1

Chng I- Tu ko
1 - Phn loi tu ko :
Tu ko hot ng vng bin, vng ni a v c khai thc nhiu
nc trn th gii, dng lai dt cc phng tin khng t hnh, cng trnh ni,
a tu ra vo cc cng, cu tu, qua vng nc nng, vo sa cha, qua knh
o, cu h, cu ho v nhiu cng dng khc. Chng c phn loi theo cc
du hiu :
- Theo phn cp ca quy phm,
- Theo vng hot ng,
- Theo hnh thi lai dt,
- Theo loi thit b nng lng,
- Theo s ng trc chn vt,
- Theo loi thit b y,
- Theo thit b dng lai dt,
- Theo cng dng
- Theo cng sut my.
2- Tu ko bin:
Ph bin nht l cc tu ko vin dng, ko bin, cu h, tu ko chuyn
tuyn, tu ko cng, tu ko nhiu chc nng.
2.1- Tu ko Cng:
Dng iu ng tu nn c kch thc nh, cht lng quay tr cao, c tr
s mn kh ti thiu. im c bit ca loi tu ny l kh nng quay tr t do
gia cc tu, gia tu v cu cp, lun gia dy chng buc tu vi cu cng.
Tu c kch thc nh nh s dng ti a chiu chm cho php, gim thiu
s phng , phng sinh hot chung, d tr nhin liu v nc t 3 n 5 ngy
m . Thu th on thng sng trn b.
Vi khu mt nc hn ch trong cng, cho php n gin ho thit b ko
nn tu ch dng mc ko, ct ko v ct bt.
Cc tu ko dng thao tc o chuyn cc tu ln v lm hng trong
cng, cn lc ko ln, cht lng quay tr tt nht, kch thc ti thiu. Chiu
di gia hai ng vung gc t 15 30 m, tc t do t 10 12 hi l, lc
ko trn mc t 5 40 tn. Khu vc ui do c s hot ng ca dy cp ko
nn d dng thao tc tu cn c hnh lang thng mn.
2.2 Tu ko Vnh:
Thc hin thao tc ko vng ven bin cch xa Cng 20 50 hi l. Trn
tu c b tr phng , cc phng sinh hot chung. Loi tu ny c chiu di t
13 n 21 m, cng sut 400 n 800 cv, tc t do 10 hi l /gi. So vi cc tu
ko Cng, loi tu ny trang thit b b tr nhiu hn. Ngoi mc ko c lc ko
trn mc khong 12 n 15 tn, tu c ti ko vi lc ko 3 tn. Lu li t gn
mi c chiu di (0,15 0,25) L.
2.3 Tu ko bin chuyn tuyn :
Loi tu ny c cng sut ln, N = ( 400 1200 ) cv v chiu di 25 30 m
2.4 Tu ko bin nhiu chc nng :
Dng phc v cc tu ln, cu h tu b mc cn, cu ho, lai dt cc cng
trnh bin, cng trnh k thut ln. Loi tu ny c cng sut 1500 3000 cv.

2
Tu cu ho trang b sng bn dy, vi sng phun nc.
2.5 Tu ko vin dng :
Hot ng trong vng khng hn ch, lm nhim v cu h, lai dt cc
cng trnh ni loi ln.
Cng sut ca tu t 8000 10.000 cv. Tc t do n 22 hi l, tm xa
hot ng t n 18.000 hi l.
3 - Tu ko ni a :
L mt trong cc loi phng tin ph bin nht hot ng trn sng, h
v vng ven bin. Dng lai dt, ko v y cc phng tin vn chuyn nh s
lan, phChng c c trng bi cng sut, chiu chm, kch thc v t s
kch thc, loi kin trc v kt cu.
3.1 Tu ko v y vnh :
Dng iu chuyn phng tin vn ti hot ng ti cc cng nm trong
vnh kn. c tnh quay tr tt tu thng s dng o lu hoc h chong
chng - o lu xoay cng sut t 150 600 cv, lc ko trn mc t 4 6 tn,
tc t do 15 18 km/h.
3.2 Tu ko-y v tu y chuyn tuyn:
Tu theo loi kin trc, cng sut v khu vc hot ng chia ra 2 nhm :
Tu sng cp SII c cng sut nh. Tu cp SI cng sut ln hn. Trong nhm
th nht cc tu ko-y c cng sut 60 500 cv cn trong nhm th hai cng
sut t 600 cv tr ln. nng cao an ton trong khai thc, lu li ca tu cao so
vi mt nc ( khi tu ton ti ) :
Cng sut ( cv )
150
300
600
800
1300
2000
4000

Chiu cao ( m )
1,4 3
3,2 3,8
5,5 6,0
6,0 8,0
6,5 8,5
8,5 9,0
9,6

Tu ko-y v tu y ca cc nc chu u cng sut 4000 cv c lc

ko trn mc 35 40 tn, chiu di 55 m, tc t do 28 km/h. Mt s tu y
hot ng trn sng Missisipi (USA) c cng sut 9000 15.000 cv
4 - c im ca cng tc ko tu :
Cng tc ko l t hp cc thao tc thc hin trong qu trnh ko tu v
cc cng trnh ni nh y cp ko hoc cc dng lin kt khc. Do tu ko
phi c cng sut ln v trang b cc thit b s dng cho mc ch ko. m
bo an ton hnh trnh, tu ko cn c trang b cc nghi kh hng hi, phng
tin thng tin lin lc ph hp vi tm hot ng. Cc tu ko vin dng, ko
bin c tm xa hot ng ln i hi cht lng hng hi cao, d tr nhin liu
v cc chng loi vt t sa cha, cp, con ln kh nhiu. Thit b lin lc
cng yu cu cao do cc phng tin c ko c rt t hoc khng c thuyn
vin nn cn c thit b iu khin cc my mc ca chng qua v tuyn ( nh
n, ci, ti neo, van kt cn bng tu).

3
Khi cc phng tin c ko lch gc vi phng tin ca tu ko th kh
nng mt n nh ngang v n nh hng i ca tu ko s tng ln. c bit
khi ko cc ni, vic iu ng u nh dy cp ni vi ct mi ca tu ko.
Do hiu s gia trng lng tu v sng iu ho lm xut hin lc git t dy
ko v truyn n cc lin kt gy ph hu. trnh iu , cc tu ko cn c
ti ko t ng, dy cp ko c d di ( 750 800 ) m .
Cc tu ko bin phc v gia cc cng cng mt bin hoc cc cng
cc bin cnh nhau, cn c cc ch tiu k thut khai thc, tnh i bin tt cho
php hot ng trong iu kin thi tit bt k.
Cc tu ko bin c nh hot ng gn b, tnh i bin ph thuc gii hn
cp sng. Cc tu ko vnh hot ng vng bin h cn c tnh quay tr tt, m
bo dt s lan an ton khi c gi ln, sng to v c kh nng dng tu trng
thi neo.
ko tu vn ti, cng trnh ni, s lantu ko cng bin cn c b
tr cc trang thit b v c tnh quay tr cn thit. Tu cn c thit k c ky
nghing cho php thit k chong chng ng knh ln, bnh li c din tch
ln gim bn knh ln vng. d quay tr v thay i qu o chuyn ng v
tr mc ko hoc ct ko c t sau mt phng sn gia trong mt phng i
xng mt khong khng ln hn 600 mm.
5 - c im ca cng tc y v ko - y :
Hnh thi y l s pht trin ca phng php lai tu khng t hnh, n
khng ch to ra loi tu mi m cn c kiu kt cu v trang thit b. y
hoc ko s lan phn on, tu ko - y cn c cht lng k thut - khai thc
ph hp vi tc chuyn ng, ti trng ti u trn mt n v cng sut y,
tnh iu khin, kh nng quan st v tm nhn tt.
Khi hot ng y cc s lan phn on c ch hng hoc khng c hng
c ghp i hnh nn iu kin v c im ca thao tc y hoc ko - y
ph thuc vo thnh phn s lan y, vo hnh dng phng tin c y, loi
hng v mc cht ti ca phng tin c y. Trng ti ca c on ph thuc
vo cng sut y c th nh gi s b theo bng sau :
Cng sut y N
(cv)

S s lan ghp
i

Chiu di on LC
(m)

480
700
980
1260
1800
2400
3200
3500
4800
5400
8500
8500

4
6
2
4
9
4
11
8
8
3
40
12

100
201
146
164
170
320
366
320
320
260
600
320

Chiu rng on
BC (m)

11,4 x 2
16
15,2
18,4
22,5
15,9
16,5
15,9 x 2
15,9 x 2
15,2
10 x 4
15,9 x 3

Tng trng ti QC
( tn)

Ti trng QC/N
(tn/cv)

2800
4800
5700
5240
4300
13.100
12.000
20.000
24.000
11.700
40.000
39.300

5,83
6,85
5,85
4,15
2,39
4,10
3,75
5,70
5,0
2,16
4,7
4,62

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T hp li thit b y ca tu y cn phi m bo ng knh ln
vng khng ln hn 2 2,5 chiu di on y v cho php pht huy cng sut
ln nht khi chy li gn bng cng sut khi chy tin.
Chiu di on ln nn vic quan st, iu ng s kh khn, lu li cn
c 3 4 tng tho mwn tm nhn, cho php quan st pha trc t (1 1,5) km
( i khi trang b c ra a quan trc ). Kt cu vch v ca s lu li phi loi tr
s lo nh sng c bit v ban m.

Hnh thi y c nhng u vit so vi hnh thi ko :

- Tc tng 15 20% v loi tr c sc cn ph do dng nc
ca thit b y ca tu p ra tc ng ln on nn sc cn gim,
tng lc y ca thit b y do hot ng trong dng theo ca c
on.
- Ti trng c ch trn mt n v cng sut khi y cao hn khi ko
- Tng tc v khi lng vn chuyn do tc khai thc tng.
- Gim tiu hao nhin liu, du bi trn do chi ph cng sut gim t
6 7% so vi khi ko.
- m bo tin cy trong iu ng on phng tin c bit l khi
qua sng hoc knh hp, qua gm cu.
- Gim chi ph chuyn ch, tng nng sut lao ng, ci thin iu
kin sng v lao ng ca thu th trn s lan do sinh hot tp trung
v d bo qun hng.
- Hnh thnh s lan y kiu mi.
6 Kin trc tu ko :
Kin trc ca tu hnh thnh trn c s cc yu cu v chc nng, cng
dng ca tu, mc thun tin cho qu trnh iu ng tu v s dng cc thit
b ko v chng buc, cho iu kin lm vic v ngh ngi ca thuyn vin.

5
Chiu di khoang my lM t 21% 53 % chiu di tu ( tu ko Cng c
lM khong 43% L, tu ko bin lM = 28% 32% L, tu ko vnh v tu ko - y
lM = 29% 36% L, tu ko - y chuyn tuyn lM = 30% 40% L ). Khoang
my phi din tch b tr my mc v cc trang thit b, din tch thao tc v
sa cha.
Phng ca thuyn vin b tr v pha mi, ni c ting n nh ca my
chnh v chn vt. Gia khoang v khoang my b tr kt nhin liu v khoang
cch ly. Hin nay mc t ng ho cao lm s lng thuyn vin gim nn
phng c b tr ht trn boong chnh. Phi lu hin tng chi tu khi
nhin liu tiu hao. Cc tu ko bin phi b tr li i thng mn, trnh i vng
qua pha mi v li.
Bung li c t v tr cao nht c kh nng quan st xung quanh
tt, bung li tu ko bin c m ra hai mn. Khi ng khi v xung cu
sinh cn tr tm nhn v pha sau phi b tr my li, chung truyn lnhtrn
nc lu li m bo ng thao tc an ton.
7 La chn cng sut v t hp li thit b y :
Mun ko on s lan vi tc nh trc, tu ko phi c cng sut
mnh thng c lc cn ca on s lan, bn thn tu ko v dy cp ko.
s b nh gi sc cn ca tu ko c th s dng th xy dng theo s liu
th m hnh v tu thc c L/B = 4,2 6,0 v = 0,52 0,58 ca N.K Kena
Hnh 1- th N.K.Kena

th m t quan h gia sc cn d v sc cn ma st trn mt tn lng

chim nc vi tc tng i F =

v
L

vi v ( hi l ) tc tu ko

Sc cn ton phn khi k n phn nh tng 6%. Vi cc tr s

L
< 4,5
B

hnh dng v bao nh hng khng ng k n s to sng, A.N. Gurovic v

A.A. Rodionov kin ngh cng thc :

6
lg

R DU
= 6,67 Fr 1,37
D

Sc cn ca dy cp ko tnh theo cng thc :

RK = 0,5 C.k.c.2l.d.v2 (KG)
Trong : C l h s tnh n gim sc cn ca dy cp ko do nghing gc
vi ng nm ngang v ly theo bng sau:
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90

0,03 0,076 0,173 0,309 0,492 0,686 0,854 0,963 1,0

C
Khi 0 < 100 h s C gim khng ng k
k - h s tnh n nhm ca dy cp ( cp thp k = 1,25 ; cp thc
vt k = 1,5 2 )
c - h s lc cn ca hnh tr t vung gc vi dng.
Khi Re = 104 2.105 ly c = 1,2
2l - chiu di ton b ca dy cp ko ( m )
d - ng knh dy cp (m)
v - tc ko ( m/s )
= 104,5 KG.s2/m4 mt ca nc bin
Chiu di ti u ca dy cp ko :
Cng sut Ne ( KW)
Chiu di dy cp ko (m
)
80 150
75
75 220
150 200
220 370
200 250
370 600
250 300
Cc tu ko cng lm nhim v o ch ca tu, lc ko yu cu cn thit
c xc nh thng qua cc thao tc ko in hnh :
Hnh 2 Cc thao tc ko in hnh

Theo Quy nh v an ton trong cng tc ko tu ti cc cng , tc

tu trong cc thao tc ko yu cu khng ln hn 5 hi l khi di chuyn dc v
0,5 hi l khi chuyn ng quay. Lc ko ca tu cn ph thuc vo tc gi
v dng chy ni tu ko hot ng. Mt s cng khng c dng chy t nhin
nhng vn tn ti dng chy do gi gy ra c tc tnh theo cng thc :
v = 0,1.

v GIO
sin

7
trong vGIO (m/s) tc gi
- v ca cng trn bn .
Tc dng chy ti cc cng ca nc ta khi tnh theo cng thc trn vi
lc gi ly theo cp 6 ca bng Bofor cho v = 0,3 hi l. Theo s liu thng k
ca nhiu cng nc ngoi, trong tnh ton nhn gi tr tc trung bnh ca
dng chy vDC = 0,6 hi l.
a) Tu di chuyn dc :

Gi thit ko tu di chuyn dc vi tc v = 5 hi l bi mt tu ko
pha trc, gc gia phng ca lc gi v mt phng i xng tu bng 300.
Phng trnh cn bng chuyn ng c dng :
Z1 RX RDC RGIO cos300 = 0
Z1 = RX + RDC + RGIO cos300
b) Tu di chuyn dc vi iu chnh :

Vic ko m bo cho tu chuyn ng theo phng thng vi tc v

bng 5 hi l, theo s lc c h phng trnh cn bng :
Z1 cos 1 Z2 cos 2 RX
=0
RGIO + RDC - Z1 sin 1 Z2 sin 2 = 0
Z1 sin 1

L
L
- Z2 sin 2
2
2

=0

Gi thit gc 2 w bit, t h phng trnh tnh c :

Z2 =

R DC + RGIO
2 sin 2

tg 1 =

Z 2 sin 2
Z 2 cos 2 + R X

; Z1 = Z2

sin 2
sin 1

Lc ko ca tu ko pha ui dng ngn cn s dt ca tu c ko di

tc dng ca gi v dng chy nhng li to ra lc cn ph trong chuyn ng
dc ca tu c ko. Lc ko ca tu ko pha ui s c s dng hp l nu
tho mwn bt ng thc :
Z2 sin 2 Z2 cos 2
Z2 cos 2 Z1 cos 1
xc nh lc ko ca tu ko pha trc, trng hp ti u l 2 = 450 ,
tc l :

8
Z2 sin 2 = Z2 cos 2
Gii h phng trnh khi 2 = 450 cho kt qu :
Z2 = 0,71 ( RDC + RGIO ) ; tg 1 =

0,71Z 2
0,71Z 2 + R X

Z1 =

0,71Z 2
sin 1

c) Di chuyn tu ngang mn :

Khi tnh lc ko cn thit, gi thit lc ko ca 2 tu l nh nhau t ti

cc u mt ca tu v vung gc vi mt phng i xng. Chiu tc dng ca
gi v dng chy ngc vi phng di chuyn ca tu v cng vung gc vi
mt phng i xng. H phng trnh cn bng :
Z = RS + RGIO
Trong :
Z = Z1 + Z2 = 2 Z1 Z1 = Z / 2
RS = RY + R DC
Sc cn ca nc khi tu chuyn dch ngang mn xc nh theo cng thc :
RY = Y
Trong :

v 2
2

.L.T

- Khng ph thuc vo hnh dng v bao Y = 1

(Theo s liu ca b th LKI Hm buc)
- l mt ca nc
- v (m/s) tc di chuyn ca tu
- L (m) Chiu di gia 2 ng vung gc
- T (m) chiu chm ca tu.
- v = vTU + vDC = ( 0,5 + 0,6 ) x 0,514 = 0,565 (m/s)
Lc cn gi tnh theo cng thc :
RGIO = GIO

2
GIO v GIO

.A

- H s GIO ly theo thc nghim ca Vin th nghim vt l Anh

Trng thi ti trng

Tu du

Loi tu
Tu hng

Tu khch

Khi chy c hng

0,65
0,70
0,8
Khi chy vi nc dn
0,75
0,78
2
4
0
- GIO = 0,125 KG s /m l mt khng kh 15 C v ct p
H = 760 milimt ct nc.
- vGIO = 12,4 (m/s) tc gi cp 6 Bfor.
- A (m2) din tch hnh chiu phn hng gi ln mt phng i xng.
Thay cc tr s trn vo phng trnh c :

9
Z = 16,6 LT + 9,6 GIO.A
Suy ra lc ko ca mi tu : Z1 = 8,3 LT + 4,8 GIO.A
d) Tu di chuyn quay :
1- Quay quanh trng tm tu :

Momen quay do cp Z1Z2 gy ra : MZ = Z1

L
L
+ Z2
2
2

do Z1 Z2

MZ = Z1. L
quay tu, momen quay t nht bng momen cn ca nc khi tu quay quanh
trng tm :
MZ = CM

2 L3 SX

Vi : - CM = 0,065 l h s momen lc cn ca nc khi tu quay quanh trng

tm.
- (vg/ph) tc quay ca tu

2v
v
=
2L L

- SX (m2) = L.T din tch hnh chiu phn ngm nc ln mt phng

i xng.
Thay cc tr s vo phng trnh c :
Z1 = 4,3 L.T
2- Khi tu quay quanh mt ui :
Gi thit lc gi c phng ngc vi phng chuyn ng ca mi tu,
chuyn ng quay quanh mt ui ca tu c kho st nh chuyn ng ca
na chiu di quay quanh trng tm tu.
Momen quay do tu ko sinh ra: MZ = Z1 .2 L
Momen cn ca nc MY = CM

2 L4 T.16

a vo cc tr s cn thit tnh lc ko khi cha tnh n lc cn ca

gi : Z1 = 8,7 LT.
p lc gi to ra momen b sung khi tu quay quanh mt ui :
MGIO = RGIO

2L
.
2

Momen ca lc cn do gi v v nc c tnh :
M = MY + MGIO = CM

2 L4 T.16 + GIO

2
GIO v GIO

.A .

2L
2

10
Thay M = 2 Z1.L = MZ

Z1 = CM

2 8 L3 T + GIO

2
GIO v GIO

.A .

Thay tr s ca cc i lng w bit vo biu thc cho kt qu :

Z1 = 8,7 LT + 4,8 GIO A
So snh tr s Z1 ca cc thao tc ko in hnh, nhn gi tr ln nht
xc nh cng sut yu cu ca tu ko.
xc nh cng sut ca tu c th dng cc cng thc thng k sau :
Tu ko dng o chuyn tu hng kh, tu du c D n 10.000 tn
N = 0,06D + 200 (cv)
Tu ko trang b thit b y l chn vt :
N = 0,09D + 260 (cv)
Cng sut ca tu ko dng o chuyn cc tu c 10.000 t < D < 63.000 t :
D
D 2
- 0,005 (
) ( cv)
100
100
D
D 2
N = 224 + 8,85
- 0,007 (
) ( cv)
100
100

Thit b y l chong chng : N = 140 + 6,17

Thit b y l chn vt :

Cng sut ca tu ko hot ng vng c bng ly tng t 1,2 1,4 ln

cng sut tnh theo cc cng thc trn.
Loi thit b y ch yu dng cho tu ko l chong chng c bc c
nh t 3 6 cnh nhng ph bin l loi 4 cnh. Hin nay a s tu ko s dng
h chong chng - o lu do h ny tng lc ko trn mc n 40% ch
buc bn v tng 20% 30% khi ko phng tin vi vn tc 5 6 hi l( 9
11 km ). o lu bo v chong chng khng b qun cp ko, gim va p ca
chong chng do lt kh khi tu hot ng trn sng. o lu xoay cn tng
cng kh nng iu ng ca tu.
Chn vt bin bc cho c trng ko tt khi tu ko hot ng vi ch
lc cn khc nhau ca on ko nhng do gi thnh cao, c cu iu chnh phc
tp v d h hi khi hot ng trong sng c nhiu vt tri ni nn cha c s
dng rng rwi. Thit b pht ch yu s dng trn cc tu ko, y c chiu chm
T < 0,9 m hot ng trong vng nc nng. Chn vt s dng ch yu cho tu
ko cng c yu cu c bit cao v tnh quay tr.
Thc t khai thc cho thy cc tu ko bin, ko vnh chuyn tuyn s
dng t hp thit b li - y l chong chng - o lu. Tu ko o chuyn ti
cng v trong vnh s dng chong chng trong o lu xoay hoc chn vt. Thit
b pht s dng cho cc tu ko, y hot ng vi chiu chm 0,3 0,9 m trn
tuyn sng nng.
8 c trng ko :
Lc ko ca tu ko l ch tiu c trng cho hiu qu s dng cng sut
khi la chn cc yu t c bn ca thn tu v thit b y. nh gi c tnh
ko ca tu cc tc hot ng khc nhau ( t buc bn n tc chy t
do ) phi tnh ton xy dng th c tnh vn hnh gm cc ng cong l
hm ca tc tu :
1- Tng cng sut N ca my chnh
2- Tng lc ko c ch Pe.
3- Sc cn ca tu y R hoc ca tu ko RK v sc cn ca c tu y
hoc tu ko vi on phng tin RC khi ton ti.

11
4- Lc ko Z trn mc nhn c bng cch ly tung ng cong Pe
tr i tung ng cong R hoc RK tc chuyn ng v
5- Hiu sut ko xc nh theo cng thc K =

Z .v
75.N

Hnh3 : th c tnh ko ca tu y Plevna cng sut 1340 cv

Trn th ny c 3 im c trng :
im A- tng ng vi lc y ln nht ca thit b y khi v = 0 l lc ko khi
buc bn
im B - tng ng vi tc ln nht ca tu khi chy t do khng c on
phng tin.
im C- Tng ng vi tr s tc chuyn ng ca tu ko hoc tu y cng
vi on phng tin
i vi tu ko s thay i iu kin khai thc xc nh trn c s s thay
i lc cn ca on phng tin tc l s thay i ca tr s lc ko trn mc
ko. Do vy c tnh ko ca tu ko c nh gi ch yu bng cc ng
cong Z = f(v) v K = f (v). Trn hnh 3 cho thy tu trang b chong chng bc
c nh, lc ko ln nht Z0 t ti ch buc bn cn ch ko ZK v chy
t do vTD lc ko khng phi l ln nht. Tu ko c phn cp theo cng dng
nn khi gii quyt cc nhim v thit k cn p ng cc yu cu t ra cho tng
loi tu v cc bi ton thit k thng tin hnh la chn trong t hp cc
phng n mt vi i lng c tr s cn t c. Chng hn tu ko lm
nhim v o chuyn lun hot ng ch gn vi ch buc bn nn khi
thit k cn m bo cho tu c tr s ln nht ch buc bn. Vic gim tc
khi chy t do khng l vn quan trng v tc thng c gii hn bi
iu kin v quy tc hot ng ca loi tu ny trong cng. S quay tr i vi
tu ko hoc y chuyn tuyn khng cn thit bng vic m bo lc ko ln
khi tc ko tng. c ch tiu ko tho mwn yu cu, tu ko phi c ng
cong ko t hiu sut ln nht bng cch la chn hp l nht t hp thit b li
- y (khi p dng chong chng bin bc s cho kh nng s dng ht cng

12
sut ca my chnh v cho lc ko trn mc tt c cc ch hot ng cao
hn khi tu s dng chong chng bc c nh) v cc yu t ca n.
Quan h gia ng knh chong chng, cng sut ca my chnh v s
vng quay trn trc ca tu ko v tu y c th biu din qua cng thc:
DB = k. 4

N
n2

Trong : k = 0,72 0,85

9 Xc nh kch thc chnh :
Ging nh cc loi tu khc, vic la chn kch thc ch yu ca tu
ko, tu y l mt trong nhng vn quan trng ca cng tc thit k. Trong
chng mc no vic la chn kch thc ch yu quan h n mc thun
tin b tr chung, tnh quay tr v tnh di ng, lc ko, gi thnh ng v cc
ch tiu kinh t khai thc ca tu. Trong thit k s b c th s dng cc cng
thc thng k sau :
Chiu di cho php ln nht ca tu ko:
(m)
Theo Munro-Smit : L = 0,233N 28 + 13,7
Theo Per Gring : L = 40 ft + 2,5 N 300 ft
( ft )
Tuy nhin cc cng thc trn cha hon ton ch n c im kin trc
kt cu v cc c tnh ca tu ko cc cp khc nhau. Chng hn, cng thc
Munro-Smit ch p dng cho tu ko o chuyn Vnh.
Chiu di gia hai ng vung gc :
C th s dng ng cong trn cc th sau :

th 1 S quan h gia chiu di vi cng sut ca tu ko Cng.

Tu ko o chuyn v tu ko cng vnh s dng chong chng (x)
Tu ko cng bin v tu ko o chuyn c thit b y l chn vt (
)
Tu ko o chuyn vnh, bin s dng chn vt ().

13

th 2 Quan h gia chiu di tu ko bin chuyn tuyn (1) v

tu ko vnh (2) vi cng sut.

th 3 Quan h gia chiu di tu ko vin dng (1 ) v tu

ko bin nhiu chc nng (2) vi cng sut

th 4 : Quan h gia chiu di L v chiu di B ca tu ko ni a vi cng

sut
Tu y ( ca Lin X ). X tu ko ( ca Lin X ),
+ ca nc ngoi

14

th 5 : Quan h gia chiu rng tu ko cng, ko vnh, ko bin vi cng

sut.

th 6 : Quan h gia chiu rng ca tu ko vin dng vi cng sut

Ngoi ra c th s dng cc cng thc sau xc nh chiu di gia
hai ng vung gc :
Tu ko cng v tu ko o chuyn thit b y l chong chng :
N
N 2
) 0,022 (
)
100
100

N
N 2
) 0,003 (
)
100
100

L = 11,50 + 1,36 (

Tu ko o chuyn cng bin s dng thit b y l chn vt :

L = 16,50 + 0,8 (

Chiu di tu ko Cng ( N 400 cv ) s dng thit b y l chn vt ly tng

t chiu di tu ko cng s dng chong chng.
Tu ko vnh mt chong chng khi N 750 cv
L = 11,0 + 3,45 (

N
N 2
) 0,20 (
)
100
100

Tu ko bin chuyn tuyn v tu ko nhiu chc nng khi N 750 cv

N
N 2
) 0,20 (
)
100
100
N
N 2
L = 12,75 + 1,29 (
) 0,007 (
)
100
100

L = 15,7 + 3,45 (

m
m

Chiu di tu ko - y v tu y :
L=A +

N
N
( 200 )
100
50

15
Vi h s:
A = 9 15 cho ng c nh
A = 18 24 cho ng c trung bnh c tng p ( 275 350 vg/ph)
A = 25 28 cho ng c khng tng p.
D tr ca tu 20 ngy m
Chiu rng ca tu y v tu ko y :
B=C+

N
N
(50
)
17000
200

Vi h s :
C = 4 5,7 cho ng c nh
C = 5 6 cho ng c trung bnh c tng p ( 275 350 vg/ph)
C = 6 7 cho ng c khng tng p v my diezel - in
Tr s ln cho tu ko y. D tr ca tu 20 ngy m.
Chiu rng tu ko cng bin, ko o chuyn, ko cng vng c bng :
tu 2 chong chng
B = 0,235 L + 1,67 m
tu 1 chong chng
B = 0,268 L + 0,66 m
tu c thit b y l chn vt
B = 0,285 L + 0,60 m
Tu ko vnh v ko bin chuyn tuyn 1 chong chng :
B = 0,270 L
m
Tu ko o chuyn vnh L 30 m :
B = 0,270 L + 0,3
m
Tu ko bin nhiu chc nng :
B = 0,1 L + 5,7
m
Chiu chm ca tu ko cng bin v tu ko vnh trong a s trng hp
khng b gii hn trong nhim v thit k v su nc vng tu hot ng
tng i ln. Trong thc tin thit k chiu chm ca tu ko bin c xc
nh qua vic ti u ho cc t s kch thc chnh, qua kinh nghim khai thc
hoc t iu kin m bo ngp su ca chong chng c ng knh ti u.
Chiu chm trung bnh ca tu trong thit k s b c th tnh bng cc
cng thc sau :
Tu ko o chuyn 2 chong chng :
T = 0,454 B 0,86 m
Tu ko cng 1 chong chng, tu ko o chuyn cng v vnh :
T = 0,530 B 0,8 m
Tu ko cng v tu ko o chuyn thit b dy l chn vt :
T = 0,326 B + 0,13 m
Tu ko bin v ko vnh chuyn tuyn 1 ng trc :
T = 0,304 B + 0,33 m
Tu ko bin nhiu chc nng v tu ko vin dng :
T = 0,477 B 0,67 m
Cc tu ko v tu y ni a c phm vi bin i ca t s B/T kh rng,
tr s ca T c chn la theo cng sut trn trc v tnh n vic lp t chong
chng c ng knh ti u.
Sau khi tnh chiu chm cn kim tra iu kin hn ch su ca lung
lch. th di y cho vng cc im tng ng vi chiu chm ca cc tu
c cng sut khc nhau. Chiu chm cn ly gi tr ln nht theo iu kin cho

16
php trn tuyn ng v ch tiu ko v kch thc chung ca tu ph thuc vo
tr s ny.

th 7 : S ph thuc chiu chm ca tu y v tu ko-y vo cng

sut ca chng v su cc sng Vn ga (X) v Missisipi (O)
Tu thuc vo chiu chm, chiu rng ghp i phng tin c ko v
cc c trng ca tu thit k, c th s dng cc cng thc ca S.P.Arsenhiep
khi xc nh s b kch thc ch yu ca tu ko hot ng vng ni a :
+ Chiu chm ca tu y hoc tu ko khi c d tr v thuyn vin :
T ( hmin - hmin ) kT
Trong hmin - tr s d tr chiu chm i y tu chn theo quy nh ca
Quy phm phn cp v ng tu sng.
kT h s tng quan gia chiu chm ca tu y, tu ko v tu
khng t hnh vi su nh mc hmin.
Tu y kT = 0,85 0,90 ; Tu ko kT = 0,90 0,95
Chiu chm tu c thuyn vin v d tr ti thiu cn phi m bo hot
ng bnh thng ca chong chng( khi chiu chm ui T 0,9T ) v ng
knh ca chong chng khi thit k ph thuc vo T, cng sut trn trc thit b
y N0 v s vng quay n ca trc. Tr s chiu chm cn tho mwn iu kin
ny :
N
1,9
X
CV

T
3/ 4
n

1/ 4

Vi : N (kw) Cng sut ca my chnh

XCV S chong chng
N (vg/s) s vng quay ca trc chong chng.
Chiu di tu y v tu ko xc nh theo cc iu kin :
a) m bo dng chy tt ti chn vt :
L min = 8 BT
(m)

17
Vi :
hK 4,1 BT
b) C c ch tiu ko cao v tnh n nh cn thit:
Trn c s phn tch cc tu c ch tiu tt, t s L/B = ( 1,4 1,55 ) 3 L
(m)
nn chiu di L 1,8 B3/2
c) B tr khoang my vi chiu di nh nht :
L

am N 4 / 9
B2/3

(m)

Trong : am l h s ph thuc vo loi ng c chnh

am = 7,0 - i vi ng c Diesel khng tng p
am = 6,1 - i vi ng c Diesel c tng p
am = 3,6 - i vi cc tu nh c ng c cao tc.
Trn c s cc s liu k trn, S.P. Arsenhiep kin ngh s dng cc cng thc
sau dng xc nh chiu di, chiu rng ca tu ko-y v tu ko thit b y
l chn vt :
L = aLT N 0,19 T 0,29
B = aBT N 0,308 T -0,43
Vi : aLT = 7,5 cho ng c Diesel vng quay trung bnh khng tng p, aLT = 7,1
cho ng c c tng p , aLT = 5,7 cho ng c cao tc. H s aBT tng
ng bng 0,89 ; 0,79 v 0,51.
Tu ko chuyn tuyn v tu ko-y hot ng vng nc su, cc tu ko-y
trc bn ( thuyn vin sng trn b)
L = aL N0,308
B = aB N0,205
Vi : aL = 4,58 cho ng c Diesel vng quay trung bnh khng tng p,
aL = 4,18 cho ng c c tng p , aL = 3,0 cho ng c cao tc. H s aB
tng ng bng 1,85 ; 1,75 v 1,4.
Tu ko chuyn tuyn v tu ko-y hot ng trn sng nh, thuyn vin sng
trn tu(trong thn tu v thng tng) :
L = 3,2 ( STV.nTV + amN2/3)0,46
B = 1,5 ( STV.nTV + amN2/3)0,308
Vi : STV l din tch nh nht cn thit dng b tr phng cho thuyn vin.
nTV s thuyn vin .
am =1,3 cho ng c Diesel vng quay trung bnh khng tng p.
am = 1,05 cho ng c c tng p ; am = 0,48 cho ng c cao tc.
T yu cu b tr thit b nng lng trn cc tu ko-y loi nh :
L = 2,9

N
X

; B = 1,38 N1/16X1/2

Vi : X s ng c.
10- Cc h s bo :
Trong thi gian hot ng, tu ko c th chy t do hoc ko phng tin. Mi
ch chuyn ng s c tc tng i Fr khc nhau ( Fr = 0,29 0,36 khi
chy t do, Fr = 0,22 0,26 khi ko phng tin khng hng v Fr = 0,14 0,19
khi ko phng tin y hng). Do s bin i rng ca tc tng i, tu di
chuyn cc su nc khc nhau bao gm c sng nh (tu sng) v trn
sng( tu bin) nn tu ko cn c cc h s bo v hnh dng thn tu thch hp.

18
Bng cc h s bo c trng ca tu ko v tu y :
Gii hn gi tr ca cc h s bo
Loi tu

Tu ko bin nhiu chc nng hot

ng vng khng hn ch
Tu ko bin hot ng ven bin
Tu ko cng
Tu ko cng dng o chuyn tu
Tu y chuyn tuyn sng cp SII
Tu ko - y sng cp SII
Tu ko y vnh
Tu ko hot ng vng cp SI
Tu ko sng cp SII

0,46 0,58

0,70 0,78

0,80 0,88

0,52 0,66

0,50 0,6
0,52 0,6
0,50 0,6
0,55 0,65
0,51 0,65
0,54 0,60
0,56 0,65
0,58 0,69

0,70 0,8
0,75 0,85
0,76 0,90
0,78 0,88
0,77 0,95
0,86 0,90
0,73 0,82
0,79 0,83

0,84 0,90
0,84 0,94
0,85 0,94
0,99 0,995
0,89 0,995
0,85 0,99
0,70 0,90
0,93 1,0

0,55 0,70
0,55 0,72
0,53 0,70
0,55 0,72
0,56 0,72
0,55 0,70
0,59 0,68
0,61 0,69

Khi la chn h s bo th tch c th s dng cc cng thc ca

Alexander p dng cho tu ko bin v tu ko vin dng vng khng hn ch,
cc tu ko cng c Fr = 0,30 0,36 :
= 1,08 1,68Fr
cc tu y v tu ko sng cp SII thay gi tr ca s hng u bng tr s 1,13
C th s dng cng thc ca Caldvell p dng cho tu ko bin v tu
ko vin dng:
= 0,2 + 0,1066/ Fr
Tu y v tu ko hot ng vng h thay gi tr s hng u bng tr s
0,3. Cc tu chy sng thay bng 0,33 0,35.
Hoc c th s dng cng thc Alexander vit di dng :
=1-k

v
L

Trong : k = 0,20 0,24 cho tu ko ven bin ; k = 0,24 cho tu ko bin v

vin dng ; k = 0,17 0,23 cho tu ko Vnh ; k = 0,17 0,20 cho
tu ko v tu y chy vng h ; k = 0,15 0,20 cho tu y v tu
ko chy sng.
Cc tu ko bin c h s bo sn gia = 0,80 0,88. Tu ko v tu y
chuyn tuyn = 0,84 0,94 , cc tu ko v y tuyn sng nh = 0,93 1,0.
Tu ko c t s L/B nh nu ln hai mt tu s nhn rt kh thc hin
trn ca thn tu. Mt s nh ng tu nc ngoi kin ngh i vi tu ko
bin nn nhn = 0,75 0,85
H s bo ng nc ca tu ko thay i trong gii hn 0,70 0,80
i vi tu bin v 0,77 0,95 i vi tu ko v tu y sng. gim sc cn
nn chn = / = 0,58 0,60. Tuy nhin vic gim nh hn na s lm tng
din tch sn gia, lm nhn cc u mt.
Tng ng vi cng dng v vng hot ng, tu ko c dng v bao khc
nhau. Cc tu ko sng nh hoc ko Cng sng c th p dng dng sn gwy
gc gim gi thnh ng tu. Tu ko ven bin, ko vnh v tu ko hot ng
vng h thng p dng dng v da. Bn knh ln hng ca tu ko bin R =
0,8 1,5 m cn tu sng R 0,8 m. Sn mi tu ko thng p dng dng V
gim lc dc, loi tr hin tng Slemin, cho kh nng ln sng tt cn sn

19
ui dng U. i vi tu hot ng vng c bng phn di sng mi nghing
t 270 350 so vi mt nc chn ph thuc vo tnh n nh hng ca tu.
S ph thuc ca vo s Fr ch ra trn th sau :

Dng ui vm thng p dng cho tu ko, tu y hot ng vng nc

nng. C vm loi kn v vm loi h. Cc yu t ca vm kn :

l1/L = 0,33 0,45 ; l2/L = 0,10 0,12 ; l1/hT = 6 7 ; 1/T = 0,10 0,20
2/T = 0,05 0,07 ; = 120 - 150
ln ca 1, 2 ph thuc vo cng sut my chnh. Cng sut tng cc
tr s ny cng tng nhng 2 khng vt qu 0,1 chiu chm nh nht khi tu
hot ng.
Cc tu ko bin thng khng c on thn ng. Tu ko sng on thn
ng chim t 5% - 35% chiu di tnh ton.
11- Trng lng n v ca tu ko v tu y :

Tu ko bin
Tu ko Cng
tu ko Vnh
Tu y

Thuyn
vin,
lng
thc
kg/m3

PK
LBH

PK
LBH

PK
LBH

Nhin
liu, du,
nc
kg/m3

Lng chim nc
kg/m3

H
thng
kg/m3

My
mc
kg/m3

PK
LBH

PK
LBH

195 - 205
170 -230

8 - 11
12 - 16

70 85
20 40

8 - 14
6 - 13

20 - 23
6 - 10

100- 150
23 - 33

270 - 320
230 - 300

350 - 420
280 - 340

200 - 220

5 - 12

30 60

5 - 13

4-9

40 - 70

260 - 310

320 - 380

Thn tu
kg/m3
Loi tu

in,
lin
lc v
iu
khin
kg/m3

PK
LBH

DTK
L.B.H

D
L.B.H

20
Phng trnh trng lng dng n gin :
D = k + q.N1.t + kC. n. t +0,023 ( k +qM.N )
Trong :
k( t/m2 ) Trng lng n v ca thn tu cng cc trang thit b
qM (t/cv) Trng lng n v ca my mc
q( kg/cv-h) Trng lng n v ca nhin liu v d tr hng hi t
10% - 20%.
2
( m ) Din tch mt t ; N1 (cv) Cng sut khai thc
t (h) Thi gian hnh trnh ; kC ( t/ ngi ngy m) Trng lng
n v cung cp ; n (ngi) s thuyn vin
N2(cv) Cng sut nh mc.
Trng lng n v dng cho phng trnh ny ly theo bng sau:
Loi tu
Tu ko vnh
100 m2
Tu ko vnh
= 100 200 m2
Tu ko Cng
= 200- 350 m2
Tu ko bin
= 350 500 m2
Tu ko vin
dng
> 500 m2

k ( t/m2)

qM(t/cv)
1 chong
2 chong
chng
chng

q(kg/cvh)

kC (t/ngi-ngy m)
Trong
Trong
nc ngt nc bin

0,41 0,435

0,032 0,04

0,036 0,026

0,24 0,26

0,05 0,051

0,06 0,067

0,6 0,65

0,058 0,06

0,06 0,063

0,24 0,26

0,05 0,058

0,06 0,067

0,72 0,76

0,092 0,09

0,094 0,01

0,26 0,28

0,085 0,1

0,79 0,81

0,085 0,09

0,088 0,09

0,28 0,3

0,078 0,09

0,89 0,94

0,088 0,09

0,09 0,092

0,26 0,31

0,078 0,09

chnh xc khi xc nh lng chim nc theo phng trnh ny kh cao.

xc nh trng lng thn tu vi trang b c th s dng cng thc :
PK = 15M +5,2 M2
vi M = 0,01L ( 0,9B +2 H )
Hoc s dng s liu thng k trng lng n v PK (kg/m3 ) cho cc loi tu :
+ Tu cu ho cc loi PK = 135 145
+ Tu cu h cc loi PK = 140 150
Trng lng thn tu bao gm trng lng v v trng lng trang thit b
ca cc tu c h chim ( 70 75 )%D , tu cu ho chim ( 73 78 )%D.
Trng lng my tnh qua trng lng n v pM = PM/N ( kg/cv)
ng c Diesel truyn ng trc tip :
pM = 160 190 khi n = 100 200 vg/ph
pM = 100 140 khi n = 200 400 vg/ph
ng c Diesel vng quay trung bnh c hp gim tc:
pM = 80 100 khi n = 100 200 vg/ph
ng c Diesel cao tc c hp gim tc pM = 40 80
s b tnh ton n nh ca tu, chiu cao trng tm ZG trng thi tu
khng v khi ton ti nhn gn ng theo % chiu cao mn nh sau :

21
Loi tu
Tu ko bin
Tu ko Cng, ko Vnh
Tu y, tu ko-y
Tu ko cu h
Tu ko cu ho

Tu khng
0,7 0,8
0,75 0,9
0,85 1,0
0,85 0,9
0,7 0,8

Ton ti
0,6 0,7
0,65 0,8
0,75 0,9
0,75 0,8
0,65 0,75

12 B tr thit b ko v y :
1- Thit b ko :

+ c la chn theo c trng cung cp nu trong quy phm ca ng kim,

ph thuc vo chiu di v ng knh ca dy cp ko. Cc chi tit ca thit b
ko cng chn theo c trng ca cp ko.
+ Trong mt s trng hp cc chi tit ny c ngi thit k tnh theo iu
kin khai thc.
S b tr thit b ko ca tu ko bin :

1,11- m mm chng va ; 2 L ko ; 3 L chng buc ; 4 Vm ko

5 Con trch ; 6 Cp ko ; 7 Ct ko gia ; 8 Ti ko ; 9 Thanh hn
ch mn ; 10 Ct ko mi ; 12 Puli nh hng ; 13, 15 ,18 Ct bt mn
17 - mc ; 19 Ti ng.
Thit b ko cn tho mwn cc yu cu c bn sau :
m bo tin cy
Cho php b tr tt c cc dng thit b ko trn hnh trnh tin v li vi
dy cp ko di hoc ngn, ng thi c mc ko
m bo thun li cho thao tc ca dy cp ko gia tu ny vi tu
khc vi phng ko bt k ra ngoi gii hn ca tu khng b bt ra
khi cc chi tit nh hng v c nh.
Khng cho php xut hin trn cc chi tit ca thit b ko cc bin dng
d di tc ng ca ti trng git dy cp ko ( hay ni cch khc l
phi m bo bn ca cc chi tit )
Vic b tr cc chi tit ca thit b ko phi cho kh nng phc v v s
dng thun tin cc thao tc ko.

22
p ng cc yu cu k trn, thit b ko bao gm Ti ko, mc ko, cung
ko hoc tai dng c nh mc ko, ct khng ch ti mn, thit b ngt, ct ko
mn, l ko ui, vm ko, ct ko mi trong mt phng i xng v cc ct bt
dc mn ko trong hnh trnh li, cp ko chnh v d tr, cp dng buc dn
qua palng, quai ni, quai treo, u kp cp, dng c buc v cc chi tit nh
khc.
2 - V tr t mc ko :

V tr t mc ko cng thp cng tt theo chiu cao v nm trong mt

phng i xng. Theo chiu di mc ko khng c b tr pha trc trng tm
tu. Mc ko thng nm sau trng tm tu t ( 2 - 8 )%L nhng khng nn
vt qu (12 15)%L.
3 Thit b chuyn dng :

Tu y v tu ko-y c trang b cc thit b chuyn dng c cng

dng lin kt on phng tin c y vi tu y.

23
+ Thit b gm 2 gi ta l 2 gi y bng thp t mi ca tu y. Trn s
lan c y c t cng ( c th bao gm l xo gim chn trong h thng ngt
lc t trn s lan ). Lin kt ny n gin v tin cy khi on hnh trnh trn
nc tnh v trn sng nhng khi to dng on y mt nhiu thi gian v i
hi tiu ph nhiu lao ng chn tay.

+ Thit b chuyn dng t ng ho m bo kt ni nhanh chng tu y vi

on y, khng yu cu s dng lao ng chn tay. Thit b t ng ho c
trang b ph thuc vo cng sut ca tu y, trng ti ca on c y v v
tr khong cch gia cc phn t ca on. Thit b chuyn dng chia ra 2 nhm:
A Tu y nh cng sut Ne 300 cv v s lan c trng ti DW 1000 tn
B Tu y cng sut Ne > 300 cv v s lan c trng ti DW > 1000 tn
Chng 2 tu container
1 - Gii thiu chung :
Vic chuyn ch hng bng container c cc u im sau so vi cng
ngh thng thng :
+ Tp trung lu lng hng ho
+ Lin kt cc dng vn ti khc nhau v tiu chun ho qu trnh vn ti.
+ Tng cng vic bo qun hng.
+ Tng khi lng v ci thin cht lng dch v vn ti.
+ Tnh c gii ho cao, an ton lao ng cho thuyn vin v cng nhn
bc xp.
+ Tng nng sut lao ng trong vn ti.
+ Gim mnh nhu cu v ngun nhn lc.
+ Gim ti thiu s nhim mi trng.
Nhng u im ny thc y vic vn chuyn hng bng container pht
trin mnh m. vn chuyn container, cn phi xy dng ngnh vn ti
chuyn dng trong c tu container. Khi kho st, cc tu container c coi
nh mt h thng k thut phc tp cn tnh n nh hng ca cc nhn t sau:

24
+ Mi trng bn ngoi ( vng hot ng, hn ch tuyn chy, knh o, th
trng chuyn ch )
+ Cc yu t khc nhau ca h thng vn ti container ( kch thc loi container
, loi thit b bc xp cng )
+ Phn h dng ng tu container ( loi my chnh, vic s dng trang thit b )
Kt qu ca vic phn tch h thng nh vy l c s xy dng m hnh
ton hc dng thit k tu container v thng qua chng gii quyt nhiu bi
ton ti u ho trn my tnh.
Tu container kt cu dng mng c coi nh l kh nng ln nht
dng chuyn ch container v chim phn ln trong i tu ca th gii dng
vn chuyn container. Vic thit k tu c phng php thao tc hng theo
phng nm ngang ang c s dng chuyn ch container cng c
cp n.
Cc k hiu ch yu c s dng :
D ( tn ) lng chim nc ton ti
V ( m3 ) th tch chim nc ton ti
L ( m ) chiu di gia 2 ng vung gc
B ( m ) chiu rng tu
T ( m ) Chiu chm ton ti.
- h s bo th tch khi tu ton ti.
H ( m ) Chiu cao mn.
- h s bo ng nc ch hng.
nC s lng container trn tu quy i qua cc container c chiu di 6,1 m
vS ( knot) - tc hnh trnh ca tu.
TEU Twenty feet Equivalent Unit container chiu di 20 feet ( 6,1 m ) nhn
vi t cch l chun dng tnh ton. Trng hp thay i chun s c ch
dn c th.
2 H thng vn chuyn container
2.1 Khuynh hng pht trin vn ti container:
Trong giai on u, vic vn chuyn bng container ch yu tin hnh
gia cc nc pht trin. Hin nay xut hin nhiu tuyn container ni gia cc
nc cng nghip pht trin Nam M v cc nc Trung ng.
Bng 1 - c im ca mt vi tuyn vn chuyn container nhiu nht trn th
gii ( n nm 1978 )
Hng vn chuyn

Vin ng B bin Thi Bnh

Dng ca Chu M
Vin ng Chu
Vin ng - B bin i Ty Dng
ca Chu M
B bin i Ty Dng ca Bc M
Chu u

S hng tu

S tu

S
container
quy i

22

101

114907

16

33

77837

15

44

51344

Trong cc nm 1984 - 1985 cc hwng nc ngoi w t chc cc chuyn

i vng quanh th gii vi di hnh trnh 80 - 84 ngy m. Khong cch

25
hnh trnh 8 - 10 ngy m. Quan tm mnh m n vn chuyn container nn
Lin X c w xy dng h thng thng nht vn chuyn container KTC trong
khi SEV v cc nc c vn ti bng container vi Lin X. Chim phn ln
trong khi lng vn chuyn container l vn chuyn trn bin v trn sng. H
thng vn ti container trn bin l h thng t chc phc tp, cc thnh phn
chnh ca n gm : Tu chuyn ti container, thng container, u mi
container. Chng ta kho st cc c trng ca ring h thng vn ti container
trn bin.
2.2 - Container dng trong vn ti bin :
Danh mc hng ho chuyn ch bng container khng ngng tng ln,
l cc hng chnh yu dng khc nhau, hng ri, hng lng v ho cht cc loi
khc nhau trong c loi hng c bit nguy him trong chuyn ch.
Container dng chuyn ch trn bin c th phn loi theo cc du hiu
sau : cng dng, kt cu, vt liu ch to, trng lng ln nht. Khng ph thuc
vo cng dng, vt liu, kt cu, cc container bin u c kch thc tiu chun.
Nm 1968 t chc tiu chun quc t ISO w thng nht tiu chun v container
bao gm kch thc bao ngoi, trng lng khai thc ln nht, cc nt kt cu
ca container cho php bo qun cc container khi xp d v c nh trn cc
phng tin chuyn ch.
Trong cc tnh ton, vi t cch l tiu chun gi nh chng ta s dng
container loi 1C c k hiu TEU ( Twenty feet Equivalent Unit )
Vic tiu chun ho cc kch thc ca container cho php cng ngh thao
tc chng d dng v tng nng sut ca cng tc xp d. Cc kch thc tiu
chun ca container ng gp mc ng k trong vic xc nh hai nhn t
ca h thng vn ti container l Tu v u mi.
Bng 2- Kch thc cc loi container ISO dng vn ti bin
Kch thc cc loi container
Cc c trng ca
container ( m.m )
1C
1D
1AA
1A
1BB
1B
1CC
Chiu di
12192 12192 9125
9125
6058 6058 2991
Chiu rng
2438
2438
2438
2438
2438 2438 2438
Chiu cao
2591
2438
2591
2438
2591 2438 2438
Trng lng ln
30480 30480 25400 25400 20320 20320 10200
nht
( Kg )

26
Thc t khai thc container cho thy th tch bn trong ca container khi
vn chuyn hng t trng nh thng khng v vy ngi ta ch ng ring
loi container c chiu cao ln ( bng 3 ). S phn b s lng cc container trn
th gii theo chiu di v vt liu a ra trong bng 4 v bng 5.
Bng 3 - S phn b s lng cc container trn th gii theo chiu cao
Dng
4,0
8,0
8,6
9,0 ** 9,6 ** Cc
Chiu cao container
hnh
1,22
2,44
2,59 2,74
2,93
loi
( ft/m )
tr *
khc
% s lng cc 1,0
0,7
18,2
77,9
0,5
1,4
0,3
container
* Cc container tm , ** cc container ca hwng Sea- Land
Bng 4 - S phn b s lng container tng hp trn th gii theo chiu di
Chiu di container, m
6,1
7,32
8,23
9,15
10,7
12,2
% s container trn th gii
70,5
0,6
0,2
0,5
3,3
25
Bng 5 - S phn b s lng cc container tng hp trn th gii theo vt liu
Vt liu
Tng
Thp Nhm Cht do, G dn Thp khng r
cng
% container tng
69,1
23,0
7,8
0,1
100
hp trn th gii
Phn ln nht trong bng phn b container theo cng dng trn th gii
l container tng hp dng chuyn ch hng bch ho v hng n chic, hng
thc phm, hng cng nghip nh cc chi tit in t v cng nghip in n, cc
chi tit d tr v cc loi hng khc khng ng thng hoc l bao gi.

Hnh 1 - c im ca container tng hp bng thp

1 - Khuu gc ; 2 - Tm nc ; 3, 4 - X dc v ngang ca tm nc ; 5 - Gn mt
sn 6 - Ca nc ; 7- Sn ; 8 ,13 - X ngang v dc ca y ; 9 - Vch bn ;
10 - Cc nt kiu chc dng gn kt vi xe t ; 11 - ca sn ; 12 - Thit b
ng kn ; 14 - Ct gc ; 15 - Vch u ; 16 - y ; 17 - Gn ngang ca y
Container chuyn dng bao gm cc container bo n, ng lnh dng
chuyn ch vt liu th ri, container xitc . . .
Container thng gi bo n dng ch yu chuyn ch cc sn phm
ung. l cc container c v cch nhit. Lp cch nhit hn ch s truyn
nhit gia mi trng bn trong v bn ngoi. Container thng gi bo n c th
l container tiu chun 1C. Lp cch nhit l poliuretan dy 70 mm. S thot
nhit khong 18,5 Cal/ h.grad khi nhit trung bnh ca vch l 100C. Trng

27
lng v khng ca container l 2,35 tn. m bo s truyn dn lm mt
hoc l si m bng khng kh t t my tu, cc mt trc ca container c
2 l ng knh 254 mm.
Container ng lnh chnh l container bo n nhng c thit b
chuyn dng m bo nhit cn thit. Nhng nm gn y vic chuyn ch
hng bng container ng lnh tng ng k. Theo nghin cu ca hwng Driuri
trong tng dung tch ca i tu container trn th gii c 175 nghn T.R ca cc
tu container ng lnh. Cc tuyn chuyn ch ch yu : Chu c - Bc M,
chu c - chu u, Vng bin Carib - Chu u. Cc yu cu c bn i vi
container bo n v ng lnh khi chuyn ch cc hng khc nhau a ra trong
bng 6.
Bng 6 - Yu cu v cc tham s ca container ng lnh khi ch cc sn phm
Nhit khng kh, 0C
Dng hng ho

Khoang bo
n

Khoang khng
bo n

Khi lng khng kh thay i ,

gi
Khoang khng
Khoang bo n
bo n

Chui
12
12
60
60
Cam, qut
0-8
0-8
40
60
Sn phm ng
- 18
- 18
30 - 40
40
lnh
Cc container dng chuyn ch hng th ht dng bt, ht hoc l ht
nh, xi mng, mui, m, sa bt, cao lanh, nguyn liu dng sn xut cht do
Vic xp hng ca cc container ny tin hnh qua cc ming hoc np chuyn
dng.
Cc container - xi tc dng vn chuyn hng lng c kch thc bao
ngoi tho mwn tiu chun ISO. Container - xi tc ISO chia ra loi khung v loi
dm. Container loi khung c 4 thanh dc bo v thn xi tc v tip nhn ti
trng dc.

Hnh 2 - Container - xi tc kt cu khung

Container - xi tc kt cu dm khng c cc thanh dc. Thn v cc xi tc
nh vy trc tip tip nhn p lc bn trong v ti trng bn ngoi pht sinh khi
vn chuyn.
Trong vn ti bin w s dng rng rwi cc container - xi tc c kt cu gp
c. Chng l bin th ca container tiu chun ISO ( 6,1 x 2,44 x 1,3 m), trong
khung ca chng c gn vo cc ming n hi bng cao su nhn to tng hp.
Cc container ny c gp cc sn v vch pha trn. Chiu cao container
khi gp gim n 0,46 m.

28

Hnh 3 Container-xitec kt cu dm
2.3 - u mi container :
u mi container ti cc Cng bin l t hp cc bn, kho cha, cc c
quan hnh chnh v ph gip, cc thit b xp d v phng tin vn ti bn
trong ca u mi, cc nhnh ng st, ng t dng cho cc phng tin
vn ti x l v di chuyn hng trong cc container t dng vn ti ny sang
dng vn ti khc vi thi hn ngn nht.
Trong trng hp chung nht, u mi container bao gm cc yu t k
thut sau:
1Tuyn xp d hng bin vi din tch thao tc, lin tc tin
hnh xp d hng t cc tu container v ng thi xp chng
cc container c bc d t tu ch x l hng.
2Din tch phn loi dng xp container d t tu xung v
container ch xp ln tu.
3Din tch xp container dng xp container, xe nng ch xp
ln tu v cc hnh thc vn chuyn trn b khc.
4Tuyn ng st.
5T hp cc kho cha c mi che c din tch thao tc dng
hnh thnh, phn chia v sp xp li cc container v xe nng.
6Trm kim tra u mi.
7Cc cng trnh ph tr.
Vic la chn b tr v kt cu cc yu t ca u mi container c nh
hng nhiu nht n kch thc, s lng container v c im kt cu ca
con tu.
Trang thit b xp d chuyn dng ca u mi container tng i a
dng. Chng bao gm :
+ Cn trc quay vn nng
+ Cu chuyn ti, cng trc
+ Xe nng
+ Cc khung
+ Xe ko moc, xe nng
+ My trc c kp mt trc v mt bn ca container

29

Hnh 4 Cu chuyn ti tuyn trc ca hng KONE

Hnh 5 Cu chuyn ti tuyn sau ca hng KONE

Hnh 6 Xe nng chuyn ca hng VALMET

c trng ca mt vi phng tin xp d hot ng ti u mi container
cho trong bng 7
Bng 7 - c trng ca mt s phng tin thao tc container ti u mi
Loi phng tin thao tc
Cc c trng

Scnng
Chiu cao nng
Tc nng hng

Cn trc
quay vn
nng

tn
34,0
m
38,0
m/ph 25 50

Cu chuyn ti
tuyn trc

Cu
chuyn
ti tuyn
sau

Xe nng

30,5
26,5
40,0

40,0
6,9
6,0

40,0
9,0
10,0

30
Tc di chuyn xe ti
m/ph
120
60
Tc di chuyn ca cn trc m/ph
30
40
55
Tc quay
vng/ph
1
1
Nng sut
container/gi 10 - 15 25 - 30(55)* 25 - 30
* khi nng 2 container 6,1 m ng thi
Hin c cc h thng xp d p dng ti nhiu u mi cng bin
container, theo hng lot c im K thut Khai thc quan trng c tp hp
li trong mt vi loi c bn , i vi cc c trng ny l s x l cc tu
container cp bn nh cc thit b xp d chuyn dng v cc trang thit b k
thut tng ng khc nhau khu vc hu phng ca u mi container.
3 Phn loi tu container
Tu Container c phn loi theo kh nng thch ng vi vic chuyn
ch v theo v tr xp container bao gm:
+ Tu container chuyn dng tu c kt cu mng, s dng ln nht
th tch dng xp container.

Tu container chuyn dng

+ Tu cha contai ner tu chuyn ch container khng trang b thit
b chuyn dng. Cc container t ti l ming hm hng v c c
nh bng dy cp.
+ Tu thao tc hng theo phng ngang cc container c xp trn
boong khoang hng.
+ Tu dng vn chuyn container v x lan Last Tu c thit k
chuyn ch x lan Lats nhng kch thc khoang hng v ming hm
hng l bi kch thc ca container tiu chun nn c th dng khai
thc nh tu vn chuyn container.
+ Tu dng chuyn ch container v hng dng khi tu kt cu
dng dm tng ng, cc container xp trong khoang v trn boong.
Loi tu ny tng i u vit khi dng chuyn ti, Chng ng vai
tr chuyn tip trn tuyn
+ Tu c trang b li dng chuyn ch container trong khoang
hng lp t mng container.
+ Tu lai container ( tu Con-Ro) Chuyn ch container nh tu
mng v c trn boong hng.
Theo c trng khai thc, tu container chia ra tu chuyn tuyn v khng
chuyn tuyn. Cc tu khng chuyn tuyn chy tuyn ngn v trung bnh gia
cc nhm cng container gn nhau cn tu chuyn tuyn chy vin dng.
Theo s lng container v tc hnh trnh cc tu con tai ner c chia
thnh 4 nhm ( tng lai s l 5 nhm) Th h mi nh trong bng8:

31

Tu lai container ( Con-Ro)

Bng 8 Tu container Th h mi
Wesez
Sidney
Hmburg
Tn gi
Express
Express
Express
Nm ng
1968
1970
1972
Th h mi
1
2
3
S TEU
736
1589
3010
Cng sut
11592
23883
58880
my KW
Tc , hl
20
22
26

American
Express
1984
4
4148

Thit k
ca AESA
1992
5
6800

20165

20000

18,5

16

4 - Cc c trng thit k
4.1 S lng container v cc kch thc chnh:
Hng ch ca cc tu container c kch thc c chun ho nn vic
xc nh kch thc v cc c trng c bn ca tu ph thuc vo s lng
container v phng thc xp t chng. Tc phm Phn tch cc c trng k
thut- khai thc ca tu container ca M.I. Berg cho thy s container s xp
c nhiu nht trong khoang nu cnh di ca container c xp dc theo
chiu di tu v cch xp ny cho s container xp di boong tng t 2 5%
nhiu hn so vi khi xp cnh di ca container theo chiu ngang tu. Khi h s
bo th tch gim th s khc bit ny s tng ln. Cc tu container hin i c
kt cu mng ch p dng phng thc xp ny.
Cc tu container ch hng trn boong, s container trn boong chim t
65 100% tng s container i vi cc tu khng chuyn tuyn v n 30% i
vi cc tu chuyn tuyn.
xc nh gn ng trng ti v lng chim nc ca tu container kt
cu mng c th s dng cc cng thc:
DW = ( 18 3,8 ) nc
(2.1)
D = DW/ D
(2.2)
H s li dng lng chim nc D chn nh sau :
D = min { q1, q2 ]
(2.3)
-2
1/3
Vi q1 = 2,17.10 DW , q2 = 0,8 cho tu chuyn tuyn
q1 = 0,01DW1/2
, q2 = 0,7 cho tu khng chuyn tuyn

32
Kch thc khoang hng c xc nh l bi s ca kch thc container.
Qua kho st s liu thng k cc tu container ng nhng nm gn y cho
mi lin h:
bK = k1 . ncn. bc
(2.4)
hK = k2 . ncc. hc
(2.5)
Trong : bK chiu rng khoang ; k1 = 1,14 0,04 h s kinh nghim k n
khe h gia cc container ; ncn s dwy container theo chiu ngang;
hK chiu cao khoang ; ncc l s lp container trong khoang ;
k2 = 0,966 0,087 h s tnh n chiu cao dm np hm hng.
Trong ln gn ng u tin cc tr s ca ncn v ncc c th chn theo bng 9
Bng 9 Tng s container
ncn
ncc
n 100
4
2
100 450
5
34
400 550
6
5
500 750
7
6
700 1200
8
6
1200 1800
9
67
1800 - 3000
10
9
Chiu rng tu ph thuc vo chiu rng khoang v thay i khng u
tu thuc vo s dwy xp theo chiu ngang container. Trong ln gn ng u
tin c th xc nh chiu rng tu container kt cu mng theo cng thc:
B = kMK . bK
(2.6)
Vi : kMK = 1,25 0,06 h s tnh n chiu rng mn kp.
Chiu rng v chiu chm ln nht ca cc tu container hin nay c
gii hn bi yu cu i qua knh oPanama. Knh o ny ch cho php cc tu
c kch thc ti a chiu di 200 m, chiu rng 32 m, v chiu chm 11 m i
qua.
Chiu cao mn ca tu container ph thuc vo s lp container xp trong
khoang v c th xc nh theo cng thc:
H=
Vi kdd =

hK
1 k dd

(2.7)

hdd
= 0,108 0,018 h s k n chiu cao ca y i.
H

th quan h gia chiu rng v chiu cao tu vi s lng container

33
Chiu di tu container ph thuc vo s hng container trong khoang v s
khoang hng

Chiu di trung bnh ca khoang cha 4 chng container di 6,1 m c tnh

n khe h v li i dc bng 28 0,8 m. Khi s chng container gim i, chiu
di khoang cng thay i tng ng. S ph thuc ca chiu di tu vo chiu
di khoang hng th hin km hn so vi chiu rng v chiu cao mn. lm
r iu ny trc tin xt nh hng chiu di ca cc khoang my, khoang mi
v khoang ui. Chiu di ca cc khoang ny thay i trong gii hn yu cu
nn hp l nht l xc nh chiu di tu t vic gii phng trnh trng lng v
iu kin di ng qua xc nh chiu di tng i nh trong l thuyt thit k.
C th s dng cng thc:
l=

L
3

= ( 2,15 0,09 ). vS1/3

(2.8)

Trong : l l chiu di tng i

V(m3) th tch lng chim nc
L (m) chiu di gia 2 ng vung gc
vS (hl) Tc tu
Tng ng vi yu cu gii hn v chiu rng khi tu qua knh o Panama, tu
cn c h s ch hng ln v tc cao nn cc t s kch thc chnh ca tu
container trng ti ln khc nhiu so vi tu hng kh.
Bng 10 - So snh cc t s kch thc:
Cc t s kch thc
Tu
L/B
B/T
H/T
L/H
B/H
Hamburg Express
8,48 2,68 2,08 10,9 1,29
Thng k cc tu hng kh
6,63 2,60 1,45 12,2 1,89
Mc tng ca t s L/B do cn thit tng dung tch khi chiu rng b gii
hn bi yu cu ca knh o Panama v ch tng c chiu di. T s B/T tng
do cn m bo tnh n nh khi ch phn ln container trn boong. Cc
container c th tch xp hng cao nh container loi 6,1 m ( trng lng trung

34
bnh 12 tn) cho h s = 3,08 m3/t thm ch b qua khng tnh khe h gia cc
container v lng th tch tiu hao do s dng kt cu mng ( v vy t s H/T
tng ln).
Khi xc nh t s kch thc chnh, h s bo th tch ca tu container
c th s dng cc cng thc :
L
= (1,04.10 3 n c + 5,40) 0,45
B
H
= (2,91.10 4 .n C + 1,33) 0,15
T

(2.9)
(2.10)

Cc t s B/T v L/H tng i n nh v khng ph thuc vo s lng

container :
B
= 2,97 05 ;
T
0,160 0,015
=
Fr

L
= 11,04 1,61
H

khi Fr > 0,2

(2.11)
(2.12)

= 1,24 2,41Fr 0,048 khi Fr < 0,25

(2.13)
4.2 - Kiu kin trc v kt cu :
Chng ta xem xt xc nh mt s yu t b tr chung ca tu container .
Cc tu container c s lng thng 1000 1200 khoang my thng t ui.
Do tu c tc cao nn khng gian khoang my cn nhiu dung tch.
m bo tnh di ng i hi ng nc pha ui phi thon nhn nn
vic t bung my pha ui vi cc my cng sut ln tr thnh kh khn.
Chiu di khoang my c xc nh theo nhiu yu t : v tr khoang
my theo chiu di tu, cng sut v loi thit b nng lng, quy hoch cc my
mc v trang thit b, th tch yu cu dng cho cng ngh sa cha lp rp v
cc yu cu khc.
Tuy nhin cc nhn t c bn cho php dng xc nh chiu di khoang
my l v tr khoang my theo chiu di, loi thit b nng lng v cng sut
ca ng c chnh.

35

th : Chiu di khoang my ca tu c ng c Diesel vng quay thp

Chiu di khoang mi, khoang ui ca tu xc nh theo cc cng thc :
Lm
= 0,06 0,0047
L

Ld
= 0,07 0,0078
L

(2.14)

Tm xa hot ng ln yu cu khi lng nhin liu ln, phi nhn nc dn

m bo tnh n nh nn chiu cao y i tng cao hn tr s ti thiu theo quy
nh ca quy phm. Trong thit k s b chiu cao y i c th xc nh theo
cng thc (2.7). Thng tng t ngay trn khoang my loi tr cc tu theo
thit k ca M nh Sea land , Sea Witch cn c thng tng mi.

th chiu di khoang my ca tu c ng c Diesel vng quay trung bnh.

Chiu di v chiu cao thng tng xc nh theo cng thc :
lTT = (0,14 0,03)L ; hTT = ( 0,94 0,17) H
(2.15)
bo v boong mi khng b sng va p, trn cc tu container c s
container nh v trung bnh ( n 1500 TEU ) boong nng mi u c chiu cao
b tr di n cc chng container b sung. Cc tu container c ln u
thit k boong phng nhng t mn chn sng cao bo v boong tu (nh
cc tu container loi Katakura Maru do Nht bn ng). Chiu cao yu cu
ca mn ti mi tu c th tnh theo cng thc:

36
H=

vS
0,9
2

(2.16)

Trong vS (hi l) tc khai thc ca tu.

Tu container s dng ming hm hng gia tu, 2 hoc 3 ming hm theo
chiu rng.Vic la chn s quy ming xc nh theo s container trong dwy v
trng lng np hm. Ming hm hng gia tu ch p dng khi s container
trong dwy ngang khng ln hn 7, khi trng lng np khng vt qu 30
35 tn c th ng m bng cn trc. Tu container ch s dng loi np
ponton.
Kt cu mn kp cho php tng cng ca thn tu khi chu xon nn h
s ming hm t n 85%. Trong mn kp dng b tr cc kt nhin liu, nc
dn, t li i dc tu v ca vo cc khoang container, t h thng ng v cp
in.
4.3 - Cc thnh phn trng lng:
Vic tnh ton trng lng tu container trong giai on thit k s b rt
kh khn do khng s liu cn thit. Nu chp nhn gi thit tng trng lng
ca cc vch dc gn tng ng vi trng lng cc boong gia ca tu hng
kh th c th s dng cc s liu tin cy di y khi thit k tu container.
Cc thnh phn trng lng ca lng chim nc tu khng c tnh
bng phng php tnh chuyn. S phn hoch trng lng thnh cc ti trng c
tnh n cc nhn t sau:
t c tnh t nhin cao nht ca cng thc
m bo s nh v ca cc ti trng theo chiu di v theo chiu
cao.
S tng ng mw s ca ton b cc thnh phn ti trng vi cc
trng lng thnh phn s dng khi thit k.
Gi thit c bn khi xc nh trng lng thn tu nhn trng lng thn
tu tham gia vo thanh tng ng cho php trong ln gn ng u tin tnh
nh hng ca momen un n trng lng thn tu. Thnh phn trng lng
ny khi tnh cho tu container, trng lng n v s dng trong cng thc nh
khi tnh cho tu hng kh l xut pht t gi thit ni trn. Cc moun, trng
lng n v v cng thc cha lch trung bnh bnh phng dng tnh lng
chim nc tu khng ca tu container nh trong bng 12.
Bng 11 - Mw s tng ng ca cc ti trng:
TT

1
2
3
4
5
6

Tn gi ca cc thnh phn ti trng

M s

Trng lng thp ca thn tu tham gia vo 01010101 01010106

thanh tng ng
01010202 01010207
01010302
Cc vch ngang chnh
01010301
Thng tng v ng khi
010104
Mi v ui tu
01010107 01010108
Boong nng mi v ui
01010201
Cc kt cu cc b
01010109 01010110
01010112 01010114
01010111 01010213
01010303 - 01010305

37
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17

Cc tm gia cng v b my
Cc chi tit ring
Phn phi kim loi ca thn tu
Sn , Thit b bo v ( giy, ch..)
Cch in, cch nhit v lp lt trong
Trm ximng
Khng kh trong thn tu
Trang b khoang, phng
Trang thit b khoang cha container
Thit b li
Thit b neo v chng buc

18
19

Xung v cc thit b cu sinh

Cc h thng khoang v h thng cu ho

20

H thng nc ngt

21

Cc h thng khc

22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32

Thit b nng lng

H thng in, h lin lc v iu khin
Trang b v trang
Hng lng
Nc dn
D tr lng chim nc v n nh
Trang b thm, ti sn
Thuyn vin, lng thc, nc
Hng chuyn ch
D tr nhin liu, du m, nc
Nc dn

0102
0103
0104
0105
tr ( 01050107 )
0106
01050107
0107
0108
( tr 01080505)
01080505
0201, 090101
0203, 0204, 090103,
090104
0205, 090105
0301, 0302 , 030701
030702 ,
090201 ,
090202
0303 , 0304, 0305
030703 030705
090203 - 090205
0306 , 030706, 030707
090206
04, 0903
05 , 0904
07, 0906
12
10
11
13
14
15
16
18

38
No
1
2
3

4
5

6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14

Tn gi ca cc thnh phn trng lng

Trng lng thn tu tham gia vo thanh tng

ng
Cc vch ngang chnh
Thng tng v ng khi:
+ Bung my ui tu
+ Bung my v tr trung gian
Cc khoang mi, li
Boong nng mi, li
+ Chiu di boong nng mi v li ln hn 0,3L
+ Chiu di boong nng mi v li nh hn 0,3L
Kt cu cc b
Cc tm gia cng v b my
Cc chi tit ring
Phn phi kim loi ca thn tu
Sn , thit b bo v
Cch in, cch nhit v lp lt trong
Trm ximng
Khng kh trong thn tu
Trang thit b khoang, phng

15

Trang thit b khoang cha container

16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23

Thit b li
Thit b neo v chng buc
Xung v thit b cu sinh
Cc h thng khoang v h thng cu ho
H thng nc ngt
Cc h thng khc
Thit b nng lng
H thng in, h lin lc v iu khin

24

Trang b v trang

25

Hng lng

Bng12 - Modun trng lng

Honh trng tm ca trng

lng XGi ( m )

Cao trng tm
ca trng lng
ZGi ( m)

( 0,498 0,013 ) L

(0,539 0,027) H

(4,61 0,63 )nVN B.H2/3

(0,498 0,030) L

(0,574 0,039) H

(0,12L 7,6) nTV

(1,590 0,200) H

( 4,98 0,99 ) L.B.H.10-3

XVTKM +( 0,091 0,330 ) L

XVTKM +(- 0,075 0,370) L
( 0,551 0,119 ) L

( 0,428 0,66 )LB.10- 2

( 1,24 0,48 )L.B.10- 2
( 1,28 0,26 ) L.B.H.10-2
(3,25 1,14 ).10-3.LBH
( 3,38 0,1 ).10-1(LBH)2/3
( 2,00 1,20 ).10-2(LBH)2/3
( 4,25 0,99 ).10-2
( 1,36 0,35 ).10-1(LBH)2/3
( 2,75 0,71 ).10-2LB
1,1.10-3 D
( 3,92 0,55 ).nTV

( 0,261 0,031) L
( 0,445 0,028) L
( 0,556 0,056) L
( 0,63 0,058 ) L
( 0,530 0,082).L
( 0,543 0,052)L
( 0,543 0,046)L
( 0,761 0,062 )L
( 0,747 0,057 ) L
0,5 L
( 0,69 0,099 ) L

Trng lng Pi ( tn )

(1,04 0,01)10-2

1 / 3 L5 / 2 T

0,713. nC

0,92

xf +

(1,29 0,38).10 LT.vS

( 8,75 1,60 ).10-3D
( 5,29 0,92).10-1 nTV
(1,84 0,21).10-3.LBH
(2,43 1,25).nTV
( 1,64 0,83).10-4LBH
( 1,85 0,22).Pm
(5,16 1,54).10-3.LBH

( xVTKM x f ) 2 + ( x xVSKM ) 2
2( x x f ) ( xVSKM xVTKM )

( 0,633 0,053) H
(1,35 0,10) H
( 0,695 0,140) H
( 0,78 0,118) H
( 1,16 0,20) H
(0,745 0,136 ) H
( 0,810 0,125 ) H
( 1,38 0,15 ) H
( 1,065 0,133 )H
ZC
( 1,18 0,17 ).H

H + hdd
2

x + ( 0,067 0,025 )
xf + ( 0,137 0,053 )
xVTKM + (0,755 0,206). (xVSKM xVTKM)
(0,598 0,052).L
xVTKM + (0,012 0,450). (xVSKM xVTKM)
( 0,61 0,079).L
xVTKM + (0,555 0,115). (xVSKM xVTKM)
xVTKM + (0,179 0,240). (xVSKM xVTKM)

(0,730 0,125 ).H

( 1,17 0,10 ).H
(1,79 0,23).H
( 0,644 0,070).H
(1,060 0,080 ).H
(0,940 0,384).H
( 0,570 0,074).H
( 0,831 0,128).H

N
(25%) * * *
1,05.L 53,5

xVTKM + (0,149 0,146). (xVSKM xVTKM)

( 1,740 0,210 ).H

( 9,90 2,50).10-3D

(0,695 0,049).L

( 0,345 0,108).H

-4

39
Cc k hiu trong bng : nVN - s vch ngang chnh; nTV - s thuyn vin
xVTKM , xVSKM - honh vch trc v vch sau ca khoang my
xf - honh vch mi, x - honh vch ui
Pm - trng lng my chnh ; N(kW)- cng sut my chnh

tnh ton v tr trng tm tu, chng ta s dng h to ch ra trn hnh sau:

H to ny cho php cc i lng nhn tr s dng, rt thun tin trong qu trnh

tnh ton. Trng lng trung bnh ca container loi IC khi thit k nhn bng 13,4 tn
cho tu chuyn ti v nhn gi tr t 12,2 14,4 tn cho tu chuyn dng. im c bit
ca tu container l to trng tm ca khi hng l i lng ngu nhin khng ch
ph thuc vo s lng container m cn ph thuc vo lng hng cha trong cc
container. Trong ln gn ng u tin c th gi thit trng lng cc container l phn
b u hoc c qui cch cn lch trng tm ca cc container khi trng tm hnh
hc ca n c th gi thit tun theo qui lut phn b u.
Trng lng hng ca tu container c th xc nh theo cng thc :
Ph = pK.nK
( 2.17 )
Trong : pK Trng lng trung bnh ca container
chng III - Tu du
1- Phn m u:
Vn ti du bng ng thu l kt qu gin tip ca vic tm thy ging du u
tin c khoan vo thng 6 nm 1859 ti Pennsylvannia v ly du t su70 feet
ngy 27- 08 -1879. Ging du ny l tin l cho hng ngn ging du tip theo trn ton
th gii ca ngnh cng nghip du m vi s pht trin mnh m trong 140 nm qua.
Tu Elizabeth c ng nm 1861 c coi l tu chuyn dng u tin ch du vt
i Ty Dng.Tu c ng bng vt liu g truyn thng,chy bum nhng ch tu
v thuyn vin tip nhn con tu vi thi e ngi do h coi du l loi hng nguy him,

40
n r r t cc thng cha trong khoang hng hnh thnh mt lng kh nguy him, c
hi xm nhp ni v km theo cc tai nn khc,ng thi cn gy bt tin v n thp
sng v nu bp khi khng c php s dng.Vic p dng vt liu thp w gii
quyt c phn no kh khn ny dn n mt s thuyn bum c ng ch du,
mt vi tu oc lp t cc kt st,lp t bm tay tr hng nhanh v an ton.Thi
im ny tng s dng tu chy bng hi nc dng ch du cha c cp nv
s nguy him khi hi du tip xc vi ngn la trong bung my.
Nm 1878 tu Zoroaster c ng v s dng v nh mt Container cha du w
ng dng my hi nc v t r u im v ngoi h ng lc cc bm cng c lai
bng ng c hi nc.Cc tu chy bng hi nc t bng than cn tn ti n th
chin 1914-1918.Nhng tu c ng trong khong thi gian gia hai cuc th chin
u c bung my t pha sau, cc khoang hng c phn cch bi khoang cnh ly
(Cofferdams). Tu c bung my pha sau v lu li t gia tu c coi l khc
thng nhng nm cch y 80-90 nm.
K thut hn w cho php hn cc tm thp theo ng thng, khng gy cn tr
dng chy ca nc dc thn tu loa b hin tng r r do inh tn ri v lng ra trong
khai thc.
Nghin cu s mi ca vt liu, s hao mn trong mi trng bin, ho cht dn
n vic p dng lp ph vt liu gip n gin ho vn x l cc tu chuyn ch loi
cht lng c tnh n mn cao.Vic th m hnh kch thc ln gip ngi thit k kim
tra c vn ng sut v n gin qu trnh thit k gim c gi thnh ch to.
Vo nm 1974 cc tu ch du c phn loi theo kch c nhm h tr gi cc
chuyn ch:
1. Cc tu dnh cho mc ch chung 16.50024.999 DWT
2. C trung bnh
25.00044.999 DWT
3. L.R.1 (C ln 1)
45.00079.999 DWT
4. L.R.2 (C ln 2)
80.000159.999 DWT
5. V.L.C.C (Very Large Crude Carriers) 160.000-320.000 DWT
6. U.L.C.C (ULtra Large Crude Carriers Trn 320.000 DWT
Loi tu V.L.C.C v U.L.C.C ch dng ch du th, sau ny loi
L.R.2 v cc tu c trng ti c ln hn 100.000 DWT c xu hng tr thnh
cc tu ch du th chuyn dng.
Loi L.R.1 v cc tu c trng ti nh hn 100.000 DWT thng phn ra 2 loi:
Chuyn ch cc sn phm bn ;
Chuyn ch sn phm sch.
Tu ch sn phm bn thng c dng ch du th hoc cc sn phm sp v
cn du th do chng c th lm thay i nhit chy ca cc sn phm bn nh du
nng(FD).
Cc kt hng ca tu ch du bn c ph lp c bit gim n mn ca du th
v nc ra kt v to thun li khi thay i chng loi hng chuyn ch.
Tu ch sn phm sch c xu th trng ti nh hn 50.000. DWT.Cc kt ph lp
chng n mn v c h thng bm rt tinh vi c kh nng bm chuyn 12 loi du
Cc tu dnh cho mc ch chung bao gm rt rng cc loi du khc nhau c
chuyn ch .(bao gm c tu ch ho cht, thnh phm bn v sch chy tuyn ngn ven
bin). Mt s tu trng ti nh hn 16.500. DWT c ng ch nha ng, ho cht,
axit v du bi trn.

41
Nhu cu v du ngy cng tng ln nhanh chng v c th coi du l nng lng
chnh yu cho cng nghip pht trin. S tng trng trong ngnh ng tu w sn sinh
ra mt lng ln cc loi tu ln(di 1359 fut rng trn 200 fut c y bi cc tua bin
hi nc v 2 chn vt trng ti 550.000 DWT).
Khi s tiu th du gim do tnh hnh khng hong gi du, rt nhiu tu c ln
dng khai thc v ph st vn. Nhng nm chin tranh Iran-Irac v cuc chin Irac
chim Kiwait thng 8-1990 lm gi du tng cao n 30 USD/thng lm rt nhiu tu
nm bn v h hng. Cc cng ty w gim ln thng qua bn tu cho t nhn v s
dng hnh thc thu li c hn nh.
2- Kch thc ch yu v cc h s hnh dng ca tu du:
2.1- Kch thc ch yu:
H s li dng lng chim nc D :
Theo Pluymert D =0,695 - 0,769.
Theo s liu ca Hagan :
L ( fut)
300
400
500

D
0,63
0,68
0,68

v( hi l/h)
10
12
14

Theo Pavlik :
Trng ti (103 tn ) 5
10
15
20
25
0,69 0,725 0,755 0,785 0,805
D
Theo Burgeas : tu du c ln D = 0,715 - 0,77
tu ven bin D = 0,625 - 0,715
T s L/B :
Tu c ln L/B = 7,3 - 7,5 ; tu ven bin c t s ny nh tu hng kh chy
ven bin
T s B/T :
T s ny dao ng trong khong 2,25 - 2,50
Theo Hagan B = 0,1L + 16 (fut)
Theo Burgeas T = 0,331. 3 D
m bo sc bn dc ca thn tu, Bragg kin ngh :
L
= 3,49 - 5,15 cho tu c L = 60 - 160 m
B+H

Cng thc Giorgis Delbene:

Qua phn tch s liu tu thc :
1- Chiu di :
L = k1 Pn1/3
trong k1 = ( a2

(m )

b
. D )1/3
1,025

vi a = L/T ; b = L/T ; D = Pn/D v Pn( tn ) - Trng ti ca tu

Tr s k1 c ly nh sau : k1 = 5,15 - 6,05 khi Pn 20.000 tn
k1 = 5,95 - 6,05 20.000 Pn 35.000 tn
k1 = 5,9 - 6,05
khi Pn > 35.000 tn
1/3
2- Chiu rng
B = k2 Pn
(m)

42
Trong k2 = ( a

b
. D )1/3
1,025

Vi: k2 = 0,79 + 10-6 Pn khi 10.000 < Pn < 70.000

k2 = 0,86 khi Pn > 70.000 tn
3- Chiu chm T = k3 Pn1/3
(m)
Trong k3 = ( 1,025 D .a.b2 )1/2
Tr s k3 c chn k3 = 0,36 - 10-6 Pn khi Pn 40.000 tn
k3 = 0,43
khi Pn >40.000 tn
4- Chiu cao mn H = k4 Pn1/3 ( m )
Trong k4 = ( 1,025. D .a.

L B T -1/3
)
H H H

tr s k4 = 0,47 - 10-6 Pn khi Pn 40.000 tn

k4 = 0,43
khi Pn > 40.000 tn
5- Cc t s kch thc : Tu du c ln
L
6
=
B 0,79 + 10 6 Pn
L
=7
B

T s

L
< 7 ; tr s trung bnh nh sau :
B

khi Pn < 70.000 tn

khi Pn 70.000 tn

L
L
6
= 13 14 v c chn
=
H
H 0,47 10 6 Pn
L
= 14
H

khi Pn < 40.000 tn

khi Pn 40.000 tn

khi Pn 50.000 tn tr s
T s

L
=
T

T s

L
=
T

0,79 + 10 6 Pn
0,36 10 6 Pn
0,79 + 10 6 Pn
0,32

L
> 14
H

khi Pn 40.000 tn
khi 40.000 < Pn < 70.000 tn

6- H s bo th tch :
Cng thc ca Alexander : = 1,08 0,5

v
L

Van Lammeren : = 1,137 5-0,6

Delbene

v
L

v v 2
: = 0,505 + 1,2
L L

Cng thc Logachev :

+ Chiu di :
L = 5,85 Pn1/3 (m ) khi Pn = 10.000 50.000 tn
L = 14,5 Pn1/4 ( m )
Pn > 50.000 tn
+ Chiu rng :
B = 0,85 Pn1/3 ( m )
+ Chiu chm T = 0,78 Pn1/4 ( m )
+ Chiu di ln nht LMAX = 1,035 L + 3,0 ( m).
f- Tu du c nh ven bin ( L = 25 - 85 m ):

43
1- H s D = 0,5 - 0,7 theo quan h :
DW ( tn )
250
500
1000
2000 3000
3000 4000

D
0,55
0,60
0,65
0,675
0,7

v 1/ 3
2- Chiu di : L = 6,6

v + 2

( m ).

Trong : v ( hi l) - tc tu
( m3 ) - Th tch chim nc
3- Chiu rng :
4- Chiu chm

5- Chiu cao mn

L
+ 1,5
7
T = C. 3 D
D ( tn )
1000
1000 - 2000
2000 - 4000
4000 - 6000

B=

Khi

C.10-2
3,6
3,5
3,4
3,3

L
= 10 12
H

2.2- Cc h s bo hnh dng :

a- H s bo :
Tu du chy bin theo Alecxander : = K 1,68 Fr
vi K = 1,015 v Fr =

vK
gL

trong vK(m/s) Tc khai thc

Khi chn phi trnh vng bu ca ng cong sc cn. Theo Baker v Kent
vng bt li ca sc cn cc tr s Fr sau : Fr = 0,196; 0,198; 0,24; 0,28.
b- H s bo sn gia
= 1/9 + 0,015
( cng thc ca A.Sik)
c- H s bo ng nc = 0,864 + 0,18 ( cng thc ca Nogid)
= + 0,08
( cng thc Munro Smith )
3- c im hnh dng thn tu du :
1)Honh tm ni Xc :
m bo sc cn l ti thiu, m bo cn bng dc, khng ly tr s XC vt
qu 0,03L v pha mi.
2)Chiu di v v tr on thn ng :
Theo Linblad , chiu di on thn ng m, on thon mi e, on thon ui r tnh
theo % ca chiu di tu chn theo bng sau :
e
r
m
e
r
m
e
r
m

0,7
38
42 20
0,74 29
39
31
0,78 25
35,5 39
0,71 36
41 23
0,75 28
39
33
0,79 24
33,5 42
0,72 33
40 27
0,76 27
38,5 34,5 0,80 24
32,5 43,5
0,73 31
39 29
0,77 26
37
37
0,81 24
32
44
3)Hnh dng mi v ui :

44
Tu du thng p dng dng mi qu l. Ban u dng mi ny ch p dng cho
tu chy nhanh ( Fr > 0,24 ) nhm gim sc cn sng v qu l mi gim p lc nc
trong vng to sng mi nn gim c h thng sng ni. Cc tu du khai thc tr s
Fr < 0,2 c thnh phn sc cn sng tng i nh trong sc cn ton b th mi qu l
c cng dng khc. Nhng th nghim m hnh tu du c = 0,72 0,82 v s Fr =
0,13 0,2 ch ra rng vic p dng mi qu l phi ng thi gim gc vo nc
trnh to vng qun v gim sc cn p sut.
Thc nghim so snh cc tu Orisa v Orama trong khai thc mi qu l cho thy
:
+ Khi tu chy ton ti lng gim cng sut ( 4,8 7 )% , lng tng vn tc v
= 0,25 hi l
+ Khi tu chy vi nc dn lng gim cng sut (11,3 12,7 )% cn v = 0,6
hi l.
4) Dng sn :
1.-Sn giu: Tu du c ln nn sn giw c dng y bng mn phng, hng ln
trn vi bn knh ln hng nh.
2.-Sn vng mi: Tu thng s dng dng mi qu l nn cc sn mi c dng U
hoc U va d chuyn tip vi qa l mi,nhng phn trn ng nc thut k sn
nghing nhiu ra pha ngoi gim lc dc v trnh ht nc ln boong.
3.-Sn vng ui: Tu thuc kiu ui v vn tc tu.Kt qu th nghim ch ra nn p
dng dng sn U v U va s cho dng chy u n n chn vt v d chuyn tip
vi dng ui qu l,hay ui x g.
4-n nh :
Tu du thng tha n nh do hai nguyn nhn sau:
+ Cao trong tm ca khi hng thp
+ Chiu rng tu so vi cc kch thc khc thng c t l ln.
Mt thong khi hng trong khoang trong nhiu trng hp cn c li i vi tnh
vn hnh ca tu. Do c tnh n nh tt nn tu du c mn kh ti thiu nh hn so
vi cc loi tu hng kh khc.
Trong thit k s b, tu du c Pn ~ 100.000 t c:
h = 0,05-0,13.
ho =(1-5)m
Chiu cao tm nghing ban u ho = r + zc zG - h c th tnh gn ng theo cc
cng thc thng k
5.Thit b boong:
Tu du c thit b boong khc tu hng kh, cc thit b c trng gm:
+ Cc ming hm nh trn cc khoang hng
+ C cu ni chy t boong nng ui n boong nng mi trn vng khoang hng
+ Cc h thng ng vi mc ch s dng khc nhau b tr trn boong.
+ Cc ng c iu chnh van di y khoang hng.
- Ming khoang hng phi c kch thc nh nht, m bo thng gi tt, ln xung d
dng. Khng b tr 2 ming hm trong cng mt mt phng sn, nn t so le nhau.
Ming hm c th l hnh trn, hnh elip, hnh vung vi gc ln trn, kch thc ph
thuc vo kch thc tu. . Np ming khoang c kt cu kn du, kn kh.( hnh trn D
= 0,8 1,2 m ; hnh vung 0,8 x 1,2 m hoc 1,2 x 1,8 m. Chiu cao quy ming 875
mm )

45
- Cu ni m bo an ton cho thuyn vin i li d dng trn boong, s dng treo dy
cp v cc ng nh do cn c kt cu vng chc .Trn tu c ln, di boong chnh
ti v tr cu ni , tu c thit k ng hm kn du , kn kh m bo an ton tuyt
i cho s i li ca thuyn vin.
- Vng khoang hng mn chn sng c thay bi lan can ro bo v trnh t kh d
gy chy n v sng trn ln boong lm ngui khi hng.
- Thit b cu trn tu du c b tr rt t, thng c 2 cu sc nng 35 tn lp gn
trm iu khin dng cu ng mm phc v tho v ni ng vi trm bm trn b,phc
v tr hng phn ui tu, tip nhn d tr lng thc thc phm cho thuyn vin.
- Cc thit b neo, li, thit b chng buc nh tu hng thng thng, dy chng buc l
si dy tng hp khng dng cp thp.
6.H thng lm hng:
Khi nhn hng: du c bm t b (thng dng cc bm trn b) qua cc ng
mm xung tu (cc ng mm c ch trn tu) qua trm iu khin vo cc ng sau
vo khoang hng.
Du c th chy trc tip vo cc khoang hoc qua khoang bm (khng qua cc
bm ) xung cc ng t di y v vo khoang.
H thng ng di y gm cc ng chnh t dc Chiu di tu, cc ng ph v
nhnh qua cc van vo khoang hng. H thng ny t theo 2 hnh thc:
1.H thng khp kn:
c im l h thng ng khp kn c 2 ng chnh t song song dc theo cc
khoang hng v c n khp kn bng cc ng t vung gc. H thng ng v van
c t ti cc v tr thch hp cho nhiu phng n bm v lm v sinh tng on ng
hoc tt c h thng. Khi c hng hc h thng cho php tch on ng hng hc m
khng gy gin on qu trnh bm.
H thng ny p dng cho nhiu loi hng khc nhau.

2- H thng cc nhm ng thng :

H thng ng thng c kt cu n gin v khi lng nh hn. Tng nhm
khoang c 1 ng chnh ring t to ra cc nhnh ng ph n cc khoang. Mi ng
chnh c mt bm phc v ring. Khi mt bm b hng h thng ny cho php chuyn
ng chnh ca bm sang bm bt k. H thng nhm cc ng thng p dng trn tu
ch du th v sn phm cha tinh ch (gi l hng bn). Nhng tu ny sau chuyn i
khng i hi lm v sinh h thng hm hng.

46

Ngoi hai h thng trn cn c mt h thng khc n gin hn gi l h thng

dng chy t do (free-flow). H thng ny khng c ng ng m ch c van t ti
cc vch ngang, vch dc. Khi m van du chy v ging t trc khoang bm v t
c bm ln. H thng ny ch p dng trn tu c ln.
3.H thng bm du cn:
Cc van h thng lm hng v bm du cn t y khoang hng c iu chnh
bng tay hoc bng h thng c t trn boong hoc iu khin ti trm iu khin.
Ch : Do cc khoang cch ly (cofferdams) c th s dng lm khoang bm nn mt s
tu t khoang bm gia tu. Cc ng ng t bung bm chy v pha mi v li.
Trong bung bm c 2 bm piston chy bng hi nc. Mt bm phc v cc kt pha
mi, ci cn li phc v cc li. Mt vi tu c my chnh t gia tu s dng bm t
ngay trong khoang bm ngay trc bung my. C hai trng hp trn u khng thch
hp ch hng c nhit bt la thp. H thng ng tun hon hoc tuyn vng
chnh nh hnh v.
A.H thng ng trn hnh 1: dng cho tu c tuyn ng gia. Mi kt hoc khoang
cha du c 2 ng ng ht, mt ng ht trc tip v mt ng ng ht gin tip.
ng ht trc tip cho cc kt mn tri do tuyn ng mn tri phc v v dn n bm
mn tri. ng ht gin tip cho cc kt mn tri cung cp cho tuyn ng mn
phi.Van chnh t trn mi ng ng gia cc kt cho php ngn cch cc kt ring
bit khi cn thit. Trong trng hp ny tu khng trang b h thng thu gom. Cc kt
khng c vch chu lc c t van rt ( t chy). Khi m van cho php du chy vo
cc kt bn di. Mt s tu cn c trang b tuyn ng nh c 6 inch phc v cc kt
khng c vch chu lc thng qua ng ht c lp. x ht du t kt chnh, tu
phi nghing ln lt v hai pha nhm duy tr hng ht lun kn du chy thng v
ca ht.
B- H thng ng trn hnh 2: l tuyn ng tun hon hay tuyn vng chnh c ci tin
cho tu hai vch ngn. Tu c trang b h thng thu gom . Tuyn ng ca h thng
ny chy bn trong tu, vng quanh cc kt mn ni thng t pha ny sang pha kia cc
kt gia. Mi kt mn u c mt ng ng ht gia tuyn ng i qua kt. Cc kt
gia c hai ng ng ht, mt vo tuyn ng mn tri v mt dn vo tuyn ng mn
phi. Van chnh dng tch ring bit cc kt b tr nh h thng trc. ng ng chnh
pha mi li c ng knh 12 inch, nhng ti ng ng ht thu nh li cn 10 inch.
Bm chnh c nng sut ln khng thch hp dng lm sch kt ( s gy mi mn v ph

47
thng v qu gii hn cho php) nn khi mc du gim xung cn 1foot th bm chnh
chuyn sang kt y khc v bm thu gom c a vo hot ng. ng ng tuyn
thu gom c ng knh 6 inch v nhnh ht r ngang c ng knh 4inch. Bm vt c
th bm du ln b theo ng ng ring hoc gom li tt c vo kt gia bng h thng
y ring bit. Hai ng ng ng ni cc bm vi h thng ng trn boong. Khi dng
c hai bm bm vo mt ng ng x, cc ng ng ng t mi bn ca bung
bm c ni thng nhau bng nhnh ng ni thng. Cc ng ng hng ra mn ngay
trn mt boong v c ni vi on ng ch Y c t van nm v ng ng mm
dng knh 8 inch ni vi dng ng trn b. Nhiu tu trang b dng ng 12 inch trn
mt boong chy n tn ni x pha li (khi tr hng c nh vo bng 2 neo mi v
dy buc pha sau). Kiu tr hng ny vn c dng ti mt vi cng v cc nc
a Trung Hi.
4.H thng thot kh cc khoang hng:
Khi chu nh hng ca nhit, du khng ch dwn n cn bc hi v s mt mt
do bay hi i vi hng loi nh l rt ln nu kh thot t nhin. Nu hm hng lm
kn hon ton, khi nhit tng hng li bc hi nhiu hn cho n khi hi du t dc
p sut b mt thong li tc ng vo vch bao quanh. Khi nhit tng thm p sut
hin ti li tng thm v t gii phng bng cch ph v im yu nht ca hm hng.
H thng thng hi ca tu du phi m bo :
+ Hn ch s thot ra ca bt k lng hi no do p sut qu cao.
+ To s an ton vi lng hi nguy him mi trng kh bn ngoi.
+ Cung cp lng kh thay th chn khng do du co li trong cc kt to ra.
a)H thng thng hi c lp :
Gm ng ng ng knh 3 inch lp vo mi kt ti v tr nh kt v c nn
che pha trn. cao ng khong 3 fut c bt bng nt thp v li chng la. Khong
gia ng c t van p sut cao khng ch bi l xo hot ng khi p sut vt qu 2
pao v ng ngay tc thi khi p sut gim xung di gi tr ny. Van p sut ny c
thit k thm chc nng cho khng kh vo kt nu chn khng to ra khi hng b co
li. H thng ny c gi thnh thp v chiu di ng khng ln nhng c nhc im l
khi du bc hi h thng khng x c vi tc cn phn tn nhanh hi du, van d
b tc bi cn v sp vi lng rt nh v rt d sy ra s c.
b)H thng thng hi chung :
Gm nhng tuyn ng phc v cho tng khoang v ni vo ng ng ln hn
chy dc khoang hng v ddi ln ct cao 4m c thit b chn la t trn boong. Ti
chn ct c t mt van chn khng khng ch s tht thot ca kh chy v cho php
khng kh i vo cc kt. Mi kt c mt van ca thng thng ng bng tay ngn
cch vi cc kt cn li. H thng thng hi chung c cc u im tt c cc kh u
c x mt cch thch hp pha trn cao ca mt boong. Nhc im ca h thng
ny l gy s lm bn ln nhau qua h thng khi chuyn ch nhiu loai hng khc nhau.
Khi van p sut mi ct b hng hoc kt, p lc hi s ln.
c)H thng thng hi kiu nhm :
Cc tuyn ng kh ring bit cng li ngn la t ring cho tng nhm kt. Mi
kt c mt van p sut chn khng phc v.
Vic thng kh khi lm hng rt quan trng, cc np hm phi ng chc chn. Nu cc
np ny ang trong s dng phi c lp t vi li bng thp mn thch hp mt cch
chc chn hoc li dp la bn trn ming hm hoc ti ca kim tra khi hng ang

48
bm vo hoc ht ra khi kt. Nhiu Cng quy nh cc np hm phi ng kn trong
sut thi gian lm hng do h thng thng hi c a vo s dng. Cc tu trang b
thit b t ng o khong trng d dng p ng yu cu ny m khng cn m np
xc nh mc cht lng trong kt nhm trnh kh nng tro du. Trong thc t phi ng
tt c cc ca, cc l kim tra kt trn tu. Cc xung my, phng tin thu trang b
ng c Diesl hoc xung cao tc khng c php cp mn tu du khi tu ang nhn
hoc tr hng hoc ly nc dn. Cc tu ch xng ch dng hi t b cp cho my ph
trn boong v khi cn cho c my pht trn tu. Nu tu khng trang b bp in th vic
nu nc phi tin hnh trn b.

5) H thng kh tr :
S dng kh tr np y khng gian gia nh hm hng v b mt thong lm
mi trng hn hp n trong kt b loi tr khi tu gp s c.
Kh tr c lc qua thit b lm sch cc thnh phn n mn ca h kh thi qua
ng khi. H thng kh tr gm cc thit b dng vi mc ch gim hm lng xy
trong kt n 5%. Kh tr gm nhiu loi kh v cht khc nhau tu thuc vo cht
lng v loi nhin liu s dng cho ni hi. H thng ny trang b cc van v thit b
khng ch kim sot b sung kh tr khi khi kt c khong trng do du b co li
hoc tht thot hi. Kh tr ch yu l Nit, CO2 , mt t SO2 v mui.
Trc khi nhn hng cc kt cha hng phi np kh tr thay th v lm lowng
hm lng oxy.
Cc kt phi c thit b kim tra hm lng oxy trc khi nhn hng. Khi tu
nhn hng cc van ca h thng thng hi c m du vo kt chim ch ca kh
tr. Khi ra kt bng sng ra p sut cao lp trong mi kt, ch thc hin khi w np kh
tr vi nng oxy ph hp yu cu. H thng kh tr phi c bo dng thng
xuyn vn hnh an ton.
Cc tu V.L.C.C v U.L.C.C c tc v nng sut nhn tr hng nhanh nn
lng cht lng thay th hn hp kh vi th tch rt ln do phi x l theo 2 phng
php :
+ Phng php thng thng nhng dng ng thot ln, ct x cao so vi mt boong.

49
+ S dng van x c bit lp trn ng dn thng ng cao hn mt boong vi fut cho
tc kh phng n cao an ton. Van c l vi kch thc t ng
thay i theo p sut kh thot duy tr tc kh thot nh nhau.
6. H thng hm nng, lm mt hng :
Nhng thnh phn nng nh du nng d c qunh li khi lnh do tu chy t
vng nhit i sang vng cc, duy tr nng sut tr nhn hng cn thit k h thng
hm du.
Tu du thng c mn kh thp, nhit nc vng tu chy qua nh hng
ng k n hng. Hi dng hm nng c ni hi cung cp. H thng ng c lp
t trn cc xng gia cng t ng v ngang ca tu. Mi kt c van cp v x ring.
H ng sy bao ph ton b y v cch y t 6 - 8 inch. Cc kt mn c iu chnh
cho php nhn nhiu nhit hn cc kt gia.
Du nng cn duy tr nhit 120 135 0F ( 48 650C) vn chuyn dng. Nhit
hm tu thuc cht lng, t trng v nht ca hng vn chuyn trnh s lng
ng ca cht sp parafin.
Cc tu ch nha ng c hm hng cch nhit bng kt mn ( cha nc dn ),
kt y ( cha hi ). Cc kt c trang b h thng sy c bit t trn cc b vi
khong cch khc nhau nha ng lun c hm sy.
Tu ch du bi trn c ng ng sy bng thp thng thng, tu ch du th
dng h ng sy bng gang hoc hp kim do ng thp km chu tc dng n mn ca
cc thnh phn nh bn trong du th.
Cc loi du m u giwn n v co li khi nhit tng hoc gim. H s giwn n
ca du nng nhit 600F ( 15,50C) vo khong 0,00035, xng giwn n cng nhit
vi h s 0,0007. Thc t thng bm hng vo cc kt n 98% th tch li 2%
cho dwn n v co li. Cc tu ch sn phm nh phi bit khong trng dnh cho dwn n
mt cch chnh xc v y l i rt kh tu chm n du gii hn.
duy tr nhit ca hng, loi tr s tn hao do bay hi, mt s tu c h
thng phun nc vi sen t c nh theo cc khong dc theo chiu di tu bn cnh
hm hng. Nc bin c bm ln lm cn bng nh hng ca mt tri n mt
boong bng thp.
hm nng 1m3 th tch khoang cn 0,05 0,175 m2 din tch hm nng. H
thng ng t thnh 4 tng, tng y, tng cch y 1- 2 m , tng gia, tng cch boong
1 - 1,5 m.
7- H thng dn tu :
Kt thc qu trnh tr hng sau khi thanh tra vin a phng kim tra kt dn, tu
c t do nhn dn c iu kin i bin. Lng nc dn thay i tu thuc vo
kch thc tu v iu kin thi tit, kh nng ca tu lai dt.
Nc dn c cha trong cc kt ring trnh nhim khi tho ra v trnh n mn
cc khoang.
Cc kt dn c th phn b trong vng khoang hng nhng ch yu b tr y
i.Cch b tr ny c li l dnh nhiu th tch cha hng nhng s lm tu c tnh
lc xu. Nu ly nc dn ti cng sng s c bn vo kt y i v ng cng di
y tu, ngoi ra khi xut hin r r du r vo y i s ln bn nc v b hng.
Kt dn mi rt c ch cn bng tu cho php bm nc ra v nhn dn vo
qua bm ring bit. chng n mn v gi sch nc dn ton b kt dn c ph
mt lp EPOXY COAL TAR.

50
7-Thit k tng th :
Khi thc hin phn khoang c bn phi ch n tnh cht, trng thi ca hng
m bo an ton trong hnh trnh.
Tnh t mi thn tu chia ra cc khoang : Khoang mi, phn cc khoang hng,
khoang bm, khoang my, khoang ui.
Phn khoang hng c ngn cch vi cc khoang khc bng khoang cch ly.
Chiu di ca khoang mi, khoang ui xc nh nh i vi cc loi tu hng khc.
Mt s tu khoang mi phn di cha nhin liu hoc nc dn phn trn cha hng
kh bao gi.
Chiu di vng khoang hng chim (60 - 65)%L. Tu du chy bin trc y
thng c thng tng mi di 7%L dng b tr kho v khoang ch hng kh, thng
tng gia dng b tr phng , phng lm vc cho thuyn vin, thng tng ui bt
u t vch trc khoang my dng b tr phng cho thu th my, phc v vin v
cc bung sinh hot chung.
Tu du hin nay c thit k khng c thng tng gia, ton b cc phng
c b tr thng tng ui. Cch b tr ny c u im:
+ Trng lng tu gim
+ Momen un trn nc lng gim 3%
+ D cn bng dc khi ch y hng nh trng tm tu dch chuyn v
pha ui.
+ Gim s my ph, cc h thng v trang thit b t thng tng gia
+ Thun tin cho lin lc gia lu li v khoang my, cho t ng ho
iu khin my mc thit b, gim bin ch thuyn vin.
+ Gim gi thnh ng mi.
Do thi gian hnh trnh trn bin ln, thi gian bn ngn, lao ng ca thuyn
vin thng nng nhc. ci thin iu kin sng ca thuyn vin, cc phng c
b tr rng hn v nhiu tin nghi hn. Nn b tr thm cc phng sinh hot chung khc
nh b bi, phng lp rp in t, phng ra nh.
8-Tu du chy ven bin, sng v s lan du :
Tu du nh chy ven bin, tu sng v s lan gi vai tr phn phi sn phm du
t nh my lc du n ni tiu th v kho cha dc theo b bin v cc sng. Do chu
gii hn v iu kin t nhin ca cc cng, cu cng, sng v knh hp dn ti hn ch
v kch thc v kh nng chuyn ch. nng cao hiu sut khai thc cn phi nng
cao tc , tng nng sut bm v quay vng phng tin.
1-Tu du ven bin:
Tu ch du ven bin c xu th c thit k cho mc ch vn ti ring bit v
thng c thit k vi loi hng chon lc bao gm cc tu c trng ti n 5000 tn
chia ra 3 loi:
a) Tu ch sn phm du loi sch
b) Tu ch du thnh phm loi bn
c) Tu ch du thnh phm loi c bit
a s tu du ven bin c vch dc t gia tu chia tank cha hng thnh 2 khoang
ring bit nn 1 con tu vi 4 tank s c 8 khoang hng(4 phi v 4 tri).
Do thng phi nm cn trong qu trnh vn chuyn i hi thn tu phi c bn
chu c cc ng sut pht sinh khi nm cn.

51
Tt c cc tu u c bung bm t trc khoang my, b tr 1 hoc 2 bm th
tch c lai bng ng c diezel, hu ht cc tu khng c ni hi, my mc c lai
bng in hoc ng c diezel loi nh.
Cc tu ch du thnh phm loi bn cng c bung bm t trc khoang my v
cn phi hm mt vi loi du chuyn ch. Cc tank du c thit b hm nng. Tu trang
b ni hi loi nh t bng du diezel, cc ng ng hm nng c np mt loi cht
lng khng gy n mn ly t b cha ring.
So vi cc tu chy bin xa th tu du ven bin dnh nhiu thi gian cho vic
giao nhn hng nn cc phng tin bm c s dung nhiu hn nn i hi c bn
cao, lm vic tin cy v d s dng.
2)- Tu du chy sng:
C cu trc nh s lan chy sng, kt cu khng c vch ngn gia, c kh nng
ch 2 hoc nhiu hn cc loi du. Bung my v khong bm t pha li.
3)- S lan:
C loi t hnh v khng t hnh, trng ti t 50 n 250 tn. Du nng c
nht cao thng c chuyn ch bng s lan. Cc bn bwi chuyn dng cho s lan c
trang b hng lot bm th tch t ngay ti cu cng hoc ti cc m s lan neo u.
Cc bm ht hng t s lan qua ng mm ni vi cc hng ni ca s lan. Cc s lan cp
du khng t hnh hoc t hnh a s b tr khoang bm lai bng ng c diezel.
Hin ti trn th gii loi s lan mm khng t hnh c thit k ch loi
cht lng nh hn nc c tn l Dracone. S lan c chiu di ln, n hi c v lm
bng loi si nylon rt bn bn trong trng lp cao su Acrylonitrile khng chu nh
hng ca bt k loi sn phm du no v bn ngoi ph mt lp Neoprene. Loi s lan
ny chu bin ng tt, iu ng n gin, trng lng nh c th cu ln khi mt
nc lm v sinh nhng c s e do xy ra nhim cao nn loi s lan ny khng c
u th pht trin.
9- Cc loi hng c bit :
1- Du nhn:
Tu ch du nhn c nhiu bm, nhiu ng ng. Do du nhn rt t v s d
nc lm du to nh tng nn tt c cc kt, ng ng, bm.. u phi c lm kh
hon ho trc khi nhn du. loi tu ny phi c trang b:
+ Cc kt phi c ph lp c bit ph hp vi loi du cn ch.
+ Cc kt cha hng phi trang b cc bm t di ging su c lp
chng nhim bn do ng ht chung v t cc bm gim du cn.
+ Cc kt dn phi ring bit v c ph lp Epoxi than nha hoc cht
ph b mt tng ng khc.
+ Khi ch loi du cn hm nng bm hng bm tun hon du qua bu
hm, du c hm bng nc nng hoc hi nc nng.
+ H thng bm tr hng c kh nng bm tch ring cc loi du. Cc
bm ng ht v x c kh nng lm kh v p ra ht bt k loi du
cn no t loi du ang vn hnh.
+ Kch thc ca kt, s lng kt ph thuc vo kch thc tu v s
lng loi du cn chuyn ch.
2- Mt :
Phn chit xut ny ca c ci ng hoc ma nng gp 2 ln nc i hi phi c

52
hm nng khi chuyn ch, tr v nhn hng. Vic ra kt sau khi ch rt n gin do
nc bin lm sch ton b cc du vt ca mt
3- Nha ng:
Sn phm ny c ch nhit ln hn 2500F ( 1200C), tu kt cu y i v
cc kt mn ngn cch khoang cha nha ng vi mn tu. Ngoi ng ng hm
bao ph c phn y cn c 2 lp ng t cao khc nhau trong kt cha.
4- Creozot:
L cht khng ho tan, nng hn nc , c cu trc tinh th, c cc tu ch ho
cht chuyn ch nhit 900F ( 320C).
10 -Tu ch kh ho lng :
Loi tu ny c thit k ch kh hydrocacbon dng lng :
+ Di p sut bng 2 ln p sut iu kin vn hnh thng thng bn
trong bnh cha hoc kt cha dng xilanh
+ Di p sut khng kh bnh thng bn trong cc kt cha c bc
cch nhit, trong kh hydrocacbon c duy tr thp hn nhit si
bi cc h thng lm lnh t ng hoc qu trnh t lm lnh khi cho
php mt lng kh nh t si
Kh hydrocacbon chia ra 2 loi:
+ Kh du lng : LPG ( liquid petroleum gas) Butan, propan, butadien
+ Kh t nhin lng LNG (liquid Natural gas)- metan, sulfua hydro, cacbonnic,
Nit, Oxy, Helium.
Cc kh c ch trong cc tank, kt c dng chai, hnh cu, hnh tr

Cc tu nh Pn = 500 t gas ch trong xi tec p sut 15 20 atm, tu c Pn = 500

2500 t ch gas trong xi tec p sut 10 atm, tu trng ti ln hn ch kh t nhin lng
trong xitec p sut nh hn 10 atm nhit 50C. Cc xitec lm bng hp kim nhm,
thp khng r c cha 9% Niken v ng thau

53
Chng IV- Tu hng ri
1 - Li m u :
Tu hng ri c ng vi mc ch ch hng ri trc tip trong khoang. Hng
ri c chuyn ch gm qung kim loi, phn bn, clinke, vi, than, la m, ht ng
Tu c thit k ch tt c cc loi hng ri hoc mt s loi hng ri gi l
tu hng ri tng hp UBC ( Universal Bulk Carrier ). Tu c thit k ch ch mt
loi hng ri c gi tn theo loi hng ( tu ch than, ch qung, ch la m). Tu
hng ri nhiu chc nng l nhng tu ngoi ch hng ri cn c th ch hng lng nh
tu OB ch du hng ri ( Oil Bulk ), Tu OO ch du qung ( Oil Ore ), tu
OBO ch du - hng ri qung ( Oil Bulk Ore ).
2 - c im ca hng ri :
Hng ri l loi hng c tnh lin kt vt l km, cc phn t ht lun c xu hng
t chn cho mnh v tr c th nng thp nht nn lun x dt trong qu trnh vn
chuyn. c trng thit k quan trng nht ca hng ri l mt ring v n xc nh
h s ch hng XD tc l xc nh dung tch khoang ch hng.
Bng 1- H s ch hng ca mt vi loi hng ri.
Loi hng

H s ch hng XD
( m3/ t )
cf/ t

Qung Chrom
Qung Fe
Qung Mangan
Boxit
La m
Than
Than cc

0,28 0,34
0,34 0,51
0,51 0,70
0,90 1,27
1,27 1,35
1,14 1,35
n 1,47

Loi hng

1 tn chim
1 m3 nng t
dung tch

Qung Zn
Qung Ni
Qung Limonit
Qung Mg
Hematyt ngho
Hematyt giu
Syderyt
Vi
Ng
Khoai ty
Ct
Si

0,70
0,90
0,74
0,29 0,33
0,55
0,40
0,48
1,54 2,86
1,20 1,40
0,70
0,66
1,45

10 - 12
12 - 18
18 - 25
32 - 45
45 - 48
45 - 48
n 52

1,43
1,11
1,35
3,03 3,42
1,82
2,50
2,08
0,35 0,65
0,71 0,84
1,42
1,52
0,69

Cc bng trn cho thy h s ch hng ca hng ri nm trong gii hn rng.

Khi thit k tu UBC dung tch khoang hng phi xc nh theo loi hng c h s ch
hng ln nht. Tu UBC t khi s dng ht dung tch khoang tr trng hp ch than
hay la m l loi hng c h s ch hng ln nht. Ngoi ra nhng c im khc ca
hng ri cng nh hng n thit k nh gc t v trt ca hng. Gc t xc

54
nh kh nng t in y khoang ca hng, trt ca hng quyt nh la chn
phng n chng x dt nhm nng cao n nh v an ton cho tu.
Gc t ( )
Loi hng
Gc tnh
Gc ng
La, go
Than
Than cc, than nu
t , ct
Qung st
Mui m

30 - 45
45
45
45
50
50

21
40
35
30
30
35

3 - c im thit k ca tu hng ri
Cc ch dn thit k cho tu hng ri v c bn ging nh cc loi tu hng thng
thng nhng khc mt s vn thit k c th xut pht t c im ca hng ri.
Hng ri c h s ch hng nh hn nhiu so vi hng bch ho ( thng dao
ng trong khong 1,4 0,35 m3/ t ) nn dung tch khoang hng cng yu cu nh hn.
Tc trung bnh ca tu hng ri nh hn cc loi tu hng khc nn cn ch khi la
chn cc thng s k thut ca tu khi thit k m trc ht l cc kch thc, t s kch
thc ch yu v . H s bo th tch cn chn ln hn ca tu bch ho v i khi
ln hn c ca tu du ( thng ln hn khong 0,03 ).
Khi xc nh kch thc chnh ca tu hng ri hot ng trn mt tuyn ng
c th phi xut pht t tnh kinh t ( gi thnh chi ph chuyn ch 1 tn hng l thp
nht ) nn xu hng hin nay cc tu hng ri c thit k c trng ti ln nht theo
su cho php ca tuyn ng, tc l phi chn TMAX v cc kch thc chnh khc thch
hp vi chiu chm ln nht w la chn.
Thit b bc xp thng s dng trn tu hng ri l gu ngom nn chiu dy tn
y i cn tng thm. tng nng sut bc xp y i c thit k dng cao v
nghing dc t hai mn v mt phng dc tm vi gc nghing ln hn gc t ca
hng. Di boong thit k cc kt nh mn c vch nghing nhm trnh x dt hng
khi tu lc ngang trn sng ln, cc kt ny dng cha nc dn khi chy khng ti v
iu chnh trng tm tu.
Khoang my v thng tng ca tu hng ri b tr ui, vng khoang hng
chim 80% chiu di tu, ming hm hng m rng ti a nh s lan hng chy sng.
iu kin lm vic ca thn tu hng ri ging nh thn tu du c cng trng ti v vn
tc nn khi chn cc thng s hnh dng thn tu hng ri ( tr tu ch qung ) c th s
dng cc ch dn cho tu du.
4 Phng php thit k:
Cc cng thc v th trong phn ny c xy dng trn c s nghin cu,
phn tch v x l nhiu s liu thng k cho kh nng s dng hiu qu
trong thit k ban u nhng cn kim tra v hiu chnh cc bc thit k tip theo.
4.1 Xc nh lng chim nc :
Gi thit thit k bao gm: trng ti DW, vn tc v, tm xa hnh trnh r. Khi gi
thit thit k l trng lng hng ho Ph c th xc nh trng ti theo cng thc
DW = ( a + br ) Ph
Trong : r ( hi l ) tm xa hnh trnh
Bng 4 - cc h s a v b

55
Loi my chnh

H s
a
b
a
b

Diesel
Turbine

Tm xa hnh trnh r ( nghn hi l )

Trn 12
Di 12
1,10
0,001
1,07
0,003

1,05
0,005
1,05
0,005

Khi bit trng ti lng chim nc xc nh theo cng thc :

D=

DW

Trong : D h s li dng lng chim nc. Tr s ca D biu din di

dng th ph thuc vo DW cho hai gii hn vn tc 11 13
hi l v 14 16 hi l.

th 1 - Quan h gia D v DW
Tu ch qung c trng lng thn v ln hn nn tr s D xc nh t th nn gim
t ( 2 3 )%. Cc tu OO, tu OBO kt cu nng n hn do nhiu vch ngang, vch dc,
bm v cc h thng ng nn tr s D xc nh t th nn gim t ( 3 5 )%.
4.2 Xc nh kch thc chnh :
Cc t s kch thc chnh nh L/B , B/T , H/T xc nh theo cc th 2 v 3.
T s L/B , B/T c xc nh theo hm ca DW v ging nhau cho tt c cc loi tu
hng ri. T s L/B tng n DW = 28.000 tn sau gim v c bit gim nhanh i
vi cc tu hng ri c kch thc khng bnh thng ( Loi tu Panamax ). Do chiu
chm T b gii hn nn khi tng trng ti cc kch thc L v B tng ln. Tng L s tng
gi thnh ng tu cao hn so vi tng B nn tng trng ti cn phi tng B v y l
nguyn nhn lm t s L/B gim v B/T, H/T tng. Tr s H/T nh nht cc tu ch
qung v ln nht tu UBC.

56
th 2 : Tr s L/B , B/T = f (DW), - 1 tu thng thng ; 2- tu c kch thc nh

th 3 : T s H/T = f(DW)
1 tu UBC ; 2- Tu ch qung ;
3 Tu ch qung c dung tch hm hng ln
4.3 Xc nh h s bo :
Tu hng ri c h s bo ln hn so vi tu hng bch ho c cng vn tc do hai
nguyn nhn c bn :
+ Tu hng ri cn c trng ti ln hn.
+ Tu hng ri thng c 50% chuyn hnh trnh chy khng ti. Chiu chm tu
trng thi ny nh hn chiu chm thit k nn c gi tr nh.
Tng tr s ca s lm tng sc cn ca tu nn cn phi phn tch t m cc yu cu
k thut v kinh t ca tu khi chn ti u. Cn xem xt tng n mc no lng
nhin liu tiu hao do sc cn tng khng vt qu lwi sut do lng tng trng ti mang
li. Trong thit k s b, tr s ca h s bo c th tnh theo cng thc:
= 1,085 1,68 Fr
( vi s Fr tnh theo vn tc khai thc )
Benford khuyn ly tr s ln hn gi tr tnh theo cng thc trn t 0,02 0,03 nhm
tng ti a trng ti ca tu. H s bo ng nc tnh theo cng thc
= 0,205 + 0,85
Kt qu tnh theo cng thc trn rt ph hp vi cc s liu thng k ca cc tu hng
ri c = ( 0,7 0, 8 ) w ng trong thi gian gn y.
4.4 - Ti trng, Dung tch v Tnh n nh :
Trng lng thn tu hng ri c boong di v kt dn hng, cc tu hng ri chuyn
dng c kt cu tng t c th tnh gn ng theo th ca Dankvardt. Trng lng
thn tu c chia ra thnh trng lng v v trng lng thit b:
PK = PV + PTB
Trng lng n v pV xc nh theo th ph thuc vo trng ti nh gi tnh n
nh ca tu thit k c th s dng th 4. th ny gii thiu chiu cao tm
nghing tng i h =

h
ca cc tu UBC, tu ch qung, ch than. Tu c n nh
B

nm ngoi phm vi ca th khng c coi l tu c tnh n nh tt.

Bng 5 - Gi tr h/B ca mt vi loi hng
h/B
Loi hng
Hng ri ng nht in y khoang
0,060 0,065
Hng ht nng
0,070 0,080
Qung
0,10 0,11
Nc dn
0,10

57

5 Cc loi tu hng ri :
5.1 Tu UBC :

5.1.1 Nhng yu cu thit k c bn :

Khi thit k tu UBC phi tun theo cc yu cu sau:
+Vi nhng hng nh nht s dng ht dung tch khoang hng tu phi cn bng dc.
+Khi ch tt c cc loi hng ri t nng nht n nh nht trong mi trng hp tu
phi c chiu cao tm nghing ban u ln.
+Trong tt c cc trng thi ch hng ( loi hng bt k) vic xp xp hng ho khng
c gy ra ng sut un dc thn tu ln hn ng sut cho php.

58
+Trong trng thi dn, tu phi c chiu chm mi, ui thch hp, m bo tnh n nh
tt cho tu.
Tho mwn tt c cc yu cu trn l iu kin c bn m bo cho tu vn hnh tt v an
ton.
5.1.2 Phn khoang c bn :
c im phn khoang ca cc loi tu hng ri ( trong c tu UBC ) l bung
my b tr ti ui. Tnh t pha mi, tu c phn hoang theo chiu di : khoang mi vng khoang hng- bung my - khoang ui.
Thng tng t trn khoang my. im ch yu trong phn khoang tu UBC l
da vo cc yu cu c bn lp phng n phn khoang trong vng khoang hng. Da
trn cc yu cu thit k c bn, ngi thit k lp ra nhiu phng n phn khoang
vng khoang hng.
Dung tch khoang hng c xc nh theo h s ch hng ca loi hng nh nht
ng thi phi ch c c honh trng tm ca khi hng thch hp trong h
thng trng lng chung ca tu sao cho tu cn bng dc. Nu tho mwn iu kin ny
th d dng iu chnh nghing chi ca tu khi tu ch hng nng. Ngoi ra phi ch
n cao trng tm ca khi hng c c chiu cao tm nghing ln.
Khi tu ch hng nng nht nh qung kim loi, phi phn khoang theo chiu
thng ng sao cho cao trng tm ca khi hng khng thp qu tu c chiu cao
trng tm thch hp. Trong trng hp ny h0 khng qu ln.
Khi phn khoang cn phi ch n tnh khai thc ca tu nh tng nng sut
bc xp, gim thi gian tu ti Cng. Trong phng n phn khoang, nng cao
trng tm khi hng, cc khoang cha qung c b tr phn khoang pha trn. S
lng khoang ph thuc vo chiu di tu. Khoang trn c ngn bng hai vch dc
kn nc do s c hai khoang hai bn mn v mt khoang gia tu. Cc vch dc
kn nc chy sut chiu di vng khoang hng, theo chiu cao t y i ln ti boong.
Chiu cao ca vch dc xc nh theo lut i vi tu ch la m. Cc khoang di v
gia c th dng ch tt c cc loi hng. Khoang gia dng cha nc dn dnh cho
hnh trnh khng hng. Cc khoang hai mn dng ch hng ht v cha nc dn.
Ming khoang hng ca cc khoang di v khoang gia c kch thc ph hp
vi s lm vic ca cn cu c gu ngom. Trong khong t mn n vch dc trn
boong chnh c b tr ming hm hng vi chiu rng 1 m bc xp hng ho cho cc
khoang pha di v cc khoang pha trn hai mn. y i c ko di t mn ny
qua mn kia v c nng cao ti mn hng c th t chy v gia tu, nng cao nng
sut bc xp bng gu ngom.

59

La m (C) c ch trong tt c cc khoang, nc dn c b tr y i v

cc kt trong vng khoang hng vi khi lng tho mwn yu cu v n nh v
iuchnh nghing, chi ca tu. Lng nc dn c c chiu chm mi v ui
thch hp di vi tu UBC rt ln, nhiu khi chim n 40% trng ti.

60

Trn hnh 2- Gii thiu phng n phn khoang khc nhau ca vng khoang hng. Mc
ch ca phng n ny l n gin ho qu trnh bc xp hng, m bo tnh n nh
ca tu khi ch qung v ng sut chung thn tu khng vt qu ng sut cho php.
Kt cu n gin v tho mwn mi yu cu i vi tu hng ri. Cc khoang cha qung
phi c dung tch c th s dng ht trng ti ca tu. V tr trng tm khi hng
theo chiu cao v chiu di phi m bo tnh n nh v cn bng dc cho tu. Phn
y i di khoang phi c gia cng vng chc. Cc vch ngang chu tc dng ca
p lc qung phi c bn vng tng ng vi cc vch ngang ca tu du. Trong
khoang thit k cc kt nh hng v nh mn thun li cho bc xp hng bng gu
ngom v hng c th t in y khoang. Nc dn b tr ti cc khoang mi, ui v
kt nh mn. Dung tch cc khoang ny phi cha lng nc dn cn thit trong
mi trng thi ch hng ca tu( tr trng ti ton ti).

61
Phn khoang vng khoang hng theo chiu di tu c ngha quan trng i vi sc bn
chung thn tu, trng lng v, gi thnh ng tu v trng ti. Hin nay c 3 phng
php phn khoang:
a Vng khoang hng c phn thnh cc khoang di.
b - Vng khoang hng c phn thnh cc khoang di, ngn xen k.
c - Vng khoang hng c phn thnh cc khoang ngn.
Phng n (a) p dng cho cc tu ch hng ri nh.
Phng n (b) p dng cho cc tu ch hng ri c trng ti t 20.000T n 30.000T.
Cc khoang ngn dng ch qung cc loi c dung tch ln hn v rng rwi hn.
Phng n (c) p dng cho cc tu ch hng ri c ln c trng ti trn 80.000T. Trong
cc phng n ny vic la chn chiu di khoang hng ti u l rt quan trng v trng
lng ca vch ngn ngang loi tu ny l rt ln (khong 500 tn
5.2- Tu hng ri c bit:
5.2.1- Tu ch qung:
Yu cu thit k:
+ Phi m bo sc bn chung thn tu v sc bn cc b ng thi phi m bo tnh
n nh v cc tnh nng hng hi khc ca tu trong mi trng thi ch hng. tho
mwn cc yu cu trn tu ch qung c kt cu v v tr khoang hng khc vi cc loi
tu hng ri khc.
+ Kt cu vng khoang hng v thit b lm hng phi m bo nng sut v cht lng
bc xp cao nht. Vi mc ch khoang cha hng c gia tu phn trn theo
chiu cao tu. Khoang hng c ngn bi y i dng cao v cc vch dc. V tr ca
vch dc v y i ph thuc vo th tch khi qung. Trong nhiu trng hp h s
ch hng c ly bng 0,50 ~ 0,60m3/t. Thi gian gn y ngi ta thit k v ng
nhng tu ch qung c dung tch khoang hng ch hng ri c h s ch hng
bng 0,70 0,90 m3/t, nh vy ch tu c th m rng chc nng ca tu ch qung t
tng li nhun khai thc tu song nhng tu ny khi ch qung s c tnh nng hng
hi khng tt.
Trong tnh ton s b c th ly:
bk
= 0,5 ~ 0,6 ;
B

Trong :

hd
= 0,25 ~ 0,3
H

bk: chiu rng khoang hng

hd: chiu cao y i
H thng vch dc cho php khng s dng cc ming khoang ph (ming khoang lm nhim
v in y khoang hng). y i dng cao trong vng khoang hng cn tht cho vic nng
cao trng tm hng gim chiu cao tm nghing.
tng nng sut bc xp cn gim s lng vch ngn ngang, gim s lng khoang
hng v vy tu ch qung khoang hng c chiu di ln hn chiu di khoang hng
tu ch hng bch ho. S lng khoang hng nhiu hn s lng khoang. Tng chiu
di ming khoang gn bng tng chiu di cc khoang hng.
Tu cng nh cc tu hng ri khc c 50% chuyn i tu chy khng hng do vy cn
m bo lng nc dn cn thit. Lng nc dn cn m bo cho tu c chiu chm
thch hp. V tr ca cc b cha cn m bo cho tu c moment un chung nh nht.
Nc dn c b tr ti cc kt mn, kt hng v y i. Dung tch ca cc kt cha
nc dn xp x bng dung tch ca cc khoang hng. Do dung tch ca cc kt ln v

62
c b tr sut chiu di nn c d dng iu chnh c chiu chm mi ui,
nghing chi v moment un chung.
trnh s x dt hng khi tu lc ngang, qung cha trong khoang phi c san
phng sau khi tu lm hng xong.
5.2.2 Tu ch than :
Tu ch than thng l loi tu nh c trng ti t 1000 tn n 15000 tn. Tu ch
than c kt cu v b tr ging nh tu ch hng ri tng hp nhng khc hn tu ch
qung. Than c h s ch hng ln gp 3 ln h s ch hng ca qung do vy khoang
hng ca tu ch than thng rng rwi v khng b hn ch bi cc vch dc v y i
dng cao nh tu ch qung. Khoang hng ca tu ch than c kt cu ging nh
khoang hng ca tu ch hng ri tng hp ch khc mt s chi tit nhm nng cao
nng sut bc xp hng. Trong khoang hng c thit cc kt nh mn, kt hng c
mt ct ngang hnh tam gic vi gc nghing ln hn gc t ca than. Nhng kt ny
ko di sut chiu di tu. than c th in y khoang hng cn thit k quy ming
hm hng c chiu cao ln v kch thc ming hm ln. Trong trng hp bc hng
cc vch nghing ca kt hng gip than t chy vo gia tu c bc xp ht bng
gu ngom. Cc kt nh mn, kt hng c s dng cha nc dn. Khi lng
nc dn bng khong 31 n 37% trng ti m bo cho tu c chiu chm thch hp
khi tu chy c nc dn.
Tu ch than c chiu di cc khoang gn bng nhau v ming hm hng c kch thc
ln. Than c 2 c im cn ch khi thit k cng nh khai thc :
+ Than c th t chy.
+ Than thi ra kh c.
m bo an ton quy phm ca ng kim cc nc v quy phm th gii w quy
nh mt s im nh: Vng thng tng b tr cc phng , phng lm vic, khoang
my c ngn cch bng cc vch kn kh. Khoang hng phi c trang b h thng
thng gi tt v h thng cu ho hu hiu.
5.2.3 Tu ch Bxit.
Tu ch Bcxit c kt cu v b tr ging nh tu ch qung, tu cng c mn kp,
y i dng cao, ch c mt im khc l do h s ch hng ca Bxit ln hn qung
nn dung tch khoang hng cng ln hn dung tch khoang hng tu ch qung. T
khong cch t vch dc n mn nh hn v chiu cao y i nh hn. Cc phn kt
cu khc ca thn v ging nh trng hp tu ch qung.
5.2.4 Tu ch la m
Tu ch la m l nhng tu hng ri c thit chuyn ch la m, loai ny c
ng rt t. Tu c kt cu v b tr ging nh tu ch than ch khc l vng khoang
hng tu c vch dc nhm chng s x dt ca hng ho. Kt cu v v tr ca vch dc
c quy nh trong quy phm ca ng kim cc nc. Cc vch dc c nh c b
tr trn cc tu ch la m chuyn dng, c t thng ng, nghing, cho so vi cc
vch nghing ca kt nh mn. Ngoi ra khi thit tu ch la m cn tho mwn 2 yu
cu :
+ Cc vch nghing ca kt nh mn phi c gc nghing bng v ln hn 300 so vi
mt phng ngang.
+ Gc chng chnh ngang ca tu trong mi trng thi ch hng khng c vt qu
80.

63
Trn tu ch la m yu cu v thng gi rt nghim ngt nhm bo v hng nht l
khi tu c khai thc vng nhit i.
5.2.5 Tu ch ximng
Ximng c nhng c im nh hng quan trng n thit k nh :
Ximng l loi hng dng bt, ximng khng t (gc t bng 900) do vy khng
th p dng cc phng php bc xp nh cc loi hng ri khc. Ximng c ht
trong bng h thng bm ng trong hn hp vi khng kh. Ximng dng bt nn
trong cng vic bc xp gy nn rt nhiu bi nh hng ln n mi trng xung
quanh cng nh sc kho ca thuyn vin v trang thit b ca tu.
Ximng khng c m do vy khoang hng phi c kt cu thch hp v c trang
b h thng bo v nhm bo v hng trong thi tit xu.
Do c im trn ca ximng nn hin nay c 2 loi tu ch ximng : Tu ch ximng
trong thng, tu ch ximng trc tip trong cc khoang hng.
Loi th nht ximng c ch trong cc thng ring bit t trong v tu. S lng
thng ph thuc kch thc ch yu ca tu. Thng chuyn ch l loi thng chu c
p sut cao v ximng c a ra vi p sut ln. Phng php ny c p dng trn
cc tu nh khong 1000T chy ven bin
Loi th 2 ximng c ch trc trip trong v tu, loi ny thng c p dng vi
nhng tu c trng ti ln chy vin dng. Tu khng c ming hm hng.
5.2.6 Tu hng ri loi PANAMAX.
Panamax l nhng tu hng ri c kch thc ln nht c th i qua knh ao Panama.
Nhng kch thc hn ch ca loi tu ny l chiu rng v chiu chm. Cc thng s
ca cc tu Panamax w ng trong thi gian gn y dao ng trong phm vi: Trng ti
t 55.000 n 80.000 tn, chiu rng t 31,2 n 32,2m, chiu chm t 12,0 n 13,6m.
My chnh hu ht l ng c diesel. Trn cc tu hng ri c ln cng nh cc tu
Panamax khng c thit b bc xp ring. Cc kch thc chnh v cc ng c chnh
ca cc tu Panamax c ng sau nm 1970 gii thiu trong bng:
Nh my ng
tu

Trng
ti(t)

Kch thuc ch yu (m)

ng c chnh
cng
sut ml

Vn
tc(hl)

Lmax

59.750

225.0

32.24

18.00

12.50

B.a.W.TK80GF

16.800

16.0

65.000

208.0

32.25

18.55

13.66

Sulzer 6RND90

17.400

15.0

Hitachi Zosen
60.000
K.K

215.0

32.20

17.80

12.40

Maizuru
6NRD76

14.000

14.8

Ishikawajima_
Harima

56.500

213.0

32.00

18.30

12.00

IHIsulzer14.000
6NRD76

14.9

Kawasaki
Heary I

64.600

220.0

32.00

18.50

12.93

Kanasaki
MANK7Z86/160

16.100

15.0

Lubecker_Hen
der AG

80.245

255.9

32.20

19.30

14.25

MAN
86/160F

17.500

16.0

Mitsubishi
Heary I Ltd

63.100

211.0

32.18

18.35

13.31

Mitsubishi-Sulzer
7RND 76

14.000

16.3

Burmeister
Wain's
Hakodate.Lt.d

Loi my

Sulzer

K7Z-

64
Mitsui
KK

Zosen

76.000

249.0

32.20

18.60

13.60

Mitsui
7K84EF

BaN.

17.500

14.7

5.3 Tu hng ri nhiu chc nng.

Tu hng ri l loi tu chuyn ch hng mt chiu. Tu c 50% chuyn i chy
khng ti vi nc dn. Nhng chun hnh trnh khng ti chng nhng khng mang li
thu nhp cho ch tu m cn mt i chi ph khai thc nht nh. nng cao tnh kinh t
trong khai thc ca tu cc nh thit k w cho ra i loi tu hng ri nhiu chc nng,
loi tu ny c kh nng ch hng ri v hng lng. Loi tu ny c 2 u im v mt
kinh t :
+ Tng kh nng tm kim ngun hng, y l mt im quan trng trong cuc cnh
tranh khai thc.
+ Trn nhiu tuyn ng tu c c ngun hng c nh lt v.
Loi tu ny c iu kin cnh tranh hu hiu v tng thu nhp cho ch tu.
5.3.1 Tu ch du la qung hng ri ( oil buk - ore) OBO :
Tu OBO c thit k ch cc loi hng ri nh qung, than, la m v cc
loi hng lng nh du la v cc loi sn phm ca du la. c c chc nng
vng khoang hng ca tu phi c thit k v trang b thch hp. iu quan trng l
phi chn ng s lng khoang hng. Dung tch v v tr thch hp ca cc khoang
ring trong h thng khoang hng. Ngoi ra phi ch khi thit k cc trang thit b trn
tu c bit l thit b bc xp v cc h thng thit b khc m bo an ton cho tu khi
khai thc.
Tu OBO c phn khoang theo chiu di tnh t mi nh sau : khoang mi,
vng khoang hng, khoang bm, khoang my, khoang ui. Sau vch sau ca khoang
mi v vch trc ca vng khoang hng c b tr khoang bm, kt nhin liu, kt
nc dn. Trong khoang bm phn mi c b tr bm du cn, bm nhin liu. mt
ct ngang ca khoang hng ta thy c cc kt nh mn, kt hng, mn kp v y i
nghing v mt phng dc tm. Ti mt phng dc tm di y i c thit k ng
hm chy dc theo chiu di tu b tr cc h thng ng ng. Cc kt nh mn,
kt hng, kt di y i dng cha nc dn. Khoang hng c thit k nh vy
m bo cho tu c nng sut bc xp cao. Cc xng gia cng ca cc kt, mn kp,
y i c t pha trong do vy khoang hng c cc vch phng iu ny rt quan
trng trong vic nng cao nng sut bc xp v lm v sinh khoang hng.
5.3.2 Tu ch du la qung (oil ore) OO :
Hu ht cc tu ch du la qung khng khc cc tu ch qung v kt cu v
phng n phn khoang. c im ring ca loi tu ny l tu c khoang bm cng h
thng ng ng, cc np y ming hm hng kn kh, cc khoang cch li phn mi
v phn ui tu.
Tu OO thng ch cc loi du nng c trng lng ring t 0,8 0,9t/m3(h s ch
hng t 1,11,3t/m3). ch ht trng ti ca tu khi ch ng thi hai loi hng th
dung tch khoang cha hng lng phi ln gp 2 ln dung tch khoang cha qung iu
ny c nh hng ti vic phn khoang vng khoang hng.
Hng lng c th cha cc kt mn, cc kt y i, cc kt su gia cc khoang
cha qung hoc cc khoang cha qung c kt cu v trang b thch hp.
Ngoi hai dng tu hng ri nhiu chc nng trn, hin nay do yu cu ch hng trn
cc tuyn cn xut hin cc loi tu khc nh:

65
+Tu BORO: tu ch hng ri hng lng cc loi hng nh t, toa xe,
+Tu PROBO: tu ch du v cc loi hng ri
+Tu ch qung than, loi ny khc vi tu ch qung im l c dung tch
khoang hng ln hn, dung tch kt cha nc dn ln hn, nh vy vi cng trng ti
th tu ch qung than c kch thc ch yu ln hn ngoi ra tu khng c mn kp
trong vng khoang hng.
+Tu ch hng ri tng hp c thit k v trang b c th ch container hay
t,
CHNG V: Tu ch khch
1- Li gii thiu
Trong ngnh hng hi quc t hin nay, tu khch c phn chia ra cc loi:
- Theo mc ch s dng: tu khch chuyn dng, tu khch du lch, tu khch- hng.
- Theo vng hot ng: tu khch vin dng, tu khch bin, tu khch ni a.
Vi s pht trin ca giao thng vn ti, c bit l ngnh hng khng, kt qu
thng k cho thy s tu khch chuyn dng gim v khng th cnh tranh c vi my
bay ch khch v thi gian, v gi thnh vn chuyn.
Chng hn tu khch nhanh nht chy tuyn Chu u USA l tu United States
t vn tc 36 hi l, trong khi my bay Concorde cng trn tuyn ng t vn
tc trn 1000 hi l
Do vy xut hin cc tu bin chuyn dng dnh cho nhng hnh trnh phc v
khch du lch. S khc nhau c bn gia tu khch du lch v tu khch bnh thng l
ch mc tin nghi trn tu cao, th hin cc phng , phng sinh hot cng cng v
nhng phng, sn phc v cho cc hot ng th thao vn ho. Ngoi ra, ngi ta cn
thit k cc tu hng- khch chuyn chuyn, hnh khch c b tr cc boong thng
tng, c cc phng ng v phng sinh hot cng cng ring.
Hin nay a s cc tu khch chuyn tuyn thng c thit k v ng vi
nh sao cho c th hon ci v trang b nhanh chng thnh tu khch du lch trong
nhng ma m s lng hnh khch gim.
Xu hng thit k hin nay l gim vn tc cng tc v gim kch thc ch yu
ca tu. i vi tu khch bin thng s u vit nht l: s khch t 200 n 600, vn
tc t 16 n 20 hi l.
Tu khch du lch bin khng nn qu ln c th cp c nhiu cng v
khng cn thit c vn tc cao hnh khch c th do chi an ton trn boong
h.Thng s ti u ca tu khch du lch: s khch t 400 n 600 ; vn tc t 20 n
22 hi l.
Tuyn hot ng ca tu khch c th chia ra: tuyn vin dng, tuyn bin,
tuyn ven bin (trong tuyn ven bin c xp loi: vnh v eo bin). Phn ln tu khch
hot ng trn cc tuyn sau: Chu u - Bc M; Chu u - Nam M; Chu u-ng
Phi ; Chu u-Ty Phi ; Chu u-Nam Phi; Chu u - n ; Vin ng, c, Chu M
- Chu ; Anh - Nam M. S vn chuyn hnh khch nhiu nht l cc bin bao
quanh pha Bc v pha Nam Chu u. Hnh trnh ca cc tu khch du lch ven bin
ch yu l Bin a Trung Hi vo ma m n cc o trn i Ty Dng.
2 - Phng php xc nh kch thc ch yu ca tu khch.
Ta xt phng php xc nh kch thc ca hai loi tu khch:
- Tu khch bin
- Tu khch ni a.

66
2.1: Tu khch ni a:
Trong thit k s b c th s dng cc h s sau xc nh kch thc
ch yu ca tu khch ni a:
K1 =

n
;
L

K2 =

LB
;
n

K3 =

D
n

H s : K1 = ( 3,26 3,94 ) i vi tu khch hin i.

K2 = ( 2,38 2,89 ) i vi nhng tu khch c chiu chm nh v nhng tu khch c
(trc chin tranh th gii th hai).
K2 = ( 3,14 3,46 ) i vi tu khch ln
K3 : gi tr ca h s ny khng n nh nn t c s dng xc nh lng chim
nc ca tu.
Cc h s ny i vi tu khch ni a hin i c cho trong bng 5.1
Bng 5.1:
Tn tu

S
hnh
khch

Tu hi
nc

Chiu
rng

Tch

Lng
chim
nc

B
(m)

L B
(m2)

116

12,4

1440

2080

90

11,6

1020

1337

91,3

11,6

1060

1467

62

9,4

582

635

76

9,6

729

1002

308

74,6

10,5

784

224

72

8,25

595

Chiu
di

458
343/
419
366/
406
201/
363
248/
285

L
(m)

D
(tn)

H s

n
L

LB
n

D
n

(ng/m)
3,94
3,82/
4,65

(m2/ng)
3,14
3,04/
2,49

(t/ng)
4,54
3,9/
3,19

3,36/
4,45

3,46/
2,61

4,8/
3,61

3,24/
5,85
3,26/
3,76

2,89/
1,60
2,94/
2,56

3,16/
1,75
4,03/
3,52

754

4,13

2,54

2,44

554

3,11

2,66

2,47

Trong gi tr ca cc h s trong bng trn : T s l h s dnh cho phong n

b tr ging m ch dng ng. H s mu s ch phng n hn hp khi tng di
ca ging tng dng lm ch ngi cho 2 ngi, tng trn 1 ch ng.
Qu trnh tnh ton kch thc ch yu ca tu khch tin hnh nh sau:
a) tnh ton kch thc ch yu ca tu khch, h s K2 (m2/ngi) thng c s
dng.Trong ln gn ng u tin c th s dng cng thc
LB = k (nMM + n + ncc ) + khPh
Trong :
k : h s n vic s dng din tch boong sp xp hnh khch
: h s n s lng boong v chiu di thng tng

67
nM ,n ,nc : s hnh khch s dng ging m, ging khng m, s ch
ngi.
M , ,c : din tch chim ch bi s ging ng c m, ging khng m,
s ch ngi (m2/ngi)
kh : din tch chim ch bi 1 tn hng(m2/tn)
Cc h s ,M , ,c ,k , kh c th xc nh t tu mu hay trong ln gn ng u
tin c th ly nh sau:
M = 6 10 m2 ; = 2.4 3.8 m2 ; c = 0.8 1.2 m2
kM = 0, 68 0,72 ; = 2,0 2,5 ; kh = 0,94 1,00
Sau khi w xc nh LB th s dng phng trnh trng lng dng:
LBT(1-) = psLBH + (pm +q1) Ne + Pn
Trong phng trnh ny n s l T, H, . gii phng trnh ny tin hnh nh sau:
Xc nh H t tu mu sau cho mt s gi tr nm trong phm vi dao ng ca
i vi tu khch ni a, t tnh c cc chiu chm T tng ng. Chn cp T,
thch hp, sau tnh L, B t tch s L.B v L/B = l , ta c lng chim nc D =LBT
b) Bi ton s n gin hn nu chiu chm T c cho trc bi chiu su hn ch ca
lung lch. Sau khi xc nh H t tu mu, phng trnh cn mt n l , gii phng
trnh tm c v t xc nh c L, B, D theo cch trn.
c) Nu bi ton c cho trc khng phi l cng sut my m l vn tc v th s dng
cng thc Hi Qun:
2

2
2

D 3 v 3 ( LB ) 3 v 3
N=
=
(T ) 3
Ca
Ca

Thay vo phng trnh trng lng ta c:

2
2

( LB ) 3 v 3
(T ) 3 + psLBH +Pn
LB(1-)T = (pm + q1)
Ca

(*)

t : LB(1-) = M ;

( LB ) 3 v 3
(pm + q1)
=N;
Ca

psLBH +Pn = Q ;

(T) = x3

Thay vo phng trnh (*) ta c:

Mx3 = Nx2 + Q
Gii phng trnh ta c (T). Xc nh T, theo phng php trn v sau l L,B,D.
d) Trng hp nu cho trc vn tc v v chiu chm T (xut pht t iu kin lung
lch) th phng trnh trng lng s c dng:
2
2

( LB ) 3 v 3
(T ) 3 + psLBH +Pn
LBT(1-) = (pm + q1)
Ca

Phng trnh cn mt n l v nu ta t nh l phn c) th phng trnh s c dng :

Mx3 = Nx2 + Q
Gii phng trnh ta c v t xc nh L,B,D.
e) Phng trnh th hai xc nh lng chim nc ca tu khch da vo phng trnh
trng lng:
+ Trng lng v:
Pv = Pst + Pg + Ptb + Ptt

68
Trong :
Ptt l trng lng thng tng cng trang thit b. Cc gi tr Pst , Pg , Ptb c th
xc nh t cc trng lng n v ly theo tu mu hoc s liu thng k.
Trng lng n v ca v tu :
pv =

p sat + p go + p tbi H

Trong thit k s b c th ly cc trng lng n v nh sau:

Pst = 0.06 0.075 ;
Pg= 0.013 0.017 ; Ptb= 0.01 0.014
+ Trng lng ca thng tng:
Ptt=

1
( nM M + n + nc c )
Kp

Trong :
Kp = 0,7 0,75 - h s s dng thng tng bi hnh khch
M, ,c : trng lng n v ca thng tng cng trang thit b ng vi s hnh
khch s dng ging m, ging khng m, gh ngi.
Trong thit k s b ly : M = 0,85 1,7 (t/ngi), = 0,3 1,5 (t/ngi)
c = 0,06 0,07 (t/ngi)
Sau khi xc nh c trng lng thng tng Ptt v trng lng v Pv th lng chim
nc ca tu khch tnh theo phng trnh trng lng s c dng:
D=

1
[( p M + q1 )N e + (Ptt + Pn )]
1 pv

f) Phng php sau cho php xc nh tng din tch cn thit cho tng loi khch v s
lng hng ho cho trc v t xc nh kch thc ch yu ca tu.
Din tch cn thit ca hm hng v tt c cc tng boong i vi s hnh khch,thuyn
vin v lng hng ho cho trc c th xc nh nh sau:
Stu = MnM + n + cnc + tvntv + hPh
Trong :
M , ,c :din tch cn thit cho mt hnh khch s dng ging ng c m, ging
ng khng c m, gh ngi.
tv : din tch cn thit cho mt thuyn vin
hPh : din tch cn thit cha ht lng hng cho trc.
Nu cho trc s lng khch theo tng loi th din tch cn thit ca tu c th xc
nh theo cc biu thc sau:
+Din tch hm hng(di boong chnh)
Shh= 1n1 + tvntv +hPh
Trong : n1: h s hnh khch loi I b tr di boong chnh.
ntv: s thuyn vin b tr di boong chnh
+Din tch cn thit b tr hnh khch v thuyn vin trn boong th hai:
S1 = 2n2 + tvntv
Trong : n2 -s hnh khch loi II
ntv - s thuyn vin b tr trn boong chnh
+Din tch cn thit b tr hnh khch v thuyn vin trn boong th hai:
S2 = MnM + tvntv
Trong : nM -S hnh khch loi I (c trang b ging ng c m)
ntv -s thuyn vin b tr trn boong th hai

69
+Din tch cn thit b tr hnh khch v thuyn vin trn boong th ba:
S3 = MnM + tvnIVtv
Trong : nM -S hnh khch loi I hoc loi c bit
nIVtv - s thuyn vin b tr trn boong th ba
Ch : dng cng thc trn c th thay i ph thuc s khch tng loi v s lng
boong. Nu cho trc s ch ngi th cch xc nh din tch cn thit dnh cho khch
s dng gh tng t trn.
Cc h s n v i vi mt hnh khch v mt thuyn vin cho trong bng 5.2
Bng 5.2 H s din tch i vi tu khch

Boong

tng cng

2,5
3,5
2,5

1,8
0,3
0,5

4,3
3,8
3,0

1,7
2,7
1,2

1,2
0,3
0,2

2,9
3,6
1,4

5,7

5,6 11,3 4,4

1,2

5,6

1,6

0,2 1,8 6,5

Tu
hi
nc chy
knh

4,7

2,5 7,2

0,6

5,2

5,3

6,2

5,3 11,5 -

17

0,2

1,9

7,3

4,6

boong

tng cng

10,1
9,9
12,4
13,6

Din tich
Sinhhot

Boong

3,8
3,0
5,2
6,0

Din tich
Sinh hot

3,6
6,9
7,2
7,6

Tn tu

Din tch
sinh hot

Tng cng

ph.n hn hp (b tr
ging v gh)

boong

ph.n b tr
ging ng

C
Tng cng

Din tch sinh hot

tv

7,8
7,7
6,0
6,6

MOCKBA

25

Tng din tch cn thit khoang hng v cc tng boong phi nh hn hoc bng ton
b din tch tu tr i din tch khoang my, cc kt cha nhin liu, khoang cch li,
khoang cha cc trang thit b tu ngha l:
Si Si Si
Trong : Si l din tch ton b khoang hng v cc tng boong v c biu din nh
sau:
Si = i. Li. Bi
i l h s bo din tch ca khoang hng hoc ca boong.
Li. Bi l chiu di, chiu rng thc ca tu ti chiu cao ca khoang hng v cc tng
boong c xc nh theo hnh dng tu. xc nh Li. Bi ta ly cc h s sau:
li =

Li
B
; bi = i
L
B

Khi : Li = li. L ; Bi = bi. B

Vy din tch ca ton b khoang hoc boong :
Si = i. li. bi.L.B

70
Si : l din tch cn thit b tr khoang my, cc kt cha nhin liu, khoang cch li,
khoang cha trang thit b tu.v cc khoang phc v cho sinh hot ca thuyn vin
v hnh khch.
Si = i.ki.Li.Bi = i.ki.li.bi.L.B
din tch cn thit dnh cho thuyn vin v hnh khch :
Si = Si Si =(1-ki)Si = (1 ki)libiLB
h s ki l h s s dng din tch ca tu b tr cc khoang phc v cho sinh hot v
cho s vn hnh bnh thng ca tu, nh khoang my, khoang cha nhin liu, khoang
cha nc dn
Bng 5.3 -h s chiu di li v chiu rng bi i vi khoang hng v tng boong ca tu
ch khch.
Boong
Khoang
hng

Boong
Khoang
hng

Boong
chnh
(I)

Boong
(II)

Boong
(III)

b0

b1

b2

b3

0,921,00

1,261,75

1,151,01

0,860,90

0,971,01

1,181,34

1,131,25

0,961,21

Boong
chnh(I)

Boong
(II)

Boong
(III)

l0

l1

l2

l3

Tu vi thng
tng
hai tng boong

0,940,99

0,991,07

0,860,93

Tu vi thng
tng
ba tng boong

0,971,00

1,011,06

0,940,97

Kiu tu

H s bo i i vi cc khoang hng v cc tng boong xc nh bng th, i thay

i trong khong 0,78 0,95 v tng theo s tng ca t s Li/Bi (xem hnh 5.1)
Hnh 5.1 H s i i vi khoang hng v cc boong

71
H s ki xc nh ring cho tng khoang v cc tng boong, i vi tng boong v
khoang phi xc nh h s ki cho tng khng gian ring sau ly tng ta c h s k
cho cc khoang v cc tng boong cho trc.
H s k c xc nh nh sau :
0. khoang hng
k
+ H s s dng din tch ca khoang hng, kt khoang
nhin liu, khoang cch ly i vi tu c chiu cao
mn H = 3,1 3,7m
0,252 0,315
0,175 0,212
+ i vi tu c chiu cao mn t 4,3 5,0m
+ H s s dng din tch ca khoang ui
0,023 0,046
+ H s s dng din tch ca hm li
0,025 0,055
1. Boong chnh (I)
+ H s s dng din tch ca trang thit b tu
phn dui v phn mi
0,043 0,114
+ H s s dng din tch ca ging my i vi
tu c chiu cao mn t 3,1 3,7m
0,034 0,080
i vi tu c chiu cao mn t 4,3 5,0m
0,019 0,027
+ H s s dng din tch ca ming khoang hng
b tr trn boong chnh
0,026 0,034
+ H s s dng din tch ca ming khoang hng
b tr hai bn mn tu
0,013 0,026
2. Boong II
+ H s s dng din tch ca n chiu sng v ng khi
0,016 0,018
+ H s s dng din tch ca bung in bo
bung t my pht in v c quy i vi tu hai boong
0,018 0,022
+ H s s dng din tch ca trm in thoi t ng
v phn boong lm vic (vng khch khng c qua li)
0,003 0,02
3. Boong III
+ H s s dng din tch ca ng khi v n chiu sng
0,006 0,031
+ H s s dng din tch ca bung in bo
bung t my pht in
0,015 0,024
+ H s s dng din tch ca ct n tn hiu
v phn boong lm vic
0,162 0,200
T cc gi tr w tnh ton trn, ta c th xc nh kh chnh xc tch s L.B nh sau:
LB =

S tau + S1 + S 2 + S 3
(1 k0 ) 0l0b0 + (1 k1 )1l1b1 + (1 k2 ) 2l2b2 + (1 k3 ) 3l3b3

Sau tnh lng chim nc v kch thc ch yu cn li nh w trnh by mc a,

2.2 Tu khch chy bin
i vi tu khch chy bin, qu trnh tnh ton thit k ban u phi tin hnh ng
thi vi vic phc tho s b tr chung ton tu. Nhng thng s gi thit quan trng
nht i vi tu khch l: mc ch s dng ca tu, s lng hnh khch v vn tc tu.
Trong giai on u thit k, xc nh kch thc ch yu ca tu khch c th s
dng cc h s biu th mc tin nghi nh n/L; LB/n; D/n . i vi tu khch bin h
s thng dng l t s gia khch v chiu di tu n/L . Vi s khch cho trc, u
tin ta phi xc nh gn ng h s bo th tch v s Froude(Fr). Sau chn cc t

72
s kch thc chnh thch hp v t c th xc nh c cc kch thc ch yu cn
li.
Cn ch rng: vic la chn tnh ton cc thng s chnh ca tu phi l kt qu ca
vic phn tch iu chnh, cn nhc cc yu cu v mt khai thc (tnh kinh t), vn hnh
(cc tnh nng) v s an ton tuyt i cho hnh khch.
xc nh chiu di tu L c th s dng t s n/L , t s ny c lp ra da trn c
s cc s liu thng k di cng thc sau:
n/L = 1,80+ 3,75n
Trong : n l s lng hnh khch(nghn ngi). Cng thc ny c th s dng trong
phm vi khch t 200 n 2000 ngi. i vi tu hng khch c s khch nh hn
200 ngi th cng thc ny phi gim t 20 n 25% so vi gi tr tnh theo cng thc
trn. i vi tu khch du lch t s n/L c tnh theo cng thc
n/L = 1,40+ 3,35n
Cng thc ny p dng cho phm vi khc t 300 n 700 ngi
Cch th hai xc nh chiu di tu l s dng cng thc Pozdunin, cng thc ny
c p dng khi trong gi thit thit k cho trc vn tc khai thc ca tu v da v
cc tu mu ta c th xc nh gn ng lng chim nc, khi :
2

v 1
vkt 13
D
L = c kt D 3 = c
v kt + 2
v kt + 4,3

Trong : vkt- Vn tc khai thc ca tu(hl)

D Lng chim nc
h s: c = 7,5 7,9 i vi tu khch chuyn tuyn
c = 8,2 8,6 i vi tu khch chuyn tuyn c ln
c = 7,2 7,6 i vi tu khch du lch
Da trn cc s liu thng k c th khng nh t s L/B tng cng vi s tng ca
chiu di tu. Xem hnh 5.2

Hnh 5.2 S ph thuc ca t s L /B vo chiu di tu

T s B/T ca tu khch c chia lm 2 nhm :

73
- Nhm 1 c gi tr trung bnh B/T = 3 (dao ng trong khong t 2,85 3,05) ;
- Nhm 2 c gi tr trung bnh B/T= 3,2 (dao ng trong khong t 3,15 3,25). i khi
gi tr B/T ca mt s tu khch c bit vt qu 3,35. S d khong dao ng ca B/T
rng l do 2 nguyn nhn : th nht l do cao trng tm ca tu tng ph thuc vo
kch thc ch yu ca thng tng v vt liu ng tu (st, hp kim nh) ; th 2 l do
lng nc dn c ly trn tu. Trng lng ca nc dn c nh trn cc tu khch
c ln ln ti khong 10% lng chim nc.

Hnh 5.3 S ph thuc ca t s H/T vo chiu di tu

Mi quan h gia t s H/T v chiu di tu c biu din th hnh 5.3, y
ngi ta phn chia thnh hai khi nim chiu cao ca tu
Hpo: Chiu cao tu n mp boong h.
Hpg : Chiu cao tu n mp boong mn kh.
ch : Nu t s Hpo/T tng i n nh th t s Hpg/T khng cn ti. i vi
nhng tu khch ng trc y th t s Hpo/T c gi tr nh trn th. Nhng nm
gn y ngi ta nhn thy gi tr Hpo/T ln hn v thng bng 1,6 1,7 do yu cu
tng tnh chng chm v tnh n nh trng thi nguy him.
3- Ph
3.1- Ph bin
Ph khch bin c phn chia thnh ph khch- t, ph khch tu ho v ph khch
chuyn dng ch ng thi c khch, t v cc toa tu ho. Ph bin hn c l loi ph
th nht. Ph c thit k c boong dnh ch t v ch cc toa tu ring bit, cc
boong ch t c th thay i c cao nh boong ca tu Ro-Ro. Hnh khch b tr
trn boong chnh trong cc phng c b tr ging nm v gh m, cng h thng cc
phng dch v nh phng n, phng nghe nhc, bu in, siu th, quy bo ch, ht
tcPh c thit k nh thit k tu khch hng
3.2- Ph ni a
Kin trc ca ph ph thuc vo phng php tip nhn t theo phng ngang hoc
dc. Kch thc bao ngoi ca khu vc b tr xe t hoc phng tin k thut : chiu
rng khng nh hn 3,8 m, chiu cao khng nh hn 4 m. H s s dng boong ca ph
c tnh n s b tr thng tng, hnh lang dc mn.. nhn bng 0,7 0,75 . Khi xc
nh kch thc chnh ca thn ph cn xut pht t din tch tnh ton ca boong.
S = S0 +S

74
Trong : S0 din tch s dng c ch ca boong hp thnh t cc din tch b tr n
loi phng tin
S0 =

l b
i =1

i i

- vi li, bi l cc kch thc bao ngoi ca loi phng tin.

S = ( 0,3 0,25 ) S0 - l din tch b tr ca ph .

Cc t s kch thc chnh chn nh tu ni a cng cp
Chng VI ni
1- Gii thiu chung v phn loi ni:
ni l cng trnh k thut dng nng tu ln khi mt nc kho st, sa
cha phn ngm nc, vn chuyn tu qua ca u, qua vng nc cn. ni dng vn
chuyn gi l vn ti.
ni bao gm phao y v cc phao mn hay gi l thp , c m t trn hnh 1

Boong nc l boong nh ca thp , trn n dng b tr ti, thit b chng buc dng
a tu ra vo . Cc trm iu khin, hp cu thang ln xung boong an ton, ray cho
cn trc di chuyn.
Boong an ton boong di boong nc, kn nc theo ton b chiu di, l gii hn
trn ca cc khoang dn, gii hn di ca d tr ni.
Boong trin boong ca phao y, trn t k dng nng tu
Boong di hay l boong sinh hot c th l boong khng i lin tc, nm di boong
nc, i khi trng vi boong an ton
ni c phn loi theo cc c im sau:
+ Theo vt liu ch to: g, vt liu tng hp, b tng li thp, thp.

75
+ Theo cng dng: dng sa cha ln, kho st phn ngm nc, sa cha nh, t c
nh ti nh my ng tu hoc cng tc di ng v dng vn ti
+ Phn loi theo s thp , s phn on thn v phn on y: c thp i xng,
thp khng i xng, khng c thp , hp bi nhiu phn on, c phao y gm
nhiu phn on
+Phn loi theo mc t ng ho trong qu trnh sa cha: khng t hnh khng
t ng ho sa cha, t hnh v t ng ho.
Hnh 2 . Cc phn on v c thp khng i xng

76
+Phn loi theo phng php dn: c khoang kh, khng c khoang kh v khng
ph thuc vo s trn ca nc
2- Tnh ni v biu dm
Vic tnh ton tnh ni ca c thc hin i vi th tch thn nm gia mt
phng c bn v ng nc gii hn. Hnh dng ca trn phn ln ca chiu di
khng thay i nn khi tnh ton khng cn tnh theo 20 sn l thuyt. th cc yu
t tnh ni ca khc vi th ca tu hng thng thng l trn th ca ni c b
sung cc ng ti trng cc khoang dn v khng c cc ng cong bn knh tm
nghing.

Khi tnh th tch cc khoang dn cn tnh n h s thm c kin ngh nhn

gi tr = 0,97 l h s tnh n s chim ch ca cc c cu v lng kh khng thot
ra c nm trong c cu. th cc yu t tnh ni ca thng l mt h cc ng
thng

Hnh 4 Biu dm ca hai thp

1 - ng ti trng ca ; 2 - ng ti trng dn ca khng c tu ; 3 - ng ti
trng ca tu ; 4 - ng ti trong dn ca lc c tu ; 5 - ng chm ti hn ;
6 - ng nc ni ; 7 Boong an ton ; 8 Boong trin ; a- lng chim nc ca

77
b- lng chim nc ca tu ; hH ct p ; phn bao bi ng gch l cng dm
c trng quan trng ca ni l biu dm (Hnh 4 ). Biu l tp hp cc
ng cong xy dng theo h to V-T w chn. Trc honh biu din th tch khoang
V(m3), cn trc tung biu din chiu chm T(m).
Tnh cht ca biu dm :
1- Nu c chiu chm ban u T0 cn phi dn chm n chiu chm T th lng
nc dn cn thit s c xc nh bng hiu cc honh tng ng vi lng chim
nc ca ti chiu chm T v T0.
2- Nu cn bit ct p bm th t cc im trn trc honh tng ng vi lng chim
nc ca thi im a cho dng cc ng vung gc vi trc honh. Hiu s tung
im ct ca cc ng vung gc vi cc ng cong 1-2 hoc 3 4 cho ct p cn
tm.
3- Din tch hnh phng c bao bi ng 1 2 , hoc l gia cc ng 1 3 v 4
tng ng vi cng c ch ca bm khi bm nc dn cho khng hoc c tu t
trn n. Din tch ny c th xc nh nh my o din tch. Khi nng c tu t su
ln nht th cng c ch ca bm bm nc dn s bng:
Q = Vh
(T.m)
3
Trong : (t/m ) khi lng ring ca nc
V(m3) Khi lng nc bm ra
h (m) ct p trung bnh
Cng sut ca trm pht in m bo cho bm lm vic:
N=

Q.103
( cv)
75 H t

vi: - hiu sut c ch ca trm pht

H hiu sut c ch ca bm
t ( s) thi gian bm lm vic bm ht lng nc dn cn thit
3 Phng trnh trng lng ca
xc nh lng chim nc ca trong ln gn ng u tin c th s dng
phng trnh sau:
D = PV + PHT + PTB + PTrB + PM + PZ + Pd
Trong : PV trng lng thn ( xem chng 4 tit 34)
PHT trng lng h thng ( n 5% ca PV)
PTB trng lng cc thit b ( n 2,5% ca PV), cc cn trc tnh ring
PTrB Trong lng trang b ( cc t ng ho t 5% 7% ca PV )
PM trng lng thit b nng lng( nhn t 10 15% ca PV)
PZ - Trng lng d tr ( tnh ton t iu kin mc t ng ho)
Pd trng lng nc dn ( cc ki y vt l 0,1L.B )
4 Trng lng ca
Cc mouyn dng tnh trng lng thnh phn ca c IA.B. Karanhev kin ngh
trn c s phn tch iu kin lm vic ca kt cu ( un dc chung ca , un ngang
ca phao y, chu lc ct, xon ). Cc h s (trng lng n v) ca cc mouyn
ny dng tnh ton thit k c V.N. Erphurto ng thi a ra trn hnh 5 v bng 1
vi cc quy c ch ra trn hnh 6.

78

5 Kch thc ca
Cc kch thc ca ch ra trn hnh 7 bao gm:

79
Chiu di ln nht Lmax c o gia im mt mi v mt ui sn cu phao y.
Chiu rng ln nht Bmax o gia im ngoi ca c cu chng va
Chiu cao ln nht Hmax o t mt phng c bn n chi tit khng tho g che trn
boong nc khng tnh n chiu cao cn trc v cc chi tit nh khc.
Chiu cao gii hn Hgab o t ng nc ca khi trang b v khng c tu trn
n chi tit khng tho g che trn boong nc.
Chiu chm gii hn Tgab = Hmax Hgab o t mt phng c bn n ng nc ca
khi trang b v khng c tu trn v c tnh n chi ca .
Chiu di ton b L ca o gia mp ngoi vch ngang mt mi, ui ca phao y.
Chiu cao ton b H ca o t mt phng c bn n boong nc.
Chiu chm gii hn T o t mt phng c bn n ng chm gii hn.
Cc kch thc cng tc bao gm:
Chiu di boong trin t k gia nng tu L
Chiu rng B o gia mp trong cc kt cu gn trn vch dc ca thp ( hoc c
cu nng gn trn vch dc ca thp )
su gii hn ca hmax tnh t mp trn k gia n ng chm gii hn.
Chiu chm ca khng T0
Chiu chm ca vi d tr v c tu trn TP
6 Xc nh kch thc cng tc ca
Kch thc cng tc ca cn m bo t trn mt hoc mt vi tu c kch thc
c xc nh theo thit k k thut, bao gm:
Chiu di ln nht ca tu LC ; Chiu rng ln nht ca tu BC ; Chiu chm ln nht ca
tu TC ; Lng chim nc ca tu vo DC . Kch thc cng tc ca xc nh nh
sau:
Chiu di cng tc ca : L = k.LC vi k l h s khng th nguyn, nh hn 1 c
chn vi mc ch gim gi thnh ca ni. Tuy nhin chng ta bit phn mi, ui ca
tu vn nm trong gii hn sn cu ca phao y v s kt thc ca k gia ca nh
vy s khng gy nguy him cho khi t tu v mt ui tu t chong chng, ng bao
trc, mt mi l thng xch neo, neo khi tho g s kh khn. T kinh nghim thit k
v khai thc ngi ta thng nhn k = 0,8 0,9 nn c:
L = ( 0,8 0,9 ) LC
Chiu rng cng tc ca B o gia cc vch dc pha trong c gn n chiu sng ca
xc nh theo chiu rng ln nht ca mt tu hoc mt vi tu ln . thun tin v
an ton cho cng tc a tu ln , cho cng tc sa cha, khong cch gia cc tu t
trn , gia tu vi thng nhn t 1,5 2,0 m.
Khi n chiu rng thang di ng hoc gh ng bb th chiu rng ca :
t 1 tu ln :
B BC + 2 bb + ( 3 4) m
t 2 tu ln :
B 2BC + 2 bb + ( 4,5 6) m.
ngp su cng tc ca boong trin di nc c xc nh t chiu chm ln nht
ca tu t ln TC , chiu cao ca k gia hk v gia s chiu chm nh nht cho
php gia y tu v k T = 200 300 mm. Chiu cao thng thng ca k
hk = 1,2 m. Tuy nhin khi xc nh hk cn ch cc trng hp:
- tu ln c ki bng khng cn k phn di cc mt tu th hk = 1,2 m
- tu ln c ki bng nhng chiu di phn mt ln hn (5 7) m, cn t cc
k ti phn mt th ngp su cng tc ca boong trin

80
hmax = TC + hdk + hk + ( 0,2 0,3 ) m
Chiu rng ton b ca :
B = B + 2 Bb
Vi: Bb l chiu rng ca thp ti boong trin
Nh vy xc nh chiu rng ton b ca cn xc nh chiu rng thp . Chiu
rng ca thp xc nh t iu kin d tr n nh, m bo an ton cho hot ng ca
trong mi iu kin khi nng hoc dm , t iu kin b tr chung ca .
Chiu cao ca thp tnh t mt boong trin xc nh t ngp su cng tc ln nht
ca boong trin c k n chiu cao mn kh ti thiu ca thp hhb thng nhn khng
nh hn 1,2 1,5 m. Do chiu cao thp s bng:
Hb = TC + hk + T + hhb
Chiu cao ca phao y xc nh ng thi vi chiu rng :
H =

Dd + DC
+ h
LB

Trong : H - chiu cao phao y

D - trng lng c trang b, khng c nc dn
DC trng lng tu ln
L,B chiu di v chiu rng ca
- H s bo ca phao y
h - Chiu cao mn kh ca phao y vi d tr v c tu t trn phao
to iu kin thot nc, boong trin thit k c nghing ngang ra phn thp .
Qui c o chiu cao mn kh ca phao y ti gia nhp ca x ngang boong trin
gia mt phng i xng v mn trong thp nh sau:
1- Khi xc nh h s bo ca phao y cn ch n kh nng chiu cao khng
tng ng nhau gia cc phao mt vi phao gia v khe h gia cc phao.
2- Chiu cao ca lp nc dn khng bm ht ra c nhn bng 20 30 cm. Khi
phao c nghing ca y chi cao ca lp nc khng u nhau c o ti
v tr t hng bm.
3- Khi thit k gm nhiu phn on khng c lin kt cng khi gi thit
momen un phn chia cho nc dn ( thng l 0,1 0,2 )DC trong ti trng tnh
ton cn a vo trng lng ny ca nc dn. xc nh khi lng nc dn
trong ln gn ng th nht c th s dng th sau:

81
4- Chiu cao mn kh ti u ca phao y c tu t trn khng c nhng kin ngh
v quyt nh khc nhau. V d ni c sc nng 2500 tn c chiu cao mn kh
ca phao y l 75 mm. Tuy nhin chiu cao mn kh nh nht ny sng do tu
ko c nh i qua to ra lp nc trn mt boong trin dy 10 m m. iu ny
khng gy ra nguy him nhng rt kh chu cho cng vic trn boong trin. iu
ny yu cu cn gi mn kh ca c chiu cao t 200 300 mm. Khi thit k
ni kin ngh nhn tr s mn kh ca phao y bng 300 mm.Tr s ca momen
gy un ni khi c tu t trn s bng khng nu biu lc nng ca c
hnh dng v tr s tung cn bng vi biu lc phn b trng lng ca h
tu. thc hin iu ny c th thit k cc phao c chiu cao khc nhau. nh
hng ca vic gim chiu cao ca cc phao u mt ch ra trn hnh 8 v trong
bng 1. Chiu cao ca cc phao trn t cc on chiu di tu khc nhau c tr s
lc ct v momen un nh nht. Trong bng 1 v trn hnh 8 c ttnh cho 3
trng hp :

Hnh 8.nh hng ca chiu di tu n chiu cao phao y khi momen un nh nht
LC = L ; LC = 1,2 L ; LC = 0,8 L
Chng ta thy rng tu thuc vo iu kin phc v ca thit k, vic gim chiu cao
ca cc phao mt c th thay bng phao c nhn ( gim sc cn khi ko ni)
hoc l p dng cc gii php kt cu khc. Tuy nhin vic s dung cc phao c chiu
cao khc nhau dn n cc phao c d di khc nhau v s dng cc bm c nng sut
khc nhau.
Bng 1: S ph thuc ca chiu cao cc phao mt vo chiu di tng i ca ni vi
chiu di tu ca tu ln
S phao T s gia chiu di v chiu di tu ln
y
LC = L
LC = 1,1 L
LC = 0,8 L
1
0,62
0,9
0,42
2
0,91
0,94
0,83
3
1,0
1,0
1,0
4
1,0
1,0
1,0
5
0,91
0,94
0,83
6
0,62
0,90
0,42
Khi khng c h thng tin cy xc nh mc nc trong cc khoang dn v
vng ca tng khoang d dng ch ra trng thi c th dn n tai nn, dn ti s to

82
ra chiu cao khng bng nhau ca cc phao cn phi rt thn trng, cc ni c kt cu
nh vy c s dng rt hn ch.
7 Xc nh kch thc chnh ca vn ti
Cc kch thc chnh ca vn ti c mt s khc bit vi sa cha. Chiu di ca
vn ti ph thuc vo cc yu t sau:
+ Chiu di LC ca tu m chuyn ch
+ Gii hn cho php ca chiu di L trn tuyn hot ng.
Chng hn khi i qua knh v h cha nc chiu di ca khng c ln hn
95% chiu di u tu.
Chiu rng ca vn ti ph thuc vo chiu rng tu m chuyn ch, khe h
gia mn tu v kt cu bn trong thn , chiu rng u tu c trn tuyn ng, tnh n
nh cn thit ca h tu trong qu trnh nng h tu, vo thi gian hnh trnh trn
tuyn. Theo kh nng hng hi, chiu rng cn phi nh nht, v vy khe h gia tu
vi thn c la chn ti thiu c php theo iu kin a tu ra vo an ton (
trong gii hn 0,35 0,5 m ). T :
B = BC + ( 0,7 1,0 ) + 2Bb m
Trong Bb l chiu rng thp
Chiu rng ca thp c xc nh bng tnh ton n nh nh khi thit k sa
cha, p lc tnh ton ca gi nhn khng thp hn 40 50 kg/m2.
Tnh n nh cn thit ca vn ti trong qu trnh n ni ln v dm xung cng vi tu
c th m bo hoc l ni c chiu rng hoc tng momen qun tnh din tch
ng nc bng bin php chng buc vi mn mt s lan hoc phao nh.
Chiu cao thp hoc mn ( khng thp) ca vn ti c ch n m bo chiu cao
mn kh c tnh theo cng thc:
Hb = TC + hh.b + hL + T
m
Hoc l:
H = TC + hh.b + hCT + T
m
Vi
Hb chiu cao thp ca vn ti
H chiu cao mn ca vn ti khng thp
hhb chiu cao mn kh ca trng thi c tu ( chiu cao ny kin ngh
nhn khng nh hn 0,6 m)
hL Chiu cao dm ca
hCT chiu cao dm trn ng nn
T khe h gia y tu v mt trn dm
Nu ngng ca ng kn pha ui cao hn chiu cao dm th chiu cao hL nhn
bng chiu cao ngng ca.
Chiu chm ca vn ti c xc nh bng phng php p dng cho sa cha
Chng VII - Tu c
1-Phn loi tu:
Trc y tu c c phn loi quy c thnh c ln, c trung bnh, c nh v
thuyn nh c thun tin cho cng tc thng k. Hin nay cng vi s pht trin
mnh m ca ngnh nh c i dng v ni ring l nh bt bng li, w xut hin
nhiu loi tu nh c kiu mi c trang b thit b lm lnh v ch bin. Tu c c
phn theo hai nhm chnh:
+ Theo cc c trng cng nghip ngh c.

83
+ Theo cc c trng chung ca tu.
T ng ch bin
T ng ch bin
thm d c

Li vt, li rt,
Li ni, lin hp
nh bt

Ko li ui
Ko li mn
Ko li i

c trng cng
nghip ngh c

c trng
chung ca tu

Hnh thc t chc

nh bt

Vng bi li

Cc kiu nh
bt c

Vt liu ng
tu

Phng php ko
li

Kin trc tu

Vng khng hn ch,

vng hn ch
Vng ven bin

Thp, cht do, g,

ximng li thp,
compuzit

Tu mt boong
Tu hai boong, ui
tun dng, bung
my ui, gia tu

Thnh phm , bn
thnh phm

C p mui
C p lnh
C ng hp
C ti

ng c Diesel
Diesel - in

Mc ch bin
c

Loi thit b
nng lng

Phng php ch
bin c

Loi thit b y

Chong chng bc c
nh
Chong chng bin bc

2-c im hnh dng:

Cc tu nh c c phm vi bin i ca kch thc tng i ln. Chng hn cc
thuyn nh c c chiu di (15 20) m, lng chim nc 60 100 tn. Tu nh c
c ln c chiu di 90 115 m, lng chim nc 6000 10000 tn. Bng thng k cho
phm vi bin i kch thc, h s bo ca cc c tu nh c c phn loi theo quy
c: tu c ln c chiu di ln hn (70 75) m, c trung bnh c chiu di 35 55 m ,
tu c nh c chiu di 20 30 m, thuyn nh c chiu di nh hn hoc bng 20 m.
Loi tu

C ln
C TB
C nh
TC

Cc t s kch thc chnh

Cc h s bo hnh dng

L/B

L/H

B/H

B/T

5,4 -6,0
4,75,2
3,1-3,4
2,9-3,0

7,5-7,7
10-10,5
6,3-7,2
6,0-6,3

1,3 -1,4
2,0 -2,1
1,9- 2,3
2,0 -2,1

2,5 - 2,7
2,3 - 2,9
2,1 - 3,2
2,6 - 3,0

0,57- 0,66
0,55 - 0,58
0,38 - 0,47
0,40- 0,45

0,78 - 0,82
0,77- 0,83
0,71- 0,80
0,74- 0,76

0,96- 0,98
0,82- 0,88
0,60- 0,75
0,62-0,65

Fr
0,23- 0,25
0,25- 0,28
0,29- 0,34
0,33- 0,35

Trong ln gn ng th nht, khi xc nh h s bo th tch ca tu c c ln c

Fr = 0,25 0,28 v L/B 6 c th s dng cng thc Telfer :
B
L

= 1,0 1,25 ( + 1 ) Fr
khi Fr = 0,24 0,30 c th tnh v theo cng thc:
=

0,325
0, 5Fr

= 3, 08(1 1, 4 Fr ) Fr 0,5

h s bo ng nc ca cc tu ny c th tnh theo cng thc:

= 0,74 + 0,28

84
Khi xc nh v ca tu c c trung bnh, Munro Smit kin ngh s dng
cng thc:
=1,14 2,0 Fr ; = + 0,25
m bo tnh hng hi ca tu c, cn phi la chn thn trng cc t s L/B
v B/T. c bit l h s bo dc c quan h mt thit vi tnh di ng v tnh hng
hi ca tu. la chn mt cch hp l, c th tham kho th biu din quan h
gia v Fr do Ridgli - Nevit thng k t 50 tu c c chiu di tng i l < 5 sau:

th Ridgli - Nevit : Tr s ti u ca h s bo dc ca cc tu c c trung bnh

Theo th Ridgli Nevit, khi s Fr < 0,3 tr s ti u ca = 0,53 0,55 l tr s
c coi l khng c kh nng thc t v cc u mt ng nc rt nhn, rt kh lm
trn v cng ngh s kh khn, lm gim d tr ni cc b ti cc u mt nn trong
thc t thng nhn tr s ca = 0,57.
Khi la chn hnh dng v bao thn tu cng nh cc t s kch thc chnh v cc h
s bo l thuyt cn ch n cc yu cu khc nhau nh dung tch, cn bng tu, tnh
di ng v tnh n nh. thit k dng v bao ca tu c cn tham kho kt qu th
tnh di ng ca cc m hnh trong b th nhm m bo tt tnh di ng cho tu.
nh gi tr s ca sc cn trong giai on thit k s b thng s dng cc phng
php tnh gn ng m c s ca cc phng php ny l kt qu th m hnh v th tu
trong thc t. th do V.D. Bliumki xy dng c th s dng tnh sc cn ca tu
c c cc yu t hnh dng tho mwn gii hn w ch ra.
Vi tu c c kch thc khc nhau, sn mi thng p dng dng ch V c
nghing nhiu t ng nc thit k tr ln nhm gim ht nc ln boong. iu ny
rt c ngha i vi cc tu c c nh v trung bnh ko li mn. Gc vo nc ca
ng nc thit k ca tt c cc tu nh c xp x 300. Cc thuyn nh c ko li
c gc ny t 400 450. Cc tu c thng thit k dng mi nghing, sng mi nghing
so vi mt phng ng nc t 250 300 c tc dng gim hing tng sng va p
vo mi, gim c lc dc, tng d tr ni mi trnh hin tng mi ngp vo sng.
Cc tu c c ln c th p dng mi qu l hoc dng mi bu. Vic p dng mi qu
l cho cc tu c c Fr = 0,3 s lm gim sc cn ca tu t ( 10 15 )% nhng phi
tin hnh th m hnh trong b th. Sn ui dng ch V cng p dng cho hu ht cc
tu c, c bit l cc tu ko li ui. ui tu c thng l ui tun dng hoc bn
tun dng. m rng ti a din tch mt boong to thun li cho vic nh bt, tu
s dng ui hnh thang. Cc tu ko li ui ngoi vic phi quan tm n dng ui
cn ch n kch thc v kiu trin ko li. C hai dng trin chnh hin nay thng

85
s dng l trin cong elip v trin phng. Dng trin elip gim c lc ma st lc ko
v th li, chiu di ca trin ngn, din tch boong thao tc c t tn tht v tn dng
c khng gian pha di trin b tr khoang my li hoc kho cha nhng cng
ngh kh.

th V.D. Bliumki dng xc nh sc cn d

Loi trin phng c lc ma st ln hn trin cong khi th v ko li, cn di
ln c gc nghing thch hp nn lm gim din tch boong ui nhng cng ngh d
hn trin cong. Khi thit k trin phi quan tm n cc thng s hnh hc ca trin bao
gm chiu rng trin, chiu di t ng vung gc ui n mt boong, gc nghing
ca trin phng v bn knh cong ca trin elp. Cc thng s ny ca trin ph thuc
vo lc ma st gia li vi trin v c tnh ton thit k sao cho li c th t chy.

3-Tnh n nh ca tu
Vic nh gi tnh n nh ca tu c cn c vo cc trng thi ti trng tu khai thc:
1 - trng thi tu ri bn ra ng trng vi ton b d tr

86
2 - trng thi tu t ng trng v bn, khoang c cha y v d tr ti thiu.
C th cn trng thi khi tu t ng trng v bn vi cc khoang y c, trn boong
cn li t cha y c. Kt qu thng k trong bng cho thy, chiu cao tm nghing
ban u ca tu ph thuc vo tng trng thi ti trng.`
Tr s chiu cao tm nghing h (m)
Loi tu
Tu khng T bn ra ng trng 1 T ng trng v bn 2
Tu c ln
0,25 0,40
0,75 1,35
0,30 0,40
Tu c trung bnh
0,50 0,60
0,70 0,90
0,65 0,80
Tu c nh
1,00 1,20
0,75 0,80
0,70 0,75
Thuyn nh c
0,75 0,90
0,75 0,80
0,75 0,80
ci thin tnh lc, cc tu c b tr vy gim lc. Khi thit k cn ch kch thc
ca vy v v tr t vy gim lc l cc yu t c bn. Chiu di v chiu rng ca vy
c xc nh da trn yu cu din tch ln thng qua tnh ton, qua cc cng thc
thc nghim hoc da vo tu mu cng loi. V tr ca vy xc nh theo chiu di v
chiu cao mn. V tr t tt nht l vng hng tu c cong ln. Mp ngoi ca vy
khng c vt qu chiu rng tu. Cc tu c trung bnh v nh nu thit k vy hp
l s gim bin lc mn t (25 30) %.

Chng 8 .Tu ch g
1- Hng g trong vn ti bin
Trong vn ti bin g c chuyn ch hai dng: g trn v g vn, c t trc
tip trong khoang hng di dng tng b g trn, tng khi g tm hay tng cy g
hoc tng tm vn ring.
Kch thc ca tng khi g w c b n nay vn cha c tiu chun ho.
Thng g trn c b trong cc khi c kch thc l (2,6 n 2,7m) x (2,7 n 2,8m)
hay (2,6 n 2,7 m) x 1,4m. G tm trong cc khi c kch thc 1,35 x 1,30 m; 1,1 x
1,0m; 0,85 x 0,60m. Chiu di ca tng khi g tm xut khu l 12, 16, 20, 22 foot
(i ra mt l 3,7; 4,4; 6,1; 6,8). Vi cc kch thc trn, gi thit h s in y g
trong cc kh xp l 0,9 v trng lng ring ca g l 0,43t/m3 ta c trng lng ca
tng b g tm l 2,0 n 6,5 tn, cn trng lng ca b g trn nn ly khng qu 10
tn, do vy sc nng ca cc thit b cu b tr trn tu g khng c nh hn 5 tn.
Dung tch cc khoang ch g xc nh theo quy cch cc b g nht nh. Cc quy cch
rt khc nhau v thng bng t 7,67 n 3,4 m3. Nhng nc khc nhau s dng
nhng quy cch khc nhau. Nu ly trung bnh th tch ca mt b g tm l 6,5m3(kch
thc thng s dng nht) v trng lng trung bnh ca b l 2,8 tn th h s ch
hng bng 2,32m3/t. Trong thc t khai thc cho thy h s s dng khoang hng ph
thuc nhiu vo kch thc ch yu ca tu. V d: 1 b g tm theo quy cch trn c
t trong khoang hng ca tu c trng ti 5000t cn 6m3 dung tch, trn tu vi trng
ti 3000t cn 6,5m3, trn tu 1000t cn 7,5m3 do vy gi tr 2,32m3/t cu h s s dng
khoang hng c coi l gi tr trung bnh.
Do h s ch hng ca g ln nn khoang hng ca cc tu c kch thc hnh dng
thng thng khng th cha ht s g cn chuyn ch. c th s dng ht trng ti
ca tu th mt phn g phi c chuyn ch trn boong. S lng g trn bng khong
1/3 ton b lng g m tu phi chuyn ch.

87
Trong khi khai thc tu nu g c b trong cc b vi quy cch nht nh th thi
gian bc xp hng s gim i 2 ln. Nhng vic chuyn ch g trong cc quy cch s
mt 1015% dung tch khoang hng, t h s ch hng s tng ln t 2,6 n 2,7 m3/t
v lng g xp trn boong cng tng ln dn n chiu cao trng tm ca khi hng
cng tng, iu ny cn cn nhc v kim tra trong thit k.
2- c im tu ch g.
Trong thc t khai thc v trong cc ti liu chuyn mn rt t khi gp nhng tu thit
k ch ch g. Tn tu ch g c p dng cho nhng tu c thit k v trang b
ph hp vi vic chuyn ch g, ng thi c th chuyn ch cc loi hng ri khc nh
la m v i khi l ch hng bch ha. Phng n thit k ny lm tng tnh kinh t
trong khai thc ca tu trong c nm. Bi v iu kin kh hu nhng tuyn ng m
ta quan tm l nhng tuyn Bc i Ty Dng trong c Nga v Phn Lan l hai
nc xut khu g ch cho php vn chuyn g trong nhng thng ma h cn li tu
phi chuyn ch nhng loi hng khc. Tu c thit k theo phng n trn c u
im l c th c nhng ngun hng c nh nhng chuyn hnh trnh ngc li trong
c nm.
Trong nhng chng ny cc ch dn thit k s c p dng cho nhng tu ch g
theo phng n ni trn.
Do s khc nhau gia hng g v cc loi hng khc nh hng ht nn khi thit k s
c mt s vn c trng cn gii quyt cho ph hp vi mc ch s dng ca tu.
Vn kh nht xut pht t s khc nhau gia h s ch hng ca g (trung bnh
khong 2,32m3/t) v h s ch hng ca hng ht (t 1,3 n 1,45 m3/t). Thit k tu ch
g l loi tu c mn kh ti thiu phi tnh ton iu chnh c dung tch khoang
hng ln sao cho s lng g b tr trn boong l ti thiu (khong 1/3 tng s g
chuyn ch), ng thi phi tho mwn cc yu cu v gia cng boong chnh v trang b
cc thit b chng buc trn boong, m bo an ton cho cng vic ca thuyn vin. Vn
quan trng th hai l cao trng tm tu khi ch g ln hn cao trng tm ca
tu khi ch hng ht gy kh khn cho vic xc nh kch thc ch yu ca tu nht l
chiu rng. Vn ny lin quan n n nh thch hp ca tu. Nu tu n nh
khi ch mt loi hng th s hoc tha n nh hoc khng n nh khi ch loi hng
kia. S mu thun ny c th c gii quyt bng hai phng php :
+ Chn hnh dng c bit cho thn v (mn c m rng pha trn) nhm ci
thin tnh n nh.
+ Ly thm lng dn tu khi hnh trnh vi g xp trn boong.
T ta c 2 loi tu ch g : tu chy vi nc dn v tu khng dn.
Phn ln tu ch g phi dn vi lng 8 n 15% trng lng hng ho, trung bnh l
10%
Theo trng lng hng ho chuyn ch tu ch g c chia lm 3 nhm :
Nhm tu c nh : trng lng hng ho n 2000tn bng 650 n 750 khi g theo
quy cch.
Nhm tu c trung : trng lng hng ho t 3000t n 3500t bng 950 n 1100
khi g theo quy cch.
Nhm tu c ln : trng lng hng ho t 5000 n 5500t bng 1600 n 1800 khi
g theo quy cch.

88
Vn tc ca tu ch g l vn tc trung bnh t 12 n 15 hi l. iu ny c gii
thch l do tu ch g l loi tu c kch thc khng ln, chi ph khai thc nh v thi
gian trong cng ln.
Tm xa bi li khong t 6000 n 8000 hl, trong vn ti vin dng ln ti 11.000
n 16.000hl.
3 - c im kt cu v kin trc ca tu ch g
Tu ch g khi ch g trn boong c mn kh ti thiu nh hn mn kh ti thiu
ma h. Khi chiu chm ca tu s ln hn khong 5 n 6% chiu chm bnh thng
( hiu gia 2 chiu chm ny ng vi 7 n 10% trng ti). c mn kh ti thiu khi
ch g, tu phi tho mwn mt lot nhng yu cu quy nh trong Cng c Quc t v
ng nc ch hng nm 1966. Trc ht tu phi tho mwn cc yu cu v sc bn i
vi chiu chm ln hn khi tu ch g v i vi lng g sp xp trn boong. iu ny
s lm tng kch thc ca cc kt cu v trng lng thn v s ln hn tu hng thng
thng khc.
Chiu cao cho php ca cc khi g xp trn boong xc nh theo quy phm. Chiu
cao ny khng c ln hn chiu cao tiu chun ca thng tng, ngha l:
1,83m i vi tu c chiu di L 76,2m
2,29m i vi tu c chiu di L 122m
i vi cc gi tr trung gian ca L xc nh theo phng php ni suy.
Chiu cao ti a ca lp g xp trn boong khi tu hnh trnh vo ma ng khng
nn vt qu 1/3 chiu rng ln nht ca tu, vo ma h chiu cao ny khng gii hn.
Trong thc t khai thc trong cc tu g ln, chiu cao ny khong 5,5 n 6,5m v b
hn ch do cc tiu chun v n nh. p lc trn boong xc nh theo cc iu lut ca
quy phm. Trong tnh ton phi n ngm nc ca g v ly trng lng g
tng t 10 n 15%. Ngoi ra theo yu cu ca quy phm tu g phi c thng tng
mi vi chiu di khng nh hn 7% chiu di tu.
m bo an ton cho tu khi khai thc, lp g trn boong phi c chng buc
bng cc thit b ph hp xc nh theo lut v mn chn sng hoc hng ro bo v
phi c kt cu vng chc v thot nc d dng, chiu cao ti thiu l 990mm.
Khi thit k v b tr chung ton tu, theo yu cu ca quy phm khi tu ch g trn
boong phi b tr li i an ton v d dng cho thuyn vin n ni lm vic, bung
my, bung .
Cc yu cu ca quy phm cng lin quan ti cc kt di y i. Cc kt y i
vng gia tu phi c chia lm 2 phn mt phng i xng bng sng chnh kn
nc.
Trn tu ch g, mt vn quan trng l phi m bo cho tu c mt boong rng rwi
xp hng g, iu ny lin quan n vic la chn cu. Trn tu ch g thng p
dng cn cu n, cn trc c sc nng khng nh hn 5 tn, tm vi ngoi mn khng
nh hn 5 6 m. Khi tu vn hnh cc cu c nh v t th thng. Do c im ca
loi hng, tu ch g c thit k l tu mt boong c s vch ngang ti thiu v bung
my t ti ui, boong h.
4 - n nh v cc vn lin quan
S khc nhau trong vic b tr hng ho theo chiu cao ca tu khi ch g v khi ch
hng ht dn n s dao ng rt ln ca cao trng tm khi hng v ca tu. V d :
Tu ch g c trng ti 5000 tn khi ch g c cao d trng tm Zg = 7.82 m, khi ch
hng ht : Zht = 5.43 m. ng vi cao d trng tm ca tu khi ch g Ztg = 7.12 m, khi

89
ch hng ht Zth = 5.83 m. Hiu gia hai ZG l 1.29 m hay 22%Zth. S dao ng ca ZG
dn n s thay i ln n nh ca tu, iu gy kh khn trong vic xc nh kch
thc ch yu ca tu. Nu kch thc ch yu ca tu c chn sao cho tho mwn tnh
n nh ca tu khi ch g th n nh s tha khi tu ch hng ht. Nu khi chn
kch thc ch yu ca tu ta quan tm n vic tho mwn yu cu v n nh khi tu
ch hng ht th trong trng hp tu ch g tnh n nh s khng m bo. Nh trn
w gii thiu, vn ny c th gii quyt bng cch :
-Trong hnh trnh tu chuyn ch g th bm nc dn vo nhng kt ti y i nhm
gim cao trng tm ca tu.
- La chn hnh dng sn ca tu sao cho n nh hnh dng ca tu tng cng s tng
ca chiu chm.
tng n nh ca tu c th chn hnh dng sn nghing nhiu ra ngoi mn,
bt u t v tr ng nc tng ng vi chiu chm khi ch hng ht. a s cc tu
ch g l tu nhn dn, mc d nhn dn s gim trng lng hng c ch bng ng
lng nc dn ( trung bnh l 10% )
Trong thc t thit k tu ch g, chiu cao tm nghing ban u i vi trng thi
ton ti, di bn thng ly trong khong 0,2 m n 0,3 m. T , chiu cao tm
nghing tng i ca tu khi ch g khong hg/B = 0,012 0,02, khi ch hng ht
hht/B = 0,06 0,065.
Nu bit s lng, to trng tm ca khi hng v c im v n nh ca tu th
c th xc nh c lng nc dn cn thit v v tr ca cc kt cha, cng nh
nghing ca mn.
nh hng ln nht n t s gia lng nc dn cn thit v lng chim nc Pd/D
l t s B/Thtv H/Tht.T s B/Tht tng dn n lng nc dn gim. T s H/Tht tng
dn n lng nc dn tng. Lng nc dn cng t nu cao trng tm ca tu khi
ch g trn boong c gi tr thp v khi tu ch hng ht th ZG c gi tr ln. Do vy khi
thit k c gng gim cao trng tm ca khi hng g v nc dn; tng cao trng
tm ca khi hng ht, nht l trong vic b tr chung ton tu, v d c th b tr lng
nhin liu v tr khc nhau khi tu ch g v khi tu ch hng ht.
S dao ng ca trng lng v th tch ca cc quy cch g i hi trong qu trnh
thit k kim tra n nh khng ch i vi h s ch hng g =2,32 m3/t m cn phi
kim tra i vi g trong phm vi g =1,8 2,7 m3/t.
im c bit ca tu ch g l phi ly nc dn khi tu di bn vi 100% trng ti
v 100% d tr. Do vy h thng cc kt nc dn tu ch g s khc cc tu khc.
H thng kt nc dn tu ch g phi tho mwn nhng iu kin sau :
+ Lng nc dn ly ln tu phi gn vi lng nc dn tnh ton i vi hng g c
h s ch hng nht nh.
+ Cc kt nc dn phi c cha y, khng c mt thong t do.
+ tng hiu qu dn tu, cc kt cha nc dn phi c b tr v tr thp nht ca
v tu.
Cc kt nc dn y i tho mwn iu kin trn. S lng cc kt tu ch g
khng ln hn s lng kt tu hng bch ho. Dung tch ca kt nm trong khong t
( 35 85 ) m3 ph thuc v kch thc tu.
Cc kt nc dn di y i c phn chia theo h thng ngang, h thng dc v
h thng hn hp

90
Trong h thng ngang, y i c phn chia thnh cc kt bng cc ngang kn
nc v sng dc chnh kn nc. H thng ny rt thun tin trong vic iu chnh
chiu chm tu, nhng hn ch trong vic cn bng ngang ca tu, ngoi ra trong thi
gian bm, nc dn cc kt c to thnh mt thong t do c mmen qun tnh dc
ln. H thng dc c u im v khuyt im ngc li vi h thng ngang. H thng
hn hp c p dng nhiu trong thc t. H thng hn hp c cc kt dc vng gia
tu v cc kt ngang cc vng cui tu. H thng ny cho php iu chnh d dng
chiu chm mi, ui tu v cn bng ngang tu trong trng hp hng g b m mt
bn mn.
Cn nh rng tu ch g phi c dn khi hnh trnh do yu cu nng cao tnh n
nh ca tu. Lng nc dn cn c b tr i xng qua mt phng dc tm trong cc
kt y i.
5 - Mt s s liu s dng trong tnh ton thit k tu ch g.
Trn c s cc s liu thng k ca nhng tu ch g w ng ngi ta w rt ra c
mt s cc gi tr hay khong dao ng ca cc gi tr , c s dng rt hiu qu
trong tnh ton thit k s b.
Quan h gia trng lng hng ho ca hng ht v trng ti ca tu i vi hng ht
c biu din bng cng thc :
Pn.h =(1.12 1.14)Pkh.h
Quan h gia trng ti ca tu khi ch g v trng ti ca tu khi ch hng ht c
biu din bng cng thc :
Pn.g =(1.06 1.09)Pn.h
H s li dng lng chim nc ca tu i vi hng ht dao ng trong phm vi
hp :
(DW)h = 0.63 0.66
i vi vn tc v = (11.5 13.5) hi l/h.
(DW)h = 0.62 0.64
i vi vn tc v = (14 15) hi l/h.
Cng thc sau biu din mi quan h gia cc h s li dng lng chim nc ca
tu i vi hng ht v hng g :
(DW)g =(DW)h + 0.02
T s (H/T)h ng vi mn kh ti thiu c biu din trn hnh :
Cao trng tm tng i i ph thuc vo kch thc ch yu, kiu kin trc, b tr
chung ton tu. Trong thit k s b c th ly nhng gi tr sau i vi tu ch g c
trung bnh v ln :
Cao trng tm tng i ca tu khng :
Khi bung my t ti gia tu hay dch v pha ui : tk = 0.84 0.86
Khi bung my t ti ui : tk = 0.88 0.89
Khi bung my t ti ui, tu c boong che ch : tk = 0.9 0.92
Cao trng tm tng i ca tu khi ch g v khng dn :
g = 0.85 0.88
i vi hng ht :
h = 0.69 0.72
Cao trng tm tng i ca khi hng g trong khoang :
g.k = 0.65 0.70

91
Cao trng tm tng i ca khi nc dn trong cc kt di y i :
dn = 0.08 0.12
Cc gi tr g.k trn c tnh vi gi thit khoang hng cha y hng. Cc trng
lng n v ca tu ch g khng khc vi cc trng lng n v ca tu hng bch
ho cng kch thc. Ring trng lng n v v ca tu ch g, do gia cng boong
v cc phn kt cu khc ln hn tu hng bch ho, c th ly gn ng khong 10%.
6 V d mt s tu ch g ng.
6.1. Tu Matojarostaniec : y l tu ch g c trung, loi tu mt boong, bung
my t dch v pha ui. Tu c 3 khoang hng trc bung my v 1 khoang hng
pha sau bung my. Dung tch khoang hng cha 1070 quy cch g vi h s ch
hng t 1.8 2.6 m3/t. Thng s k thut chnh :
L= 94.00 m
Pn.g = 3600 tn
Ne = 2000 ml
B= 14.36 m
Th = 5.77 m
v =12.3 hi l/h
H= 7.10 m
Pn.h =3.330 tn
r = 8 000 hi l
m
Tg= 6.00
Dung tch khoang hng c cho trong bng III.4.1 :
Bng III.4.1
Khoang hng
Nr1
Nr2
Nr3
Nr4
Ming khoang
Tng cng

Dung tch i vi g ,m3 Dung tch i vi hng ht,

m3
1005
1062
1310
1348
1480
1512
910
978
460
460
5165
5360

Bng III.4.2 gii thiu cc thnh phn trng ti :

Trng lng

Hng g
H s ch hng ,m3/t
2.32
2.58
313
313
Nhin liu, nc,
du m bi trn.
Thuyn vin
4
9
Vt liu d tr
11
11
2220
2000
Hng trong khoang
Hng trn boong
788
878
Tng cng
3008
2867
259
400
Pn
3600
3600

Bng III.4.2
Hng ht
1.30
313
9
11
3007
3007
3340

Thit b cu gm cc cu c sc nng 5 v 15 tn, trong thi gian tu hnh trnh, cc

cu c nh v theo phng thng ng .

92
6.2. Tu Witegrales ng ti CCCP. y l loi tu mt bung my t dch v pha
ui. Tu c 3 khoang hng trc bung my v mt khoang hng sau bung my.
Thng s k thut chnh :
L=113.00 m ; B=16.70 m ; Tg=7.12 m ; Th=6.77 m; Dg= 9644 t ; Dh= 9240 t ;
H = 8.30 m ; Ne = 5200 ml ; v = 14.5 hi l/h ; r = 6000 hi l
Tu c thit k c th ch hng bch ho, hng ht v g vi s lng 1700 n 1850
b theo quy cch. Thit b cu gm cc cn cu 5t v mt cu c sc nng ln 50 tn.
S sp xp hng ho trong cc khoang hng c gii thiu bng III.4.3
Bng III.4.3
Khoang hng
Nr-1
Nr-2
Nr-3
Nr-4
Boong
Tng cng
Nc dn
Lng chim nc

Hng g
H s ch hng ,m3/t
2.2 2.32 2.50
650 625
580
1025 985
910
1015 970
900
595 570
530
1815 1870 1920
5100 5020 4840
388 519
653
9593 9644 9600

Hng ht
2.70
537
845
833
490
1760
4465
794
9364

1.3/1.5
605/960
1860/1620
1840/1590
830/965
5135/5135
9240/9240

6.3. Tu Nikolay Novikow: Tu c ng ti Ba Lan. Tu c thit k c th ch

g v cc loi hng ri. y l tu c ln c trng ti 14100 tn. Tu c 1 chong chng,
bung my t ti ui, tu c 5 khoang hng, kt cu mn kp. Tu ch g trong cc
b kch thc 1.3 2.8 m v 1.4 1.4 trong khoang v trn mt boong c xp 2600 tn
g theo quy cch, cao 3.9 m trn mt boong. Tu c th ch hng ri, hng bch
ho, hng thng trong cc khoang 2,3,4, v 5.
Thng s k thut chnh :
Lma= 151.75 m
Tg = 8.69 m
Ne = 9900 ml
LPP= 140.00 m
Pn =14100 t
Vk =17070/1620 m3
B = 21.00 m
Th = 8.54 m
v = 15.8 hi l/h
H = 11.60 m S o : 978 BRT/2260 NRT Z = 12000/15000 hi l.
Dung tch cc kt, hm :
Nhin liu : 1326 m3.
- Du nng : 37 m3.
- Nc ngt : 176 m3.
- Nc dn :3191 m3.
- Nhin liu/ nc dn : 1241 m3.