-

- 3.0


.
:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/deed.en_US

:
- Buffer

:
/ Azul / Ojuba - Helal






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71



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...

Operating
System OS

...
( ...)
. I/O


CPU .
( RAM )ROM I/O GUI :
:
: Machine Programming Language .

: Assembly Language
Assembler .
: High Level Languages C Basic
Compilers .
- : JAVA . C++


:
: ) SUI (Single User Interface

Unix MUI ( Multi User
) Interface
GUI (Graphic User Interface

Linux . Windows
: Single Tasking
Multi Tasking

:
Single-user Single-tasking
Multi-user Single-tasking
Single-user Multi-tasking

 Multi-user Multi-tasking

IOCS
) (Input/Output Control System
.


) JCL (Job Control Language




Unix
Dennis Ritchie C
C


Linus Torvalds Kernel
Unix
. Linux

Steve Jobs
Steve Wozniack
. IBM

Bill Gates Tim Patersen

. MS-DOS 00 5891
Windows 1.0

..
. Windows 8.1
2003

Andy Rubin Google
Android 1.0

 Android 4.4 KitKat

ios . ios 7
Firefox OS Tizen OS
.
: :

ROM
) IPL ( Initial Program Lood

.


:
Job / Process System Call Interrupt Process
Program in
execution Program group of
instruction HD
Memory
Process
Process Address

Process Hierarchical
Pipe Pipe Line
Virtual File Inter
. process communication
:
5 0 0
5 Pipe 5

 Output File 0
.

Pipe

System Call

C
Sys call :
) Job and Process Sys Call (Control ...
File Manipulation ...
Devises Manipulation Communication ... Information maintenance ...

 Interrupts
: (
) ... Flash USB :
Execution with administrator mode
...
I/O Interrupts
...
External Interrupts Software Interrupts

: ..
Resume Interrupts . Ready Mode
0
.
Machine Accuracy Interrupts .


) Routine
CPU
ISR
Priority Scheme

/ . Enable/Disable


:
Kernel Shell System Files Kernel
BIOS
..


.

.
ISR (Interrupt Service

 : Kernel
Monolithic Kernel



.
Micro Kernel

.
Linux Kernel

www.kernel.org :
Shell

.

 System Files
.

32bit 64bit

Mono Core 32bit
Dual Core or Quad
Core or Six Core 32bit 64bit
32bit RAM
4gb 64bit

 4gb
4gb
720p .

Bus
32bit
32 bit 64bit
64 bit .
bit
.8bit = 1 bytes A ... 8bit
:



Kernel
:
.


.
32bit . 64bit
.
C .

.


Stable
( )


KDE GNOME


:
www.linuxfromscratch.org

www.susestudio.com
Opensuse


03 .



...

:
Ubuntu , Debian , Opensuse





.

Protection Measures :
Dual Mode Protection Mode Bit
3 1

Monitor Mode User
. Mode
I/O Protection Monitor Mode

.

 Memory Protection
.
CPU Protection Timer
.

Buffer

Buffer :
Unbound Buffer Buffer .
Bound Buffer Buffer . Buffer Buffer Overflows
Buffer

.

 ) Virus
Worms ) ... Backdoors Trojans


:
Virus ''''


.
Worms
...
Trojans

.

 Backdoors


SSH . RAT

Windows 7
Android ios
.
:
Firewalls

.
: Protection of Ports

.
:

 / /Azul :











www.azulos.org :
: Ojuba Gnome 32bit

 . 64bit

:
www.ojuba.org
: Helal Ubuntu




:
www.helallinux.com

.