Automotive industry

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The automotive industry is a term that covers a wide range of companies and organisations involved in the
design, development, manufacture, marketing, and selling of motor vehicles, towed
vehicles, motorcycles and mopeds. It is one of the world's most importanteconomic sectors by revenue.
The term automotive industry usually does not include industries dedicated to the maintenance of automobiles
following delivery to the end-user, such as repair shops and motor fuel filling stations.
The term automotive was created from Greek autos (self), and Latin motivus (of motion) to represent any form
of self-powered vehicle. This term was proposed by SAE member Elmer Sperry.[1]
Contents
[hide]

1 History

2 Safety

3 Economy

4 World motor vehicle production

4.1 By year

4.2 By country

4.3 By manufacturer

5 Company relationships

6 Top vehicle manufacturing groups by volume

7 By total production

8 Minor automotive manufacturers

9 See also

10 References

11 External links

[edit]History

Citron assembly line in 1918

The first practical automobile with a petrol engine was built by Karl Benz in 1885 inMannheim, Germany. Benz
was granted a patent for his automobile on 29 January 1886, and began the first production of automobiles in
1888, after Bertha Benz, his wife, had proved with the first long-distance trip in August 1888 (104 km (65 mi)
fromMannheim to Pforzheim and back) that the horseless coach was absolutely suitable for daily use. Since
2008 a Bertha Benz Memorial Route commemorates this event.
Soon after, in 1889, Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach in Stuttgart designed a vehicle from scratch to be
an automobile, rather than a horse-drawn carriage fitted with an engine. They also are usually credited as
inventors of the first motorcycle, theDaimler Reitwagen, in 1885, but Italy's Enrico Bernardi, of the University of
Padua, in 1882, patented a 0.024 horsepower (17.9 W) 122 cc (7.4 cu in) one-cylinder petrol motor, fitting it
into his son's tricycle, making it at least a candidate for the first automobile, and first motorcycle. [2]:p.26 Bernardi
enlarged the tricycle in 1892 to carry two adults.[2]:p.26
For many decades, the United States led the world in total automobile production. In 1929 before the Great
Depression, the world had 32,028,500 automobiles in use, and the US automobile industry produced over 90%
of them. At that time the U.S. had one car per 4.87 persons.[3] After WWII the U.S. issued 3/4 of world's auto
production. In 1980 the U.S. was overtaken by Japan and became world's leader again in 1994. In 2006, Japan
narrowly passed the U.S. in production and held this rank until 2009, when China took the top spot with 13.8
million units. By producing 18.4 million units in 2011, China produced more than twice the number of second
place the U.S. with 8.7 million units, with in Japan third place with 8.4 million units. [4]
[edit]Safety

Todays vehicles are graded on stricter and more precise parameters than ever before from weight to safety to
durability and anywhere and everywhere in between. New materials have brought out new techniques for
construction and vehicle design.[5] The introduction of plastics has advanced the technology used for making
newer vehicles.[6] New plastics technologies allow manufactures to answer to the call for advancements.
Plastics can be used in various technologies on vehicles for structural safety to visual appearance. These new
plastic innovations allow new technologies to be used in vehicles for safety to comfort purposes. Plastics also

allow for cost effective changes to be made to newer vehicle while still maintaining high safety and comfort
requirements of the industry. These advancements in plastic material usage in modern vehicles are the
footholds for the future of the automotive industry.[7]
[edit]Economy

See also: Automotive industry by country

Around the world, there were about 806 million cars and light trucks on the road in 2007, consuming over 260
billion US gallons (980,000,000 m3) of gasoline and diesel fuel yearly.[8] The automobile is a primary mode of
transportation for many developed economies. The Detroit branch of Boston Consulting Group predicts that, by
2014, one-third of world demand will be in the four BRICmarkets (Brazil, Russia, India and China). Other
potentially powerful automotive markets are Iran and Indonesia.[9] Emerging auto markets already buy more
cars than established markets. According to a J.D. Power study, emerging markets accounted for 51 percent of
the global light-vehicle sales in 2010. The study expects this trend to accelerate.[10][11]
[edit]World

motor vehicle production

See also: List of countries by motor vehicle production

[edit]By

year

Global production of motorvehicles

(cars and commercial vehicles)
Year

Production Change

Source

1997

54,434,000

1998

52,987,000

-2.7%

[12]

1999

56,258,892

6.2%

[13]

2000

58,374,162

3.8%

[14]

2001

56,304,925

-3.5%

[15]

2002

58,994,318

4.8%

[16]

[12]

2003

60,663,225

2.8%

[17]

2004

64,496,220

6.3%

[18]

2005

66,482,439

3.1%

[19]

2006

69,222,975

4.1%

[20]

2007

73,266,061

5.8%

[21]

2008

70,520,493

-3.7%

[22]

2009

61,791,868

-12.4%

[23]

2010

77,857,705

26.0%

[24]

2011

79,989,155

3.1%

[25]

[edit]By

country

Main article: List of countries by motor vehicle production

[hide]

previous year Top 20 motor vehicle producing countries 2011 next year
Motor vehicle production (units)
Country

1,000,000 2,000,000 3,000,000 4,000,000 5,000,000 6,000,000 7,000,000 8,000,000 9,000,000 10,000,000 11,000,000 12,000,000 13,000,0

18,418,87

China
United States
Japan

8,653,560
8,398,654

6,311,318

Germany
4,657,094

South Korea

3,936,448

India

3,406,150

Brazil

2,680,037

Mexico

2,353,682

Spain

2,294,889

France

2,134,893

Canada

1,988,036

Russia
Iran

1,648,505

Thailand

1,478,460

UK

1,463,999

Czech Rep.

1,199,834

Turkey

1,189,131

Indonesia

837,948

Poland

837,132

Argentina

828,771

Italy

790,348

Reference: "Production Statistics". OICA. Retrieved 2012-03-12.

[edit]By

manufacturer
[hide]

previous year Top motor vehicle manufacturing companies by volume 2011 next year
Total motor vehicle production
Group
Key

1,000,000

2,000,000

3,000,000

Cars

4,000,000

5,000,000

Light Commercial Vehicles

6,000,0007,000,0008,000,0009,000,00010,000,000
Heavy Commercial VehiclesHeavy Buses

GM

9,146,340

Volkswagen

8,157,058

Toyota

8,050,181

Hyundai Motor

6,616,858

Ford

4,873,450

Nissan

4,631,673

PSA

3,582,410

Honda

2,909,016

Renault

2,825,089

Suzuki

2,725,899

Fiat
Chrysler

2,399,825
2,004,514

BMW

1,738,160

Daimler AG

1,528,008

Mazda

1,165,591

Mitsubishi

1,140,282

Dongfeng Motor

1,095,065

Tata
Geely

1,061,229
902,824

Beijing Automotive

689,635

Chang'an Automobile

681,719

Saipa

669,538

Chery

637,423

AvtoVAZ

635,860

FAW

621,271

Fuji
Great Wall

580,261
486,562

Key

Cars

Light Commercial Vehicles

Heavy Commercial VehiclesHeavy Buses

Total: 78,799,483

Cars: 61,703,020

LCV: 13,637,299

HCV: 3,111,908Heavy Bus: 347,256

Reference: "World motor vehicle production by manufacturer: World ranking of manufacturers, Year 2011". OICA.
November 2012.

[edit]Company

relationships

It is common for automobile manufacturers to hold stakes in other automobile manufacturers. These
ownerships can be explored under the detail for the individual companies.
Notable current relationships include:[citation needed]

Daimler AG holds a 20% stake in Eicher Motors, a 10.0% stake in KAMAZ, a 10% stake in Tesla Motors, a
6.75% stake in Tata Motors and a 3.1% in the Renault-Nissan Alliance.

Dongfeng Motor Corporation is involved in joint ventures with several companies around the world,
including: Honda (Japan), Hyundai(South Korea), Nissan (Japan), Nissan Diesel (Sweden), and PSA
Peugeot Citroen (France).

Fiat holds a 90% stake in Ferrari and a 61.8% stake in Chrysler.

Ford Motor Company holds a 3% stake in Mazda and an 12.1% share in Aston Martin.

Geely Automobile holds a 23% stake in Manganese Bronze Holdings.

General Motors holds a 7% stake in PSA Peugeot Citroen, Shanghai Automotive Industry
Corporation (SAIC) have two joint ventures in Shanghai General Motors and SAIC-GM-Wuling Automobile.
Both also hold an equal 50% stake in General Motors India Private Limited. And General Motors holds a
94% stake in GM Korea and SAIC Group holds a 6% stake.

Hyundai Kia Automotive Group holds a 33.99% stake in Kia Motors,[26] down from the 51% that it acquired
in 1998.

MAN SE holds a 17.01% voting stake in Scania.

Porsche Automobil Holding SE has a 50.74% voting stake in Volkswagen Group. The Porsche automotive
business is fully owned by the Volkswagen Group.

Renault and Nissan Motors have an alliance( Renault-Nissan Alliance ) involving two global companies
linked by cross-shareholding, with Renault holding 44.3% of Nissan shares, and Nissan holding 15% of
(non-voting) Renault shares. The alliance holds a 3.1% share in Daimler AG.

Renault holds a 25% stake in AvtoVAZ and 20.5% of the voting stakes in Volvo Group.

Toyota holds a 51% stake in Daihatsu, and 16.5% in Fuji Heavy Industries, parent company of Subaru.

Volkswagen Group holds a 37.73% stake in Scania (68.6% voting rights), and a 53.7% stake in MAN
SE (55.9% voting rights). Volkswagen is integrating Scania, MAN and its own truck division into one
division.Volkswagen Group has a 19.9% stake in Suzuki, and Suzuki has a 5% stake in Volkswagen.

Paccar inc. has a 19% stake in Tatra.

[edit]Top

vehicle manufacturing groups by volume

The table below shows the world's largest motor vehicle manufacturing groups, along with
the marques produced by each one. The table is ranked by 2010 end of year production figures from
the International Organization of Motor Vehicle Manufacturers (OICA)[27] for the parent group, and then
alphabetically by marque. Joint ventures are not reflected in this table. Production figures of joint ventures are
typically included in OICA rankings, which can become a source of controversy.[28][29]

Marque

Country of
origin

Ownership

Markets

1. General Motors Company (

United States)

Alpheon

Subsidiary

South Korea

Buick

Division

United States, Canada, Mexico, China,Taiwan, Israel

Cadillac

Division

North America, Europe, Asia, Middle East

Chevrolet

Division

Global, except Australia, New Zealand

Corvette

Division

Global, except Australia and New Zealand

Damas/Labo

Subsidiary

South Korea

GMC

Division

North America, Middle East

Holden

Subsidiary

Australia, New Zealand

HSV

Subsidiary

Australia, New Zealand

Opel

Subsidiary

Europe (except UK), Middle East, China, Taiwan, South Africa, Australia

OPC

Subsidiary

Europe (except UK), Middle East, China, Taiwan, South Africa, Australia

OSV

Subsidiary

Europe

Vauxhall

Subsidiary

United Kingdom

2. Volkswagen Group AG (

Germany)

Audi

Subsidiary

Global

Bentley

Subsidiary

Global

Bugatti

Subsidiary

Global

Lamborghini

Subsidiary

Global

MAN

Subsidiary

Europe, Asia, Africa, South America

Porsche

Subsidiary

Global, except Iran

Scania

Subsidiary

Global

SEAT

Subsidiary

Europe, South America, Africa, Asia, Mexico

koda

Subsidiary

Global, except North America

Volkswagen

Subsidiary

Global

Volkswagen Commercial
Vehicles

Subsidiary

Europe, Latin America, Australia, China

3. Toyota Motor Corporation (

Japan)

Daihatsu

Subsidiary

Asia, Africa, and South America

Hino

Subsidiary

Asia Pacific, North America and South America

Lexus

Division

Global

Lexus F

Division

Global

Scion

Subsidiary

United States, Canada

Toyota

Division

Global

4. Hyundai Motor Group (

Hyundai

5. Ford Motor Company (

Ford

South Korea)

Division

Global

United States)

Division

Global

FPV

Subsidiary

Australia

Lincoln

Division

United States, Canada, Mexico, Middle East, Japan, South Korea

Troller

Subsidiary

South America, Africa

Datsun

Division

Indonesia, India, Russia

Infiniti

Division

Global, except Japan, South America and Africa

Infiniti Performance Line

Division

Global

Nissan

Division

Global

6. Nissan (

Japan)

7. PSA Peugeot Citron S.A. (

France)

Citron

Subsidiary

Global, except North America, South Asia

DS

Subsidiary

Global, except North America, and South Asia

Peugeot

Subsidiary

Global, except USA, Canada

8. Honda Motor Company (

Japan)

Acura

Subsidiary

United States, Canada, Mexico, China

Honda

Division

Global

9. Renault (

France)

Dacia

Subsidiary

Europe, Middle East, Northern Africa

Renault

Division

Global, except United States, Canada, South Korea

Renault Samsung

Subsidiary

South Korea, Chile

10. Suzuki Motor Corporation (

Japan)

Suzuki

Division

Global, except United States

Maruti Suzuki

Subsidiary

India, Middle East, South America

Abarth

Subsidiary

Global, except Iran

Alfa Romeo

Subsidiary

Global, except North America and Iran

Chrysler

Subsidiary

Global, except Europe (except UK and Ireland), Africa (except South Africa and
Egypt), South Asia, South East Asia

Dodge

Subsidiary

Global, except Europe, Africa(except South Africa and Egypt), South Asia, South
East Asia

Ferrari

Subsidiary

Global

Fiat

Subsidiary

Global, except Africa(except South Africa), Iran, South East Asia

Jeep

Subsidiary

Global, Africa(except South Africa and Egypt), South Asia, South East Asia

11. Fiat S.p.A. (

Italy)

Lancia

Subsidiary

Europe(except UK and Ireland) and Japan

Maserati

Subsidiary

Global

Mopar

Subsidiary

North America

Ram

Subsidiary

North America, Brazil, Middle East

Street and Racing

Technology

Subsidiary

North America, Australia, New Zealand

BMW

Division

Global

BMW i

Division

Global

BMW M

Division

Global

MINI

Division

Global

Rolls-Royce

Subsidiary

Global

BharatBenz

Subsidiary

India

Freightliner

Subsidiary

North America, South Africa, Australia, New Zealand

Master

Subsidiary

Pakistan

Mercedes-AMG

Division

Global

12. BMW AG (

13. Daimler AG (

Germany)

Germany)

Mercedes-Benz

Division

Global

Mitsubishi Fuso

Subsidiary

Global

Orion

Subsidiary

United States, Canada

Setra

Division

Europe, Asia, USA

Smart

Division

Global

Thomas Built

Subsidiary

North America

Western Star

Subsidiary

North America, Australia, New Zealand

14. Mazda Motor Corporation (

Mazda

Japan)

Division

15. Mitsubishi Motors Corporation (

Mitsubishi

Fengshen

17. Tata Motors, Ltd (

Hispano

Japan)

Division

16. Dongfeng Motor Corporation (

Global

Global

People's Republic of China)

Division

China

Subsidiary

Europe

India)

Jaguar

Subsidiary

Global

Land Rover

Subsidiary

Global

Tata

Division

Global, except North America

Tata Daewoo

Subsidiary

South Korea, Pakistan

18. Geely Automobile (

People's Republic of China)

Emlgon

Division

China

Emgrand

Division

China, United Kingdom

Geagle

Division

China

Geely

Division

China, Taiwan, Russia, North Africa, Middle East, South America, South Africa,
Australia

Maple

Division

China

Volvo (Cars)

Subsidiary

Global

Division

Global, except Mexico

19. Kia Motors (

Kia

KOR)

20. Beijing Automotive Industry Holding Corporation, Ltd (

BAW

Division

China

People's Republic of China)

Foton

21. SAIPA (

Subsidiary

China, Taiwan, Japan, Australia

Division

Middle East

Iran)

SAIPA

22. Chery Automobile Company, Ltd (

People's Republic of China)

Chery

Division

China, South East Asia, Russia, South Africa, South America

Qoros

JointVenture

China

Riich

Division

China

Rely

Division

China

Lada

Division

Europe, except United Kingdom, Portugal and Malta, Central Asia

VIS

Division

Russia

23. OAO AvtoVAZ (

Russia)

24. First Automotive Group Corporation (

People's Republic of China)

Besturn

Division

China

Freewind

Subsidiary

China

Haima

Subsidiary

China

Hongqi

Division

China

Jiaxing

Subsidiary

China

Vita

Subsidiary

China

Xiali

Subsidiary

China

25. Fuji Heavy Industries, Ltd (

Subaru

Japan)

Division

26. Great Wall Motor Company, Ltd (

Great Wall

27. Isuzu Motors, Ltd (

Isuzu

Global

People's Republic of China)

Division

China, Taiwan, South Africa, Russia, North Africa, Australia, Europe, Middle East

Division

Global, except Brazil and Korea

Japan)

28. Anhui Jianghuai Automobile Company, Ltd (

JAC

Division

People's Republic of China)

China

29. Brilliance China Automotive Holding, Ltd (

People's Republic of China)

Brilliance

Division

China, North Africa

Jinbei

Subsidiary

China

30. SAIC Motor (

People's Republic of China)

Maxus

Division

China, Australia, South Africa, United Kingdom, Chile, Malaysia

MG Motor

Subsidiary

China, United Kingdom, South America

Roewe

Division

China

Soyat

Division

China

Yuejin

Division

China

31. BYD Auto (

People's Republic of China)

BYD

Division

32. Mahindra & Mahindra, Ltd (

China, Taiwan, Russia, United States

India)

Mahindra

Division

India, South East Asia, Europe, North Africa, North America, Australia

REVA

Division

India

SsangYong

Subsidiary

Global, except North America and Japan

Mack

Subsidiary

Global

NovaBus

Subsidiary

North America

33. AB Volvo (

Sweden)

Prevost

Subsidiary

North America

Renault Trucks

Subsidiary

Global, except Japan, United States, and Canada

UD Trucks

Subsidiary

Global

Volvo Trucks

Division

Global

34. Chana Automobile Company, Ltd (

People's Republic of China)

Chana

Division

China, Taiwan, South Africa, Europe

Hafei

Subsidiary

China

Tiger Truck

Subsidiary

United States, Canada

35. Iran Khodro Company (

Iran)

Iran Khodoro

Division

Middle East,Northern Africa, Russia, Belarus, Central Asia, China, Venezuela

IKCO Diesel

Division

Middle East, Northern Africa, Western Africa

36. Chongqing Lifan Automobile Company, Ltd (

Lifan

37. Proton Holdings, Bhd (

Lotus

Division

China, Taiwan, Russia, Middle East, South America

Malaysia)

Subsidiary

People's Republic of China)

Global

Proton

Division

38. Jiangling Automotive (

Asia Pacific(except Korea), South Africa, United Kingdom, Middle East

CHN)

Jiangling

Division

China, Europe

39. Fujian Motor Industry Group Company (

Soueast

Division

40. Kuozui Motors, Ltd (

People's Republic of China)

China

Taiwan)

Kuozui

Subsidiary

Taiwan

41. China National Heavy Duty Truck Group (

Sinotruck

Division

42. Hunan Jiangnan Automobile (

Jiangnan

CHN)

China

People's Republic of China)

Division

China

DAF Trucks

Subsidiary

Global, except North America and Japan

Kenworth

Division

North America, Australia

Leyland Trucks

Subsidiary

Global, except North America and Japan

43. Paccar Inc. (

United States)

Peterbilt

Division

North America

GAZ

Division

Russia, Europe, Central Asia

LiAZ

Subsidiary

Russia

Ural Trucks

Division

Russia

Subsidiary

China

44. GAZ (

Russia)

45. Hafei Motor (

China)

Hafei

46. Jiangxi Changhe Automobile (

Changhe

China)

Division

47. Shaanxi Automobile Group (

Shaanxi

CHN)

Division

48. Qingling Motors Company Ltd. (

Qingling

49. Ashok Leyland (

Ashok Leyland

China

China

China)

Division

China

Division

South Asia, Middle East, East Africa

India)

50. Navistar International Corporation (

United States)

eStar

Division

United States, Canada

IC

Subsidiary

United States, Canada

International

Division

North America, South America, Russia, Middle East, Egypt, South Africa

Iveco

Subsidiary

Global

Irisbus

Subsidiary

Global, except North America

Zastava Trucks

Subsidiary

Europe

??. Fiat Industrial S.p.A (

Italy)

??. Oshkosh Corporation (

United States)

Oshkosh

Division

USA, Canada, China

Luxgen

Division

Taiwan, China, Oman

Tobe

Division

Taiwan

Division

China

??. Yulon Motor (

??. Shandong Kaima (

Kaima

Taiwan)

China)

Jubao

Division

China

Aofeng

Division

China

??. Guangzhou Automobile Industry Group Co Ltd (

People's Republic of China)

Changfeng

Subsidiary

China, Russia, Middle East, Africa

Gonow

Subsidiary

China

Trumpchi

Division

China

Micro (cars)

Division

Sri Lanka

??. Rongcheng Huatai Motor (

People's Republic of China)

Huatai

Division

??. Micro (Cars) (

??. Caterpillar Inc. (

Sri Lanka)

United States)

CAT

Division

[edit]By

China

United States, Canada, Mexico, Australia, New Zealand

total production

Quantifying the total production of a manufacturer, from their start-up, is a difficult task, because of frequent
company ownership changes. However some producers, and independent sources, provide some valuable
statistics:

Toyota reached 200 000 000 vehicles as of July 2012 (after 77 years of production).[30]

[edit]Minor

automotive manufacturers

Main article: Minor automotive manufacturing groups

There are many automobile manufacturers other than the major global companies. They are mostly regional or
operating in niche markets.