BASIC CONCEPTS

LEARNING GOALS
System of Units: The SI standard system; prefixes
Basic
Basic Quantities: Charge,
Charge current
current, voltage,
voltage power and energy
Circuit Elements: Active (Independent and Dependent Sources)
and Passive (R,
(R L
L, C ) Elements

Basic Quantities:- Current

+
+

+
+

q(t )

Electric current is created by

y a movement of charged
g
particles
p
and this movement can transfer the energy.
PROBLEM SOLVING TIP
IF THE CHARGE IS GIVEN DETERMINE THE CURRENT BY
DIFFERENTIATION
IF THE CURRENT IS KNOWN DETERMINE THE CHARGE BY
INTEGRATION
A PHYSICAL ANALOGY THAT HELPS VISUALIZE ELECTRIC
CURRENTS IS THAT OF WATER FLOW.
CHARGES ARE VISUALIZED AS WATER PARTICLES

Basic Quantities:- Current

Types of Current
Direct Current ((DC))

Alternating
g Current (AC)

EXAMPLE

EXAMPLE

0 t <0
i (t ) = 2 t
e mA t 0

q (t ) = 4 10 3 sin(120 t )[C ]

+
+

+
+

i (t ) = 4 10 3 120 cos(120 t ) [ A]

i ( t ) = 0.480 cos(120 t ) [mA]

FIND THE CHARGE THAT PASSES

DURING IN THE INTERVAL 0<t<1
1

q(t )

q = e
0

2 x

1
1
1
dx = e 2 x = e 2 ( e 0 )
2
2
2
0
1
q = (1 e 2 )
2

Units?

FIND THE CHARGE AS A FUNCTION OF TIME

q(t ) =

i ( x )dx = e

2 x

dx

t 0 q(t ) = 0
t

1
t > 0 q (t ) = e 2 x dx = (1 e 2 t )
2
0
And the units for the charge?...

DETERMINE THE
CURRENT

Charge(pC)

Here we are given the

charge flow as function
of time.

30
20
10
10

10 1012 10 1012 C
9
m=
=

10

10
(C / s )
3
s
2 10 0

1 2 3 4 5 6

Time(ms)

Current(nA )

To determine current we
must take derivatives.
PAY ATTENTION TO
UNITS

40
30
20
10
10
20

1 2 3 4 5 6

Time(ms)

CONVENTION FOR CURRENTS

THE DOUBLE INDEX NOTATION

IT IS ABSOLUTELY NECESSARY TO INDICATE

THE DIRECTION OF MOVEMENT OF CHARGED
PARTICLES.
THE UNIVERSALLY ACCEPTED CONVENTION IN
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING IS THAT CURRENT IS
FLOW OF POSITIVE CHARGES.
AND WE INDICATE THE DIRECTION OF FLOW
FOR POSITIVE CHARGES
-THE REFERENCE DIRECTIONA POSITIVE VALUE FOR
THE CURRENT INDICATES
FLOW IN THE DIRECTION
OF THE ARROW ((THE
REFERENCE DIRECTION):
2 coulomb of charge from
Left to right.
A NEGATIVE VALUE FOR
THE CURRENT INDICATES
FLOW IN THE OPPOSITE
DIRECTION THAN THE
REFERENCE DIRECTION
3 coulomb of charge from
Right to Left.

IF THE INITIAL AND TERMINAL NODE ARE

LABELED ONE CAN INDICATE THEM AS
SUBINDICES FOR THE CURRENT NAME

5A

I ab = 5 A

a 3A b a 3A b
I ab = 3 A

I ab = 3 A

a 3A b a 3A b
I ba = 3 A
POSITIVE CHARGES
FLOW LEFT-RIGHT

I ba = 3 A
POSITIVE CHARGES
FLOW RIGHT-LEFT

I ab = I ba

:- Voltage

CONVENTIONS FOR VOLTAGES

TWO POINTS HAVE A VOLTAGE DIFFERENTIAL OF
ONE VOLT IF ONE COULOMB OF CHARGE GAINS
(OR LOSES) ONE JOULE OF ENERGY WHEN IT
MOVES FROM ONE POINT TO THE OTHER

+ a

IF THE CHARGE GAINS

ENERGY MOVING FROM
a TO b THEN b HAS HIGHER
VOLTAGE THAN a.
IF IT LOSES ENERGY THEN
b HAS LOWER VOLTAGE
THAN a

1C

DIMENSIONALLY VOLT IS A DERIVED UNIT

VOLT =

JOULE
N m W
=
=
COULOMB A s Q

VOLTAGE IS ALWAYS MEASURED IN A RELATIVE FORM AS THE VOLTAGE DIFFERENCE

BETWEEN TWO POINTS
IT IS ESSENTIAL THAT OUR NOTATION ALLOWS US TO DETERMINE WHICH POINT
HAS THE HIGHER VOLTAGE

THE + AND - SIGNS

DEFINE THE REFERENCE
POLARITY
+ Higher level
- Lower Level

Voltage Notation

IF THE NUMBER V IS POSITIVE POINT A HAS V

VOLTS MORE THAN POINT B.
IF THE NUMBER V IS NEGATIVE POINT A HAS
|V| LESS THAN POINT B

POINT A HAS 2V MORE

THAN POINT B

POINT A HAS 5V LESS

THAN POINT B

THE TWO-INDEX NOTATION FOR VOLTAGES

INSTEAD OF SHOWING THE REFERENCE POLARITY
WE AGREE THAT THE FIRST SUBINDEX DENOTES
THE POINT WITH POSITIVE REFERENCE POLARITY

V AB = 2V

V AB = 5V

VBA = 5V

V AB = VBA

Question- Batteries are in Parallel

CHARGES RECEIVE ENERGY.

THIS BATTERY SUPPLIES ENERGY

CHARGES LOSE ENERGY.

THIS BATTERY RECEIVES THE ENERGY

WHAT WOULD HAPPEN IF THE CONNECTIONS ARE REVERSED

IN ONE OF THE BATTERIES?
Energy supplied by good battery is very high due to flow of current
(charge) from positive to negative terminal.
W= Q V Heat up => shock => high spark

:- Energy Conversion
ENERGY
VOLTAGE IS A MEASURE OF ENERGY PER UNIT CHARGE
CHARGES MOVING BETWEEN POINTS WITH DIFFERENT VOLTAGE ABSORB OR
RELEASE ENERGY THEY MAY TRANSFER ENERGY FROM ONE POINT TO ANOTHER

BASIC FLASHLIGHT

Chemical to
Electrical

Converts energy stored in battery

to thermal energy in lamp filament
which turns incandescent and glows
g

Electrical to
Heat+Light

EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT The battery supplies energy to charges.

Lamp absorbs energy from charges.
The net effect is an energy transfer
Charges
g gain
g
Charges supply
Ch
l
energy here
Energy here

ENERGY: Class work # 1.1

VOLTAGE IS A MEASURE OF ENERGY PER UNIT CHARGE
CHARGE
CHARGES MOVING BETWEEN POINTS WITH DIFFERENT VOLTAGE ABSORB OR
SUPPLY ENERGY
WHAT ENERGY IS REQUIRED TO MOVE 120[C] FROM
POINT B TO POINT A IN THE CIRCUIT?
THE CHARGES MOVE TO A POINT WITH HIGHER
VOLTAGE -THEY GAINED (OR ABSORBED) ENERGY
THE CIRCUIT SUPPLIED ENERGY TO THE CHARGES

V AB = 2V
V=

W
W = VQ = 240 J
Q

How much energy

gy is released/given-up/lost
g
p
by
y 120[C]
charge to move it from point A to point B in the circuit??
Circuit component receives energy

ENERGY: Class work # 1.2

VOLT=

JOULE
N m W
=
=
COULOMB A s Q

THE VOLTAGE
DIFFERENCE
IS 5V

WHICH POINT
HAS THE HIGHER
VOLTAGE?

+
5V

V AB = 5V

Is the Component supplying energy or absorbing

it?
Supplying

:- ENERGY AND POWER

EXAMPLE
A CAMCODER BATTERY PLATE CLAIMS THAT
THE UNIT STORES 2700mAHr AT 7.2V.
WHAT IS THE TOTAL CHARGE AND ENERGY
STORED?

2[C/s] PASS
THROUGH
THE ELEMENT

CHARGE
THE NOTATION 2700mAHr INDICATES THAT
THE UNIT CAN DELIVER 2700mA FOR ONE
FULL HOUR
3 C

s
Q = 2700 10 3600
1Hr
S
Hr

= 9.72 103[C ]
TOTAL ENERGY STORED
THE CHARGES ARE MOVED THROUGH A 7.2V
VOLTAGE DIFFERENTIAL

J
W = Q[C ] V = 9.72 103 7.2[ J ]
C
= 6.998 10 [ J ]
4

EACH COULOMB OF CHARGE LOSES 3[J]

OR SUPPLIES 3[J] OF ENERGY TO THE
ELEMENT
THE ELEMENT RECEIVES ENERGY AT A
RATE OF 6[J/s]
THE ELECTRIC POWER RECEIVED BY THE
ELEMENT IS 6[W]
IN GENERAL

P = VI

t2

w (t 2 , t1 ) = p( x )dx
t1

HOW DO WE RECOGNIZE IF AN ELEMENT

SUPPLIES OR RECEIVES POWER?

PASSIVE SIGN CONVENTION

POWER RECEIVED IS POSITIVE WHILE POWER
SUPPLIED IS CONSIDERED NEGATIVE

+ Vab
a

b
I ab

P = Vab I ab
IF VOLTAGE AND CURRENT
ARE BOTH POSITIVE THE
CHARGES MOVE FROM
HIGH TO LOW VOLTAGE
AND THE COMPONENT
RECEIVES ENERGY --IT
IT IS
A PASSIVE ELEMENT

A CONSEQUENCE OF THIS CONVENTION IS THAT

THE REFERENCE DIRECTIONS FOR CURRENT AND
VOLTAGE ARE NOT INDEPENDENT -- IF WE
ASSUME PASSIVE ELEMENTS
GIVEN THE REFERENCE POLARITY

+ Vab
a

REFERENCE DIRECTION FOR CURRENT

THIS IS THE REFERENCE FOR POLARITY

b
I ab

IF THE REFERENCE DIRECTION FOR CURRENT

IS GIVEN

EXAMPLE

+ Vab

2A

a
b
I ab
Vab = 10V
THE ELEMENT RECEIVES 20W OF POWER.
WHAT IS THE CURRENT?
SELECT REFERENCE DIRECTION BASED ON
PASSIVE
SS
S
SIGN
G CO
CONVENTION
O

20[W ] = Vab I ab = ( 10V ) I ab

I ab = 2[ A]

DETERMINE WHETHER THE ELEMENTS ARE SUPPLYING OR RECEIVING POWER

AND HOW MUCH

Vab = 2V

I ab = 4 A
2A

I ab = 2 A

Vab = 2V

P = 8W

SUPPLIES POWER

P = 4W

RECEIVES POWER

WHEN IN DOUBT LABEL THE TERMINALS

OF THE COMPONENT

V12 = 12V , I12 = 4 A

V12 = 4V , I12 = 2 A

Determine Unknown Voltage and Current

I = 8[ A]

V AB = 4[V ]
20[W ] = V AB (5 A)

SELECT VOLTAGE REFERENCE POLARITY

BASED ON CURRENT REFERENCE DIRECTION

40[W ] = (5V ) I

WHICH TERMINAL HAS HIGHER VOLTAGE AND WHICH IS THE CURRENT FLOW DIRECTION

V1 = 20[V ]
40[W ] = V1 ( 2 A)

2A

I = 5[ A]

SELECT HERE THE CURRENT REFERENCE DIRECTION

50[W ] = (10[V ]) I
BASED ON VOLTAGE REFERENCE POLARITY

COMPUTE POWER ABDORBED OR SUPPLIED BY EACH ELEMENT

P1 = (6V )(2 A)

2 A + 6V
+
24V

1
+
-

2A

18V

P1 = 12W
P2 = 36W
P3 = -48W
P2 = (18V )(2 A)

P3 = (24V )(2 A) = (24V )(2 A)

IMPORTANT: NOTICE THE POWER BALANCE IN THE CIRCUIT, Conservation of Energy

:- CIRCUIT ELEMENTS

Voltage Dependent
Voltage Source

PASSIVE ELEMENTS:- R, C, L

VOLTAGE
DEPENDENT
SOURCES

Voltage Dependent
Current Source

UNITS FOR , g , r , ?
Active Elements:- INDEPENDENT SOURCES
Current D
C
Dependent
d
Voltage Source

CURRENT
C
DEPENDENT
SOURCES

Current Dependent
Current Source

EXERCISES WITH DEPENDENT SOURCES: Find the Output

FIND VO

VO = 40[V ]

FIND I O

I O = 50mA

DETERMINE THE POWER SUPPLIED BY THE DEPENDENT SOURCES

40[V ]

P = (40[V ])(2[ A]) = 80[W ]

TAKE VOLTAGE POLARITY REFERENCE

P = (10[V ])(4 4[ A]) = 160[W ]

TAKE CURRENT REFERENCE DIRECTION

POWER ABSORBED OR SUPPLIED BY EACH

ELEMENT

USE POWER BALANCE TO COMPUTE Io

12W
(12)(9)

(6)( I O )

(10)(3)
(4)(8)
P1 = (12V )(4 A) = 48[W ]
P2 = (24V )(2 A) = 48[W ]
P3 = (28V )(2 A) = 56[W ]
PDS = (1I x )(2 A) = (4V )(2 A) = 8[W ]
P36V = (36V )(4 A) = 144[W ]
NOTICE THE POWER BALANCE

POWER BALANCE

I O = 1[ A]

(8 2)(11)

Assignment
g
# 01
Read Class Notes First
Examples: 1.6
L
Learning
i
Extension:
E t
i
1.1,
1 1 1.2,
1 2 1.3,
1 3 1.4
14
Problems: 1.8, 1.9, 1.11, 1.13, 1.15, 1.17, 1.21, 1.23,
1 25 1.31
1.25,
1 31

Due Date: 31-08-2010

23