Examples of z-transforms and their properties

Given a sequence x = {xn }, we define its z-transform by Z(x) = X(z) =

xn z n .

n=0

x = {xn }

Z(x)
1
1z

un := 1
n
1 if n = 0
n := 0 else
n
n2
n3
n4
sn
nsn
n2 sn

x = {xn }
n
1 if n m
unm := 0 else
n
1 if n = m
nm := 0 else

Z(x)
zm
1z

1
n+1

z 1 ln(1 z)

z
(1 z)2
z(1 + z)
(1 z)3
z(1 + 4z + z 2 )
(1 z)4
z(1 + 11z + 11z 2 + z 3 )
(1 z)5
1
1 sz
sz
(1 sz)2
sz(1 + sz)
(1 sz)3

cos(n)
sin(n)
sn cos(n)
sn sin(n)
cosh(n)
sinh(n)

(1) Linearity:
Z({axn + byn }) = aZ({xn }) + bZ({yn })
(2) Backwards Shift:
Z({xnm unm }) = z m Z(x)
(3) Forwards Shift:


Z({xn+m un }) = z m Z(x) x0 x1 z xm1 z m1
(4) Differentiation:
d
Z({nxn }) = z dz
Z(x)
(5) Convolution:
Pn
Z({xn ? yn }) = Z(x)Z(y) where xn ? yn = k=0 xk ynk
(6) Periodicity:
Z({xn }) =

x0 + x1 z + + xp1 z p1
1 zp

if xn+p = xn

zm

1 z cos
1 2z cos + z 2
z sin
1 2z cos + z 2
1 zs cos
1 2zs cos + z 2 s2
zs sin
1 2zs cos + z 2 s2
1 z cosh
1 2z cosh + z 2
z sinh
1 2z cosh + z 2