Thit b dn ng

Thit b dn ng s dng k thut tn s

Ngy nay nu chng ta ngi trn chic xe t bng lng, trn xe t c trang b
thit b dn ng GPS (GPS navigator) chng ta c th nhn thy v tr hay ta ca xe
mnh hin trn mn hnh c bn in t trong h thng ng x phc tp. Vy thit
b dn ng GPS trn xe t c nguyn l hot ng nh th no? Thit b dn ng
trn t c g khc vi thit b dn ng trn tu thy v trn my bay?
Thit b dn ng GPS da trn nguyn l hot ng ca H thng nh v ton
cu (Global Positioning System, vit tt l GPS) hoc tn gi mi a dng hn H thng
v tinh dn ng ton cu (Global Navigation Satellite Systems, vit tt l GNSS). H
thng v tinh dn ng ton cu bao gm ba h thng v tinh dn ng nh sau: GPS
do M ch to v hot ng t nm 1994, GLONASS (GLobal Orbiting Navigation
Satellite System) do Nga ch to v hot ng t nm 1995, v h thng GALILEO do
Lin hip u Chu (EU) ch to v s c a vo s dng trong tng lai khng xa
vo khong nm 2008. Ngoi ra Trung Quc s d nh xy dng h thng th t mang
tn COMPASS. Nguyn l hot ng chung ca bn h thng GPS, GLONASS,
GALILEO v COMPASS c bn ging nhau. Trong bi vit ny, ngi vit s trnh by
s lc v lch s ra i ca h thng GPS, nguyn l hot ng ca h thng GPS v
tnh hnh thc ti ca nhng h thng GNSS cng nh nhng ng dng trong tng lai.
Cc hnh 1, 2 v 3 minh ha mt s my thu GNSS dng trn t.

Hnh 1: Mt loi my dn ng GPS trn xe hi (Vision Engineer, 2005)

Thit b GPS Page 1

Thit b dn ng

Hnh 2: My dn ng GPS trn xe taxi Nht (Wikipedia, 2006

Hnh 3: My dn ng v tinh Garmin StreetPilot 2620 (Garmin, 2005

1. Nhng phng php dn ng
1.1 Dn ng l g?
Lch s dn ng v xc nh v tr tu gn lin vi lch s dn thuyn thm him
trn bin trong nhiu th k trc khi cc phng tin bay trn khng nh my bay v v
tr ra i.

Thit b GPS Page 2

Thit b dn ng
T thi tin s, con ngi tm cch xc nh xem mnh ang u v i n
mt ch no v tr v bng cch no. Nhng hiu bit v v tr thng mang tnh
sng cn v c sc mnh kinh t trong x hi. Con ngi thi sn bn kim thc n
thng nh du li i ca mnh c th tr v hang ng ni ca mnh. Sau h
lm ra bn , v pht trin thnh h thng mng v tuyn (v tr trn tri t o t ng
xch o v pha cc bc v pha cc nam) v kinh tuyn (v tr trn tri t o t ng
kinh tuyn gc sang pha ng hoc sang pha ty). ng kinh tuyn gc s dng trn
th gii l ng kinh tuyn i qua i quan st Hong gia (Royal Observatory)
Greenwich, Anh Quc.
Khi con ngi di chuyn t vng ny n vng khc bng thuyn chy trn bin,
nhng ngi i bin thu ban u i dc theo b bin trnh b lc. Sau h bit cch
ghi hng i ca h theo cc v sao trn tri h s i ra bin xa hn. Nhng ngi
Phoenicians c i s dng Sao Bc Cc (North Polar) dn ng thc hin
chuyn i t Egypt v Crete. Theo Homer, n thn Athena ni vi Odysseus khi iu
khin con tu Navis trong chuyn i t o Calypso rng hy chm sao i Hng
pha bn tri mn thuyn. Tht khng may, nhng v sao ch c th nhn c vo ban
m v khi c thi tit p tri trong sng. Con ngi cng bit dng nhng ngn n
bin - nhng ngn hi ng (lighthouses) ly nh sng dn ng, gip nhng ngi
i bin vo ban m v cnh bo nguy him.
Tip theo, trong lch s ngnh hng hi (marine navigation) ngi ta s dng la
bn t (magnetic compass) v sextant. Kim la bn lun ch hng cc bc, v cho chng
ta bit hng mi tu (heading) chng ta ang i. Bn ca ngi i bin thi k
thm him thng v hng i gia cc cng chnh v nhng nh hng hi gi kh kh
nhng bn cho ring mnh.
Sextant s dng nhng chic gng c th iu chnh c o gc chnh xc
ca cc v sao, mt trng v mt tri trn ng chn tri. T nhng gc o ny v s
dng cun sch Lch thin vn hng hi (The Nautical Almanac) cha ng cc thng tin
v tr ca mt tri, mt trng v cc ngi sao ngi ta c th xc nh c v trong
thi tit p, vo c ban ngy ln ban m. Tuy nhin nhng ngi i bin khng th xc
nh c kinh . Ngy nay nu nhn vo nhng tm hi rt c, chng ta i khi c
th thy v ca b bin rt chnh xc nhng kinh c khi sai lch n hng trm hi
l. y l mt vn rt nghim trng trong th k th 17 m chnh ph Anh Quc
phi thnh lp ln mt Ban c bit xc nh kinh . Ban ny tp hp nhiu nh khoa
hc ni ting tm cch tnh kinh . Ban ny a ra phn thng 20.000 bng Anh,
tng ng vi s tin ngy nay khong 32.000 la M, nhng thi mn tin ny
c l c gi tr hn rt nhiu, cho nhng ngi no c th tm c cch xc nh kinh
vi sai s trong vng 30 hi l.
Thit b GPS Page 3

Thit b dn ng
Phn thng mang li thnh cng. Cu tr li l phi bit c chnh xc thi
gian khi o cao bng sextant. V d, theo Lch thin vn Greenwich d on rng mt
tri ln cao nht (vo thin nh ngi quan st) vo lc chnh ng (bui tra), tc l 12
gi tra. Nu c mt ng h trn tu, khi ri cng (nc Anh), lm ng b thi gian
ca ng h ny vi thi gian Greenwich. Tu chy v pha ty. V d, lc 2 gi chiu
trong ngy, khi s dng sextant o cao ca mt tri th lc v tr mt tri s tng
ng vi thi gian 2 gi pha ty ca Greenwich. Nh chng ta bit, ngy nay ly
kinh tuyn gc l Greenwich, kinh c tnh 180 theo pha ng, v 180 theo
pha ty tng ng vi 12 mi gi pha ng v 12 mi gi pha ty. Bit c gi o
chng ta s tnh c kinh .
Vo nm 1761, mt ngi th g m thut tn l John Harrison (1639-1776)
(Hnh 4) pht minh mt ng h dng trn tu c tn gi l Thi k (chronometer), c
sai s 1 giy trong mt ngy. Vo thi gian mt Thi k o thi gian c chnh xc
nh th l mt iu khng th ng c! Trong hai th k tip theo, sextants v thi k
c s dng kt hp vi nhau xc nh v tr ca tu bin (v v kinh ).

Hnh 4: John Harrison (1639-1776), ngi pht minh ra thi k

Mt s h thng dn ng v tuyn trn mt t vn cn n ngy nay. Mt hn
ch ca phng php s dng sng v tuyn in c pht trn mt t l ch c hai la
chn: 1) h thng rt chnh xc nhng khng bao ph c vng rng ln, 2) h thng
bao ph c mt vng rng ln nhng li khng chnh xc. Sng v tuyn tn s cao
Thit b GPS Page 4

Thit b dn ng
(nh sng TV v tinh) c th cung cp v tr chnh xc nhng ch c th bao ph vng
nh hp. Sng v tuyn tn s thp (nh sng i FM, frequency modulation, sng iu
tn) c th bao ph c vng rng ln hn nhng li khng cho chng ta v tr chnh
xc.
Chnh v vy nhng nh khoa hc ngh rng cch duy nht bao ph sng chnh
xc trn ton th gii l c nhng trm pht sng v tuyn in cao tn t trong khng
gian v pht sng xung tri t. Mt trm pht sng v tuyn in nm pha trn
khng gian ca tri t c th pht sng v tuyn in cao tn bng tn hiu c m ha
c bit c th bao ph c khu vc rng ln v vn ti c tri t cch xa pha
di vi mt mc nng lng hu ch cho php ti to li thng tin th s c th xc nh
c v tr. y l tng ban u ca h thng nh v ton cu (GPS). tng ny
c kt li 2,000 nm s tin b trong khoa hc dn ung bng cch to ra nhng hi
ng trong v tr (space-based lighthouses) lm ng b c vi thi gian tiu chun
c th dng xc nh v tr chnh xc.
H thng nh v ton cu (GPS) c th cho chng ta bit v tr bt k ni no
trn b mt tri t vi sai s trong khong 20 ti 30 feet, tc khong 6-9 mt, trong mi
iu kin thi tit v lin tc 24 gi trong ngy. Vi my thu c chnh xc cao hn thu
tn hiu hiu chnh vi phn bng my thu GPS c bit t v tr c nh bit,
chng ta c th thu c v tr vi sai s c th gim xung phm vi nh hn 3 feet (1
mt).
2.2 Khi qut lch s pht trin GPS
2.2.1 L do pht minh GPS
S ra i ca nhng phng tin vn chuyn nh my bay, v nhng con tu v
tr i hi iu khin nhng thit b trong khng gian ba chiu. Nhng phng php
dn ng v nhng h thng dn ng v tuyn in nh khi qut trn ch dng cho
vic dn dt cc tu thy tr thnh li thi v khng ph hp vi vic iu khin cc
thit b chuyn ng trong khng gian ba chiu (6 bc t do) v nhng h thng ng
thi ch xc nh c v tr theo 2 chiu khng gian. Trc nhng i hi v k thut
nhiu nh khoa hc c chnh ph M ti tr thc hin nghin cu h thng dn
ng da trn v tr.
2.2.2 Ngi pht minh GPS v lch s pht trin GPS
B Quc phng M l c quan thit k v iu khin h thng nh v ton cu.
Trong nhm nhng ngi tham gia iu hnh d n GPS ca B Quc phng M cn k
ti s ng gp to ln ca TS Ivan Getting, ngi sng lp The Aerospace Corporation,
v TS Bradford Parkinson, ch tch hi ng qun tr ca The Aerospace Corporation.
Bng 2 trnh by tm tt nin biu nhng s kin lin quan ti lch s pht trin GPS.
Thit b GPS Page 5

Thit b dn ng
S kin ni bt
Thp nin 1920s: Ra i h thng dn ng v tuyn
u i chin th gii 2: LORAN, h thng dn ng p dng phng php o
lch thi gian ca tn hiu sng v tuyn, do Phng th nghim Bc x i hc MIT
(MIT Radiation Laboratory). LORAN cng l h thng nh v trong mi iu kin thi
tit thc s u tin, nhng hai chiu (v v kinh ).
1957: V tinh Sputnik ca Nga c phng ln v tr. i hc MIT cho rng tn hiu
v tuyn in ca v tinh c th tng ln khi chng tip cn tri t v gim i khi ri kh
tri t v do vy c th truy theo v tr t mt t.
1959: TRANSIT, h thng dn ng da trn v tinh hot ng u tin, do Phng
th nghim vt l ng dng Johns Hopkins pht trin di s ch o ca TS Richard
Kirschner. Mc d khi u Transit c ch to h tr cho i tu ngm ca M
nhng nhng cng ngh ny c pht trin c ch tr thnh H thng nh v ton
cu. V tinh Transit u tin c phng ln v tr vo nm 1959.
1960: H thng dn ng o hiu thi gian ba chiu (kinh , v v cao
longitude, latitude and altitude) u tin do Raytheon Corporation xut theo yu cu
ca Air Force lm h thng dn ng s c s dng vi (with a proposed ICBM)
c th t ti lu ng bng chy trn mt h thng ng ray. H thng dn ng
c trnh by l MOSAIC (Mobile System for Accurate ICBM Control). tng ny b
hng khi chng trnh Mobile Minuteman b hy b vo nm 1961.
1963: Tng cng ty Aerospace Corporation thc hin nghin cu v h thng khng
gian lm c s cho h thn dn ng cho phng tin chuyn ng nhanh theo ba chiu
khng gian. Vic nghin cu ny trc tip dn ti khi nim v h thng nh v ton cu.
Khi nim lin quan n vic o thi gian ti ca tn hiu sng v tuyn c pht i t
v tinh c v tr chnh xc bit. o thi gian s cho khong cch ti v tr v tinh
bit v ln lt c th xc nh c v tr ca ngi s dng.
1963: Air Force bt u h tr nghin cu ca Aerospace, ch nh nghin cu ny
bng D n H thng 621B. Khong nm 1972, chng trnh ny biu din hot ng
ca mt loi tn hiu xc nh khong cch v tinh mi da trn ting n ngu nhin gi
to (PRN, pseudo random noise).
1964: Timation, h thng v tinh hi qun, c pht trin di s ch o ca Roger
Easton Phng nghin cu Hi quan (Naval Research Lab, NRL) ci thin ng h c
tnh n nh cao, kh nng truyn thi gian, v dn ng 2 chiu. Hot ng ca
Timation theo tiu chun thi gian chun v tr cung cp c s quan trng cho h
thng nh v ton cu. V tinh Timation u tin c phng ln v tr vo thng 5 nm
1967.

Thit b GPS Page 6

Thit b dn ng
1968: B Quc phng M (DoD, Department of Defence, USA) thnh lp mt y ban
gi l y ban Th hin V tinh Dn ng (NAVSEC, Navigation Satellite Executive
Committee) phi hp n lc ca cc nhm dn ng v tinh (Transit ca Hi qun,
Chng trnh Timation, v SECOR ca Qun i, hay cn gi l H thng ng tng
quan khong cch chui (Sequential Correlation of Range System). NAVSEC k hp
ng mt s nghin cu lm sng t khi nim dn ng v tinh c bn. Nhng
nghin cu ny v mt s vn chnh xung quanh khi nim nh la chn tn s sng
mang (di L i lp vi di C), thit k cu trc tn hiu, v la chn nh hnh qu o
v tinh.
1969-1972: NAVSEC qun l cc tho lun khi nim gia cc nhm dn ng v
tinh khc nhau. APL Hi qun ng h nhm Transit m rng, trong khi NRL Hi qun
ng h cho Timation m rng, cn Air Force th ng h cho chm sao ng b m
rng, tc d n 'H thng 621B'.
Thng 4 nm 1973: Th trng B Quc phng quyt nh thit lp mt chng trnh
hp tc ba dch v thng nht nhng khi nim khc nhau v nh v v dn ng
thnh mt h thng B quc phng hn hp gi l H thng v tinh dn ng quc
phng (Defense Navigation Satellite System). Air Force c ch nh lm ngi qun l
(iu hnh) chng trnh. H thng mi c pht trin qua vn phng chng trnh kt
hp (joint program office), vi s tham gia ca tt c quan chng quc phng. i t
Brad Parkinson c ch nh lm ngi ch o vn phng chng trnh kt hp v
c t trng trch pht trin kt hp khi nim ban u v h thng dn ng da trn
khng gian (space-based navigation system).
Thng 8 nm 1973: H thng u tin c trnh by ti Hi ng Thu nhn v Thm
nh H thng Quc phng (Defense System Acquisition and Review Council, DSARC)
b t chi thng qua. H thng c trnh ln DSARC c gi gn trong H thng 621B
ca Air Fore v khng i din cho chng trnh kt hp. Mc d c ngi ng h
tng ca h thng dn ng da trn v tinh mi nhng Vn phng Chng trnh Kt
hp c thc y khn trng tng qut ha khi nim bao gm xem xt v yu cu
tt c cc binh chng quc phng.
17/12/1973: Mt khi nim mi c trnh ti DSARC v c thng qua thc
hin v cp kinh ph l h thng NAVSTAR GPS, nh du khi u cng nhn khi
nim ( tng) (Giai on I ca chng trnh GPS). Khi nim mi thc s l mt h
thng dn xp (tha hip compromise system) do i t Parkinson thng lng kt
hp tt nht gia tt c nhng khi nim v cng ngh dn ng v tinh c sn. Cu
hnh h thng c thng qua bao gm 24 v tinh chuyn ng trong nhng qu o
nghing chu k 12 gi ng h.

Thit b GPS Page 7

Thit b dn ng
Thng 6 nm 1974: Hng Rockwell International c chn lm nh cung cp v tinh
cho chng trnh GPS.
Ngy 14 thng 7 nm 1974: V tinh NAVSTAR u tin c phng ln v tr. V
tinh ny c ch nh l V tinh Cng ngh Dn ng (NTS) s 1, v c bn y l v
tnh Timation tn trang li do NRL ng. V tinh th hai (l v tinh cui cng) ca nhm
NTS c phng vo nm 1977. Nhng v tinh ny c s dng cho vic xut nh
gi khi nim ( tng) v thc hin nhng ng h nguyn t u tin c phng
vo trong khng gian (v tr).
1977: Thc hin kim tra thit b ngi s dng Yuma, Arizona.
22/2/1978: V tinh Block I u tin c phng. Ton b 11 v tinh Block I c
phng trong khong thi gian 1978 v 1985 trn Atlas-Centaur. Nhng v tinh Block I do
Rockwell International xy dng c coi l nhng v tinh mu pht trin c dng
kim tra h thng. B mt mt v tinh do phng trt.
26/4/1980: Phng v tinh GPS u tin thc hin nhng b cm ng H thng pht
hin ting n ht nhn hot ng tng hp (Integrated Operational Nucluear Detonation
Detection System (IONDS) sensors).
1982: B Quc phng thng qua quyt nh gim s v tinh ca chm v tinh GPS t
24 xung 18 tip theo sau ti cu to li chng trnh chnh do Quyt nh 1979 ca Vn
phng Th k B Quc phng gy ra ct gim kinh ph 500 triu la (khong 30%)
t ngn sch cho giai on nm ti chnh FY81-FY86.
14/7/1983: Phng v tinh GPS u tin thc hin h thng d tm ting n ht nhn
(NDS) mi hn.
16/9/1983: Theo (the Soviet downing of Korean Air flight 007), tng thng Reagan
ha cho GPS c s dng cho cc my bay dn dng hon ton min ph khi h thng
a vo s dng. S kin ny nh du s bt u lan ta cng ngh GPS t qun s
sang dn s.
Thng t 1985: Hp ng thit b ngi s dng chnh u tin c giao cho JPO.
Hp ng bao gm vic nghin cu, pht trin cng nh la chn sn xut cc my thu
GPS dng cho my bay, tu thy v my thu xch tay (gn nh).
1987: B Quc phng chnh thc yu cu B Giao thng (Department of Transport,
DoT) c trch nhim thit lp v cung cp mt vn phng p ng nhu cu ngi s
dng dn s v thng tin GPS, d liu v h tr k thut. Thng 2 nm 1989, Coast
Guard c trch nhim lm i l hng dn Dch v GPS Dn s (civil GPS service).
1984: Kho st tr thnh mt th trng GPS thng mi u bng c nng cnh!
b cho s v tinh gii hn c sn trong qu trnh pht trin chm v tinh, cc nh kho
st chuyn qua s k thut nng cao chnh xc bao gm k thut GPS Vi phn
(DGPS) v k thut truy theo pha sng mang (carrier phase tracking)
Thit b GPS Page 8

Thit b dn ng
3/1988 Th k Air Force thng bo v vic m rng chm GPS ti 21 v tinh cng
thm 3 v tinh d phng.
14/2/1989: V tinh u tin ca cc v tinh Block II c phng t Cape
Canaveral AFT, Florida, trn dn phng Delta II (Delta II booster). Phi thuyn con thoi
(Space Shuttle) lm b phng theo k hoch cho cc v tinh Block II c Rockwell
Intenational ng. Tip theo tai nn Challenger 1986, Vn phng Chng trnh Kt hp
(JPO) xem xt li v s dng Delta II lm b phng v tinh GPS. SA (Selective
Availabity) v AS (Anti-spoofing.
21/6/1989: Hng Martine Marietta (sau khi mua xong General Electric Astro
Space Division vo nm 1992) c thng hp ng xy dng 20 v tinh b sung (Block
IIR). Chic v tinh Block IIR u tin sng sng phng vo cui nm 1996.
1990: Hng Trimble Navigation, nh sn xut bn my thu GPS hng u th gii
c thnh lp nm 1978 hon thnh lot sn phm ban u.
25/3/1990: DoD theo K hoch Dn ng V tuyn Lin bang, ln u tin khi
ng (kch hot) SA (Selective Availability) lm gim chnh xc dn ng GPS c
ch nh.
8/1990: SA c tt i trong chin tranh vnh Ba t (Persian Gulf War). Nhng
yu t ng gp vo quyt nh tt SA bao gm vic ph sng ba chiu c gii hn c
chm NAVSTAR cung cp trong qu o vo thi gian v s my thu m s chnh xc
(Precision (P)-code) trong bn kim k ca DoD. DoD mua hng nghn my thu GPS
dn dng ngay sau khng lu dng cho lc lng lin minh trong cuc chin tranh.
1990-1991: GPS c cc lc lng lin minh dng ln u tin trong iu kin
chin tranh trong Chin tranh Vnh Ba T. S dng GPS cho Bo Sa Mc Hot ng
(Operation Desert Storm) chng minh l cch s dng chin thut thnh cng u tin
ca cng ngh khng gian trong gii hn thit tr hot ng.
29/8/1991: SA c kch hot li sau Chin tranh Vnh Ba T.
1/7/1991: M cho php cng ng th gii s dng dch v nh v tiu chun
(SPS) GPS bt u t nm 1993 trn c s lin tc v min ph trong vng t nht 10
nm. Li ngh ny c thng bo trong Hi ngh Dn ng Hng khng ln th 10
(the 10th Air Navigation Conference) ca T chc Hng khng Dn dng Quc t
(ICAO, International Civil Aviation Organization).
5/9/1991: M m rng li ngh 1991 vo Hi ngh thng nin ICAO bng
cch cho php th gii s dng SPS trong tng lai, vic ny ph thuc vo vic c
vn, cung cp dch v ny ti thiu 6 nm c thng bo trc v vic chm dt hot ng
GPS hoc xa b SPS.

Thit b GPS Page 9

Thit b dn ng
8/12/1992: B Trng B Quc phng chnh thc thng bo Kh nng hot ng
u tin ca GPS, c ngha l 24 v tinh trn qu o h thng GPS khng cn l h
thng ang trin khai na m GPS c kh nng duy tr chnh xc mc sai s
100 mt v c sn trn ton cu lin tc cho ngi s dng SPS nh ha.
17/2/1994: Ngi qun tr FAA David Hinson thng bo GPS l mt h thng dn
ng u tin c thng qua s dng lm phng tin h tr dn ng c lp
cho tt c cc phng tin bay thng qua tip cn khng chnh xc (nonprecision
approach).
6/6/1994: Ngi qun tr FAA David Hinson thng bo ngng pht trin H thng
H cnh Vi sng (MLS) cho vic h cnh Loi II v III.
11/1994: Hng Orbital Sciences, mt nh sn xut tn la v v tinh hng u th
gii ng mua hng Magellen Corp., mt nh sn xut my thu GPS cm tay
California bng trao i chng khon tr gi 60 triu la M, mang li cho Orbital tin
gn ti mc tiu tr thnh cng ty vin thng hai chiu da vo v tinh.
8/6/1994: Ngi qun tr FAA David Hinson thng bo thc hin H thng Gia
tng Vng rng (WAAS, Wide Area Augmentation System) nhm mc ch ci thin tnh
hp nht GPS v tng tnh sn c cho ngi s dng dn s trn tt c cc phng tin
bay. Gi chng trnh theo d tnh mt 400-500 triu la M. Chng trnh ny c
lp k hoch thc hin vo khong nm 1997.
11/10/1994: y ban hnh ng dn ng nh v B Giao thng (the Department
of Transportation Positioning / Navigation Executive Committee) c thnh lp cung
cp din n qua i l nhm thc hin chnh sch GPS.
14/10/1994: Ngi qun tr FAA David Hinson nhc li li ngh (USs offer)
lm GPS-SPS c sn trong tng lai, da trn c s lin tc v ton cu min ph cho
ngi s dng trc tip trong th gi cho ICAO.
16/3/1995: Tng thng Bil Clinton ti khng nh rng M cung cp tn hiu GPS
cho cng ng ngi s dng dn dng th gii trong th gi cho ICAO.
T sau nm 1995 h thng GPS vn tip tc c duy tr v bo dng cng nh
thay th nhng v tinh gi tui. Nm 2000, s v tinh trong chm GPS tng ln 28 v
tinh v SA c loi b nn chnh xc tt hn. Nhng v tinh th h GPS-IIR v
ang c phng ln thay th nhng v tinh gi tui. V tinh mi nht c phng ln
ngy 16/9/2005 mang tn GPS-IIR-M1, l v tinh u tin thuc th h 8 chic v tinh
hin i nht GPS-IIR-M. Theo k hoch, v tinh tip theo s c phng ln khng gian
vo thng ging nm nay (2006). c gi quan tm c th tm c thng tin t trang
web ca The Institute of Navigation (ION, M).
3. Vi nt khi qut cc h thng v tinh dn ng ton cu (GNSS)
Thit b GPS Page 10

Thit b dn ng
Cc h thng nh v ton cu: Hin nay trn th gii c ba h thng v tinh dn
ng. GPS v GLONASS ang hot ng, GALILEO theo k hoch s hon thnh vo
nm 2008. C ba h thng nh v ton cu ngy nay c gi tn chung l H thng v
tinh dn ng ton cu (GNSS, Global Navigation Satellite System). Phn ny s tm
lc mt s thng tin v ba h thng v tinh nhn to: GPS, GLONASS v GALILEO.
3.1 GPS
Tn gi GPS (Global Positioning System) dng ch h thng nh v ton cu
do B quc phng M thit k v iu hnh. B Quc phng M thng gi GPS l
NAVSTAR GPS (Navigation Signal Timing and Ranging Global Positioning System).
Mi ngi u c th s dng GPS min ph. V tinh u tin ca GPS c phng vo
thng 2 nm 1978, v tinh gn y nht l v tinh GPS IIR-M1 c phng vo thng 12
nm 2005 (Wikipedia, 2006). GPS bao gm 24 v tinh (tnh n nm 1994), c b
sung thnh 28 v tinh (vo nm 2000), chuyn ng trong 6 mt phng qu o (nghing
55 so vi mt phng xch o) xung quanh tri t vi bn knh 26.560 km (Yasuda,
2001). Hay ni cch khc cao trung bnh ca v tinh GPS so vi mt t vo khong
20.200 km (Wikipedia, 2006).
3.2 GLONASS:
H thng GLONASS (Global Orbiting Navigation Satellite System, H thng v
tinh dn ng qu o ton cu, ting Nga :
; Global'naya Navigatsionnaya Sputnikovaya Sistema) do Lin
bang S vit (c) thit k v iu hnh. Ngy nay h thng GLONASS vn c Cng
ho Nga tip tc duy tr hot ng. H thng GLONASS bao gm 30 v tinh chuyn
ng trong ba mt phng qu o (nghing 64.8 so vi mt phng xch o) xung
quanh tri t vi bn knh 25.510 km (Yasuda, 2001).
3.3 GALILEO
C hai h thng GPS v GLONASS c s dng chnh cho mc ch qun s.
i vi nhng ngi s dng dn s c th c sai s ln nu nh c quan iu hnh GPS
v GLONASS kch hot b phn gy sai s ch nh, v d nh SA ca GPS. Do vy
Lin hp u Chu (EU) ln k hoch thit k v iu hnh mt h thng nh v v
tinh mi mang tn GALILEO, mang tn nh thin vn hc GALILEO, vi mc ch s
dng dn s. Vic nghin cu d n h thng GALILEO c bt u trin khai thc
hin t nm 1999 do 4 quc gia Chu u Php, c, Italia v Anh Quc. Giai on u
trin khai chng trnh GALILEO bt u nm 2003 v theo d kin s hon thnh v
a vo s dng trong nm 2010 (chm hn so vi thi gian d nh ban u 2 nm)
Thit b GPS Page 11

Thit b dn ng
(Wikipedia, 2006). GALILEO c thit k gm 30 v tinh chuyn ng trong 3 mt
phng qu o (nghing 56 so vi mt phng xch o) xung quanh tri t vi bn
knh 29.980 km (Yasuda, 2001).

Bng 3 So snh mt s thng s k thut ca ba h thng v tinh dn ng

ton cu
(Yasuda, 2001)

Thit b GPS Page 12

Thit b dn ng

3.4 COMPASS:
H thng v tinh dn ng ca Trung Quc mi c tuyn b xy dng v ang
trong qu trnh thit k xy dng (thng tin s c cp nht.
4. Nguyn l c bn ca h thng nh v ton cu:
V nguyn l chung hot ng ca ba h thng v tinh dn ng ton cu c th
ni nm na l ging nhau. Phn ny s trnh by khi qut c cu hot ng v nguyn l
chung xc nh v tr bng h thng v tinh dn ng ton cu. tin cho vic theo
di, ngi vit trnh by nguyn l hot ng cho h thng nh v ton cu (GPS).
4.1 Cu to h thng GPS
H thng nh v ton cu c cu to thnh ba phn (phn khng gian space
segment, phn iu khin control segment v phn ngi s dng user segment) nh
trong hnh sau.

Hnh 1: S lin quan gia ba phn ca GNSS (GPS)

4.1.1 Phn khng gian (space segment)
Phn khng gian ca GPS bao gm 24 v tinh nhn to (c gi l satellite
vehicle, tnh n thi im 1995). Qu o chuyn ng ca v tinh nhn to xung quanh
Thit b GPS Page 13

Thit b dn ng
tri t l qu o trn, 24 v tinh nhn to chuyn ng trong 6 mt phng qu o. Mt
phng qu o v tinh GPS nghing so vi mt phng xch o mt gc 55 . Hnh 6
minh ha chuyn ng ca v tinh GPS xung quanh tri t.
T khi phng v tinh GPS u tin c phng vo nm 1978, n nay c bn
th h v tinh khc nhau. Th h u tin l v tinh Block I, th h th hai l Block II, th
h th ba l Block IIA v th h gn y nht l Block IIR. Th h cui ca v tinh Block
IIR c gi l Block IIR-M. Nhng v tinh th h sau c trang b thit b hin i
hn, c tin cy cao hn, thi gian hot ng lu hn. V tinh th h u Block I c
cho trong Hnh 7. V tinh u tin ca th h mi Block IIR-M1 (mi c phng vo
thng 12 nm 2005) c cho trong Hnh 8.

Hnh 2: Chuyn ng v tinh nhn to xung

quanh tri t
Mt s thng s v tinh th h GPS Block I
V tinh GPS chy bng nng lng mt tri. V tinh c trang b pin mt tri
chy c khi khng c nng lng mt tri. Mi v tinh c b nng loi tn la duy
tr v tinh trong qu o chnh xc. Mi v tinh c xy dng c th tn ti v hot
ng trong khong 10 nm. Vic thay th v phng v tinh ln qu o c duy tr
thng xuyn. Mt v tinh GPS nng khong 2000 pounds (909 kg) v cao 17 feet
(khong 5 mt) c bng nhn nng lng mt tri tri rng. Nng lng pht sng ch
khong 50 watts hoc nh hn.
Thit b GPS Page 14

Thit b dn ng

Hnh 3: V tinh NAVSTAR

Hnh 4: V tinh NAVSTAR trn qu o, Ngun

Mt s thng s v tinh th h GPS IIR-M1 (th h mi)

V tinh th h mi nht GPS IIR-M1 c khi lng 1132.75 kg. V tinh GPS IIRM1c kh nng thc hin tn hiu qun s mi (M-code trn L1M v L2M) v tn hiu
Thit b GPS Page 15

Thit b dn ng
dn dng th 2 (L2C). V tinh GPS IIR-M1 tr gi 75 triu la M c phng
thnh cng vo 3:36 sng ngy 26/9/2005. nh v tinh GPS IIR-M1 cho trong Hnh 5.

Hnh
5: GPS
IIR-M1
launched
in
Sep
(http://www.mobilemag.com/content/100/313/C4741/)

2005

4.1.2 Phn iu khin (control segment)

Phn iu khin l duy tr hot ng ca ton b h thng GPS cng nh hiu
chnh tn hiu thng tin ca v tinh h thng GPS. Phn iu khin c 5 trm quan st c
nhim v nh sau:
Gim st v iu khin h thng v tinh lin tc
Quy nh thi gian h thng GPS
D on d liu lch thin vn v hot ng ca ng h trn v tinh
Cp nht nh k thng tin dn ng cho tng v tinh c th.
C mt trm iu khin chnh (Master Control Station) Colorado Springs bang
Colarado ca M v 4 trm gim st (monitor stations) v ba trm ng ten mt t dng
cung cp d liu cho cc v tinh GPS. Bn trong Hnh 6 cho bit v tr cc trm
iu khin v gim st h thng GPS. Gn y c thm mt trm ph Cape Caaveral
(bang Florida, M) v mt mng qun s ph (NIMA) c s dng nh gi t tnh
v d liu thi gian thc.

Thit b GPS Page 16

Thit b dn ng

Hnh 6: V tr cc trm iu khin v gim st GPS

4.1.3 Phn ngi s dng (user segment) v my thu v tinh

Phn ngi s dng l khu vc c ph sng m ngi s dng dng ng ten v
my thu thu tn hiu t v tinh v c c thng tin v tr, thi gian v vn tc di chuyn.
c th thu c v tr, phn ngi s dng cn c ng ten v my thu GPS (GPS
receivers). Nguyn l thu phn ngi s dng c minh ha trong cc Hnh 7 v 8.
My thu GNSS: Nhm c v tr, vn tc v thng tin thi gian th chng ta cn c
my thu GNSS (GPS). Hnh 7 minh ha mt my thu GPS tng qut. Cc chc nng ca
tng phn nh sau Rizos 1999).

Thit b GPS Page 17

Thit b dn ng
Hnh 7: Generic GPS receiver (Rizos, C., 1999)
Antenna v b tin khuch i: Antennas c dng cho my thu GPS c c tnh
tia v vy chng khng phi c hng v pha ngun tn hiu nh a thu TV v tinh.
Antennas gn nh v c nhiu loi thit k khc nhau. C khuynh hng tch hp
antenna vi cc c cu in t ca my thu.
B tn s v tuyn v b x l my tnh: B tn s v tuyn gm cc c cu in
t x l tn hiu. Cc loi my thu khc nhau v k thut x l tn hiu. C mt b x l
mnh khng nhng thc hin vic tnh ton nh tch emphemerides v xc nh cao /
phng v ca v tinh v.v... m cn iu khin truy theo v o trong cc mch s hin i,
v trong mt s trng hp thc hin x l tn hiu s. Hnh 8 ch cho bit nhim v ca
b tn s v tuyn v b x l my tnh.

Hnh 8: Nhim v ca b tn s v tuyn v vi x l

(Peter H. Dana, 1995)
Giao din b iu khin: B iu khin cho php ngi vn hnh giao tip vi b
vi x l. Kch thc v kiu loi khc nhau ln gia cc my thu khc nhau, loi nh nh
loi cm tay c phm mm xung quanh mt mn hnh LCD gn trong hp my thu.
B lu d liu: Trong trng hp my thu GPS nh dng cho mc ch chuyn
mn nh o c d liu o c phi c lu theo cch no x l d liu sau.
Trong trng hp ng dng ITS nh o chuyn ng ca phng tin th ch cn ghi li
ta v vn tc o c t GPS. Nhiu thit b lu tr d liu c dng trong qu kh
bao gm c my thu bng t, a mm v bng my tnh v.v... nhng ngy nay hu ht
cc my thu u c s dng b nh cng (RAM) hoc cc th nh tho ri c.
B cp ngun: Ngy nay cc my thu GPS di chuyn c cn ngun in thp.
Xu hng p dng s dng nhiu ngun in khc nhau c hiu qu hn l mt xu hng
mnh v hu ht cc my thu GPS hot ng bng mt s ngun bao gm pin NiCad
hoc Lithium gn trong, c quy bn ngoi nh c quy xe t hoc ngun in chnh.
Thit b GPS Page 18

Thit b dn ng
C nhiu loi my thu GPS trn th thng t loi cm tay cho ti loi my thu
GPS dng cho h thng hng hi, v d n my thu GPS ca hng Garmin Ltd trong Hnh
9 hoc my thu GPS cm tay ca Hng InterWorld Electronics trong Hnh 10.

Hnh 9: My thu GPS StreePilotIII (Courtesy of Garmin Ltd)

Hnh 10: My thu GPS

cm tay (Courtesy of
Interworld Electronics)

phn ngi s dng chng ta c th c rt nhiu ng dng trong i sng hng

ngy, trong cng nghip, trong xy dng v trong vic iu khin cc phng tin giao
thng. Thng tin chi tit hn c trnh by trong phn sau.
Hin nay c nhiu cng ty sn xut my thu GPS. Mt s nhng cng ty sn xut
my thu GPS l NovaTel, Magellan, Trimble, Garmin v.v

Thit b GPS Page 19