Bo co thc tp tt nghip

NHN XET CUA C QUAN THC TP

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Nhn xt ca c quan thc tp

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LI M U
Nganh i n t Vin thng vi xu hng phat trin va lun lun thay i vi tc
chong m t nh hi n nay thi vi c tip xuc vi cng ngh tin tinla iu cn thit cho
qua trinh c p nh t kin thc cng ngh va thy ro tm quan trong cua no.
Trong qua trinh hoc t p tai trng ngi thc hi n bao cao a c cac thy c
trong trng, c bi t la cac thy c trong b mn i n t Vin thng day lai nhng
kin thc chuyn nganh i n t va Vin thng. c bi t c s giup cua thy L
Minh Thanh ngi thc hi n bao cao a co dip i thc t p tai Cng Ty NewStar, va
c tip xuc vi cac thit bi may moc trong phng phng Lab cua cng ty.
Trong nhng nm gn y, cng ngh IP ang ngay cang c s dng rng ri
trong cac lnh vc truyn thng. N khng ch c s dng truyn d liu ma cn
dng truyn cac dich v khac nh thoai, audio, video, cac dich v a phng tin
Do vy, cac nha nghin cu vin thng a tch cc nghin cu phat trin cng ngh IP
ap ng kip thi cho cac nhu cu thc t. Trong o vn phat trin giao thc inh
tuyn trong mang IP la mt vn ht sc quan trong. mt trong nhng phat minh gn
y nht v vn nay la giao thc OSPF c phat trin bi nhom c trach k thut
Internet IETF. OSPF c phat trin khc phc nhng han ch cua giao thc inh
tuyn RIP c phat trin trc o.
tai Giao thc OSPF c tim hiu cac kin thc c bn b giao thc OSPF va
cac ng dng cua no trong mang IP ngay nay. Ngoai ra tai cng nhc lai nhng kin
thc c bn nht v mang IP giup ngi oc d dang hn trong vic tip cn vi
giao thc OSPF. tai bao gm nhng ni dung sau:
Chng 1: Gii thiu tng quan v cng ty Newstart.
Chng 2: Trinh bay cac kin thc quan trong nht v inh tuyn trong mang IP.
Trong o co noi r v inh tuyn tnh va inh tuyn ng. Trong phn inh tuyn ng,

Li m u

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tai liu co trinh bay s qu v mt so cac giao thc didnjhj tuyn quen thuc nht la
RIP, RIP-2, va OSPF.
Chng 3: y la chng chnh cua tai. Chng nay s trinh bay mt cach tng
i toan in tt c cac vn v OSPF. oc xong chng nay hi vong cac ban s co
mt kin thc y u va su rng v giao thc inh tuyn OSPF.
Chng 4: Nu ln mt s ng dng cua OSPF trong cac mang IP c ln ng thi
cng trinh bay cac ng dng cua no trong mang NGN cua nc ta.
Trong qua trinh thc tp do gii han v ngun t liu, thi gian va cng la ln u
tin tip xuc va anh gia cng vic thc t nn khng tranh khi nhng kho khn va
thiu xot, rt mong c s gop cua thy c va cac ban. Cui cng ngi thc hin
bao cao xin cm n Cng Ty NewStar a tao iu kin cho ngi thc hin bao cao
c tip xuc thc t va em cng cam n thy Nguyn Ngoc Huy a ch bo va giup
em trong sut qua trinh thc tp.
Ngi thc hin bao cao
Nguyn Ha Binh

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MC LC
NHN XET CUA C QUAN THC TP.................................................................1
LI M U...............................................................................................................2
LIT K HNH...........................................................................................................iv
Chng 1:

DN NHP.........................................................................................5

1.1

L do chon tai..................................................................................................5

1.2

Mc tiu cua tai...............................................................................................5

1.3

Gii han cua tai...............................................................................................6

1.4

Dan nghin cu.................................................................................................6

1.5

Tinh hinh nghin cu...........................................................................................7

1.6

ngha thc tin.................................................................................................7

Chng 2:
2.1.

GII THIU.......................................................................................9

Tng quan v GPS...............................................................................................9

2.1.1. Lich s phat trin va hinh thanh GPS..................................................................9

2.1.2. t im cua h thng GPS...............................................................................11
2.1.3. Cu truc h thng GPS.......................................................................................11
2.1.4. Cu truc tn hiu GPS........................................................................................14

Mc lc

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LIT K HNH
No table of figures entries found.

Lit k hnh

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Chng 1:

DN NHP

1.1 L do chn ti
Hin nay, vi s phat trin nhanh chong cua xa hi, dng nh nhip sng cua con
ngi cng nhanh hn, hi h hn thi cac phng tin giao thng la mt ngi ban
ng hanh khng th thiu trong cuc sng cua hu ht tt c moi ngi. Hang nm,
s v mt cac phng tin giao thng noi chung xe gn may noi ring trn ia ban
thanh ph ang mc bao ng, cac chu phng tin co th kim lai nhng
phng tin cua minh bi anh mt trong thi gian ngn nht lun la cu hi ln. Vi
vy, vn t ra la thit k ra mt thit bi inh vi nh gon xac inh c vi tr cua
cac i tng di chuyn, co th thng bao chnh xac ia im hin tai cua cac phng
tin di chuyn trn cac tuyn ng vi mc chi ph hp l va hiu qu s dng cao.
T tng trn, ngi thc hin tai mong mun thit k mt thit bi vi cac yu
cu t ra:

Xac inh c vi tr cua cac i tng cn inh vi va cac

phng tin di chuyn phc v cho vic qun l cac phng tin cua ngi s
dng thun li hn.

Gi thng bao v vi tr, ia im cua cac i tng di

chuyn, cp nht trang thai cua cac phng tin lu thng.

Kh nng ng dng rng m va phc v ln.

Chi ph va gia thanh mc va phi, co th chp nhn

c, thch hp vi a s ngi s dng.

1.2 Mc tiu ca ti

i vi ngi thc hin tai: an la bc u tim

hiu, thi cng sn phm ng dng cng ngh inh vi GPS vao thc t, ng thi
cng la bc tri nghim nhng kin thc a c hoc tai nha trng. Thng qua

Chng 5: Kt lun

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vic nghin cu va thc hin tai nay s gop phn rn luyn tinh thn lam vic
nghim tuc, khoa hoc, k nng lam vic nhom, hoan thin thm kh nng t duy
gii quyt vn thc tin, ng thi trang bi thm nhng kinh nghim cho bn
thn trc khi ra trng tr thanh mt ngi k s trong tng lai.
V mt sn phm: Thi cng hoan thin module inh vi i tng, xac inh c
vi tr i tng. Hin thi c kinh , v cua i tng cn inh vi trn bn
offline hoc bn online. Gi thng bao v vi tr cua i tng n ngi s
dng.
V tnh kh thi va ng dng thc tin: Thit k thanh cng thit bi inh vi cac i
tng di chuyn vi mc ch ng dng rng rai trn thc t, gia c hp l, giup
cho vic qun l i tng thun tin hn.
1.3 Gii hn ca ti
i vi trng ta, cng ngh GPS la mt vn mi, cha c a vao ging
day, cng nh co rt t ng dng c th c trin khai. Nguyn nhn co th do y la
nganh khoa hoc cn nhiu mi m va kho khn, gia thanh cho thit bi nghin cu kha
t.
i vi nc ta, ng dng GPS cha nhiu do tnh phc tap, do trinh cng ngh
cha u va do gia thanh linh kin lin quan GPS cn kha t. Va quan trong hn la
vn cn thiu cac m hinh h tr cho vic day va hoc.
1.4 Dn nghin cu
1. H thng inh vi toan cu GPS
Tng quan v h thng GPS
c im h thng GPS
Cu truc h thng GPS
Hoat ng cua h thng
2. H thng GSM/GPRS
S lc v h thng GSM
S lc v h thng GPRS
c im cua h thng GPRS

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Chc nng kt ni IP cua GPRS

3. Sim548C
c im cua module sim908
Chc nng cua sim908
4. Pic16f887
Tng quan v vi iu khin Pic16f887
Cu truc cua vi iu khin Pic16f887
Khi USART cua vi iu khin Pic16f887
5. Thit k phn cng
Tim hiu thit k tng phn trong mach
Gii thiu cac linh kin c s dng
Lp trinh ng dng
6. Xy dng phn mm server
ng dng giao thc TCP/IP trong vic kt ni user client
Tim hiu kin thc C#
Thit k giao din

1.5 Tnh hnh nghin cu

Hin nay, vic nghin cu cac ng dng cua h thng GPS vao i sng tr nn rt
cn thit va mang mt ngha rt quan trong nh thit k h thng hp en c lp
t trn cac thit bi giao thng qun l cac i tng v tc , hng di chuyn
a chng t c kh nng tri thc, lam chu c cng ngh, m ra mt bc ngot
ln cho nganh cng ngh cao cua nc ta.
Trong tai nay vi nhng kin thc c bn v h thng inh vi GPS, v server
nn nhom tai ch dng lai gii han la xac inh vi tr cua i tng trn bn
online va v lai ng i cua i tng.
1.6 ngha thc tin
Thanh qu cua tai nghin cu a tao ra mt thit bi co th xac inh c vi tr cua
i tng cn quan sat, la nn tng thit k ra cac thit bi co ng dng thc tin
hn na v d nh theo doi tc , quang ng i c cua i tng

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Chng 4: Xy dng cc dch v mng trn Linux

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Chng 2:

GII THIU

2.1. Tng quan v GPS

2.1.1.

Lch s pht trin v hnh thnh GPS

S ra i cua nhng phng tin vn chuyn nh may bay va nhng con tau v tr
i hi iu khin nhng thit bi o trong khng gian ba chiu. Nhng phng phap
dn ng va nhng h thng dn ng v tuyn in ch xac inh c vi tr theo 2
chiu khng gian dng cho vic dn dt cac tau thuy a tr thanh li thi va khng cn
ph hp. Trc nhng i hi v k thut o nhiu nha khoa hoc a c chnh phu
M tai tr thc hin nghin cu h thng dn ng da trn v tr. B Quc
phng M la c quan thit k va iu khin h thng inh vi toan cu. Trong nhom
nhng ngi tham gia iu hanh d an GPS cua B Quc Phng M cn k ti s
ong gop to ln cua TS Ivan Getting, ngi sang lp The Aerospace Corporation va TS
Bradford Parkinson, chu tich hi ng qun tri cua The Aerospace Corporation.

Hinh 2.1: H thng inh vi toan cu GPS

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H thng inh vi toan cu (Global Positioning System - GPS) c Chnh phu

M thit lp nm 1995, la h thng inh vi, dn hng va inh thi trn khng
trung c s dng rng rai nht hin nay. H thng v tinh nay cung cp min ph
cac dich v co lin quan, bao gm cac hoat ng dn s va qun s cho ngi s
dng trn toan th gii. Vic ap dng cng ngh GPS khng ch ph bin cho vic
s dng dn s t t, may bay n in thoai di ng, ma cng la mt b phn
khng th thiu cua h thng an ninh va bo v quc phng.
H thng inh vi toan cu la mt mang gm 24 v tinh Navstar quay xung
quanh Trai t tai cao 11.000 dm ( 17.600 km ), c B Quc Phng M n
inh chi ph ban u vao khong 13 t USD, song vic truy nhp ti GPS la min
ph i vi moi ngi dng, k c nhng ngi cac nc khac.
Nhim v cua thit bi GPS la lam sao nhn c tn hiu phat ra t cac v tinh
bay ngang trn tri ti thiu la t ba v tinh. Mt khi may a nhn c tn hiu
phat ra t cac v tinh thi cac mach in t trong may s o va bit c khong
cach t cac v tinh cng nh toa cua no.

Hnh 2.2 : Cch thu v x l tn hiu GPS

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2.1.2.
-

t im ca h thng GPS
Co chnh xac cao: Cac may thu GPS ngay nay cc ki chnh xac, nh
vao thit k nhiu knh hoat ng song song cua chung. Cac may thu 12 knh
song song (cua Garmin) nhanh chong khoa vao cac qu v tinh khi mi bt ln
va chung duy tri kt ni bn vng, thm ch trong tan la rm rap hoc thanh
ph vi cac toa nha cao tng. Cac may thu GPS co chnh xac trung binh
trong vng 15 mt. chnh xac theo phng ng, ngang va thi gian.

Phu song toan cu 24/24: Co th thu c tn hiu GPS tai moi vi tr trn trai
t do cac v tinh lin tc phat thng tin qung ba v vi tr va thi gian

La h thng th ng.

Vn hanh trong moi iu kin thi tit

Hnh 2.3 : cc qu o ca v tinh trong h thng GPS

2.1.3.

Cu trc h thng GPS

GPS hin tai gm co ba mng chnh: mng khng gian, mng iu khin va mng
s dng. Khng qun Hoa Ki phat trin, bo tri va vn hanh cac phn khng gian
va kim soat. Cac v tinh GPS truyn tn hiu t khng gian va cac may thu GPS
s dng cac tn hiu nay tnh toan vi tr trong khng gian ba chiu ( kinh , v
va cao ) va thi gian hin tai. T mt t co th nhin thy ti thiu bn v

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tinh vao bt ki thi im nao. Cac v tinh c cung cp bng nng lng mt tri.
Chung co ngun pin d phng duy tri hoat ng khi chay khut vao vng khng
co anh sang mt tri. Cac tn la nh gn mi qu v tinh gi chung bay ung
qu ao a inh.

Hinh 2.4: Cac

thanh phn c
bn cua h thng GPS

a. Mng khng gian

Bao gm cac v tinh, chung truyn nhng tn hiu cn thit cho h thng hoat ng.
Chc nng gm:

Thu nhn va lu tr d liu c truyn t mng iu

khin.

Cung cp thi gian chnh xac bng cac chun tn s nguyn

t t trn v tinh.

Truyn thng tin va tn hiu n ngi s dng trn mt

hay hai tn s.

Hnh 2.5: V

tinh
GPS

b. Mng iu khin

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Gm cac tin ch trn mt t thc hin nhim v theo doi v tinh, tnh toan qu ao
cn thit cho s qun l mng khng gian.
Mng iu khin bao gm cac tin ch cn cho vic giam sat sc kho; theo doi,
iu khin, tnh toan bn lich v tinh va nap d liu ln v tinh. Co 5 tram iu
khin trn mt t: Hawaii, Colorado Springs, Ascension Is., Diego Garcia
va Kwajalein. Chc nng cua chung nh sau: tt c 5 u la tram giam sat, theo doi
v tinh va truyn d liu n tram iu khin chnh.
Tram t tai Colorado Springs la tram iu khin chnh (MSC). Tai o d liu
theo doi c x l nhm tnh toa va s hiu chnh ng h v tinh.
Ba tram tai Ascension, Diego Garcia va Kwajalein la cac tram nap d liu ln v
tinh. D liu bao gm cac bn lich va thng tin s hiu chnh ng h v tinh
trong thng
bao hang
hi.

Hnh2.6: Cc trm iu khin GPS

c. Mng ngi s dng
Gm toan th cac thit bi thu va k thut tnh toan cung cp cho ngi s dng
thng tin v vi tr. Thit bi cua ngi s dng GPS la cac may thu bao gm:
Phn cng ( theo doi tn hiu va tri o khong cach ).
Phn mm (cac thut toan, giao din ngi s dng ).
Cac qua trinh iu hanh.
May thu cua ngi dng o thi gian tr tn hiu i ti may thu. y la cach
o trc tip khong cach biu kin ti v tinh. Cac kt qu o thu thp ng thi t
bn v tinh c x l tnh toan toa , vn tc va thi gian.

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Hnh 2.7: Mng ngi s dng

2.1.4. Cu trc tn hiu GPS

Mi v tinh GPS phat mt tn hiu radio cao tn gm hai tn s song mang c
iu ch bi hai ma s va mt bn tin dn ng. Hai tn s song mang nay c
phat tn s 1575.42 MHz ( goi la song mang L1 ) va 1227.60 MHz ( goi la song
mang L2 ). Theo o, bc song tng ng la 19 cm va 24.4 cm; kt qu nay c
rut ra t quan h gia tn s song mang va vn tc anh sang trong khng gian. Vic
s dng hai tn s trn cho php sa mt li nghim trong cua GPS la tr tng in
ly. Tt c cac v tinh GPS u phat cng tn s song mang L1 va L2. Tuy nhin, ma
iu ch la khac nhau cho cac v tinh, vic nay lam gim thiu s can nhiu tn
hiu.
Hai ma GPS goi la ma thu th ( ma C/A ) va ma thu chnh xac ( ma P ). Mi ma
cha mt lung s nhi phn 0 va 1 goi la cac bt hay cac chip. Cac ma nay c goi
chung la ma PRN vi chung ging nh tn hiu ngu nhin. Nhng thc t, cac ma
nay c phat nh s dng mt thut toan. Ma C/A ch c iu ch vao song
mang L1, trong khi o, ma P c iu ch vao c song mang L1 va L2. S iu
ch nay goi la iu ch lng pha, do pha cua song mang c dich i 180 0 khi gia
tri cua ma thay i t 0 n 1 hoc t 1 n 0.
Ma C/A la mt lung 1023 s nhi phn (1023 s 1 va 0) t lp lai mi giy.
iu nay co ngha la tc chip cua ma C/A la 1023 Mb/s. Noi cach khac, khong
thi gian cua mi bt xp x 1ms, tng ng vi quang ng 300m. Mi v tinh
c gan cho mt ma C/A duy nht, ma nay cho php may thu GPS nhn dang v
tinh nao ang truyn mt ma c th. Khong cach o c bng ma C/A km chnh
xac hn so vi ma P. Tuy nhin, ma C/A t phc tap hn va c s dng cho moi
ngi dng.
Ma P la mt chui nhi phn rt dai, c lp lai sau 266 ngay. No cng nhanh
hn ma C/A 10 ln ( tc bt cua no la 10.23 Mb/s ). Nhn thi gian vi s ln
lp lai, 266 ngay nhn tc bit 10.23 Mb/s c lung ma P dai khong
2.35x1014 chip! Ma dai 266 ngay c chia thanh 38 oan, mi oan dai 1 tun.
Trong o, co 32 oan c gan cho cac v tinh khac nhau. Mi v tinh truyn mt
oan mt tun duy nht cua ma P, oan nay c khi tao vao 0 gi ngay chu nht
hang tun. Sau oan cn lai d tr cho cac mc ch khac. Nh vy, mi v tinh
GPS thng c xac inh bi mt oan 1 tun duy nht cua ma P. V d, mt v
tinh GPS vi s nhn dang la PRN 20 tc la v tinh nay c gan oan cua tun th
20 cua ma PRN P. Ma P ban u c thit k chu yu cho mc ch qun s la
chnh. Sau o, no c s dng cho tt c ngi dng vao ngay 31/1/1994. Vao
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thi im o, ma P c mt ma hoa bng cach thm vao no mt ma W khng xac

inh. Ma a c mt ma hoa goi la ma Y, ma nay co tc chip bng vi ma P.
Vic mt ma hoa nay goi la vic chng lam gi ( AS ).
Bn tin dn ng GPS la mt lung d liu c thm vao c song mang L1
va L2 khi iu ch lng pha nhi phn tc thp 50 kbps. No cha 25 khung,
mi khung 1500 bt, tng s co 37500 bit. Ngha la truyn dn bn tin dn ng
hoan chnh phi mt 750 giy, hay 12.5 phut. Bn tin dn ng cng vi cac thng
tin khac cha toa cua v tinh GPS theo thi gian, tinh trang v tinh, tn hiu hiu
chnh ng h, nin lich v tinh va d liu kh quyn. Mi v tinh truyn mt bn
tin dn ng cua ring no vi cac v tinh khac, nh vi tr gn ung va tinh trang
hoat ng.

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Chng 3:

THIT K H THNG

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Chng 4:

LP TRNH PHN MM

1.7

Chng 4: Xy dng cc dch v mng trn Linux