =
dx =
2006
)(3
.0
a
a
) f ( x" ] . [a, a) f ( x) = f ( x) : (.
a
= f ( x)dx = f ( x)dx + f ( x)dx = f (t )dt + f ( x)dx = f (t )dt + f ( x)dx
a
x = t
dx = dt
in the left integral
f (t )dt + f ( x)dx =0
- 22 -
f _ is _ odd
" -
2006
)(4
) 6(
/ :
f f - .
, ,
. f - -
f . ? .
.. x 2 :
*** ) ( f : f
) 0 = 0
.( -
- 23 -
" -
2006
:6 )(
) f ( x ] . [a, b F ( x) = f (t )dt ; a x b : F -
a
). F '( x) = f ( x
)(1
x + x2
sin tdt
= )F ( x
sin t ) ( G , G ( x) = sin tdt . G '( x) = sin x -

0
) F ( x) = G ( x + x
2
] F '( x) = G '( x + x 2 )[1 + 2 x] = sin( x + x 2 )[1 + 2 x
)(2
x
0
= LOP
0
(3t )dt
3
sin
1
lim 3 sin 2 (3t )dt = lim 0
x 0 x
x 0
0
)sin 2 (3x
)3 sin 2 (3 x
=
=3
l
im
x 0
x 0
3x 2
3 3x 2
= lim
- 24 -
" -
2006
)(3
dx :
X- .
:x0
x
e dx = e + c1
x
:x<0
x
e dx = e + c2
x
e0 + c1 = e0 + c2 "" .0-
x 0 e x + c
= )f ( x
. c2 = c1 2 :
x
x < 0 e + c 2
.0-
. e , .
. .0-
x
- 25 -
" -
2006
)(4
1
1
1
+
+ ... + :
lim
n n + 1
n+2
2n
n
n
n
1
n
1 1
=
=
=
k n
k =1 n + k
) k =1 n ( n + k
k =1
1+
n
k k +1
n
n
k
n
f ( x)dx :
n 0
1 2
n n
.....
1
f
k =1 n
1 1
1
dx = ln 1 + x = ln 2
k
+
x
1
k =1 n
0
0
1+
n
) (5 WALLIS

) 1 3 5 ... (2n 1
)2 4 ... (2n
= ( x)dx
2n
sin
0
)2 4 ... (2n
)1 3 5 ... (2n + 1
= ( x)dx
2 n +1
sin
0
- 26 -
" -
2006
:7 )(
)(1
) f ( x ] . [0, 2 f ( x) cos(nx)dx = 0
. lim
N n > N f ( x) cos(nx)dx <
f '( x) sin(nx)dx
)sin(nx
1
f ( x)
n
n
0
0
2
f '( x) sin(nx) dx
1
n
) v '= cos( nx
) sin( nx
=v
n
f '( x) sin(nx)dx
)u= f ( x
f ( x) cos(nx)dx
) u '= f '( x
1
n
= f ( x) cos(nx)dx
) f '( x " M.
) sin(nx.
= M 2 <
n
n .
2
0
M dx = n Mx
0
1
f '( x) sin(nx) dx
n
1
n
)(2
f 0 ] . [a, b , > 0 } { x f ( x) > . f
b
. f ( x)dx = 0
a
: } { x f ( x) > 0.
:
p
;( p, q ) = 1
q
0
x
= )f ( x
x
f I > 0 > 0 ) ( p) < 0

, ""( . {ti } - ) ( xi 1 ti xi
xi I <
) f (t
i
- 27 -
" -
2006
)f (yj
yk
.......
y3
y2
y1
"" . -
" ) b a 1 ( . . > 0 y1 , y2 ... yk
. I = 0
) . f ( yi
) . M = f ( y j ) = max( f
k M + + yi xi yi
) f (t
i
i =1
<
2kM
< .
)(3

b
f ] . [a, b" : f ( x) > 0 . x . f ( x)dx > 0

a
- 28 -
" -
2006
:8
)(1
1
dx
1
1 x 2 = x = 1 1 = 2
1
.
.
?
dx
dx
dx
dx
dx
= + lim+ 2
2
1 x2 =1 x2 + 0 x 2 = lim

0
x 0 x
1
1
1
1
dx
dx
1
= lim
+ lim+ 2 = lim 1 + lim+ 2
0 x
0
0
0 x
x 1
dx
2
dx
1 x2
)(2

1
dx
=
x
1
)(3
dx
e
0
e x
+ 1) = 1
) = lim ( e
M
M
0
dx = lim e x
M
- 29 -
e
0
dx = lim
e
0
" -
2006
)(4
?
dx
x + 5x
2
= I
0
1
1
0 x 1 x 2 x
. 2
x + 5x 6 x
:
(1 , n 1
dx
n
(2
dx
n
. n > 1
dx
6x
, ".
I .
)(5
?
cos x
dx
x2
1
= I
cos x
x2
1
g ( x) = 2
x
= )f ( x
: ) ( .
. f ( x) g ( x) -
) g ( x
1
) f ( x
1
cos x
2.
x
1
- 30 -
" -
2006
)(6
) f : ( 0,1 "
1
x x3
2
= ) . f ( x :
1
2
f ( x)dx
f ( x)dx
0
1
1
2
1

x 1 x
(
1
dx
1 x
= ). f ( x
1
2
x
0
1
x 1 x = 1
1
x 0
1
1 x
x
1
-
x
(
1
1
1 x 1 x dx
)( .
1
x 1 x = x
1
x 1
1
1 x
1
2
1
du
du
= dx
= 1
u =1 x
1 x ( du = dx ) 1 u 0 2
1
u
2
2
)( .
: .
? , ?
1
1
1
1
dx
dx
<-
= lim
1 1 x dx = lim
1 x
1 x
1
1
2
0
du
du
= lim
=

u 1 u
1
- 31 -
" -
2006
(7)
2
sin x
sin x
dx =
.
dx .
x
x
2
0
0
1
sin 2 x
0 x 2 dx u =sin2 ( x )
sin x
dx :( )
x
0
u '= 2sin x cos x =sin(2 x )
1
sin(2 x)
dx
sin 2 ( x) +
1
x
x
v '= 2
0
0
x
1
v =
x
***= 0
1
sin 2 M = 0
M M
1
sin sin
** * lim sin 2 = lim
=0
*** lim
0
sin(2 x)
2sin(2 x)
0 x dx = 0 2 x dx 2=x=t
1
2sin(t )
sin(t )
dt =
dt =
t
2t
2
0
0
dx = dt
2
- "
- 32 -
2006
:9 )(
) (1 ) (
f , g ] [a, x . x a :
f (1
x
(2
f (t )dt c
a
x
)g ( x
0 (3
g (4
) g '( x
fg
:
fg ]. [a, x
x
= g (t ) F (t ) a F (t ) g '(t )dt
x
v '= f
(1) v = F = f ( t ) dt
u=g
' (4) u '= g
f (t ) g (t )dt
= g ( x) F ( x) g (a) F (a) F (t ) g '(t )dt

a
lim )(.
x
.
)g ( x) F ( x
)( 0
x
)bounded (2
) g ( x )(3
0
x
x
)( <
g '(t ) dt
a
F (t ) g '(t ) dt c
)by (2
< g '( t ) dt
a
)( x .
: g 0 - .
- 33 -
" -
2006
(2)
:
sin 2 x
dx
x2
0
I1 =
I2 =
0
2sin x cos x
dx
x
.(
.(
sin x
cos x
2 .( " ) - " :
x 0
x
1
x0
()
. I 2 -
1
. f ( x) = 2sin x cos x x g 0 g ( x) =
x
x
1
1
1
0 2sin t cos tdt = 0 sin 2tdt = 2 cos 2t 0 = 2 cos 2 x 2 2
fg =
0
2sin x cos x
dx :
x
: I1 = I 2 :
sin x
sin x
sin x
sin x
dx + 2 dx = lim 2 dx + lim
dx =
2
0
x
x
x
x2
0
1
1
I1 =
b
2
sin x dx
=
x2
2
a
u = sin x
u '= 2sin x cos x
b
1 2
2sin x cos x
sin x +
1
x
x
v '= 2
a
x
1
v =
sin 2 x 1 1 2sin x cos x

sin 2 x M M 2sin x cos x
+
+
dx + lim
dx =
= lim
0
M
x
x
x 1 1
x
sin 2 x
1 2
lim
sin x = 0
x x = lim
x x
bounded
sin x
sin x
sin x = 0
= lim
lim
x 0
x
x 0 x
sin 2 (1)
2sin x cos x
sin 2 (1)
2sin x cos x
dx +
dx = I 2
+ lim
+ lim
0
M
x
1
x
1
1
- "
- 34 -
2006
)( I1 )(.
2sin x cos x
dx :
x
sin t
dt
t
2sin x cos x
sin 2 x
= dx
= dx
2 x =t
x
x
1
2
dx = dt
)(3

/ :
1
sin x
dx (1
x
0
sin x
dx (2
x
1
- 35 -
" -
2006
:10 )(
)(4
f ( x)dx
f 0 .
). f ( x
./ 0
x
. :
: f
....
1

2 1
1
1
n 1
base iheight
1
2
=
= n
= f ( x)dx
2
2
n =1
n =1
n =1 2
n
.1
:
( / 4 f 0 . f > 0 :
( / 4 f -.
( / 4 f - " ) ( .!
: 14 36:30
- 36 -
" -
2006

)(1
1
1
1
1
+
+
+ ... +
+ ...
1 2 2 3 3 4
)n(n + 1
1
1
1
=

n(n + 1) n n + 1
1
n
1
1
1
1
=
sn 1 :
= sn
= 1
k +1
n + 1 n
)n =1 n( n + 1
k =1 k
)(2
n
n =1 n + 1
n
1
1
n
,
:
=
n
n
e
n +1 1
1 +
n
.0-
)(3
1 1 1 1
1
+ 3 + 4 + 5 + ... + n + ...
2
n
2 3 4 5
1+
1
1
n > 1 n
n
2
n
1
1
n )!( n.
2
n
.
)(4
1
2
3
n
+
+
+ ... +
+ ...
1 3 5 7 9 11
)(4n 3)(4n 1
n
1
)(4n 3)(4n 1
n
1
16
n
1
, .
n
- 37 -
" -
2006
)(5
:
n =1
f ( x)dx , ) f (n
: "-" ) 10 .(4
)(6
!1 2! 3
!n
+ 2 + 3 + ... + n + ...
3 3 3
3
n
an +1 (n + 1)! 3
= n +1
>1
3
an
n ! n
.
)(7
2 3
n
1 + + 2 + ... + n 1 + ...
2 2
2
n
n
n 1
n
= 1 = <1
n 1
1
2
2
2 n
.
)(8
1 an1
e ; a1
n
= . an
n =1
lim an 0
n
n =1
n
. an
0 ,
) an > 0 .( n > 1
an
1
n
= an1
1
1 e
n
.
- 38 -
" -
2006
:11 )(
)(1
1
n ln n
1
n ln n
2 a ,a
n
2n
,
1
n ln 2
.
1
n
n
n
2 ln 2
)(2
1 3 5 ... (2n 1) 1
2 4 6 ... (2n) 2n + 1

)an +1 1 3 5 ... (2n + 1
1
2 4 6 ... (2n) 2n + 1
=
=
1
)an 2 4 6 ... (2n + 2) 2n + 3 1 3 5 ... (2n 1
)( 2n + 1)( 2n + 1
n
1
)( 2n + 2 )( 2n + 3

a
. an > 0 lim n 1 n +1 = L :
n
an
an L > 1 (1.
L < 1 (2
L = 1 (3 .
:
a
)(2n + 1)(2n + 1
4n + 4n + 1
n 1 n +1 = n 1
=
= n 1 2
an
) (2n + 2)(2n + 3
4n + 10n + 6
6n + 5
3
= n 2

n
2
4n + 10n + 6
.
2
- 39 -
" -
2006
)(
) ( + 1)...( + n 1
) ( + 1)...( + n 1
, > 0/ ?
)(
)1 3 5 ... (2n 1
) 2 4 6 ... (2n
- 40 -
" -
2006

)(3
)(1
n
n
n=2
ln 1 +
) n + (1
3 2 5 4
2k + 1
2k
=
sn = ln
ln
...
=
2 3 4 5
n
2k
2k + 1
n=2
last element
last element
)if N=2k (even) if N=2k+1 (odd
N = 2k + 1
ln1 = 0
= 2k + 1
N = 2k
ln 2k

sn ,0- .0-
n
)(4
) cos(n
n3
n =1
cos(n ) = (1) n

) ) . ( ( 1 0-
n
.
0
1
2
3
(1) n
2
3
n =1
- 41 -
" -
2006
)(5
/:
( an
) (a
n
( a , a > 0 ) ( a
( a , a > 0 ) ( a.
*( a ) ( a.
2
:
n
( . :
( .:
)( 1
=
n
an
1
(a ) = n
2
. an n - . 0 < an < 1 -
0
n . an an 2
( .:
. an n - . 0 < an < 1 -
0
n . an an3
( .
: , .
)(6
1
?
p is prime p
- 42 -
" -
2006
:12 )(
)(1
1=2
1 1 1 1 1
2 1 2 1 2 1
= 2 1 + + ... = 2 1 + + +
3 2 5 3 7 4
2 3 4 5 6
1 1 1 1 1
= 1 + + ... 2 = 1
illegal
2 3 4 5 6
)(2
1 2

=
2
6
n =1 n
) ( 2n 1
n =1
.
1 1 1
= + + + ...
22 32 42
= 1+
1
2
n
n =1
1 1 1
= = 1 + 2 + 2 + 2 + ...
2 3 4
1
1
1 2
= 2
+
=
2
(2n) 2 6
n =1 n
)n =1 (2n 1
1 1 1 2
=
4 n =1 n 2 4 6
1
2
) ( 2n
n =1
2 1 2 3 2 2
1
1
1
= 2
=

=
=
2
2
6 4 6 4 6
8
)n =1 (2n 1
n =1 n
) n =1 ( 2n
- 43 -
" -
2006
)(3
)( 1
n
)+ ( 1
n
?
n=2
, p = 0 .
)( 1
n
p < 0 1
n
p
)n + ( 1
n
: p > 0
=)
)(1) n n p (1) n n p + ( 1
)n p n p + ( 1
=
n=2
)( 1) N ( 1
n
p
p
)n = 2 n + ( 1
n=2 n
n
1
+ ( 1) n p
n
+ ( 1) n p
n
2p
n
n=2
1

2
2p
=
n=2
>.p
1
. -
2p
n=2 n
)n 2 p + ( 1) n p n p + ( 1
n
=
=
1
p
2p
n
n
n
1
n2 p
1
n 2 p + ( 1) n p
n
1
:
2
>.p
)( 1
1
p p > 0 . . an bb = cn , > bn , p cn -
2
n =1 n
bn cn - , an = bb + cn.
1
bn , p > 0 cn , an.
2
n
1
:
2
>.p
- 44 -
" -
2006
)(4
an
1+ a
1
( sn - . an
sn
an
2
n 1
n=2
(
an
1 + an
1
=
an 1
0
an
1 + an
an
) ( ,
.
1 + an
an
a
an 0
0
) . n
,0- -
1 + an
1 + an
1
1
an (.
0
+ 1

an 0
1
an
+1
an
a
n ,.
1 + an
(
. Tn -
n
1
1
1 1 n 1 1
= Tn
= +
=
sk
sn s1
s1 a1
k = 2 sk 1
1

sn
1
n 1
n=2
(
an
a
a
an
1
1 s s
n = n2
= = n 1 n
sn 1 sn sn sn sn
sn 1 sn sn 1 sn sn 1 sn
an
a
' n2 ,.
sn
sn 1 sn
- 45 -
" -
2006
:13
f2
f1
/2
/2
}) { f n ( x f ( x) - I > 0 ) N ( -
f n ( x) f ( x) < n > N . x I
)(1
nx
1 + nx
= ) . f n ( x { f n } : " ) . > 0,[ ,
nx
x
n
=
) 1 , x [ ,
1 + nx 1 + x
n
) f n ( x.
f ( x) = 1
= ), f n ( x
) . f n ( > 0 ) N ( : n > N
1 ,
n
1 <
1 + n
> 0 N",
nx
1
1
1
= f n ( x) 1
= 1
=
, x I
1 + nx
1 + nx 1 + nx 1 + n
".
= f n ( ) 1
- 46 -
" -
2006
)(2
n2 x 2
= ) . f n ( x " ]. [ 1,1
1 + n2 x2
n 2 x0 2
x0 2
n
=
1
2 2
1
1 + n x0
2
+ x0
n2
1 x 0
) f n ( x.
0 x = 0
= ) ( x0 0 ) f n ( x0
) f ( x ) f n ( x , ".
f n" f n , , f(.
) f
)(3
x x
ln
n n
= ) . x (0,1] , f n ( x } { f n "?
:I f
x x n
ln
0
n n
= )f n ( x
ln t
ln t
t ln t = lim+
= lim+
= lim+ t
0
tlim
+
0
t 0
1 t 0 1 LOP t 0 1
2
t
t
t
) f n ( x.
f ( x) = 0
:II M n -
x x
x x
ln 0 = sup ln
n
n
x(0,1] n
x(0,1] n
x=0
0
:
hn = x x hn . [0,1] - .0-
x
ln
0
n n
M n = sup
- 47 -
" -
2006
1
x x 1 1
1 x
hn '( x) = ln = ln + 1
x
n
n n
n
n n
n
x
n
hn '( x) = 0 ln = 1 = . x
e
n
n
, n 3
e
1 1
M n = max hn ( x) = hn (1) = ln
]x(0,1
n n
] . [0,1 hn ] [0,1 n 3 - . hn '( x) > 0
:III
1 1
lim M n = lim ln = 0
n
n
n n
f n ".
- 48 -
" -
2006
:14 )(
)(1
) n sin(nx
dx
0
en
n =1
n sin(nx) n
) n sin(nx
.
"
en

en
en
n =1
n
n
1
( n n
n ) < 1 :
e
e
n =1 e
) n sin(nx
" M ,

en
n =1
-.
1
= n cos(nx) 0
)n sin(nx
n
n
) n sin(nx
=
=
=
dx
dx
(sin
nx
)
dx
n
n
n
n
0
e
e
n =1
n =1 0
n =1 e 0
n =1 e
= )) = en 1n (( 1) 1) = e1 (( 1) 1
n =1
n =1
n
1
n ( 1) 1
)1 ( 1
1
1
2e
=
= n
+
= 2
n
if right wing converge
e
e 1 e +1 e 1
n =1 e
n =1
n
- 49 -
n
n
n =1 e
)1 ( 1
en
=
n =1
" -
2006
)(2
:
)f n ( x) = cos ( x
n
0 x
)( ). f n ( x
)( "?
)( lim cos n x dx :
0
)(
n
x = 0 f n ( x) = 1
1
n
) f n ( x
0
0< x
1 x = 0
n
= ) f ( x
)f n ( x
0 x 0
)(
f . f n . ".
)(
lim cos n x dx = 0
0
> 0
n
n
n
cos xdx = cos xdx + cos xdx
2

cos n x " 0- ,
2 2
0 >
. cos n xdx
n
N .
= . cos n xdx < 1dx
cos n xdx : N . lim = 0

0
- 50 -
" -
2006
)(3
f " ) . [a,
f ( x)dx
. . lim f ( x) = 0

1
x+
n
(1 f (t )dt
Fn" ) . [a,
Fn ( x) = n f
(2 lim Fn ( x) = 0 : . n
x
(3 . lim f n ( x) = 0
x
- 51 -
" -
2006
)(4
) . e nx cos(n 2 x 2
n=0
)( . x > 0
)( ) (0, ?
)( f?
)(
x0 > 0 . x0 > > 0 :
e nx cos(n 2 x 2 ) e nx e n
) .( q = e < 1
n=0
: ,. [ , ) -
. x0 -
)(
) , f ( x) = e nx cos(n 2 x 2 . x > 0
n=0
)( .
, ) ( [a, b] - " f f.
f . [a, b], a > 0
f . (0, ) -
)(
- 52 -
" -
2006
:15
n
) a ( x
n
n =1
)(1
n
x
:
n
1
n
. .
n =1
= . an
1
=1 R =1
n
n
n
. (1,1) - .
1
.
:x=1
n =1 n
lim n an = lim n
:x=-1
)( 1
n
n =1
). [1,1
)(2
)ln(n + 1
n
( x 2 ) :
n +1
n =1
. .
an +1 ln(n + 2) n + 1
)n + 1 ln(n + 2
=
1
an
n + 2 ln(n + 1) n + 2 ln(n + 1) n
1
)ln(n + 2
= lim x + 2 = 1
lim
n ln( n + 1) LOP x
1
x +1
R =1
1 < y < 1
. 1 < x < 3
- 53 -
" -
2006
)ln(n+1
n+1
n=1
)ln(n+1
1

n - , log(n + 1) > 1
>
n+1
n +1
.
x = 3:
)ln(n+1
n
)( 1
n+1
n=1
x = 1:
.
ln(n+1) n
0
n+1
ln x 1 ln x
.
< 0 :
= '
x 2 x >e
x
). [1,3
) (.
)(3
x
:
7 x2
1
= t n , t < 1 :
1 t n=0
1
=
t 2n , t 2 < 1
2
1 t
n=0
x
2n
x
x x
1
1 2 n +1
7
x
=
2
2
n +1
7
7 n=0 7
n=0 7
x
x
1
1
7
7
x
=
7 x2
x< 7
: .
- 54 -
" -
2006
(4)
n

f ( x) =
1
1 x
x f '( x) =
x <1
n=0
(1 x )
n =1
n =0
= x n x n 1 = n x n
1
n
1
2n = 21 2 = 2 x = 2
1
2
(5)
x 2 n +1

n = 0 2n + 1
1
=
x2n
2
1 x
n=0
x <1
dt
x 2 n +1
2n
2n
t dt
=
0 1 t 2 = 0
t dt =
integration element
n=0
n =0 0
n = 0 2n + 1
by element
x
x
x
dt
dt 1
1 dt
0 1 t 2 = 2 0 1 t + 0 1 + t = 2 ln (1 x ) + ln (1 + x ) =
1 1+ x
= ln
2 1 x
x 2 x3
ln(1 + x) = x + +....
2 3
x 2 x3
ln(1 x) = x + + ....
2 3
1
x3 x5
1+ x
ln
=
+
+
+
=
x
x 2 n +1
2
...
2
+
x
n
1
3
5
2
1
n=0
- "
- 55 -
2006
1+ x
:
1 x
2 n +1
=t
< 0<t
t 1
t +1
=x
1 t 1
ln(t ) = 2 < , 0 < t ,. ln 5 ,
2n + 1 t + 1
- 56 -
" -
2006
:16 )(
:
1 2
=
2
6
n =1 n
)(1
. f ( x) = (1 + x ) , .
(1 + x ) = x n :
n=0 n

=1
0
) ( 1) ... ( a n + 1
= ,
n
!n

:
) 1 (k
)f (0
!k
n=0
n x

) ( 1) ... ( a n + 1
n
n + 1 n
!)(n + 1
=
=
1
!n
( 1) ... ( a n1) n

n + 1
an
an +1
. R = 1
f ( x) = x n . f ( x) = (1 + x ) , x < 1 :
n=0 n

f '( x) = n x n 1
n =1 n
) ( 1) ... ( a n + 1) ( 1) ... ( a n + 1

n = n
=
=
!n
!)(n 1
n
1
=
n 1
- 57 -
" -
2006
1 n 1 1 n
f '( x) =
x =
x
n =1 n 1
n=0 n 1
(*)
f '( x) = f 1 ( x)

(1 + x) f ( x) = (1 + x) x n =
n =0 n

= 1 + + x + + x 2 + ... =
0 1
1 2

n
1
= +
+ x =
n =1 n 1 n
+ 1 n
= 1+
x =
n =1 n
+ 1 n
=
x
n=0 n
(1 + x) f ( x) = f +1 ( x)
(**)
x < 1,
f ( x )
(1 + x)
f ( x )

(1 + x)
' f '( x)(1 + x) (1 + x) 1 f ( x)

=
=
(1 + x) 2
( f '( x)(1 + x) = f
(*)
( x)(1 + x) = f ( x)
(**)
=0
f ( x )
(1 + x )
= const
f (0) = 1
(1 + 0) = 1
n=0
n x
- "
= f ( x) = (1 + x) ; , x < 1
- 58 -
2006
)(2
. f ( x) = arcsin x .
1
. = , x = t 2 :1
2
1

1
.
= 2 (1) n t 2 n
2
n=0
1 t
n
.
0
1
x

dt
n
=
)2 (1
0 1 t 2 = arcsin x integration= element
2
n=0
1
t
0
by element
n
1
2 n +1

1 x3 1 3 x5
1 3 5 ... (2n 1) x 2 n +1
n x
)= 2 (1
= x + + + ... +
+ ...
2n + 1
2 3 2 4 5
2 4 6 ... (2n) 2n + 1
n=0
n
dt
x <1
)(3

2
8
1
2
)( 2n 1
an +1
2n + 1
n
=
. arcsin x 1 .
)(2n + 2)(2n + 3
an
. " :
a
3
)n(6n + 5
>1
n 1 n +1 = ... = 2
n
4n + 10n + 6
2
an
, x = 1 - . x = (1) -
arcsin x ] . [1,1 "
-.
- 59 -
" -
2006
) 1 3 5 ... (2n 1) sin 2 n +1 (t
t , x = sin t
2
2
)(2n + 1
)n =1 2 4 6 ... (2n
t = sin t +
0-
.:
2
)1 3 5 ... (2n 1
1
= sin 2 n +1t dt
2n + 1 0
)n =1 2 4 6 ... (2 n
WALLIS 6 .5
2
)2 4 ... (2n
2 n +1
) sin ( x)dx = 1 3 5 ... (2n + 1
0
= tdt = sin tdt +
1
2
)( 2n 1
=
n =1
1
2
)( 2n + 1
= 1+
n =1
)(4
1 2
=
2
6
n =1 n
1
1 1 1
1 1 1
= = 1 + 2 + 2 + 2 + ... = 1 + 2 + 2 + 2 + ...
2
2 3 4
2 3 4
n =1 n
1
1
1
1
=
+
=
+
2
2
2
2
)(2n) n =1 (2n 1
)n =1 (2 n 1
)n =1 (2n
3 1
1
2
= 2
=
2
4 n =1 n
8
)n =1 (2n 1
- 60 -
" -
2006
:17
f ( x) = L
lim
) ( x , y ) ( a ,b
) : (
( > 0 > 0 f ( x, y ) L < 0 < ( x a ) 2 + ( y b) 2 < :
)( a, b
( > 0 > 0 :
x a < y b < - f ( x , y ) L < x a + y b > 0 -
)( a, b
- 61 -
" -
2006
)(1
( x, y ) 0
( x, y ) = 0
xy
. f ( x, y ) = x 2 + y 2 ? (0, 0) -
0
x=0 f =0
) f ( x, y
y =0 f =0
xmx
m
f ( x, mx) = 2
=
, x
2
2
x + ( mx ) 1 + m
.
) (0 m
. y = mx
f - . (0, 0) -
)(2
)( x, y ) (0, 0
)( x, y ) = (0, 0
x2 y
f ( x, y ) = x 2 + y 2
0
x=0 f =0
) f ( x, y
y =0 f =0
x 2 mx
mx
x 0
= 2
0
f ( x, y ) = 4
2
2
)x + (mx
x +m
. y = x 2
1
2
x2 x2
2 2
x4 + ( x
= ) f ( x, x 2
f - .
- 62 -
" -
2006
)(3
x y 0
x y = 0
1
1
x sin + y sin
y
x
= ) f ( x, y
(0, 0) - : L = 0
1
1
+ y sin x + y <
y
x
f ( x, y ) x sin
: .
- 63 -
" -
2006
f:
) ( x, y
x = r cos
y = r sin
) . F (r
) f (r cos , r sin ) = F (r ) = F ( G 0
r 0
0
) . f ( x, y
)( x , y ) (0,0
:
M - ) . G ( G ( ) M . . > 0 > 0 -
r <
M =
< ) F (r
< ) f ( x, y ) L = f ( x, y ) = F (r )G (
L =0
x 2 + y 2 < r <
:
(1 " ." r .0- : 1 2 -

. r 0
(2 .
. .
- 64 -
" -
2006
)(4
)( x, y ) (0, 0
)(0, 0
x2 y 2
f ( x, y ) = x 2 + y 2
0
x2 y2
r 2 cos 2 r 2 sin 2
=
= lim r 2 cos 2 sin 2 = 0
lim
r 0
r 0
( x , y ) (0,0) x 2 + y 2
r2
) F (r
) G (
lim
.0
)(5
)( x, y ) (0, 0
)(0, 0
x2 y
f ( x, y ) = x 2 + y 2
0
r 2 cos 2 r sin
r cos 2 sin
=
lim
r 0 r 4 cos 4 + r 2 sin 2
r 0 r 2 cos 4 + sin 2
lim
k .0
= k 0 r .0
f .0-
- 65 -
" -
2006
:18
)(6
) y sin( x y
)( x, y ) (0, 0
1
2
2
8
) f ( x, y ) = ( x + y
0
)(0, 0
0
)( x , y ) (0,0
y
1
2 8
+y
(x
) y sin( x y
1
2 8
+y
(x
y
1
2 8
+y
| |
(x
| |
r sin
r sin
1
4
r4
| |
r
| |
r 4 sin 0
r 0
)( x , y ) (0,0
r 4 sin 0
r 0
bounded
' )f ( x, y ) = 0 = f (0, 0
- 66 -
lim
)( x , y ) (0,0
bounded
, f . (0, 0) -
" -
2006
)(7
>0
)( x, y ) (0, 0
)(0, 0
x y
) f ( x, y ) = ( x 2 + y 2
f?
:
) f , ( x, y ) (0, 0 . ). (0, 0
r 2 cos 2 r sin
= lim r 3 2 cos 2 sin
lim
2
r 0
r 0
r
) F (r
) G (
3

2
3
3
( 3 2 ) < 0
2
) . f ( x, y
0
)( x , y ) (0,0
) F (r
< 0
r 0
< f (0, 0) - .
. y = x
3
> 2
x 0
1 = 3
1 3 2
x
2
) ( 2x
= ) f ( x , y ) = f ( x, x
3
3
: f ) . (0, 0 f
2
2
- 67 -
< .
" -
2006
(8)
sin x sin y
x y
f ( x, y ) = x y
cos x
x= y
y
x= y
( x, x )
:
. ( xn , xx ) ( x, x) . ( x, x) . f x y
n x n y n
sin xn sin yn
=
n
xn yn
lim f ( xn , yn ) = lim
n
xn yn
x + yn
cos n
2 = cos x = f ( x, x)
2
= lim
n
xn yn
2
2
cos x
f ( xn , xn ) = cos x
n
2 sin
. f
- "
- 68 -
2006
)(9
: f
)( x, y ) (0, 0
)(0, 0
x2 y 2
f ( x, y ) = x 2 + y 2
0
) f (0, 0 1.1 -
:
p2
p1
2
f ( p1 ) = f , 0 = 1
3
2
f ( p2 ) = f 0, = 1
3
f . ] [1,1.
- 69 -
" -
2006

) f ( x, y D 2 D:
x y < f ( x) f ( y ) <
)(10
. f ( x, y ) = x 2 xy + y 2 -
:
. f ( x, 0) = x 2
. = 1 :
:
)p1 = ( x, 0
), 0
>x = 1
1
=x
x2 = x +
2
4
p2 = ( x +
f ( p2 ) f ( p1 ) = x 2 + x +
x
:
1
p1 = ( x, 0) = , 0

1
p2 = ( x + , 0) = + , 0
2
2
f .
:
" f ( x, y ) = sin( x + y ) ::
- 70 -
" -
2006
:19
)(1
>0
)( x, y ) (0, 0
)(0, 0
)( f ?
x2 y
) f ( x, y ) = ( x 2 + y 2
1 1
,
?
)( f - (0, 0) -
2 2
)( f ?
:
3
)( , .7 f
2
)(
:
) u = (u1 , u2 ) , (u12 + u2 2 = 1 : u
) f ( x0 + hu1 , y0 + hu2 ) f ( x0 , y0
f
( x0 , y0 ) = lim
h 0
u
h
.
< .
h h
,
f
) f (0, 0
f
2 2
= lim
(0, 0) = lim
h 0
h0
u
h
<1
0
1 2 2 1
= lim
=
=1
h
h 0 2 2
2
2
> 1
:
f
. 1
)(0, 0
u
- 71 -
" -
2006
)(
:
) f ( x, y ) ( x0 , y0 A, B h, k:
f ( x0 + h, y0 + k ) = f ( x0 , y0 ) + Ah + Bk + (h, k ) h 2 + k 2
) (h, k
0
)( h , k ) (0,0
f
)f (h, 0) f (0, 0
00
(0, 0) = lim
= lim
=0
h
0
h
0
x
h
h
f
)f (0, h) f (0, 0
00
= lim
=0
(0, 0) = lim
0
0
h
h
x
h
h
,
f (0, 0) - :
f ( x, y ) f (0, 0) = ( x, y ) x 2 + y 2 ( x, y ) 0 -
0
)( x , y ) (0,0
x2 y
1
2 +2
1 3
: <
2 2
2x
(x
x2 + y 2
, + f (0, 0) - . < 1
) 2 xy ( x 2 + y 2 ) x 2 y ( x 2 + y 2
f
= ) ( x, y
2
x
) ( x2 + y2
2y
+y
) f ( x, y
= ) ( x, y
) x2 ( x2 + y 2 ) x2 y ( x2 + y 2
f
= ) ( x, y
2
y
) ( x2 + y 2
x, y .
- 72 -
" -
2006
:

)(
) (:
xy
)( x, y ) (0, 0
1) f ( x, y ) = x 2 + y 2
0
)(0, 0
, .
x2 y
)( x, y ) (0, 0
2) f ( x, y ) = x 2 + y 2
0
)(0, 0
) , (0, 0 .
1
( x 2 + y 2 ) sin
) ( x, y ) (0, 0
x2 + y2
= ) f ( x, y
0
)(0, 0
) , (0, 0 .
- 73 -
)3
" -
2006
)(2
) f ( x, y
) . f ( x, y ) x 2 + y 2 , (x,y f ). (0, 0
f f ( x) < x 2 ). (0, 0
f f ( x) < x ). (0, 0
:
f (0, 0) = 0 f (0, 0) 0 + 0 = 0
2
f
)f (h, 0) f (0, 0
)f (h, 0
(0, 0) = lim
= lim
h
0
h
0
x
h
h
2
f (h, 0) h
= h
0
h 0,
h 0
h
h
. 0 - f (0, 0) - :
f ( x, y ) f (0, 0) = ( x, y ) x 2 + y 2 ( x, y ) 0
f
) = 0
y
= x 2 + y 2
0
)( x , y ) (0,0
=B
x2 + y2
2
x +y
2
f
=0
x
) f ( x, y
2
x +y
2
=(A
= ) ( x, y
f , 0- .
- 74 -
" -
2006
f ( x, y)
f ( x0 , y0 )
slop =
f ( x, y0 )
f
( x0 , y0 )
x
y = y0
x = x0
( x0 , y0 )
f ( x, y)
f ( x0 , y0 )
slop =
f
( x0 , y0 )
y
f ( x0 , y)
y = y0
x = x0
- "
( x0 , y0 )
- 75 -
2006
2 ) . g ( x, y ) = f ( x0 , y0 ) + A( x x0 ) + B( y y0
) f (.
)f ( x, y
y = y0
x = x0
) ( x0 , y0
- 76 -
" -
2006
:20
)(1
f ( x, y ) = e x sin y ). (0, 0
:
f . .
f
(0, 0) = A = 0
x
f
(0, 0) = B = 1
y
f
( x0 , y0 ) = e x0 sin y0 ,
x
f
( x0 , y0 ) = e x0 cos y0 ,
y
:
. g ( x, y ) = f (0, 0) + A( x 0) + B( y 0) = y
)(2
) f ( x, y . ( x0 , y0 ) - .0-
:
: f ) ( x0 , y0 :
f
f
f
( x0 , y0 ) = ( x0 , y0 ) u1 + ( x0 , y0 ) u2
u
x
y
) u = ( u1 , u2 .
:
f f
f = , " ." f
x y
f
= f u
u
f
f
) f ( x0 , y0 ) = (0, 0 . ( x0 , y0 ) = 0 u( x0 , y0 ) = (a, b) (0, 0) ,
u
u
b
f
a
= u . ( x0 , y0 ) = (a, b) u = 0
,

2
2
2
2
u
a +b
a +b
- 77 -
" -
2006
( 3)
.t =
2
df
. y = t sin t - x = t cos t , f ( x, y ) = e xy
dt
:

: y - x
f (t ) = et
f '(t ) = et
cos t sin 2 t
3
cos t sin 2 t
( t 3 cos t sin 2 t ) ' = ...

- F F (t ) = f ( x(t ), y (t ) ) - y (t ) - x(t ) , f ( x, y )
F '(t ) =
.y=
- x = 0 : t =
df
dt
- "
f dx f dy
+
x dt y dt
2
2
df
= y 2 e xy ( cos t t sin t ) + 2 xye xy ( sin t + t cos t )
dt
t=

= =
8
2 2
- 78 -
2006
(4)
: . f ( x, y )
i ) f ( x, x ) = 1 , x
f
ii )
( x, y ) = x
x
2
. x0 ,
f
( x, x 2 )
y
F (t ) = f ( x(t ), y (t ) ) = f (t , t )
2
( x, y )
( x, y )
t
x(t ) , y (t )
t
t2
:
dF f dx f dy
=
+
dt x dt y dt

dF
= 0 F (t ) = f (t , t 2 ) = 1 : (i )
dt
dx f
dy
f
0 = ( x(t ), y (t ) ) + ( x(t ), y (t ) )
=
dt y
dt by (ii)
x
dx f
dy
= x(t ) + ( x(t ), y (t ) ) =
dt y
dt
f
= t 1 + ( t , t 2 ) 2t
y
1
f
(t 0)
t, t 2 ) =
(
2
y
:
F (t ) = f ( x(t ), y (t ) )
, .
G (u, v) = g ( x(u, v), y (u, v) )
- "
- 79 -
2006
)(5
) (t , x) = f ( x + ct ) + g ( x ct :
2
2
2
=c
t 2
x 2
) = f '( x + ct ) c + g '( x ct ) ( c
t
= f '( x + ct ) 1 + g '( x ct ) 1
x
2
= f ''( x + ct ) c 2 + g '( x ct ) c 2
2
t
2
= f ''( x + ct ) 1 + g ''( x ct ) 1
x 2
2
2
2
=c
t 2
x 2
- 80 -
" -
2006
:21

:
- 81 -
" -
2006
(1)
2
. F '( x) . F ( x) = sin( xe y )dy

1
:
f
( x, y ) = cos( xe y ) e y F ( x, y ) = sin( xe y )
y
f
: , . 2 ( 2 )
- f
x
xe2
F '( x) = cos( xe ) e dy
y
- "
=y
t = xe
dt = xe y dy xe
1
cos tdt =
x
1
1
t = xe2
sin t t = xe = ( sin( xe 2 ) sin( xe) )
x
x
- 82 -
2006
)(2
xdx
2
) (1 + 2 x
.
0
xdx
2
) (1 + ax
= ) . F (a ). F (2
0
f
x
=
: ) f ( x, a :
a (1 + ax) 2
1
f
d
= F (a ) = ( x, a)dx
f ( x, a)dx
a
da 0
0
: !
) f ( x, a : a
1
x
) (1 + ax )2 da = 1 + ax = f ( x, a
:
f
.
] f [0,1] [1,3-
a
1
d
1
= dx
da 0 1 + ax
by Leibniz
dx
x
2
= )F (a
) 0 (1 + ax
d 1
d 1+ a
x =1
ln(1 + ax) x =0 = ln
=
da a
da a
1 1
1
) ln(1 + a
= )a ln(1 + a
2
2
a 1+ a
a
)a (a + 1
ln 3 1
= ) F (2
4 6
=
- 83 -
" -
2006
)(3
x x
dx
ln x
a
). (0 < a < b
xb x a
.
= x t dt :
ln x
a
. f ( x, t ) = x t ]. [0,1] [a, b
1 b
b 1
t
t
xb x a
= 0 ln x dx = 0 a x dt dx by= a 0 x dx dt
fubini
1
b
xt +1 x =1
b +1
1
= dt
dt = ln
=
t + 1 x =0
t +1
a +1
a
a
)(4
)( x, y ) (0, 0
)( x, y ) = (0, 0
y2 x2
. f ( x, y ) = ( y 2 + x 2 ) 2 ?
, :
? 1 1
1 1
0 0
0 0
( f ( x, y)dx ) dy = ( f ( x, y)dy ) dx
) f ( x, y ). (0, 0
) r (sin cos
) cos(2
- !
=
4
r
r2
2
= ) f (r ,
). (0, 0
. ,
- 84 -
" -
2006
:22
) )( x, ( x
) )( x, ( x
) ( x
) ( x
x0
x
) ( x0
f ( x0 , y )dy :
= ). F ( x
) ( x0
- 85 -
" -
2006
(5)
1
log(1 + x)
dx
1 + x2
0
log(1 + x)
dx
1 + x2
0
. I (1) . I ( ) =
( ) =
( ) = 0
log(1 + x)
1 + x2
f
1
1
.
=
x
2
1 + x 1 + x
. [ 0, 2] [ 0, 2] f . f ( x, ) =
xdx
log(1 + 2 )
+
1 0 : ,
(1 + x 2 )(1 + x)
(1 + 2 ) '( ) '( )
0
I ' ( ) =
f ( ( ), )
xdx
A + Bx
C
=
+
2
2
(1 + x )(1 + x) 1 + x
1+ x
A=
1+ 2
1
1+ 2
C=
1+ 2
B=
1
+x
dx
log(1 + 2 )
+
1 + 2 0 1 + x 2 1 + 2 0 1 + x
(1 + 2 )
x =
1 log(1 + x 2 )
1
log(1 + 2 )
x =
=
arctan(
)
+
log(1
+
x
)
+
=
2
2
x =0
1+ 2
1+ 2
2
1
+
(1
+
)
x =0
- "
- 86 -
2006
) 1 log(1 + 2
(arctan
)
+
1+ 2
) 2 (1 + 2
) 1 log(1 + 2
(arctan
)
+
1+ 2
) 2 (1 + 2
= ) I '(
1
( arctan( ) ) ( log(1 + 2 ) ) + C
2
0
)log(1
= )I (0
dx = 0 C = 0
1 + x2
0
= ) I (
log 2
= ) I (1
)(6
) f , y C 2 ( . ) y ( x :
x
y ( x) = 4 (t x) y (t )dt (t x) f (t )dt
y :
) y ''( x) + 4 y ( x) = f ( x . y '(0) = 0, y (0) = 0
x
x
= y '( x) = 4 y (t )dt + ( x x) y ( x) 1 (0 x) y (0) 0 f (t )dt + ( x x) f ( x) 1 (0 x) f (0) 0

'
0
0
= 4 y (t )dt + f (t )dt
0
y '( x) = 4 y (t )dt + f (t )dt

)y ''( x) = 4 y ( x) + f ( x
- 87 -
" -
2006
- 88 -
" -
2006
:23
)(1

ydxdy
D
D " . y = x , y = 0 , x = 1
y= x
x = 1
x =1
: D " " ) (
})D = {( x, y ) a x b, y1 ( x) y y2 ( x
y1 , y2
) y2 ( x
: D f ( x, y )ds = f ( x, y )dy dx
) a y1 ( x
:
1
3
x =1
=
x =1
x2
x3
= dx = dx
2
6
1
ydxdy
ydy
dx
=
=
D
1 2
1 0
2 y= x
y =0
- 89 -
" -
2006
)(2
+ y 3 )ds
( x
D
x
D . x = 4, y = , y = x
2
y=x
x
2
=y
x=4
" ? , .
4
4
4
4
= dx = x 4 + x x x dx
0
4 2 64
x
=y
2
y=x
4
4
3
3
x3 y + y
x
y
ds
x
y
dx
+
=
+
=
(
)
(
)
D
0 x
0
47 4
47 x5
752
= x dx
=
=
64
64 5 0
5
0
- 90 -
" -
2006
)(3
dxdy
D . x = y 2 , y = 1, x + 2 y + 1 = 0 :
y =1
)(1,1
y =1
)( 3,1
x= y
x + 2 y +1 = 0
)( 1, 0
1
) (0,
2
)( 1, 1
. x
1
y
2
= D dxdy = 1 2y 11 dx dy = 1 ( y + 2 x + 1)dy
3
2
y
x
8
1
=
= + 2 + y 1
3
2
3
2
- 91 -
" -
2006
(4)
1 1 1 y
I =
0
f ( x, y )dxdy +
4 y
0 1+ 1 y
f ( x, y )dxdy +
1
4 y
f ( x, y )dxdy
. D (
. F dydx I (
. D (
:
x = 1 1 y
x 1 = 1 y
1 y = x2 2 x + 1
(0, 2)
y = x2 + 2 x
D3
(0,1) D1
:
x = 4 y
D2
(0, 0)
(2, 0)
(1, 0)
x2 + y 2 = 4
x = 1 1 y
x = 1+ 1 y
D = D1 + D2 + D3
(
2 4 x
I = f ( x, y )dy dx
0 x2 + 2 x
D = 1 dy dx =
0 x2 + 2 x
=
0
4 x2
4 x + x 2 x dx =
2
1 of the area of a circle

4
- "
x3
x2
4
4 x dx + ( x 2 x ) dx = + 2 =
2 0
3
3
0
2
- 92 -
2006
)(5
0 y x
0 x
2
) S = ( x, y
y=x
sin x
dxdy :
x+ y
= I
S
2
y=x
x sin x
= I
) dy dx = sin x ( ln x + y
= dx
y =0
+
x
y
00
0
= sin x ( ln 2 )dx = ln 2
0
sin x

x+ y
= ) f ( x, y . , y = 0 1
1
0- y = x
2
, ) - (.
? sin x
M
x+ y
. : .
sin x M x y
sin x x x + y
in
our
domain
: . M = 1
- 93 -
" -
2006
:24
) (6
y
arctan x dxdy
D x 2 + y 2 = 4, x 2 + y 2 = 1 ::
. y = 3 x, y = x, x 0
. r , -
; 1 r 2
: r , !
3 2
y
=
arctan
dxdy
r
dr
= d
D

x
1
x = r cos
y = r sin
x x
cos r sin
( x, y ) r
=
=
=r
=J
y y
sin r cos
) (r ,
r
2 3 2 2
r
7 2
= = ...
=
2 2
192
1
- 94 -
" -
2006
)(7
xydxdy
4
9
D " = y = , y . y 2 = 6 x, y 2 = 3x
x
x
9
4 y= x
=y
x
y2 = 6x
y 2 = 3x
v
:
x
. v = 4, v = 9 -
= y 2 = ux, y u = 3, u = 6
v
v
uv
= x = y 2 = ux
y 3 = uv y = 3 uv
x
y
y
v
v
x= = 3
y
uv
1 1
y = u 3v3
2
1
x = v 3u3
=y
2 13 13
v u
3
=
1 32 13
v u
3
x
1 23 43
v u
3
v
=
y
1 13 32
v u
v
3
x
) ( x, y
u
= J
=
y
) (u, v
u
1
2
1
1
= u 1 u 1 =
=
9
9
3u 3u
u 3 6- .
:
9
v
ln 2 2 32 38
= dv
v = ln 2
ln u
3
3 3 4 9
u =3
u =6
9 6
96
1
= xydxdy = v du dv
3u
43
43
- 95 -
" -
2006
) (u, v
) ( x, y
:
= J .
:
1
=J
J
)(8
V -
. a
:
"x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = a 2 :
V
z = a 2 x 2 y 2 := a 2 x 2 y 2 dxdy ,
2 circle
2
a 2 2
= 0 0 a r r dr d
2
2
3 r =a
1
2 3
2
2 2
= d = a 3 d
) = (a r
a
3
3
0
0
r =0
4 3
= V
a
3
V
=
2
- 96 -
" -
2006
(9)
2
x y z
. + + = 1 "
a b c
x y
. z = c 1 :
a b
2
V
x y
= c 1 dxdy
2 ellipse
a b
x = ar cos
y = br cos
0 r 1
0 2
J=
( x, y ) a cos
=
(r , ) b sin
2
ar sin
= abr
br cos
2
2
1
c
r
abr
dr
abc
d =
0 0
3
4
V =
abc
3
V
=
2
- "
- 97 -
2006
:25
:
) x = x(t
) y = y (t
at b
. L = x '(t ) 2 + y '(t ) 2 dt :
a
) r (t ) = x(t )i + y (t ) j : .( L = r '(t ) dt
a
) . a x b , y = f ( x. L = 1 + f '( x) 2 dx :
a
)(1
) x = a (t sin t
) y = a(1 cos t
. 0 t 2 .
a
A
- 98 -
xp
yp
O
" -
2006
. y p = a a cos t P .
. x p = at a sin t x p + a sin t = OB = PB = at :
2
L=
a 2 (1 cos t ) 2 + a 2 sin 2 t dt =
a 2 (2 2 cos t ) dt =
=a
0
1-cos =2sin 2
2
t
t
4sin dt = a 2sin dt =
2
2
0
2
t
= 2a 2 cos
20
= 4a(1 1) = 8a
~~~~~~
. t s = s (t ) = x '(t ) 2 + y '(t ) 2 dt
a
.( ) s '(t ) = x '(t ) + y '(t ) 2 s = s(t )

2
x = x( s)
. y = y ( s )
0sL
. s
- "
- 99 -
2006

) f ( x, y
f : . f . . f = f ( x(t ), y (t )) .
2
b
. f ds = f ( x(t ), y (t )) x '(t ) 2 + y '(t ) 2 dt

) r '( t
(1 f 1 .
(2 " ) , y = ( x:
b
. f ds = f ( x, ( x)) 1 + '( x) 2 dx
(3 ) , (
x = ( ) cos
y = ( ) sin
a b
) ( '( ) cos ( ) sin ) + ( '( ) sin + cos

2
= x '(t ) 2 + y '(t ) 2
= '( ) 2 + ( ) 2
2
2
( '( ) ) + ( ( ) ) d
) f ds = f ( ( ) cos , ( ) sin
a
- 100 -
" -
2006
)(2
+ y 2 + z 2 )ds
( x
. = 2 cos t i + 2sin t j + 1k
0 t 2
i
2
+ 12 2dt = 20
) ( 2sin t ) + ( 2 cos t
2
) ( ( 2 cos t ) + ( 2sin t
2
= ) '(t
= f ds
ii
z
:
1
y
)(:
2
5
2 . z = 1
f" .
f .5
= 20
f ds = 5 1 ds = 5 4
length
of
- 101 -
" -
2006
)(3
)A(2, 5,5
(3x + 4 y + 2 z 2)ds
)B(4, 3, 6
x = 2 + ( 4 2 ) t = 2 + 2t
y = 5 + ( 3 + 5 ) t = 5 + 2t
z = 5 + ( 6 5) t = 5 + t
0 t 1
'(t ) = 4 + 4 + 1 = 3
1
f ds = ( 3(2 + 2t ) + 4(5 + 2t ) + 2(5 + t ) + 2 ) 3dt = ( 48t 18 ) dt = ( 24t 2 18t ) = 6

1
- 102 -
" -
2006
:26
( lemniscate) ( 4)
. f ( x, y ) = x + y x 0 , ( x 2 + y 2 ) = 4( x 2 y 2 )
2
.( lemniscate)
m = f ( x, y ) ds
( )
2 2
:
= 4 (cos sin )
2
2 = 4 cos 2
= 2 cos 2
x 0 cos 0
cos 2 0
m = 2 cos 2 cos + 2 cos 2 sin
x
y
(2
=2
4 ( cos 2 ) + 4 ( sin 2 )
2
cos 2 ( cos + sin )
cos 2
= 4 (cos + sin )d = 4 [ cos + sin ] 4 = 4 2
- "
( )
cos 2
- 103 -
2 sin 2
+
d =
2
cos
2
'( )
d =
2006
)(5

y ds
, y 2 = 2 px, p 0 : ) O(0, 0 ). A(2 p, 2 p

y = 2 px

) A(2 p, 2 p
2p
)O (0, 0
2p
t
= x
2p
y=t
0 t 2p
2p
3
2
3
2
2
t
p
2
t
2
) = p (5 2 1
y
ds
t
dt
+
1
=
+
0 p
3
2 3 p 2
0
2
- 104 -
2p
" -
2006

F F ( x, y ) = P( x, y ) i + Q( x, y ) j . P, Q )
(.
b
F d r = Pdx + Qdy = P ( x(t ), y(t ) ) x '(t ) + Q ( x(t ), y(t ) ) y '(t ) dt
P ( x, ( x) ) + Q ( x, ( x) ) '( x) dx :
a
: :
} = {( x, c ) a x b
:
b
F d r = P( x, c)dx
a
dy
Q dx :
dx
) . Q ( x, c
a
- 105 -
" -
2006
)(6
y
x
dx + 2
dy :
2
+y
x + y2
12
) A(1,1. B(1, 3) -
= dy = arctan y 1
= F dr
1+ y
)(7
+ y 2 )dy
xydx + ( x
c :
y
c2
1
2
)(1,1
)(0,1
c1
c3
)(1, 0
)(0, 0
c4
0
= I = (1 + y )dy + xdx + y dy + 0dx = ...

2
- 106 -
" -
2006
(8)
: , F d r
F = y i + x j
= (cos t + 3 sin t ) i + ( 2 cos t + 1) j

0 t 2
:
'(t ) = ( sin t + 3 cos t ) i + 2(2sin t ) j

P = ( 2 cos t + 1)
Q = cos t + 3 sin t
F dr =
( 2
( 2 cos t + 1) ( sin t +
0
3 + sin t 3 cos t dt = 2 3(2 ) = 4 3
- "
3 cos t ) + cos t + 3 sin t ( 2sin t ) dt =
- 107 -
2006
:27
D ) = D ( D )
(.
F ( x, y ) = P( x, y ) i + Q( x, y ) j C 1 onto D
:
Q P
F d r = D x y dxdy
)(1
2
F = (e x x 2 y ) i + ( xy 2 e y ) j :
F dr
x 2 + y 2 = R 2 .
P
2
= x2
P = ex x2 y
y
2
y2
Q
Q
=
xy
e
2
=y
x
:
R4
= d
2 4
2 Jacobian
r
0 r r dr d = 0 4
2 R
- 108 -
= ( x + y )dxdy
2
= F d r
x2 + y 2 R2
" -
2006
)(2
y
x
i + 2
j :
F = 2
2
2
x +y
x +y
F d r x 2 + y 2 = R 2 .
) (0, 0 , .
:
:
R cos i + R sin j
0 2 ,
Q
P
) x '(
) y '(
2
R sin
R sin
F
d
r
(
R
sin
)
(
R
cos
)
d
0 R 2
0 d = 2
R2
) (:
2
2
)Q ( x + y ) x(2 x
y2 x2
=
=
2
2
x
) ( x2 + y 2
) ( x2 + y 2
2
2
) P ( x + y ) + y (2 y
y 2 x2
=
=
2
2
y
) ( x2 + y 2
) ( x2 + y2
Q P
=0
x y
x y = 0
- 109 -
" -
2006
)(3
y
x
i + 2
j :
F = 2
2
2
x +y
x +y
F d r ( x 5) 2 + ( y 3) 2 = 1 .
Q P
= . F d r
) D ( , = 0
x y
- 110 -
" -
2006
)(4
y
x
i + 2
j :
F = 2
2
2
x +y
x +y
F d r x + y = 100 .
R
c
D1
. D -
D1 , P, Q C1 :
by the previous exercise
Q P
= F d r
=0
x y
green D
c
F dr = F dr + F dr
=0
F d r = F d r = F d r = 2
c
c c

j
:
) ( y y ) i + ( x x
o
o
( x x )2 + ( y y )2
o
o
F d r = 1
1
2
=F
) ( x0 , y0 .
- 111 -
" -
2006
(5)
ey
2 x(2 e y )
F=
i
+
+ 3 x j :
2
2
(1 + x 2 )
1+ x
. (1, 0) -( 1, 0) x 2 + y 2 = 1
F dr
A( 1, 0)
B (1, 0)
F dr =
F dr
BA
F dr
BA
e y 2 x 2x e y
F d r = 3
+
dxdy = 3 dxdy = 3
2
2
2
green
1 + x 2 ) (1 + x 2 )
BA
D
D
(
Q
P
x
y
F dr =
BA
F dr =
- "
2 x(2 e0 )
(1 + x 2 )
BA
dx =
F dr
1
1 + x2
=0
1
F dr =
BA
3
2
- 112 -
2006
:
.
1
1
x dy y dx = ( 1 + 1 )dxdy = dxdy = area of D : = D
2Q
green 2 D Q
P
D
Q
x
(6)
x2 y 2
+
= 1
a 2 b2
. = a cos t i + b sin t j
0 t 2 :
S=
1
1
xdy ydx =
2
2
- "
a cos t b cos t + (b sin t ) ( a sin t ) dt = ab

Q
y '( t )
P
x '( t )
- 113 -
2006
:28 ,
1
F . D :
(1 D - . F d r = 0
(2
F dr
A. B -
AB
(3
Pdx + Qdy , F d r = ( B) ( A) -
AB

:
) ( x, y ) = F ( x, y ) = ( P, Q) :(,
) = Q
(,
= P -
y
x
F F - .
2
F C1 D - ) ( ) (1), (2), (3 1 :
Q P
)(4
=
x y
:
y
x
Q P
. F = 2
i + 2
j
. ,
=
2
2
x y
x +y
x +y
. F d r = 0 2
- 114 -
" -
2006
)(7
2 xydx + ( x 2 + y 2 )dy 9 x 2 + 4 y 2 = 36 ) (2, 0-
). (0,3
x2 y 2
+
= 36 :
22 32
)B (0, 3
)A(2, 0
) (.
F C1
P
= 2x
y
Q
Q = x2 + y 2
= 2x
x
P Q
=
= 2x
y x
P = 2 xy
2 , Pdx = Qdy , :
). F d r = ( B) ( A
: = P :
x
, dx . 2 xy dx = x 2 y + ( y ) : P
candidat for
. x y + ( y ) ) = x 2 + y 2
= Q :
(
y
y
...
- 115 -
" -
2006
x 2 + '( y ) = x 2 + y 2
'( y ) = y 2
( y) =
y3
+c
3
( x, y ) = x 2 y +
y3
3
F d r = ( B) ( A) = (0,3) (2, 0) = 9 0 = 9
- "
- 116 -
2006
)(8
F d r
F = (10 x 4 2 xy 3 ) i + ( 3 x 2 y 2 ) j - x 4 6 xy 3 = 4 y 2
) (0, 0 ). (2,1
)(2,1
L2
)(0, 0
L1
Q
P
= = 6 xy 2
x
y
) D.( F C1 ,
.
1
10 x 5
12 y 3
= = 10 x dx + 12 y dy
+
= 60
5
3
0
0
0
0
4
L2
= F d r
L1
: . ( x, y ) = 2 x 5 x 2 y 2 :
. F d r = (2,1) (0, 0) = 60
- 117 -
" -
2006
(9)

x
D x x 2 + y 2 4 dxdy
)
(
D = {( x, y ) 9 x 2 + y 2 16}
2
1
.(( 0, 0) )D F C1 . F = 0 i +
P
(x
x
2
+y
2 4
:
P
x y = F d r =
4 cos
(4
2 4
(x
x
2
+y
2 4
dy +
(x
+ y2 )
dy =
: 2
: 1
x = 3cos
x = 4 cos
y = 3sin
goes from 2 to 0
y = 4sin
goes from 0 to 2
4 cos d +
3cos
( 32 )
3cos d =
1
1
1 1
= 6 cos 2 6 cos 2 d = 6 6
4
3
4 3
0
- "
- 118 -
cos
0
2006
:29
)(1
1
f [0,1] - 0 1 . f ( x)dx = f ( x)dx :
f F (t ) = f ( x)dx ]. [0,1
0
F (0) = 0
F (1) = a
a
:
2
1
a
f
(
x
)
dx
=
,
0
0 f ( x)dx = a
2

= ) . F (
f ( x)dx = 2
".
- 119 -
" -
2006
(2)
:
x
dt
et 1
ln 2
ln 2
ex
dt
e 1
t
= 2 arctan
=
t
y =e 2
dy = et dt
dy
dt =
y
dy
y y 1
ex 1
s = y 1
s 2 = y 1
y = s 2 +1
dy = 2 sds
e x 1
2 sds
e x 1
2
arctan
(
s
)
=
= 2 arctan
1
( s 2 + 1) s
6
2 arctan
ex 1
( e 1) = 23
1
arctan ( e 1 ) =
3
( e 1) = 3
x
2 arctan
x = ln 4
- "
- 120 -
e x 1 2 arctan(1) =
2006
)(3
] f :[1,1 . f '(0) 0 , f (0) = 0 ,
1
(
2
f n
( f n
(
1
f 2
a
)f ( x) f (0
)f ( x
n
= lim
= lim = lim n
0 < c = f '(0) = lim
x 0
x 0
n0 b
x0
x heine n0 1
WLOG
n
2
n
a
n :
0 < c , n 0 bn - . an > 0
n
bn
1
1
2 = bn , . f 2 = an
n
n
(
,
n , f n
- 121 -
" -
2006
)(4
x
f 0 : . [0,5] - . f n ( x) = f n 1 (t )dt
0
:
M x
)( , n
!n
)( f n 0" ]. [0,5
n
) , f n ( x . M = sup f n
][0,5
)(
. n
n=0
M x
f 0 .
!0
n =1
n
f0
f 0 (t )dt f 0 (t )dt Mdt = M dt = Mx
= )f1 ( x
, n . n + 1
Mt n
Mx n +1
f n+1 (t )dt
! dt = (n + 1)n
! induction hypothesis 0 n
x
(t )dt
0
n +1
= )f n +1 ( x
"
)(
> 0 N . f n ( x) 0 < , x
M x n M 5n
). f n ( x) 0 = f n ( x
!n
!n
)(
M 5n
)
!n
(.
= an ,0- . -
f n 0".
- 122 -
" -
2006
)(5
)( x, y ) (0, 0
)(0, 0
1
2
2
( x + 2 y ) sin 2
x + 2 y2
= ) f ( x, y
)( f -
)( f . 2 -
)(

1
1
f
2 x
2
2
( x, y ) = ( 2 x ) sin 2
2
cos
x
y
+
+
(
)
2
2
2
2
2
2
x
x + 2y
) x + 2y (x + 2y

1
1
f
4 y
2
2
( x, y ) = ( 4 y ) sin 2
+ ( x + 2 y ) cos 2
2
2
2
2 2
y
+
2
+
2
x
y
x
y
) (x + 2y
) ( x, y ) (0, 0 :
1 2
1
f
( x, 0) = 2 x sin 2 cos 2
x
x
x
x
1
2
1
f
(0, y ) = 4 y sin 2 cos 2
2y
2y
y
y
1
f
f
)
,
( )) , (0, 0
y
x
n
). (0, 0
= ,( xn
)(
) f (0, 0) ( x, y )( )( .
). (0, 0
1
) 1 , (0, 0) ( x, y
x + 2 y2
. f (0, 0) = 0 ,
f
)f (h, 0) f (0, 0
)f (h, 0
(0, 0) = lim
= lim
= 0
h 0
h 0
x
h
)*( h by
2
, sin f ( x, y ) x 2 + 2 y 2 , x, y
)*( .
f
)f (0, h) f (0, 0
)f (0, h
(0, 0) = lim
= lim
= 0
h 0
h 0
y
h
)*( h by
- 123 -
" -
2006
A = B = 0 . :
f ( x, y ) f (0, 0) = ( x, y ) x 2 + y 2
) f ( x, y
x2 + y2
2 x 2 + y 2
0
)( x , y ) (0,0
) 2( x 2 + 2 y 2
2
x +y
2
2 x2 + 2 y 2
2
x +y
2
x2 + 2 y 2
2
x +y
2
)*(
) f ( x, y
2
x +y
2
= ) ( x, y
= ) ( x, y
f ) (0, 0 .
- 124 -
" -
2006
:30
(6)
ln(1 + a cos x)
dx
cos x
0
a < 1 , I (a) =
ln(a + a cos x)
cos x
f
1
1
cos x
=
a cos x 1 + a cos x
f ( x, a ) =
dx
1 + a cos x
0
I '(a) =
2
=
1 + a 0
:
2dt
1
dt
dt
= 2
= 2
=
2
2
2
2
1+ t
1 + t + a(1 t )
1 + a + (1 a ) t 2
1 t
0
0
0
1+ a
1+ t
x
2
dx = 2 dt
1+ t 2
2
1
t
cos x =
1+ t 2
t =tg
t =
dt
2 1+ a
2
1 a
arctan
=
t
=
1 a 2 1+ a 1 a
1 + a t =0
1 a2
1+
t
1+ a
0 =
2
1 a2
:
I (a ) =
da = arcsin a + C
1 a2
.( ) I (a) = 0 : a = 0
I (0) = arcsin 0 + C = 0 C = 0
: f ( x, a) [ 0, ] [ s, t ] .
x
. I (a) = f ( x, a )dx , a [ s, t ] ( 1)
0
9 .
- "
- 125 -
f
(2)
a
2006
) (1 ) f ( x, a , x a . f
-
.:
ln(1 + a0 cos x) 0
~ LOP
cos x
0
lim f ( x, a ) = lim
1
a0 sin x
1 + a0 cos x
= a0
lim
sin x
x
2
f ( x, a ) x 2
= f f ) f - ( . f

a
=x
. I (a) = f ( x, a )dx , , ) f
0
( . , ] [0, ] [1 + ,1 .
- 126 -
" -
2006
(7)
.D =
{( x, y ) 0 x 1,
3 y 2 x
y = 2x
(0, 0)
4 x 2 y 2 dxdy
(1, 0)
y = 3x
2x
. I = 4 x 2 y 2 dy dx ,
0 3
: :
2
y
a2
y a2 y2 +
dy = y a 2 y 2 J +
dy
v'=1
a2 y 2
a2 y2
1
J = a 2 y 2 dy
u = a2 y2
u '= 2 y
v=y
2 a2 y2
1
y
J = y a 2 y 2 + a 2 arcsin + C
2
a
:
y =2 x
1
1
2x
1
y
2
2
2
2
2
dx =
I = 4 x y dy dx = y 4 x y + 4 x arcsin
2
2
x
0 3
0
y = 3x
1
1 2
1
3
3
2
dx =
= 4 x arcsin1 3x x + 4 x arcsin
2
2
2
2 3
- "
- 127 -
2006
)(8
: A
0 < a < b
ay x by
,
x>0 , y>0 ,
3
0 < c < d
cx y dx
3
x3
=y
b
) ( x, y
x3
=y
a
y = 3 dx
y = 3 cx
:
y = 3 vx
x3
x
=u
x
u
=y
x3
y
=u
: J
1
)
J 1
)( (.
b d
1
1
= J dudv :
8 uv
c 8 uv
- 128 -
" -
2006
)(9
) F = ( P, Q \ {(2, 0), (1,1), (2,1)} :
. F -
3 " .:
I j = Pdx + Qdy
j
) ( j = 1, 2,3, 4
j , .
)B (2,1
)C (1,1
LB
x
)A(2, 0
LA
2
3
1
I1 + I 3 = I 2 + I 4 :
- 129 -
" -
2006
LB
LA
J1 =
F dr = 0
1LA LB
J2 =
F dr = 0
2LA LB LC
J3 =
F dr = 0
3LA LC
J4 =
F dr = 0
4 LA
I1 + I 3 = J1
LA
I2 + I4 = J2
+ J3
LB
LA
LB
I1 + I 3 = I 2 + I 4
- "
- 130 -
LA
LC
LC
+ J4
LA
2006
- 131 -
" -
zexcq `yepa xfr sc - `''qyz aia` - 'n1 `''ecg

,irah N = N (") miiw 0 < " lkl m`
an
:leabd zxcbd
1
n;!
! 1 L ik xn`p .dxcq fangn=1 idz
.jan ; Lj < " f` n > N m`y jk
:mihtyn
dneqg (= zqpkzn dxcq .1
zqpkzn (= dneqge zipehepen dxcq .2

.cigi èd f` ,leabl zqpkzn dxcq m` .3
:f` ,bn ;! b -e an ;! a m` .4
;! a + b
an bn ;! ab
(b 6= 0) ab n ;! ab
an + bn
(`)
(a)
(b)
.an bn ;! 0 f` ,dneqg fbn g -e ,an ;! 0 m` .5

.('uiacpqd llk) cn ;! L f` ,8n
an
cn bn -e bn ;! L ,an ;! L m` .6
pn a = 1 .7
(a > 0) nlim
!1
p
lim n n = 1 .8

x n
lim 1 + n
n!1
.nlim
!1
!1
= ex
,nlim
!1 1 +
pn a = L f` , lim an+1 = L miiwzne ,8n

n
n!1 a
n
1 n = e .9
n
an >
0 m` .10
zexcq `yepa 2 xfr sc - `''qyz aia` - 'n1 `''ecg

.nlim
!1 an =
1 -e ,8
:mihtyn
an = 0 zniiwnd dxcq an 1n=1 idz .1
f g
1 an = e if`
an
.leab eze`le ,zqpkzn dly dxcq-zz lk f` ,zqpkzn dxcq fan g1
n=1 m` .2
.nlim
!1 1 +
.eil` zqpkzn ìd f` ,cigi iwlg leab yi dxcql m` .3

.zqpkzn dxcq-zz yi dneqg dxcq lkl :q`xhyxiie-epvlea .4
.dxcqd ixa`n
f g
:if` .dxcq an idz .5

yi L ly daiaq-" lka
iwlg leab èd L
()
:if` .dneqg dxcq

zqpkzn an
f g
jk N miiw " > 0 lkl () (xvd oaena) zqpkzn fan g :iyew oeixhixw .7
.jam ; an j < " f` m n > N m`y
:yxeyd ogan .8
p
:if` .nlim
!1 an = q zniiwnd ziaeig dxcq fang idz
nlim
!1 an = 0 (= q < 1
.lim an = lim an
()
fang idz .6
nlim
!1 an
= 1 (= q > 1
:dpnd ogan .9
an+1 = q zniiwnd ziaeig dxcq

:if` .nlim
!1
an
nlim
!1 an = 0 (= q < 1
nlim
!1 an
= 1 (= q > 1
1
fang idz
zeivwpet `yepa xfr sc - `''qyz aia` - 'n1 `''ecg

,dakxd ,zixefgn ,sxb ,zibef-i`/zibef ,dpenz ,xewn ,geeh ,megz ,divwpet :mibyen
.zixhpnl` ,zcxei/dler/zipehepen ,dkitd ,lr ,r''gg
.lre r''gg f
a
dcewpl ile` hxt)
dcewpd zaiaqa zxcbend divwpet f (x) :zexcbd

.(dnvr
0 lkl m` xlim
!a f (x) = L -y xn`p (1
.jf (x) ; Lj < " f` 0 < jx ; aj <
1
a -l zqpkzny fxn gn=1 dxcq lkl m` lim f (x) = L ( (1) -l lewy) (2
x !a
.L-l zqpkzn ff (xn )g1
dxcqdy
miiwzn
,8n xn 6= a zniiwne
n=1
m`y jk
>
0 miiw
() dkitd f :htyn
" >
:zetqep zexcbd
.miiccv-cg zeleab 'eke
lim
!1 f (x) = L ,xlim
!a f (x) = 1
:mihtyn
.cigi èd f` lim f (x) leabd miiw m` (1
.a zaiaqa dneqg f f` ,a-a zxcben f -o xlim
!a f (x) = L miiw m` (2
.mieye miniiw miiccv-cgd zeleabd 2
() miiw lim
! f (x) leabd
x a
(3
.zeleab ly oeayg illk (4

miiwzn (dnvr a-l ile` hxt) x = a zaiaqa m` :'uiacpqd llk (5
L = lim f (x) = lim h(x) miniiwe f (x) g (x) h(x)
x!a
x!a
.L = xlim
!a g(x) miiw mb f`
.xlim
!a f (x)g(x) = 0 f`
lim
! g(x) = 0 -e x = a zaiaqa dneqg f (x) m`

1 x = e , lim sin x = 1
.xlim
1
+
:miiyeniy zeleab
x
!1
x!0 x
x = x0 dcewpa zxcbend zixhpnl` divwpet f (x) m`
.xlim
!x0 f (x) = f (x0) f`
> 0 miiw " > 0 lkl () iteqe miiw lim f (x) leabd :iyew oeixhixw
x !a
.jf (y ) ; f (x)j < " f` 0 < jy ; aj < -e 0 < jx ; aj < m`y jk
x a
(6
(7
(8
(9
zetivx zeivwpet `yepa xfr sc - `''qyz aia` - 'n1 `''ecg

:dxcbd
. lim f (x) = f (a) m` a dcewpa dtivx `xwiz f divwpet
x a
m`y jk
>
0 miiw "
>
0 lkl m`
:dlewy dxcbd
dcewpa dtivx `xwiz f divwpet
.jf (x) ; f (a)j < " f` jx ; aj <
:zetivx-i` zecewp ibeq
.f (a) -n dpey j` ,miiw lim f (x) leabd :dwilq (`
x a
.mieey mpi` j` ,miiteqe miniiw lim; f (x) -e lim+ f (x) zeleabd :I beq (a
x a
x a
.iteqe miiw epi` zegtl miiccv-cgd zeleabd cg` :II beq (b

:mihtyn
.(g (a) 6= 0 y i`pza)
f
g
,f g ,f + g mb f` ,a-a zetivx g ,f m` (1
.a-a dtivx f g f` ,g (a)-a dtivx f -e a-a dtivx g m` (2

.dzxcbd megza dtivx zixhpnl` divwpet (3
:mibyen
.xebq/gezt rhwa zotivx ,l`nyn zetivx ,oinin zetivx
:mihtyn
miiw f` ,micbepn mipniq f (b) -e f (a) -le a b] xebq rhwa dtivx f m` (4
.f (x) = 0 -y jk x 2 a b]
jk
2 a b] miiw f (b) -e f (a) oia y jxr lkl f` ,a b] -a dtivx f
m` (5
.f (x) = y -y
.my dneqg f f` ,a b] -a dtivx f m` (6

.meniqwne menipin my zlawn f f` ,a b] -a dtivx f m` (7
rhw ìd
dtivx
f 1
ly dpenzd
() dtivx f
-e dkitd
f` ,ynn zipehepene dtivx
f` ,zipehepen
: a b] ! R m` (8
.xebq
: a b] !
R m`
.zipehepene
(9
.ynn zipehepen ìd f` ,dkitde dtivx f : a b] ! R m` (10

1
zexfbp `yepa xfr sc - `''qyz aia` - 'n1 `''ecg

f (x0+h);f (x0 )
= L leabd m` .x0 zaiaqa zxcben f idz :dxcbd
lim
h
!0
.L = f 0 (x0 ) onqp .x0 -a dxifb f ik xn`p ,iteqe miiw
.f 0 (x0 ) = lim f (xx);;xf 0(x0) :dlewy dxcbd
x!x0
.x0 -a zexifb g ,f :dxifb illk

(mekq ly zxfbp) (f g )0(x0 ) = f 0 (x0 ) g 0 (x0) .1
c 2 R (cf )0 (x0) = c f 0 (x0) .2

(dltkn ly zxfbp) fg 0 = f 0 g + g 0 f .3

f 0 f 0g ; g0f
(dpn ly zxfbp) g (x0 ) 6= 0
= g2 .4
g
:mihtyn
x0-a dtivx f ( x0-a dxifb f .5

f` f (x0) = y0-a dxifb g -e x0 -a dxifb f m` :zxyxyd llk .6
(g f )0(x0) = g0(y0) f| 0({zx0})
''ziniptd zxfbpd''
:if` .f 0 (x0) 6= 0 -e ,x0 -a dxifb ,x0 zaiaqa r''gge dtivx f idz .7

zaiaqa zxcbend ,g dketd divwpet x0 zaiaqa f -l zniiw (`)
.y0 = f (x0 )
.g 0 (y0) = f (1x0 ) -e ,y0 -a dxifb g (a)
0
:f` minrt n zexifb g ,f m` :deab xcqn zexfbp
(f + g)(n) = f (n) + g(n) .8

(cf )(n) = c f (n) .9
Pn ;n (k) (n;k)
(fg)(n) =
f g
:uipaiil .10
k=0
zeixhpnl` zexfbp - `''qyz aia` - 'n1 `''ecg

divwpetd
zxfbpd
c
x
x ;1
cos x
; sin x
sin x
cos x
tgx
1
cos2 x
;1
sin2 x
ctgx
ex
ex
ax
ln x
loga x
arcsin x
arccos x
arctgx
arcctgx
sinh x
cosh x
ax ln a
1
x ln a
1
1;x2
p11;x2
1
1+x2
1
1+x2
cosh x
sinh x
zexfbp `yepa II xfr sc - `''qyz aia` - 'n1 `''ecg

:mihtyn
idze ,(a b)-a zxcben f idz .1 (Fermat )
.f (x0) = 0 if` .dxifb f da
if` .f (a) = f (b) zniiwne ,(a b)-a dxifb ,a b] lr dtivx f idz .2 (Rolle )
.f (x0) = 0 -y jk x0 2 (a b) miiw
jk x0 2 (a b) miiw if` .(a b)-a dxifbe a b] lr dtivx f idz .3 (Lagrange )
.f (x0) = f (bb) af (a) -y
lkl g (x) 6= 0 -e ,(a b)-a zexifb ,a b]-a zetivx g ,f eidi .4 (Cauchy )
-y jk x0 2 (a b) 'wp zniiwe ,g (a) 6= g (b) if` .x 2 (a b)
. fg((bb)) gf((aa)) = fg ((xx00))
idie ,(f (b) ,f+ (a) zeniiw dvwd zecewpa) a b]-a dxifb f idz .5 (Darboux )
.f (x0) = c -y jk x0 2 (a b) miiw if` .f+ (a) < c < f (b)
.rhwa dreaw f ( rhwa x lkl f (x) = 0 .6
.f (x) = g (x) + c -y jk c miiw ( rhwa x lkl f (x) = g (x) .7
.dler zipehepen f ( rhwa x lkl f (x) > 0 .8
.zcxei zipehepen f ( rhwa x lkl f (x) > 0
, xlimc f (x) miiwe ,(a b)=fcg -a dxifb ,(a b) -a dtivx f idz .9
.f (c) = xlimc f (x) mbe c -a dxifb f if` .a < c < b
lhitel llk
,menipin e` meniqwn zcewp
x0
;
0
,xlima fg ((xx)) = L miiwe xlima f (x) = xlima g (x) = 0 m` :x !

.xlima fg((xx)) = L if`
0
,xlim
, 00 dxwnd (`
= miiwe xlim ( ) = xlim ( ) = 0 m` : !1 , 00 dxwnd (a

.xlim fg((xx)) = if`
,xlima fg ((xx)) = miiwe xlima ( ) = xlima ( ) = 1 m` : ! , dxwnd (b
.xlima fg((xx)) = if`
,xlim fg ((xx)) = miiwe xlim ( ) = xlim ( ) = 1 m` : !1 , dxwnd (c
.xlim fg((xx)) = if`
!1
f 0 (x)
g0 (x)
!1
f x
!1
g x
!1
f x
g x
!1
f x
!1
g x
!1
!1
xeliih htyn `yepa xfr sc - `''qyz aia` - 'n1 `''ecg

:htyn
daiaqa idylk dcewp x idze ,a dcewp zaiqa minrt n+1 dxifb divwpet f idz
-y jk x -l a oia c dcewp zniiw if` .ef
( ) = ( ) + 1!( ) ( ; ) + 2!( ) ( ; )2 + +
.('fpxbl zxeva) zix`yd +1 ( ) =
f x
f a
00
:::
Rn
( )( ; ) + ( )
+1
!
n ()
( ; ) +1 xy`k
( +1)!
(n)
f ( +1) c
n
Rn
:miiyeniy xeliih igezit
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
= 1 + + 2! + 3! +
+ ! + +1( )
3
5
7
2 +1
sin = ; 3! + 5! ; 7! + + (;(21) + 1)! + 2 +2( )
4
6
2
2
cos = 1 ; 2! + 4! ; 6! + + (;(21) )! + 2 +1( )
2
3
4
+1
ln(1 + ) = ; 2 + 3 ; 4 + + (;1)
+ +1 ( )
1 =1+ + 2+ + +
+1 ( )
1;
x
:::
:::
R n
:::
Rn
R n
:::
Rn
:::
Rn
5
7
2 +1
3
6. arctan = ; 3 + 5 ; 7 + + (;21) + 1 + 2 +2( )
3
5
7. arcsin = + 6 + 21 34 5 +
2 +1
+ 1 23 25 6 (2 (2;)1) 2 + 1 + 2 +2 ( )
x
:::
:::
:::
R n
:::
:::
R n
.x lkl mipekp 3 cr 1 mitirq :dxrd

.jxj < 1 -l wx miqgiizn 7 cr 4 mitirq
minieqn milxbhpi` `yepa xfr sc - `''qyz aia` - 'n1 `''ecg
oecir ,dwelg xhnxt ,onix inekq ,eaxc inekq :mibyen

Ra
a
Rb
f (x)dx = 0
(` :millk
Ra
f (x)dx = ; f (x)dx
a
Rb
Rc
(a
Rb
f (x)dx = a f (x)dx + c f (x)dx

a
(zeiaihic`) (b
Rb
f (x) 0 =) f (x)dx 0
(c
Rb

(d
f (x)dx
a

a
Rb
jf (x)jdx
Rb
Rb
g f =) a g(x)dx a f (x)dx
(e
Rb
m f (x) M =) m(b ; a) f (x)dx M (b ; a) (f

Rb
Rb
cf = c f
a
Rb
Rb
Rb
f +g = f + g
(zeix`pil) (g
:mihtyn
.ziliaxbhpi` f (= zipehepen
f
.ziliaxbhpi` f (= dtivx f
.ziliaxbhpi` f (= (dneqg f -e) iteq zecewp xtqnl hxt dtivx f
.0 dcinn ìd f ly zetivxd i` zecewp zveaw () ziliaxbhpi` f
jxr zè) zeiliaxbhpi`d z` dpyn epi` zecewp ly iteq xtqna f iepiy
.(lxbhpi`d
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.a b] c d] lk lr ziliaxbhpi` f (= a b] lr ziliaxbhpi` f .6

.ziliaxbhpi` fg (= zeiliaxbhpi` f g .7
.ziliaxbhpi` jf j (= ziliaxbhpi` f .8
-y jk c 2 a b] zniiw (= dtivx f (miipiad jxr) .9
Zb
f (x)dx = (b ; a) f (c)
1
.dtivx F (x) =
.F
.
Rb
( )=
Rx
f (x) -e dxifb F (x) = a f (t)dt
Rx
f (t)dt (= ziliaxbhpi` f .10
(= dtivx
f (iceqid htynd) .11
f (x)dx = F (b) ; F (a) if` ,f ly dnecw divwpet F m` (oeheip zgqep) .12

:if` ,zeiliaxbhpi` zexfbp mr zexifb
Z
b

u v m` (miwlga divxbhpi`) .13
u(x)v (x)dx = u(x)v(x) a;

0
b
a
u (x)v(x)dx
0
,dxifb ,lr ' : ] ! a b] ,a b] -a dtivx f m` (davdd zhiy) .14
:if` ,'( ) = b ,'() = a -e ziliaxbhpi` '
0
b
a
f (x)dx =

f ('(t))' (t)dt
0
.0 èd ixhniq megza zibef i` ziliaxbhpi` divwpet ly lxbhpi` .15

:if` ,zeiliaxbhpi`
Z
jf (x)g (x)jdx
Z
jf (x)j dx
2
f g m` (uxeey-iyew oeieey i`) .16

!1=2
Z
b
a
jg (x)j dx
2
!1=2
c 2 a b] miiw if` ,ziliaxbhpi` g 0 -e dtivx f m` .17

b
b
. fg = f (c) g -y jk
a
a
R
if` ,ziliaxbhpi` g -e ,ziliaxbhpi` f ,dxifbe zipehepen f m` .18

Rb
Rb
Rc
. fg = f (a) g + f (b) g -y jk c 2 a b] miiw
0
Rb
L = a (x (t)2 + y (t)2)1=2 dt
0
Rb
:ze`gqep
:zyw jxe`
L = a (1 + y (x)2)1=2dx
0
Rb
v = f 2(x)dx
a
:aeaiq seb gtp
mieqn-`ld lxbhpi`d `yepa xfr sc - `''qyz aia` - 'n1 `''ecg
:miiciin milxbhpi`
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
x dx
+1
= x + 1 + c
dx
= ln jxj + c
ex dx
= ex + c
sin xdx
= ; cos x + c
cos xdx
= sin x + c
p dx 2 = arcsin x + c
1;x
dx
= arctan x + c
dx
= tan x + c
1 + x2
Z
( 6= ;1)
cos2 x
:divxbhpi` zehiy
Z
uv
miiciin hrnke miiciin milxbhpi` .1
= uv ; u v
:miwlga divxbhpi` .2
(miiwlg mixayl wexit) zeilpeivx zeivwpet ly divxbhpi` .3
f (x)dx
x='(t)
dx =' (t)dt
:::
:davdd zhiy .4
:zeiyeniy zeavd
= ;dt x = ; t
p
,t = x + 1 + x2 :xlie`
dx
dx
p
=
t
1 + x2
tan x2 = t
dt
dx
= 12+dtt2
sin x = 1 +2t t2
2
cos x = 11 +; tt2
(`)
(a)
:zeixhnepebixh (b)
millken milxbhpi` `yepa xfr sc - `''qyz aia` - 'n1 `''ecg
ze`qxb oaenk yi .
dxevdn millken milxbhpi` xear gqepn scd
-xbhpi` zeivwpetd ik gipp scd jxe`l .zeneqg `l zeivwpet xear zeliawn

.a x lkl , a x] mixebq mirhwa zeilia
.iteqe miiw leabd m`
( )dx , ulim
!1
Ru
f x
,x y > M m`y jk M miiw " > 0 lkl () qpkzn
( )dx :dxcbd .1
f x
.
.dneqg g (x) =
Rx
.qpkzn
,qpkzn
-e dtivx
( )dt divwpetd () qpkzn
f t
:iyew ogan .2
Ry

f < "
if` .f
,dtivx f 0 ,dneqge zipehepen
-e dtivx g ,dtivx f 0 , f (x) x;!

! 1 0 ,zipehepen
.qpkzn
8 ()
x f x
( ) -y jk
g x
fg
0 idz
1
(= qpkzn j j
R
.3
.4
m` :la` ogan .5
.qpkzn
Rx
if`
fg
if`
m` :dlkixic ogan .6
if` ,dneqg divwpet
miiw mè ,zeilily i` f g m` :dèeydd ogan .7

:if`
.qpkzn
.xcazn
(= qpkzn
(= xcazn
(`)
(a)
, lim
x!1
f
g
= -y jk 0
L
< L <
1 miiwe zeilily i`
f g
m` :II dèeydd ogan .8
.eicgi mixcazne miqpkzn
-e
.p > 1 () qpkzn
b

R

f x <c
()
dx
,8b > a
if`
.9
-y jk c reaw miiwe dtivx f m` .10

. > 0 lkl qpkzn
( ) if`
f x
x
.zetivx f 0 -e g ik dgpdd `ll mb gikedl ozip 6 -e 5 mitirq z` :dxrd
mixeh zeqpkzdl mipgan `yepa xfr sc - `''qyz aia` - 'n1 `''ecg
.nlim
!1 an = 0 èd
an
zeqpkzdl igxkd i`pz .1
,a ) lr zcxei zipehepen ziaeig divwpet f (x) idz :lxbhpi`d ogan .2

:if` .f (n) = an -y jk
1
1
R
P
.qpkzn f (x)dx
qpkzn
an
.mieqn n-n
,nlim
!1
an
bn
n=1
f g , f g :dèeydd ogan .3
P
P :if`
.qpkzn
(= qpkzn P (`)
P
.xcazn
(= xcazn (a)
,zeiaeig zexcq f g ,f g :dèeydd ogan ly dllkd .4
P
P
-e
if` .0
1
+1 = .ziaeig dxcq f g :dpnd ogan .5
:if` . lim
!1
P
(lim 1 witqn) qpkzn
(= 0 1 (`)
P
(lim 1 witqn) xcazn
(= 1 (a)
an

()
bn
,zeiaeig zexcq
bn
bn
an
an
bn
bn
an
an
bn
an
an
an
an
< L <
an
<
<
an
>
.lykp ogand
. > 1
()
>
= 1 (b)
1 1
X
() qpkzn
P
n=1
.6
-y jk N (") miiw " > 0 lkl

qpkzn an :iyew ogan .7
.p n N (") lkl an + an+1 + : : : + ap < "

j
j
.dneqg ely miiwlgd minekqd zxcq () qpkzn ilily-i` xeh .8
p = .ziaeig dxcq f g :yxeyd ogan .9
:if` . lim
!1
P
qpkzn
(= 0 1 (`)
P
xcazn
(= 1 (a)
n
an
an
an
<
an
.lykp ogand
>

= 1 (b)
2n
2n -e
an
f g
:if` .nlim
!1 n 1
:if` .nlim
!1 ln n 1
an
a
an
n+1
an
+1
an
g :da`x ogan .11

(= 1 (`)
(= 1 (a)
= .ziaeig dxcq f
an
qpkzn an
P
xcazn an
.lykp ogand
= .ziaeig dxcq f
an
L >
L <
L
= 1 (b)
:da`xl xetiy .12

.lirl 11 d`x
;! (= qpkzn P ,zcxei zipehepen ziaeig dxcq f g .13

(1) :zniiwnd ziaeig dxcq f g :uipaiil htyn .14
+1
;!
0
! 1 (2)
P
:(mekqd - ) miiwzn oke ,qpkzn (;1)
:if`
j j j 1j (`)
j ; j j +1j (a)
.nan n ! 1 0
if` .zcxei zipehepen ziaeig dxcq an :zelilcd ogan .10

nan
an
an
an
an
na
n
Sn
an
:sexivd weg .15
qpkzn miixbeq zqpkd i''r epnn xvepd xeh lk f` ,qpkzn an m` (`)

.mekq eze`le ,èd s`
.xcazdl el mexbl dleki qpkzn xeha miixbeq zgizt (a)
.oekp `l (a) f` ,oniq eze` ilra mixa`d miixbeq lka m` (b)
:seligd weg .16
xcq iepiy i''r epnn xvepd xeh lk if` ,hlgda qpkzn an m` (`)
.mekq eze`le ,hlgda èd s` qpkzn mixa`d
P
el mexbl mixa`d xcq iepiy i''r ozip f` ,i`pza qpkzn an m` (a)
.xcazdl e` ,mekq lkl qpkzdl
.qpkzn
an bn
f` ,dneqge zipehepen
f g -e ,dneqg P
bn
an
f g ,qpkzn P
bn
an
m` :la` ogan .17
ly miiwlgd minekqd
zxcq m` :dlkixic ogan .18
P
.qpkzn an bn if` ,0-l zipehepen ztèy
2
zewfg ixehe y''na zeqpkzd `yepa xfr sc - `''qyz aia` - 'n1 `''ecg
N (") miiw " > 0 lkl m` I megza y''na f (x) -l zqpkzn ffn (x)g :dxcbd
.x 2 I lkl ,jfn (x) ; f (x)j < " miiwzn n > N (") lkly jk
x 2 I lkle " > 0 lkl m` I megza zizcewp f (x) -l zqpkzn ffn (x)g :dxcbd
.jfn (x) ; f (x)j < " miiwzn n > N (" x) lkly jk N (" x) miiw
m`y jk N (") miiw " > 0 lkl () I megza y''na fn ;! f :iyew oeixhixw
.x 2 I lkl jfm (x) ; fn (x)j < " f` m n > N (")
minekqd zxcq m`
I megza y''na qpkzn
1
P
f (x) zeivwpet xeh
n=1
.y''na zqpkzn Sk (x) =
:dxcbd
Pk f (x) miiwlgd
n=1
:mihtyn
:if` ,Mn = sup fjfn (x) ; f (x)jg onqpe ,I megza zizcewp fn ;! f m` .1
x2I
lim Mn = 0 () y''na fn ;! f
n!1
:if` ,zetivx fn ,zipehepene zizcewp fn ;! f
,f fn : a b] ;! R m` .2
dtivx f () y''na fn ;! f
.dtivx fn ;! 0
(= y''na qpkzn
1
P
f (x)
n=1
.3
1
P
fn(x) zeivwpet xeh m` (q`xhyxiie ly M ogan) .4
n=1
1
P
if` ,qpkzn (ilily-i`) xeh
Mn -e ,x 2 I lkle n lkl jfn(x)j M
n=1
1
P
.y''na qpkzn
f (x)
miiwn I megz lr
n=1
a b] rhwa zeiliaxbhpi` zeivwpet ffn(x)g m` (xai`-xai`

divxbhpi`) .5
.
1
P
fn (x) xehd ffn(x)g dxcqd mè
if` ,f (x) -l y''na qpkzn
n=1
lim
Zb
n!1 a
fn (x)dx =
1Zb
X
n=1 a
:miiwzne a b] rhwa ziliaxbhpi` f
Zb
fn (x)dx =
Zb
Z bX
1
f (x)dx =
Zb
a
lim fn (x)
a n!1
f (x)dx =
a n=1
:dxcql
fn (x)
:xehl
!millken milxbhpi`l `l :dxrd
,a b] rhwa zetivxa zexifb zeivwpet ffn (x)g m` .

(xai`-xai` dxifb) .6
1
P
,mieqn x0 2 a b]-a zizcewp qpkzn
fn (x) xehd ffn(x)g dxcqd
n=1
.
1 0
P
,a b] -a y''na qpkzn
f (x) zexfbpd xeh ff 0 (x)g zexfbpd zxcqe
n=1
.rhwa y''na qpkzn
:if`
P f (x) xehd ff (x)g dxcqd (`)

n
n
.rhwa dxifb f (x) leabd zivwpet (a)

0(x) = ( lim fn )0 :dxcql (b)
f
n!1
n!1
1

X
X 0
0
0
. fn (x) = f (x) = ( fn )
:xehl
. lim fn0 (x) =

n=1
1
P
( 6= 0) mieqn x = xear qpkzn anxn zewfg xeh m` (Abel htyn) .7
n=0
.jxj < lk xear hlgda qpkzn xehd if`
1 n
P
:i''r oezp zeqpkzdd qeicx .zewfg xeh
anx idi (xncd-iyew htyn) .8
n=0
R=
1
p
n
lim janj
n!1
:i''r oezp zeqpkzdd qeicx .zewfg xeh
1 n
P
a x idi
n=0

n!1 an+1
(xanlc htyn) .9
a
.miiw leabdy i`pza R = lim n
.ezeqpkzd megza lkend xebq rhw lka y''na qpkzn

2
1 n
P
a x zewfg xeh
n=0
.10
.f (x) enekq z` onqpe ,R zeqpkzd qeicx lra zewfg xeh
Zx
0
1 n
P
a x idi
n=0
.11
:if`
.xehd ly ezeqpkzd megza dtivx f (x) (`)

,xehd ly ezeqpkzd megza xebq rhw lka ziliaxbhpi` f (x) (a)
:miiwzne
f (t)dt =
Z x X
1
0
n=0
antn dt
1 Zx
X
n=0
an
tndt
1 a
X
= n +n 1 xn+1
n=0
.zeqpkzd megz eze` zegtle zeqpkzd qeicx eze` df xehle

:miiwzne ;R < x < R dcewp lka dxifb f (x) (b)
f 0(x) =
X
1
n=0
!0 X
1
n
an x
n=0
nanxn;1
.zeqpkzd megz eze` xzeid lkle zeqpkzd qeicx eze` df xehle
rval xefbl xzen ,zewfg xeh ly zeqpkzdd megz jeza dcewp lka ,hxta
.xai`-xai` divxbhpi`
if` (;R R) -a f (x) =
P a xn m` (zewfg xehk divwpet zbvd zecigi)

n
.an =
f (n)(0)
.12
n! miiwzne xcq lkn dxifb f

,n lkle x 2 ;r r] lkly jk M yie ;r r] -a xcq lkn dxifb f m` .13
(n)
1 f (n)(0) :if` ,jf (x)j M
X
.;r r] -a x lkl f (x) =
xn
n
!
n=0
xeliih xeh ly mekqd ìd f if` ,szeyna zeneqg zexfbpd m` xnelk)
(.dly
P a xn m` .14
,f1 (x) ly zewfg xeh P
n
:if` ,f2 (x) ly zewfg xeh bn xn -e
P
P
. an xn ly zeqpkzdd megza f1(x) ly zewfg xeh an xn (`)
P
inegz 2-l jiiyy x lka f f ly zewfg xeh (a b )xn (a)
1
.zeqpkzdd
P
Pn
inipt x lka f1
f2 ly zewfg xeh cn xn if` .cn , ak bn;k xicbp
k=0
.zeqpkzdd inegz 2 ly
3
(b)
2 :
: ( a ,b ) f ( x, y ) = L
lim > 0
) ( x, y
<
| y b |< , | x a |<
) :
> 0
) 0 < ( x a) + ( y b
| .( | f ( x, y ) L |< 0 <| y b | + | x a
| f ( x, y ) L |<
,
)(( a ,b ) f ( x, y ) = L :
. lim
) , (a, b) ( xn , y n ) n (a, b
f ( xn , yn ) = L
n
lim
) ( x, y
. lim
)) lim f ( x, y ) , lim (lim f ( x, y
x0 y 0
y 0 x 0
:
:
.1 .
.2 ) f ( x, y ) ( x, y ) (a, b ,
) f ( x, y ). (a, b
.3 ) ( a ,b ) f ( x, y
lim
) ( x, y
, .
.4 : ) f ( x, y .
) , f (r cos( ), r sin( )) = F (r )G ( F (r ) r0 0 ) G( ,
. lim f ( x, y ) = 0
) ( x , y )( 0 , 0
:
) f ( x, y ) (a, b ). lim f ( x, y ) = f (a, b
) ( x , y )( a ,b
:
f
f ( x, y ) .1
f
f ( x, y ) .2 )/(
.
R :
f : R 2 " D R 2 > 0
x, y D d ( x, y) < :
)
) x = ( x1 , x2 ), y = ( y1 , y2
) f ( x, y
| f ( x ) f ( y ) |<
(.
".
> 0
2
: ) u = (u1 , u2 u + u 22 = 1 :
) f ( x0 + hu1 , y0 + hu 2 ) f ( x0 , y 0
f
( x0 , y 0 ) = lim
h 0
u
h
2
. 1
) (.
) u = (0,1 )u = (1,0
) f ( x 0 + h, y 0 ) f ( x 0 , y 0
f
( x0 , y0 ) = lim
h
0
x
h
) f ( x0 , y0 + h) f ( x0 , y0
f
( x0 , y0 ) = lim
h
0
h
y
f ( x, y ) : )( ) ( x0 , y 0 A, B
:
: h, k
0
) ( h ,k )( 0 , 0
f ( x0 + h, y0 + k ) = f ( x0 , y0 ) + Ah + Bk + (h, k ) h 2 + k 2
) . (h, k
:
.1 ) f ( x, y ) ( x0 , y 0 .
.2 ) f ( x, y ) ( x0 , y 0 ,:
f
f
= ( x0 , y 0 ), B
) ( x0 , y0
y
x
.3 ) f ( x, y ) ( x0 , y 0
) , ( x0 , y 0 ) f ( x, y ) . ( x0 , y 0
.4 ) f ( x, y ) , ( x0 , y 0 ) f ( x, y
) u = (u1 , u2 ) ( x0 , y 0 , ":
f
f
f
( x0 , y0 ) = u1
( x0 , y0 ) + u 2
) ( x0 , y0
.
y
u
u
f f
f . f
: ,
x y
f
r
) r = f u (.
, 4 f :
u
2 f 2 f
f f
,
, ,
.5 ) f ( x, y ) , ( x0 , y 0
xy yx
x y
) , ( x0 , y 0 , .
.6 : ) f ( x, y . , F (t ) = f ( x (t ), y (t )) : ) x(t ), y (t.
f
f
) . F ' (t ) = x ' (t ) + y ' (t
F
y
x
: ) g ( x, y ), x(u, v ), y (u , v .
. G (u , v ) = g ( x(u , v), y (u , v )) : G
G g x g y
=
+
u x u y u
G g x g y
=
+
.
v x v y v
=.A

) \
= I [ \ G[
>D E@ >F G @
I [ \

>F G @

) \
[
= I [ \ G[
D
I [ \
>D E@ >F G @
>F G @
I [ \
>F G @

I
[ \
\

)
\
G
I
I [ \ G[ = [ \ G[
G\ D
\
D

>D E@ >F G @
E
I [ \
I [ \G\ G[ = I [ \G[ G\
D
>F G @
\ \

>D E@ >F G @
I [ \
) \
I [ \ G[ D \ \ E \
>F G @

\
)
\
\ \
I
[ \ G[ + I \ \
\ I \ \
\
\
I
[ \
\

[0 0 ! \ ( ) \
\ ( [ ! [
B
[
I [ \ G[

I [ \ G[ I [ \ G[
0
I [ \ G[
B
D

[ >D f 0 [ \ ( [ >D f I [ \

>D E@ [ I [ \ 0 [
\ ( _ I [ \ _d 0 [

I [ \ G[
( ) \
0 [G[
) \
I [ \G[
>D f u >F G @ I [ \
) >F G @ o 5 >FG @

>D f u >F G @
wI
[ \ I [ \
w\
B
\ >F G @
>F G @
wI
D w\ [ \G[ ) \
wI
[ \ G[
w
\
D
I [ \G[

I [ \ G[

I [ \G\ G[ I [ \G[ G\
D
I [ \ G[
>F G @
)
\

' I [ \G[G\
' I [ \GV
' FI + J = F ' I + ' J

'
I = ' I + ' I
' '
6 '
' GV = 6 '
I ' J I J

'
'

D E '
' I '
I [ \ 0
P 6 ' I 0 6 '
'
'
' I
' = >D E@ >F G @
>
D E@
I [ \
E G
[ >D E@

= I D E 6 '
' = >D E@ >F G @

I
I
G E

>F G @
I [ \
F I [ \ G\
E G
I [ \ = J [ K \
, [ = I [ \ G\
' I [ \GV = D F I [ \ G\ G[ = F D I [ \G[ G\
' I [ \GV

'

' I [ \GV = D F I [ \ G\ G[
K \
>D E@
J [
E
G
I
[ \ GV = J [GV K \ G\ ' = >D E@ >F G @
'

D
F
' = ^ [ \ _ D [ E \ [ \ \ [ `

'

E \ [
' IGV = D \ [ I [ \G\ G[

\ [ \ [
[
X Y

X Y
\ = \ X Y
[ = [X Y

- X Y
5 I [ \G[G\ = 6 I [X Y \X Y _ - _ GXGY

[ \
[
[ \ X
- X Y
X Y \
X
X Y
[
Y
\
Y

- X Y

[
U
-
\
U

[
= FRV U VLQ = U [ = U FRV
\
VLQ
U FRV
\ = U VLQ
I [ \ G[G\ = I U FRV U VLQ UGUG
-

DWE

I [W \W
IGV = I [ \ [
+
[
G[
[
W + \
W GW
IGV
[ = [W
\ = \ W
I ( [, \ )
\ = [
I

[ = FRV
\ = VLQ

IGV
I FRV VLQ
+
G
/
) [ \ = 3 [ \ L + 4 [ \
M

DWE
,,

[ = [W
\ = \ W
/ / ) GU > 3 [ W \ W [
W + 4 [W \ W \
W @GW
/
)

3G[ + 4G\

,,

/ /
) GU

= ^ [ F _ D [ E`

3 [ FG[
/ / ) GU 4 F \ G\

'
= '
'

'
[G\ \G[
/
= ) [ \ = 3 4
'
= '
/
) [ \ = 3 [ \ L + 4 [ \ M
[ \

/
)

/
)
'
/ /
) GU =
= 3
=4
[
\
[ \
'
,,

3G[ + 4G\
/
)
&
/ /
4 3

) GU =
G[G\
[ \
'

/
)
) GU

/ /
) GU = % $

3G[ + 4G\

'
&
/
)
3 4

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2006

sin xdx = cos x + c

tan( x)dx = cos x dx = ln cos x + c

cos( x)dx = e cos( x) + e sin( x)dx

sin( x)dx = e x sin( x) e x cos( x)dx

cos( x)dx = e x cos + e x sin( x)dx = e x cos( x) + e x sin( x) e x cos( x)dx

2 e x cos( x)dx = e x cos( x) + e x sin( x) + c

= ) [ F ( (t ))] ' = F '( (t )) '(t

1 + cos x e dx = 1 + cos x dx + 1 + cos x dx =

= e 2t tan t 2e 2t tan t dt + 2 e 2t tan t dt = e 2t tan t + c

) f ( x)dx = F (b) F (a) = F ( x

= f ( x)dx = f ( x)dx + f ( x)dx = f (t )dt + f ( x)dx = f (t )dt + f ( x)dx

sin t ) ( G , G ( x) = sin tdt . G '( x) = sin x -

] F '( x) = G '( x + x 2 )[1 + 2 x] = sin( x + x 2 )[1 + 2 x

N n > N f ( x) cos(nx)dx <

f I > 0 > 0 ) ( p) < 0

f ] . [a, b" : f ( x) > 0 . x . f ( x)dx > 0

u '= 2sin x cos x =sin(2 x )

' (4) u '= g

= g ( x) F ( x) g (a) F (a) F (t ) g '(t )dt

0 2sin t cos tdt = 0 sin 2tdt = 2 cos 2t 0 = 2 cos 2 x 2 2

u '= 2sin x cos x

sin 2 x 1 1 2sin x cos x

= ) . f n ( x { f n } : " ) . > 0,[ ,

] . [0,1 hn ] [0,1 n 3 - . hn '( x) > 0

= . cos n xdx < 1dx

cos n xdx : N . lim = 0

' f '( x)(1 + x) (1 + x) 1 f ( x)

= tdt = sin tdt +

( > 0 > 0 f ( x, y ) L < 0 < ( x a ) 2 + ( y b) 2 < :

(1 " ." r .0- : 1 2 -

( t 3 cos t sin 2 t ) ' = ...

G (u, v) = g ( x(u, v), y (u, v) )

. F '( x) . F ( x) = sin( xe y )dy

= y '( x) = 4 y (t )dt + ( x x) y ( x) 1 (0 x) y (0) 0 f (t )dt + ( x x) f ( x) 1 (0 x) f (0) 0

y '( x) = 4 y (t )dt + f (t )dt

1 of the area of a circle

.( ) s '(t ) = x '(t ) + y '(t ) 2 s = s(t )

. f ds = f ( x(t ), y (t )) x '(t ) 2 + y '(t ) 2 dt

) ( '( ) cos ( ) sin ) + ( '( ) sin + cos

f ds = ( 3(2 + 2t ) + 4(5 + 2t ) + 2(5 + t ) + 2 ) 3dt = ( 48t 18 ) dt = ( 24t 2 18t ) = 6

m = 2 cos 2 cos + 2 cos 2 sin

cos 2 ( cos + sin )

= 4 (cos + sin )d = 4 [ cos + sin ] 4 = 4 2

, y 2 = 2 px, p 0 : ) O(0, 0 ). A(2 p, 2 p

F d r = Pdx + Qdy = P ( x(t ), y(t ) ) x '(t ) + Q ( x(t ), y(t ) ) y '(t ) dt

= I = (1 + y )dy + xdx + y dy + 0dx = ...

= (cos t + 3 sin t ) i + ( 2 cos t + 1) j

'(t ) = ( sin t + 3 cos t ) i + 2(2sin t ) j

3 + sin t 3 cos t dt = 2 3(2 ) = 4 3

3 cos t ) + cos t + 3 sin t ( 2sin t ) dt =

a cos t b cos t + (b sin t ) ( a sin t ) dt = ab

f [0,1] - 0 1 . f ( x)dx = f ( x)dx :

] f :[1,1 . f '(0) 0 , f (0) = 0 ,

f 0 (t )dt f 0 (t )dt Mdt = M dt = Mx

zexcq `yepa xfr sc - `''qyz aia` - 'n1 `''ecg

zqpkzn (= dneqge zipehepen dxcq .2

.an bn ;! 0 f` ,dneqg fbn g -e ,an ;! 0 m` .5

pn a = L f` , lim an+1 = L miiwzne ,8n

zexcq `yepa 2 xfr sc - `''qyz aia` - 'n1 `''ecg

.eil` zqpkzn `id f` ,cigi iwlg leab yi dxcql m` .3

:if` .dxcq an idz .5

:if` .dneqg dxcq

2 a b] miiw f (b) -e f (a) oia y jxr lkl f` ,a b] -a dtivx f

.my dneqg f f` ,a b] -a dtivx f m` (6

.ynn zipehepen `id f` ,dkitde dtivx f : a b] ! R m` (10

m f (x) M =) m(b ; a) f (x)dx M (b ; a) (f

.a b] c d] lk lr ziliaxbhpi` f (= a b] lr ziliaxbhpi` f .6

c 2 a b] miiw if` ,ziliaxbhpi` g 0 -e dtivx f m` .17

g :da`x ogan .11