Graphs & Diagrams

Graphs V/S Diagrams

Graphs

Used for studying the

relationship between variable

Diagram

Used for comparison only

Drawn to a particular scale

Represented using bars
and proportion using lines and rectangles ,squares etc
points
They are more obvious precise They give only approximate
and gives more information
information
about the data
They are useful in depicting
time series and frequency
distribution

Can be used only for depicting

categorical variables

Different Types of diagrams

Line Diagram
Bar Diagram
Pie Diagram

Line diagram
Simplest of all diagrams
It Consists of drawing vertical lines, each
vertical line being equal to frequency
X values are presented on a suitable scale
along the X axis, corresponding frequencies
are presented along the Y axis

Line diagram

Bar Diagram
Most commonly used devices of presenting most of
the
business and economic data.
Especially satisfactory for categorical data or series.
They consist of a group of rectangles, one for each
group or category of the data in which the values or
the magnitudes are represented by the length or
height of the rectangles, the width of the rectangles
being arbitrary and immaterial. These diagrams are
one-dimensional because in such diagrams only one
dimension viz.; height (or length) of the rectangles is
taken into account to present the given values.

Simple Bar Diagram

Component Bar Diagram

Subdivided bar-diagrams are useful not only
for presenting several items of a variable or a
category graphically
Enables us to make comparative study of
different parts or components among
themselves and also to study the relationship
between each component and the whole.

Represent the following data by a

suitable diagram

Percentage Bar Diagram

Percentage bar diagram is used to highlight the relative
importance of the various component parts to
whole. The total for each bar is taken as 100 and the
value of each component or part is expressed,
percentage of the respective totals.
In a percentage bar diagram, all the bars will be of the
same height, viz., 100, while the various segments of
the bar representing the different components will vary
in height depending on their percentage values to the
total.
Percentage bars are quite convenient and useful while
comparing two or more sets of data.

Example:-Percentage Bar Diagram

Draw a percentage bar diagram to

represent the following data??

Pie Diagram
The circle representing the total magnitude
may be divided into various segments
Each sectors representing certain proportion
or percentage of the various component parts
to the total. Such a sub-divided circle diagram
is known as an angular or pie diagram.
Named so because the various segments
resemble slices cut from a pie.

Pie Diagram
Draw a circle of appropriate radius.
Draw any radius preferably horizontal one.
Degree of any component part is given by

Draw a line segment from the centre of the circle

at an angle given by the component part.
Different sectors are represented by different
shades and colours.

Example:-Pie Chart

Draw a Pie chart for the following

three five year plans and compare the
results

Histogram
One of the most popular and commonly used
graphs for charting continuous frequency
distribution.
It consists in erecting a series of adjacent vertical
rectangles on the sections of the horizontal axis
(X-axis), with bases (sections) equal to the width
of the corresponding class intervals and heights
are taken in such a way that it equals to
frequencies of the corresponding classes.

Histogram
Variable

Frequency

10-20

12

20-30

30

30-40

35

40-50

65

50-60

45

60-70

25

70-80

18

Histograms with Unequal Class

Width
If all the classes are not uniform throughout; as
in case the different classes are represented on
the X-axis by sections or bases which are
equal the magnitudes of the corresponding
classes and the heights of the corresponding
rectangles are to be adjusted so that the area of
the rectangle is equal to the frequency density
of the corresponding class

Bars are different in width

Histograms with unequal class

interval
This adjustment can be done by taking the
height of each rectangle proportional (equal) to
the corresponding frequency density of each
class which is obtained on dividing the
frequency of the class by its magnitude
FREQUENCY DENSITY = Frequency

Class width

Question:-The frequency distribution of

the speeds maintained by vehicles in the
highways are given below..
Classes

Speed, kph
Frequency

0< v 40 40< v 50 50< v 60 60< v 90 90< v 110

80

15

25

90

Draw a histogram for the following data

30

Frequency Densities
Speed, kph

0< v 40 40< v 50 50< v 60 60< v 90 90< v 110

Class width

40

10

10

30

20

Frequency

80

15

25

90

30

Frequency
Density

2.0

1.5

2.5

3.0

1.5

Freq Dens

Frequency = Width x Height

Frequency = 40 x 2.0 = 80

3.0

2.0

1.0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Speed (kph)

Difference b/w histograms & bar

diagrams
Bar Graph

Histogram

One dimensional graph

Two dimensional graph

Frequencies represented by
the height of the bar

Frequency density given by

area of the bars.

Spacing b/w the graphs,

discrete

Bars are adjacent to each

other, continuous

Can be used only for depicting

categorical variables

They are useful in depicting

time series and frequency
distribution

Frequency Polygon
Frequency polygon is another method to
graphically represent a frequency distribution.
They can be drawn directly by taking
frequencies on Y-axis and midpoints of
corresponding classes against X-axis and
joining the points by straight lines.
They can be also draw from histograms by
joining the midpoints of each bars of the
histogram.

Frequency Polygon

Discrete Variables

Continuous Variables

Ogive or Cumulative Frequency

Curve
It is a graphical representation of cumulative
frequency curve.
It consists in plotting the c.f (along the Y-axis)
against class boundaries (along X-axis).
we have two types of ogives,
(i) 'Less than' ogive.
(ii) 'More than' ogive.

Example: Convert the following less than frequency

distribution to more than frequency distribution and draw
both the ogives

Assignment:Construct a frequency distribution of the data taking class width of 10

and draw a histogram, frequency polygon and construct both the ogive
curves

67
32
58
37
65

Stemplot (Stem-and-Leaf Plot)

A stem and leaf diagram is a good way to
obtain an informative visual display of a data
set of numbers which consists of atleast two
digits.
Divide each number into two parts, a stem
consisting of one or more of the leading digits,
and a leaf, consisting of the remaining digit.
List the stem values in a vertical column
Write each leaf in the row to the right of its
stem, in increasing order out from the stem.

Example:The following data set contains the midterm

exam scores of STAT 101.
74
62
71
74

76 78 88
80 77 70
85 100 77
83 85 95

87
60
72
62

87
60
95
50

53
84
79
86

95
95
83
83

82
85
97
86

79 79 78
93 79 84
87 73 84
36

Stem and leaf diagram

A stem-and-leaf display is follows:

3: 6
4:
5 : 03
6 : 0022
7 : 012344677889999
8 : 02333444555667778
9 : 355557
10 : 0

Draw a stem and leaf plot for the

following data

Stem and leaf diagram