http://sustech.edu/cenins_en/index.

php

@ia@i@b@a@b@i@a@i@a
@

@b@ic@a

-
.

.


.
.
( Tassili NAjjer )
.

)(C-Group )(

.

) (


.
.
-1 :
( ) (Fula(h Fulani : )
(Fallata/Fellata ))Peul
( . ""

http://sustech.edu/cenins_en/index.php

.
) (

. "".

) (
)
( .
.
)(

.

( . )Pulaaku( )
.

.

)( .2 (Puzzle )C.K. Meek . .

)

-1

) ..( .:
J. Greenberg (1966), Languages of Africa. The Hague: Mouton.
C.K. Meek (1925), The Northern Tribes of Nigeria. New York: Negro Univ. Press, p. 94.
-2

http://sustech.edu/cenins_en/index.php
(
.
. :
)(
( . Fulah )
.
.
) ( .
.

) ( ) ( )( .3

.

. .
:
.
.
.

( (Broca ) Chantre )
.

C. Meinhof (1912), Die Sprache der Hamiten. Hamburg. -3

- - 4 "" ""
.
. . .:
R.G. Armstrong (1976), "Development of Fulani Studies: A linguist's view", in Struktur und
Wandel afrikanischer Sprachen, ed. by H. Jungraithmayr. Berlin, pp. 13-14.
.C.K. Meek, op.cit., p. 94. - 5
" "
.

http://sustech.edu/cenins_en/index.php

" " ) " "(
) 7 )(1
).((2

) :(1 )(

) :(2 )(

. .2008

. .2008

- 8
)(
.9

:

( . Troitonis )
. . )
( )( Cyrene( )
.

10

- 6 .94 Fula
.Fulah
C.K. Meek, op.cit. p. 95. - 7
- 8 ) (
.
M. Delafosse (1912), Haut Sngal-Niger, le pays, les peoples, les langues, l'histoire, les - 9
civilization. Paris.
) - 10 Meek Herodotus, Book iv, sec. 186. (86

http://sustech.edu/cenins_en/index.php

. "
:
" " "
)
)Torobbe
( ) (Futa (
...

11

)
( . Bajjo Mango .
... .

12

.
)
( . (1 :
) (
(2 .
. .

.

.
Cattle " " )

11

- " " " ".

-12 ) ( .

http://sustech.edu/cenins_en/index.php
( 13. Period
" ") 14 ) (3(:

) :(3 .M. Trowel (1968), p. 57 :

15

) (

( )Hermaphroditic cow . " "
.

16

17.

M. Trowel (1968), Classical African Sculpture. London: Feber, p. 55. -13
H. Lohte (1970), "Les peuplement du Sahara neolitique d'aprs l'interpretation des gravures et -14
des peintures repestres", Journal de la societe des Africanistes, II, pp. 91- 102.
Robert Brain (1980), Art and Society in Africa. London and New York: Longman, p. 65. - 15
" . Ibid., idem. - 16 " )!  -% ./ 0123 (Rite of passage (!*+,)('& %
% 9% 7'8   .5 )*3 ;8( =!,  B ;8@ ! ' > =3 *&% 8*3 93 -*&% 8*3 D
*F.
C.O. Adepegba (1995), A Comparative Study of the Fulani and the Moroccan Decorative -17
Arts: Another Look at the Historical Study of African Material Culture. Rabat: Institut des
Etudes Africaines, p. 20.

http://sustech.edu/cenins_en/index.php
-
) )(4
) .((5

18

) (.

) :(4

) :(5

) ( . : .

. : " " 812

19

.2008/11/5

. )
( .(Delange )Wild Gourd
. ) (
.

.
) 20

( Passagre )
.
Jacquline Delange (1974), The Art and Peoples of Africa. New York: E.P. Dutton, p. 17. - 18
C.O. Adebegba, op.cit., p. 20. -19
Ibid., p. 7. -20
S. Passagre (1895), Adamawa. Berlin: Reimer Verlag, cited in Adepegba, op.cit., p. 19. -21

21

http://sustech.edu/cenins_en/index.php

.

22

.
.
)
( - " " Manga -

23

24

)(
.
" -2" "" ""



.
C.O. Adepegba, op.cit., p. 7. -22
-23 Abu-Manga ) Abu :
(Abba "" Manga "" " " .
Manga Abba Manga
.
)

(Manga

. " " .
.
Cf. A. Abu-Manga (1986), Fulfulde in the Sudan: Process of Adaptation to Arabic. Berlin: -24
Reimer Verlage, p. 2.

.Torobbe ""
.

http://sustech.edu/cenins_en/index.php

.
.
( Noun Class Language )
.
.

25
.
-
)

( .
-
e suffix (o )( )
"" . " laamiibe" " laamiido" " worbe" gorko
"" " kosam" -ndiam am
.

26

) (

(nouns)
(kol (nge-class) nge : . class).
nge

nagge . " :"
yiite."" naange""

raison ) (
: d'etre
See Footnote No. 4. -25
-26 )(
.

http://sustech.edu/cenins_en/index.php

.


27. :
.
)( .
.

28

.
)(
. .

29

30
( nge) nge class
) ( " :" "" "" .
nge
(nge . "" "" "" )
.

"" ) duudal
( .
" " ) ) ((6

- 27 Ulrich Braukmper (1993), "Notes on the origin of Baggara Arab culture with special :
reference to the Shuwa", Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika 14, pp. 13-46.
Ibid., pp. 25-26. -28
-29 .
- 30
:
H.A. Mac Michael (1912), The Tribes of Northern and Central Kordofan (Cambridge
Archaeological and Ethnological Series); Cambridge: Cambridge- University Press, p. 274.

http://sustech.edu/cenins_en/index.php
.
.

) :(6 .:

(nyalahol kol)kol-class
"" . .
.
. " " kol
.

82 Taylor .


.

31

( Braukmper . )
( "" )Baggarization
"" ) (
F.W. Taylor (1932), Fulani-English Dictionary. Oxford: At Clarendon Press, pp. 240-42. -31

.

http://sustech.edu/cenins_en/index.php
.

32

"" "" ""

. ""
" "
.
-3 :



. -
( Cyril Aldred )
.

33

.

.
"
".

34

"" .
""
"" . ""
. "" .
)( )( .

35

U. Braukmper, op.cit., pp. 33-37. -32

Cyril Aldred (1920), New Kingdom Art in Ancient Egypt During the Eighteenth Dynasty -33
1590 to 1315 B.C. London: Alec Tirarti Ltd., p. 35.
Herodotus, op.cit, sec. 186. -34
-35 ) ( . :
.24

http://sustech.edu/cenins_en/index.php
( Iba : )
. (Ika )


( (Ka"" ))Ba ( )( )( " " )
( ( . )Kane "" )
36 .

37

) (

" " 38.

( kol) kol-class
.
" " ) ( .

39

"

"
.
"
" . "" "" ) ""(
(nge )
"" .
) ) ((6
.
.

-36 .
-37 .
-38 ) (1991 :
.325
-39 .235

http://sustech.edu/cenins_en/index.php

40

.
:
) ( ) (

360 .

41

" ".
) ) (7).((8

) :(7

) :(8

. 2007

.2007

.
.

42

1600 1000 .

40

. : ) (1998 :
.45
41

- .194-193

Jean-Pierre Corteggiani (1979), LEgypte des Pharaons. Paris: Aimery Somogy, pp. 48-49. - 42

http://sustech.edu/cenins_en/index.php
. .
:
-
) 1580.( - . 81322 362421
43 2393 2 83 56 .
...

43

" :
.

"...

44

) ( )
( ) )(9
):((10

) :(9 .

) :(10 .

: ) ( .32

.2008

) (

-43 . )" (1980 "
) ( : .- . :
/ ) ( .735
-44 .734

http://sustech.edu/cenins_en/index.php
.
)362 421( .
" "

"" ""

.
)( )(

45

.

.
)
( .
.
" :
.
"...

46

.
) (.
-4 )( :

( Nubia " " )
. "
" .

. ) (
U. Braukmper, op.cit., pp. 33-37. -45
cf. Footnote No. 10. -46

http://sustech.edu/cenins_en/index.php
/ )850. 350(
) ""( 350..

47

( nbw "" "" )

( nbt "" )
" " .

:
)(
)(
.

48

.
( Nubia " " )
"" .
"" " " " ".

.
:
.

.

)(Procopius
) (.

49

P.L. Shinne (1978). "The ancient languages of Northern Sudan", in R. Thelwell (ed.), Aspects -47
of Languages in Sudan (Occasional Papers in Linguistics and Language Learning). The New
Univ. of Ulster, pp. 92-93.
-48 )" .(1990 "
.62
Procopius (1914), History of the Wars, vol. 1. London, pp. 184-189. -49

http://sustech.edu/cenins_en/index.php
.50
"" .
""

51

52 .

" " " " "" "" .

:

) ( .
)
( . Cattle Period
(C-Group). )(
)(
) 1450-2200.(.

53

-
.
)( )(
. )( )(
E. Zylarz (1928), "Zur Stellung des Darfur-Nubischen", Wiener Zeitschrift fr die Kunde des - 50
Morgenlandes 35:57-66.
- 51 "" ) (
) (Ulrich Seetzen
1809 1807 1816 " " ) .(BerberischR.C. :*J
Stevenson (2006), The significance of Sudan in linguistic research: Past, present and future, in
Sudan in Africa, ed. by Y.F. Hasan (3rd edition). Khartoum: Khartoum Univ. Press, p. 13.
-52 )( aman
.
53

- .54

http://sustech.edu/cenins_en/index.php
. )(

54

55

)( .

.

.

) 56 )(11
) (12):((13

) :(11 )( .W. Adams (1977), p. :

153.

.

.
Cf. W. S. Adams (1977): Nubia; Corridor to Africa. London, pp. 147-150. -54
-55
1996 )- Malle
( .
-56 W.S. Adams, op.cit., p. 153

http://sustech.edu/cenins_en/index.php
.

.
)

) (12) .((13
..." :

".

) :(12 )

) :(13 )

( . : .

( . : : .

57

)( .
)( 58
) (

59

. )
1000( . :
.
C.O. Adepegba, op.cit., p. 20. -57
Ibid., p. 154. - 58
Ibid., p. 154. -59

http://sustech.edu/cenins_en/index.php
60 )(
.

.
.
.

61

.

.
. ""
. .

62

. " " 63

3500.
. :


.

64

)(
.


.
)( :
Ibid., p. 142 -60
Ibid., idem. - 61
Ibid., idem.; Herodotus, op.cit.; Lohte, op.cit.; Trowel, op.cit. -62
- 63 ) ( ) (1976 :
.65-63
-64 .64-63

http://sustech.edu/cenins_en/index.php
)( )
/ ( ) (

.
)(
.

65

66.
.

)( .
1600. %6
%40 .%45

67

) They ( They were cattle owners on a large scale
) aspired to be cattle owners on a large scale

(.

68

.


-65
) ( Bergers sans
Frontiers " " " ".
-66
.
W. Adams, op.cit., p. 154. -67
Ibid., idem. -68

http://sustech.edu/cenins_en/index.php
. " :
)(
".

69

.
.

) ( .
)( "
. )(non-aggressive race of cattle owners

.
)(
.

.
)(
.
Aldred
1680. )(.

70

Ibid., idem. -69

Cyril Aldred (1920), New Kingdom Art in Ancient Egypt During the Eighteenth Dynasty -70
1590-1315 B.C. London: Alec Tirarti Ltd., p. 35.
.

http://sustech.edu/cenins_en/index.php
" " .71
"" .

72

) .(1804-1903
:

73

. "74
.
.

. " "
"" .
)( .

.
71

- " " " )( )(

" . : )(1972
)( .25

.
-72 )" (2001 : " )
( .1
htt:/www.arkamani.org/vol_1/archaeology-vol-1/cuch_or-nubia.htm
-73 .
A. Abu-Manga (1985), Baajankaro: A Fulani Epic from Sudan, (African Marburgensia, -74
special issue No. 9). Marburg.

http://sustech.edu/cenins_en/index.php
) ) (14) .((15

) 75 ) (16) .((17


.

) :(14

) :(15

) :(16

):(17

""

.2008

2008

2008

2008

.
" " .
""

.
.

-75 .
.

http://sustech.edu/cenins_en/index.php
) (.

76

. .

) ( .
)
( . V
) ) ((18

.
.

77

) :(18
.2008

78

) (

-76 "" " sauru "" . "

" .
77

- ) (

.
78

" - " ) rites of passage (rites de passage

.
.

http://sustech.edu/cenins_en/index.php


.

.
" :

"79. :

80

) (
) ) (19 .

.

) :(19 . .2008

:

.
.

-79 ) (1983 750. 350 . :

.56
-80 .37-36

http://sustech.edu/cenins_en/index.php
81.

) ( .

.
""
) (
" " .


.
)( )( )(
.
) ( ) (
)( .

)(
) (
.

81

- 1999

. .