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Oxidationreduction 110515021413 Phpapp01
Oxidationreduction 110515021413 Phpapp01
Mg2+
KMnO4
Redox Reactions :
PbO oxidising
agent (experiences
reduction
Mg
PbO
MgO
Pb
H2 S
+ Cl2
2HCl
+ S
Transfer of Electrons
non- metal are reduced & its receive electrons to form anions .
Chlorine
oxidising
agent
2Na(s)
Na
Sodium
reducing
agent
Reduction Process
Cl2
+ 2e-
Cl2 (g)
Na+
2NaCl(s)
+ e ( loss of electron)
Oxidation Process
+ PbO
(b) Anode : Cu
(c) 2CuO
+ C
(d) Fe2 O3
(e) Mg
+ 3C
+
Solution :
CuO
MgO
Cu2+
+ 2e2Cu
2Fe
MgO
Pb
; Cu2+
+ CO2
+ 3CO
+ Cu
+ 2e-
Cu
Na+, K+ , H+ is
Mg2+ , Ca+2
O2- , S2-
+1
is
is
+2
-2
O.N
+2 -1
2FeCl2
Reducing agent --iron (II) chloride
Cl2
oxidation
Oxidation number increases( +2 +3)
2FeCl3
(i) The total oxidation number of all the atoms is equal to the charge
on the ion .
(ii) the total oxidation numbers for all atoms in neutral compound is
zero .
Example : (i) ClO - , oxidation number of chlorine is X
3
X + 3(-2)
X
-6
= -1
The charge of
chlorate
= -1
X = +5
+2
+ X + 4 (-2)
+2 + X - 8
X
= 0
Oxidation
number of S
=0
=+6
is -1
Test Yourself :
Calculate the oxidation number of the following elements :
(a) Manganese , Mn in potassium manganate (VII) , KMnO4
(b) Manganese, Mn in manganate(VII) ion, MnO4 (c) Chromium, Cr, in potassium dichromate(VI), K2Cr2O7
(d) Cromium, Cr,in chromate(VI) ion, CrO4 2(e) Iron in iron(II) chloride , FeCl2
(f) Iron in iron(III) chloride , FeCl3
(g) Carbon , C in sodium carbonate, Na2CO3
Example :
(i)
Fe 2+
Fe 3+
(O.N )
+2
+3
(ii)
Br2
(O.N)
+ 2e-
+ e-
2Br-1
Fe3+
+
2e-
+ e-
-------- (1) X 2
2Br
Combined
-------- (2)
Ionic equation :
2Fe 2+
2Fe3+
Br2
Fe2+
Cr3+
Green solution
Fe3+
Br2
Brown solution
Cl2
I2
Yellow solution
Cl-
Br-
I-
Colourless solution
2Br-
MnO4 Cr2O7 2-
Cu2+
Purple solution
Orange solution
Blue solution
Mg2+
Mg
0
+2
2e-
------------(1)
(oxidation)
O.Number
O2
2e-
O2-
-2
O2
2MgO
Reactants
------------(2)
(reduction )
Fe3+)
Fe3+
O. Number
+2
+3
+ e-
------------(1)X 2
Combined
Half-equation :
( oxidation)
Iron(II) ion reduces bromine ,Br2 to bromide ion , Br Bromine receives electron to form bromide ion , Br-1
Half-equation :
Br 2
O.Number
2e-
2Br - ------------(2)
-1
( reduction )
Observation :
The green iron(II) sulphate solution changes to brown .
The brown coloured bromine water is decolourised .
Oxidising agent : Bromine water , Br2
Reducing agent : Iron(II) ion, Fe2+
Ionic Equation : 2 Fe2+
+ Br2
2Fe3+
2Br -
+ e-
Fe2+ --------(1) X 2
+3
+2
( Reduction)
combined
Zn
O. Number
Zn2+
+2
+ Zn
2e-
-------(2)
( oxidation )
2Fe2+
Zn2+
Other reducing agent : metals that are more electropositive than iron
// SO2 , H2 S gas // Na2 SO3 , SnCl2 solution
K, Na , Ca , Mg , Al , Zn , Fe , Sn , Pb , H , Cu , Hg , Ag , Au
Most electropositive
Least electropositive
Observation :
Zn loses
electrons &
is oxidised
to Zn2+
Zn
Zn2+
O . Number
+2
O. Number
Ionic equation :
Cu
+2
Cu2+
----------(1)
( oxidation )
Cu2+ + 2e
Zn
+ 2e-
----------(2)
( reduction )
Zn2+
Cu2+
receives
electrons &
is reduced to
Cu Cu
----- Group 17
------- yellow
Br2 ( bromine)
------- brown
I2 (iodine)
Solution
Group 17 :
Flourine
Chlorine
Bromine
Iodine
Reactivity decreases,
higher act as a
oxidising agent
2Br -
Br2
-1
colourless
+ 2e-
------ (1)
oxidation
brown
Cl2
+ 2e-
2Cl-
-1
yellow
------- (2)
reduction
decolourised(colourless)
2Br-
Br2
2Cl-
(CCl4 ) liquid
Colour in water
Solution
Concentrated
Dilute
Colour in
CCl4
Iodine
Brown
Yellow
Purple
Bromine
Brown
Yellow
Brown
Chlorine
Light greenish
yellow
Colourless
Colourless
F:
oxd
reduction
The electrons that are released from reducing agent (negative electrode) will
flow out through outer circuit to the oxidising agent ( positive electrode)
Iron(II) ion, Fe2+ releases electron & is oxidised to iron(III) ion , Fe3+
O. Number
Fe2+
Fe3+
+2
+3
+ e-1
---------- (1)
( oxidation)
Br2
2e-
2Br-1
brown colour
O.Number
--------------(2)
decolourised
-1
(reduction)
2Fe2+
+2
+ Br2
0
2Fe3+
+3
2Br-1
-1
(Negative terminal)
(Positive terminal)
Oxidation
Reduction
Test Yourself
(a) Write a summary of the redox reaction for the reaction between Iron(II)
sulphate, FeSO4 solution and the acidified potassium manganate (VII) ,
KMnO4 solution.
(b) Can dilute sulphuric acid be replaced with dilute hydrochloric acid ?
Give the reason for your answer .
Solution :
(a) Observation :
Electrode (-) :
The green coloured iron(II) nitrate solution changes to brown
Electrode (+) :
Fe2+
Fe3+
+ e-
+ 8H+ + 5e-
5Fe2
-----------
Mn2+ +
+ MnO4 - + 8H+
( oxidation)
4H2O
Fe3+
(reduction)
+ Mn2+
(b) Can . Hydrochloric acid also allows the transfer of ions to occur .
+ 4H2O
Zn2+
Zn
2e
------
The electrons will flows from the zinc rod to the copper rod through the
outer circuit
an electric current is produced .
At the cathode :
copper ion, Cu2+ receives two electrons to form copper atom, Cu &
undergoes reduction process .
Cu2+
+ 2e
Cu
Cu2+ -----------
oxidising agent
Zn
-------------
reducing agent
Cu2+
Oxidation
Reduction
Zn2+
0
+
Cu
+2
Observation :
cathode the blue copper(II) sulphate
solution becomes fade/ colourless
--- a brown solid forms at the copper rod //
the copper rod thickens // the mass of the
copper will increases.
anode ---- the zinc rod dissolves /
corrodes/ becomes thinner(menipis)
Cell symbol :
Zn(s) / Zn2+(aq) // Cu2+ (aq) / Cu(s)
G . Corrosion of Metals
occur when a metal loses electrons & is oxidised to form the metal ion .
the metal is corroded
example : Iron loses electrons to form iron(II) ion , Fe2+
Fe
O. Number
Fe2+
+ 2e-1
------- oxidation
+2
Iron is corroded .
Mg
Mg2+
+ 2e-
------- oxidation
because the metals more tendency to release electrons to form metal ions
Example : Al corrodes more easily compared to copper .
because Al is more electropositive than copper .
the rusting requires water and oxygen
Metal corrosion
corrosion
RUSTING OF IRON
Iron is corroded .
Fe
Fe2+
+ 2e
-------
oxidation
Stage 2
Stage 4
Stage 3
O2
4OH-
+ 2H2O + 4e
------ Reduction
Iron(II) ion , Fe2+ & hydroxide ion , OH- combine to form iron(II)
hydroxide ( green solid )
Fe2+ (aq)
+ 2OH-1 (aq)
Fe(OH)2 (s)
Iron rusting
Tendency for
corrosion increases
K
Na
Ca
Mg
Al
Zn
Fe
Sn
Pb
H
Cu
Hg
Ag
Au
More
easily
corroded
Difficult to
be corroded
Example : The effect of rusting when iron comes into contact with other metals
( Mg, Cu , Zn , Sn)
Hypothesis : Iron is protected from rusting when it comes in contact with more
electropositive metals, but rusts when it contact with less electropositive metals .
B
A
rusting
In test tube A ,the iron nail is corroded because Iron more electropositive than copper .
PREVENTION THE
RUSTING OF IRON
Coating a layer of
metal such as Al or
Sn on food tins
Applying a coat of Al
such as car bumpers
or water pipes
----- burn very rapidly & vigorously with a very bright flame
------ metal oxide colour : white powder ( Hot & cold )
Pb
----- metal oxide colour : brown when hot & yellow when colour
M
g
Al
C
Zn
Reactivity
decreases
Fe
Sn
Pb
Cu
Ag
Au
Equation
: PbO + C
Pb
+ CO2