TNZ P/23: 2005

PERFORMANCE BASED SPECIFICATION

FOR HOTMIX ASPHALT WEARING COURSE SURFACING

1.

SCOPE
This specification sets out the performance requirements for the following types of
asphalt as wearing courses:

The supply and laying of Open Graded Porous Asphalt (OGPA);

The supply and laying of Textured High Stress Resistant type asphalts, such as
Stone Mastic Asphalt; and
The supply and laying of Dense Graded Asphaltic Concrete (DGAC).

2.

DEFINITIONS
2.1

Hot Mix Asphalt

Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) is a mixture of bituminous binder and aggregate, with or
without added mineral filler, produced in a mixing plant. It is delivered spread and
compacted while hot.
2.2

Coarse Aggregate

The Coarse Aggregate is the fraction of the aggregate components retained on a

4.75mm test sieve.
2.3

Fine Aggregate

Fine aggregate is the fraction of the aggregate components passing the 4.75mm test
sieve, excluding added mineral fillers.
2.4

Mineral Filler

Mineral Filler is finely ground particles of limestone, hydrated lime, Portland

cement or other non-plastic mineral matter, predominantly finer than 0.075mm. that
is added to the mix.
2.5

Binder

Unless specified in the specific contract requirements binder is penetration grade

bitumen complying with TNZ M/1 specification.
2.6

SP/SP23:051014

Job Mix Formula

PERFORMANCE BASED SPECIFICATION

FOR HOTMIX ASPHALT WEARING COURSE SURFACING

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TNZ P/23: 2005

The Job Mix Formula (JMF) is the combined aggregate particle size distribution
and total binder content that is chosen by the Contractor and produces a HMA that
complies with the criteria specified in Table 2.
2.7

Mix Control Envelope

The Mix Control Envelope (MCE) is the range of allowable variation from the JMF
allowed during production. The MCE may include some or all of the sieves
required to produce the particle size distribution.
2.8

Voids in the Mineral Aggregate

The Voids in the Mineral Aggregate (VMA) is the volume of intergranular void
space between the aggregate particles of a compacted mixture that includes the air
voids and the effective binder content, expressed as a percentage of the total
volume of the sample.
2.9

Wearing Mix

A mix applied as the uppermost layer in a pavement subjected to the wearing action
of traffic.
2.10

Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP)

Reclaimed asphalt Pavement (RAP) is material comprising old asphalt that has
been processed by crushing and/or screening to produce a free flowing and
consistent product.
2.11

Maximum size

The maximum size of a mix is the smallest sieve size at which 100% of the
aggregate passes.
2.12

Nominal Size

The nominal size of a mix is the smallest sieve size at which more than 90% of the
aggregate passes.
2.13

Refusal Density

The density of a laboratory compacted specimen, compacted in accordance with

AS2891.2.2 using the ServopacTM using compaction 250 cycles.
2.14

Theoretical Maximum Specific Gravity

Theoretical Maximum Specific Gravity (MSG) is a theoretical relative density of

the asphalt with no air voids (see ASTM D 2041)

SP/SP23:051014

PERFORMANCE BASED SPECIFICATION

FOR HOTMIX ASPHALT WEARING COURSE SURFACING

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2.15

Lot Definitions

A Manufacturing Lot shall be deemed to be the quantity of a specified mix

manufactured at a specific facility under essentially uniform process conditions
with consistent ingredients resulting in a homogeneous product.
A Production Lot shall be made up of manufactured material (within a
manufacturing lot) which has been handled to regulate and conserve characteristics
of homogeneity and workability in suitable manner.
A Field Lot shall be representative of production mix (within a production lot)
which has been continuously laid under essentially constant conditions to achieve
an end product homogeneous in appearance.

PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS
The specified performance requirements for the HMA controlled by this
specification are given in Table 1, Table 2 and Table 3.
The specific contract requirements given in Schedule A, specify design values for
layer thickness, binder type, aggregate polished stone value (PSV), texture depth,
mix designation and any other requirements.
3.1

Polished Stone Value Requirements.

At least 85 % of the coarse aggregate shall be obtained from an aggregate source(s)

of the required Polished Stone Value (PSV). Blending of coarse aggregates from
different sources with different PSVs, including PSVs lower than that required, to
theoretically achieve the specified value is prohibited.

CONTRACT QUALITY PLAN

The Contractor shall submit to the Engineer a Contract Quality Plan (CQP) detailing
the procedures to be followed to ensure compliance with the specified performance
requirements and specific criteria detailed in this specification. The Engineer and
Contractor will mutually agree to its content and appropriateness.
The quality plan shall define the MCE, which shall have allowable variations
reflecting current industry best practice.

SP/SP23:051014

PERFORMANCE BASED SPECIFICATION

FOR HOTMIX ASPHALT WEARING COURSE SURFACING

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TNZ P/23: 2005

TABLE 1 HMA Raw Material Properties

Table 1a Binder Properties
Test Property
Test Method Requirements
Penetration Grade Bitumen
Compliance
with M/1
Modified Binder Softening AGPT/T157
Report Value
Point
or ASTM D36
Modified Binder Torsional AGPT/T154
Report Value
Recovery
Modified Binder Viscosity AGPT/T132
Report Value
or ASTM
D4402

SP/SP23:051014

Frequency

Comments

One
representative
test per
production
batch of
modified
binder.

Requirements
to be included
in Schedule A

PERFORMANCE BASED SPECIFICATION

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TABLE 1 HMA Raw Material Properties

Table 1b Aggregate Properties
Test Property

Test Method

Crushing Resistance
Dense Graded Asphalt
(Table 2c)

NZS 4407 Test 3.10

Other Types of HMA (Table

2a and 2b)
Weathering Resistance
Polished Stone Value
Los Angeles Abrasion Loss
Wet/Dry Strength Variation
Water Absorption

NZS 4407 Test 3.11

BS EN 1097 Part 8
AS 1141.23 or
NZS 4407 Test 3.12
AS 1141.22
AS 1141.8 or ASTM
C127

Crushing Resistance
Sand Equivalent, or
Clay Index (<0.075mm)

NZS 4407 Test 3.10

NZS 4407 Test 3.6
NZS 4407 Test 3.5

Water Absorption

AS 1141.5 or ASTM
C128

Degradation Factor

AS 1141.25.3

SP/SP23: 051014

Requirements
Frequency
Coarse Aggregate Properties
As per BCA 9805 Quality
200 kN min
Assurance of Aggregates for
Chipseals and Bituminous
Mixes
230 kN min
AA or BA
As per Specific Contract
Requirements and T/10
Report Value
Report Value
Report Value

Representative test values of

the aggregate(s) to be used in
the contract

Fine Aggregate Properties

200kN min (parent rock) As per BCA 9805 Quality
Assurance of Aggregates for
35 min, or
Chipseals and Bituminous
3 max
Mixes
Report Value
Representative test result of
the aggregate(s) to be used in
contract
Report Value

PERFORMANCE BASED SPECIFICATION

FOR HOTMIX ASPHALT WEARING COURSE SURFACING

Comments
Current requirements for
TNZ M/10

A number of new tests have

been introduced in order to
explore alternative means of
assessing aggregate quality
for use in HMA.
Current requirements for
TNZ M/10

A number of new tests have

been introduced in order to
explore alternative means of
assessing aggregate quality
for use in HMA.

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TABLE 2 Wearing Course Asphalt Performance Criteria

2(a): Open Graded Porous HMA
Performance
Requirement
1. Field Criteria
Surface ride

Permeability

Permeability

2. Mix Design
Properties

Test/Reference

Method

Test Value

Comments

NAASRA roughness

To be specified in Schedule A

Deviation under 3m straight

5 max
edge (mm)
Field Permeability (sec)
TNZ Test Method, refer 12 max
Notes Appendix

At construction joints, and any

localised defect.
At time of laying, not
applicable to high strength
OGPA, similar to P/11 PA 14
HS..
Data gathering only not
contractually binding

Relative
Hydraulic Conductivity
(Reciprocal seconds)
Binder Drain-down (%)

BS DD 229

Report Value

AGPT / T 235 (flask) or BS 0.3 max at 8C above

DD 232 (basket)
nominated mixing temp

Asphalt Particle Loss (%)

AGPT / T 236
Unconditioned

15 max

Heavy/Very Heavy Traffic

20 max

Medium traffic

Report Value
Moisture Conditioned
Retained Tensile Strength ASTM D4867 as modified
(%)
by TNZ P/11

SP/SP23: 051014

80 min

PERFORMANCE BASED SPECIFICATION

FOR HOTMIX ASPHALT WEARING COURSE SURFACING

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Performance
Requirement
3. Production Testing

Test/Reference

Method

Test Value

Process Control Monitoring

of mix consistency of design
JMF
MSG

Plot variation from JMF,

(individual and rolling
average) refer Clause 6.7
ASTM D2041

MCE from Quality Plan.

Binder Drain-down (%)

AGPT / T 235 or BS DD
232

0.3 max at 8C above

nominated mixing temp

Minimum frequency once per

site

Asphalt Particle Loss (%)

AGPT / T 236
15 max

Minimum frequency once per

site
Heavy / Very Heavy Traffic

20 max

Medium Traffic

Unconditioned

Moisture Conditioned

SP/SP23: 051014

Report
Values,
contractually binding.

Comments
Minimum acceptable process
control testing shall be one test
per 300 Tonne of a production
not Lot or part thereof.

Report Value

PERFORMANCE BASED SPECIFICATION

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TABLE 2 Wearing Course Asphalt Performance Criteria

2(b): Textured High Stress Resistant HMA
Performance
Requirement
1.Field Criteria
Surface ride

Permeability

Safety
Pavement

Test/Reference

Method

NAASRA roughness

SP/SP23: 051014

Comments

To be specified in Schedule A

Deviation under 3m straight

edge (mm)
Relative
BS DD 229
Hydraulic Conductivity
(Reciprocal seconds)

5 max

Air voids from Cores (%)

Agreed
Range At laydown trial.
established in CQP.
Final acceptance shall be
against the criteria in section
0.70
6.8.

Texture depth MPD (mm)

Posted Speed limit
60km/hr

ASTM D3203 and

ASTM D2726
See clause 6.8.

70km/hr
2.Mix Design
Properties

Test Value

Report Value

At construction joints, and any

localised defect.
Values to be set at laydown
trial. Refer Notes.

0.90

Binder Drain-down (%)

AGPT / T 235 or BS DD 0.3 max at 8C above

232
nominated mixing temp

Asphalt Particle Loss (%)

AGPT / T236
Unconditioned

15 max

Moisture Conditioned

Report value

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TNZ P/23: 2005

Performance
Test/Reference
Method
Requirement
2.Mix
Design Retained Tensile Strength ASTM D 4867
(%)
Properties (cont)

3. Production
Testing

Refer Table 3

Wheel Tracking Test

Report Value

AGPT / T 231

Comments

80 min

Voids in Mineral Aggregate MS-2

(%)

Process Control Monitoring Plot variation from JMF, MCE from Quality Plan.
of mix consistency of design (individual and rolling
JMF
average) Refer Clause
6.7
MSG
ASTM D2041
Report
Values,
not
contractually binding.

Binder Drain-down (%)

SP/SP23: 051014

Test Value

Data gathering only not

contractually binding
Test to be carried out on design
mix and cores from pavement
at laydown trial

Minimum acceptable process

control testing shall be one test
per 300 Tonne of a production
Lot or part thereof.

AGPT / T 235 or BS 0.3 max at 8C above Minimum frequency once per

DD 232
site
nominated mixing temp

PERFORMANCE BASED SPECIFICATION

FOR HOTMIX ASPHALT WEARING COURSE SURFACING

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TNZ P/23: 2005

TABLE 2 Wearing Course Asphalt Performance Criteria

2(c): Dense Graded Asphaltic Concrete
Performance
Requirement
1.Field Criteria
Surface ride

Permeability

2.Mix
Properties

Test/Reference

Method

NAASRA roughness

Comments

To be specified in Schedule A

Deviation under 3m straight

edge (mm)
Relative
BS DD 229
Hydraulic Conductivity
(Reciprocal seconds)
Air voids from Cores (%)
ASTM D3203 and ASTM
D2726
Design Retained Tensile Strength ASTM D4867
(%)
Voids in Mineral Aggregate MS-2
(%)

SP/SP23: 051014

Test Value

5 max
Report value

At construction joints, and any

localised defect.
Values yet to be set at laydown
trial

Agreed
Range At Laydown trial
established in CQP.
80 min

Refer Table 3

Wheel Tracking Test

AGPT / T231

Report Value

Requirement Site Dependant.

Data gathering only not
contractually binding

Refusal Air Voids (%)

ASTM D2726 & ASTM 2 min unless otherwise Heavy / Very Heavy Traffic
D3203
agreed by Engineer.
Traffic

Binder Film Index (m)

AGPT / T237

7.5 min

PERFORMANCE BASED SPECIFICATION

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TNZ P/23: 2005

Performance
Requirement
3. Production
Testing

SP/SP23: 051014

Test/Reference

Method

Test Value

Process Control Monitoring

of mix consistency of design
JMF
MSG

Plot variation from JMF,

(individual and rolling
average) Refer Clause 6.7
ASTM D2041

MCE from Quality Plan.

Report
Values,
contractually binding.

PERFORMANCE BASED SPECIFICATION

FOR HOTMIX ASPHALT WEARING COURSE SURFACING

Comments
Minimum acceptable process
control testing shall be one test
per 300 Tonne of a production
not Lot or part thereof.

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TNZ P/23: 2005

Mix
Nominal
Size
7
10
14

Table 3 Minimum VMA Requirements (%)

Dense Graded Asphaltic Concrete (DGAC)
Stone Mastic Asphalt (SMA)see Note below
Heavy / Very Heavy
Other Traffic
Heavy / Very Heavy
Other Traffic
Traffic
Conditions
Traffic
Conditions
16
19
16
15
17
18
15
14
16
17
Note the minimum values given above for DGAC for other traffic conditions are derived
from the Asphalt Institute MS-2 publication for a 4 % air void design. Values for SMA are
derived from BCA 9808 (50 cycles, other traffic conditions) and AAPA National Asphalt
Specification version 2 (120 cycles, heavy/very heavy traffic conditions). These VMA
criteria are design criteria only and may not be appropriate for other types of textured stress
resistant HMA.

SITE ACCEPTANCE
The treatment selection of each site shall be specified in Schedule A.
The Engineer will confirm that the underlying pavement is fit for resurfacing. The
Contractor shall inspect each site and consider whether the treatment specified is
appropriate for the site and whether any repairs are required or have been
satisfactorily completed.
Where the construction of the layer on which the paving is to be laid is not part of the
contract, the road shall be handed over in a condition ready to be prepared for paving
unless specified otherwise in the job specification.
Where a correction layer is identified in the job specification it shall become a
function of the Contractors treatment solution.

ACCEPTANCE TESTING
6.1

Accreditation

All sampling and testing shall be performed by a laboratory which holds either
accreditation by International Accreditation New Zealand (IANZ), or alternative
accreditation as accepted by the Engineer.
6.2

Aggregate Properties

The Contractor shall demonstrate, through quality records, that the aggregate
properties comply with this specification. It is expected that the testing frequency
shall be in accordance with the New Zealand Pavement and Bitumen Contractors'
Association Guidelines "Quality Assurance of Aggregates for Chipseals and
Bituminous Mixes" BCA 9805.
6.3

Binder Properties

Penetration grade bitumen used shall comply with TNZ M/1 Specification.
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The bitumen may be modified as specified in Schedule A.

The performance criteria of the modified binder shall be specified in Schedule A.
The Contractor shall demonstrate, through quality records, that the binder properties
comply with the specified requirements.
6.4

Hot Mix Asphalt Properties

The design and selection of aggregates, filler and binder proportions shall be the
responsibility of the Contractor.
The Contractor shall identify the mix design procedure(s) utilised, in the CQP.
The Contractor shall demonstrate, through quality records, that HMA properties
comply with this specification. The testing frequency shall be as outlined below, or
as detailed in the CQP.
6.5

OGPA Binder Content Optimisation

The mix design for OGPA shall be optimised to provide the maximum binder
content that is feasible within the limits imposed by the binder drain down criteria.
This process is explained in the Notes.
6.6

Testing Frequency

The minimum testing frequencies for the various materials and mix types are
scheduled in Table 1 and 2.
6.7

Allowable Variability Of Production

The allowable variations from the design values approved by the Engineer are either
given in Table 2 or included in the CQP.
Process control charts shall be produced by the Contractor monitoring critical sieve
sizes for the mix under production, as well as binder content and Maximum
Theoretical Specific Gravity (MSG). This process shall be described fully in the
CQP.
6.8

Macrotexture

Macrotexture requirements are scheduled in Table 2 for Textured High Stress

Resistant HMA.
For macrotexture assessment:
Divide the area into lots not exceeding 500 m2.
For laser-based equipment:
1. If there is any doubt as to the accuracy of the laser-based equipment then
calibration and verification of the equipment according to the current
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requirements of the Transit New Zealand Annual High Speed Data Collection
Survey Contract shall be undertaken.
2. Texture shall be measured along the full length of the lot in the estimated
location of the wheelpaths.
3. The continuous texture data for each lot shall be reported as average per 10m
length, and for each lot shall meet the following requirements:
x 2.35 s > m
Where x = mean of the lot
s = standard deviation of the lot
m = minimum macrotexture, either 0.7 or 0.9 MPD
4. No average over a longitudinal 10m section shall be more than 0.1 MPD below
the minimum macrotexture.
5. Where the texture appears to vary transversely across the lane, measurements
shall be taken along a longitudinal line through the lowest texture area.
For sand circle:
Where laser based equipment is not available the average texture depth shall be
measured in accordance with the TNZ T/3 Specification. The measured texture shall
be converted to Mean Profile Depth (MPD) using the following equation:
MPD = 0.59 x TDsc + 0.27
Where TDsc is the average texture depth in mm derived from the sand circle test,
TNZ T/3.
The procedure shall be:
1. Visually inspect the lot.
2. Identify consecutive 10 m sections that appear to have the lowest texture.
3. Take 6 sand circles readings uniformly spaced along each wheel track (12
results).
4. No single sand circle reading may fall more than 0.2 MPD below the minimum
macrotexture specified in Table 2 and the average for any 10 m section of
wheelpath shall not be below the minimum macrotexture specified in Table 2.
Remedial Treatment:
Where the lot does not meet the above macrotexture requirements, all of the noncomplying area shall be treated by a method accepted by the Engineer. The treatment
shall leave the lots surface with a reasonably uniform appearance. Note: Highpressure water treatment with appropriate care may provide a satisfactory result.
6.9

Ravelling

Ravelling is the loss of particles from the surface of the wearing course. This shall be
determined by assessing a 300 mm by 300 mm area for the extent of particle loss.
The section shall be rejected if any three locations assessed has more than 2 %
particle loss in trafficked areas and that has more than 5 % particle loss in any

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untrafficked area. Accident damaged areas shall be excluded from assessment for
particle loss.
6.10 Other Field Control Criteria
Other field control tests and their limits are included in Table 2 and the CQP for the
various mix types.

PRODUCTION AND CONSTRUCTION TRIAL

If the mix has not been previously approved, the Contractor shall undertake a
specific offsite laydown trial. Each trial must be successfully completed before the
use of any new or previously unknown nominated mix on site.
The Contractor may only proceed with a laydown trial once the Engineer has
approved the initial mix design for trial.
The Engineer will attend the full duration of each laydown trial and requires two
working days prior notice of any planned laydown trial.
A laydown trial shall consist of a minimum production lot of 20 tonnes. An offsite
trial site shall be considered to be a pavement suitable to be covered by the proposed
mix that is not owned by the Principal. Should the Contractor propose a trial site that
requires a larger quantity than that specified as the minimum required for offsite
trials, then the offsite trial shall be the first portion of mix laid on that site unless
otherwise agreed by the Engineer.
The handling, sampling, paving and rolling operations undertaken during the
laydown trial shall simulate those proposed for on site operation. The trial can be
used to assess the effects of different techniques.
Payment for each required laydown trial shall be made under a scheduled item.
7.1 Laydown Trial Testing and Reporting Requirements
The following sampling and testing regime shall be required for each laydown trial.
The size of samples is to be nominated prior to the trial commencing.
1) The mix shall be tested to confirm compliance with this specification.
2) Compaction trials shall be carried out to obtain the optimum rolling pattern.
3) Field Permeabilities / hydraulic conductivity shall be tested at a minimum
of three locations.
4) The texture depth of the finished trial surface shall be measured.
5) Air voids taken from 4 cores extracted from the trial section where
applicable.
6) Other testing such as wheel tracking as specified in Schedule A.
The following details are to be reported to the Engineer following each laydown trial:
1) Mix Design Report as required by Tables 1 and 2
2) Manufacturing Temperatures

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3) Storage and Delivery time duration

4) Lot size, reported as tonnes produced, area covered, including a clear
description of the trial location.
5) Target mat thickness and estimated compacted thickness
6) Results of the Contractors testing
7) Optimum rolling pattern
7.2 Additional Requirements for Textured High Skid Resistance Surfacing and
Dense Graded Mix
In addition to the requirements above, a section of the trial site for these mixes is to
be laid at the depth this mix is expected to be laid in the field. Another section of the
trial shall be constructed at a depth to enable the mat to be cored and the field air
voids determined where the normal depth is not suitable for coring.

COMPLIANCE ASSESSMENT
An assessment shall be undertaken of the wearing course layer by visual inspection
immediately prior to the issue of the practical completion certificate to check for
rutting, shoving flushing and ravelling.
The maintenance inspection is to be carried out in the final month of the maintenance
period. This shall require traffic control as the following properties are to be
measured for compliance with the specification where applicable. Measurement
should only be undertaken when one of the following properties is suspected to be
non-compliant with this specification:

Texture depth as required by Table 2 and clause 6.8.

Surface shape
Ravelling (Refer Clause 6.9)

Permeability of the surface shall also be measured however this property is not
required to comply with the specified values.
A further inspection of a portion of the works completed under this specification may
be inspected again up to 24 months after the end of the maintenance period. This
inspection shall be for information gathering only. If the Contractor is required to
attend then this shall be stated and scheduled in the contract specification.

MAINTENANCE
It is the Contractor's responsibility to maintain the wearing course in a safe condition
and in compliance with the shape and surface integrity requirements of Section 8 for
a period of twelve months from the completion of the contract.
Acceptance of the finished surface shall be in finished surface lots. A finished
surface lot is defined as 500m2 of the finished area.

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If at any time during the maintenance period, repairs are required for greater than
10% over any 500m2 area of the site then the proposed repair technique and
acceptance criteria shall be agreed with the Engineer.
Any areas repaired more than nine months after construction will, at the discretion of
the Engineer, be subjected to a further 12 months maintenance period. If the area of
repairs at the end of 12 months are greater than 10% over any 500m2 of the site and a
revised acceptance criteria has not been agreed with the Engineer, then the site will
be subject to a further 12 month maintenance period.

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SCHEDULE A
EXAMPLE SCHEDULE OF SPECIFIC CONTRACT REQUIREMENTS FOR
CONSTRUCTION OF HOT MIX ASPHALT PAVING

1.

Location Number

2.
3.
4.

Location Name
Location Reference
(a) Length of Contract (m)
(b) Width of Paving (m)
Traffic Loading (AADT and % HCV)
Details of Existing Pavement,
including depth, known strength and
layer materials.
Layer Depth (mm)

5.
6.

7.
8.

9.

Mix Designation
OPGA Standard/High Strength,
High Textured Skid Resistant or
Dense Graded
Binder Type for Designated Mix,
including additional criteria for
modified binders.

10.

Aggregate Polished Stone Value, min

11.

Correction Layer Quantity (Tonnes)

12.

Maximum Pavement Roughness

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