ASM Atlas of Stress Strain Curves

Atlas of
Stre~~-~train Curves
Second Edition
The Materials
Information Society
Materials Park, OH 44073-0002

www.asminternational.org
A
L-r60
. A~~
't-oCL
Copyright 2002
by
ASM Intemational
AH rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic,
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First printing, December 2002
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Nothing contained in this book shall be construed as a grant of any right of manufacture, sale, use, or reproduction, in connection with any method, process, apparatus, product, composition, or system, whetber or not covered by letters patent, copyright, or
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Comments, criticisms, and suggestioos are iovited, and should be forwarded to ASM International.
Prepared under (he direction of the ASM International Technical Book Committee (2001-2002), Charles A. Parker, Chair.
Prepared with assistancefrom the ASM Internationai Materiais Properties Database Committee, PI Sikorsky, Chair.
ASM Internationai staff who worked on this project included Charles Moosbrugger, Technical Editor; Veronica Flint,
Acquisitions Editor; Bonnie Sanders, Manager of Production; Carol Terman, Production Project Manager; and Scott Henry, Assistant
Director of Reference Publications.
'
Library of Coogress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Atlas of stress-strain curves.-2nd ed.

p.cm.
SAN: 204-586---T.p. verso.
ISBN: 0-87170-739-X
1. Stress-strain curves-Atlases. 2. Metals-Testing. 1. ASM Intemational.
TA460 .A86 2002

620,I'63-dc 21
2002027674
ASM Intemational
Materials Park, OH 44073-0002
www.asminternational.org
Printed in the Uoited States of America
Contents
Preface ....................................................... iv
Representation of Stress-Strain Behavior .............................. 1
Ferrous Metals ................................................ 21
Cast lron (CI) ................................................. 23
Carbon Steel (CS) .............................................. 67
Alloy Steel (AS) ............................................... 93
High-Strength Steel (HS) ........................................ 129
Stainless Steel (SS) ............................................ 161
Tool Steel (TS) ............................................... 269
Nonferrous Metals ............................................ 277
Cast Aluminum (CA) .......................................... 279
Wrought Aluminum (WA) ...................................... 299
Aluminum Laminates (LA) ...................................... 503
Copper (Cu) ................................................. 515
Magnesium (Mg) ............................................. 555
Nickel (Ni) .................................................. 631
Reactive and Refractory Metals (RM) .............................. 705
Titanium (Ti) ................................................ 729
Pure Metals and Miscell<meous Alloys (MA) ......................... 799
Alloy Index ................................................. 809
UNS Index " ......................................... '........ 815
Preface
In this information age, mechanical property data are plentiful.
However, locating needed information quickly, judging the validity of
the data, and making reasoned comparisons of data can be daunting.
Stress-strain curves condense much information about the mechanical
behavior of metals into a convenient formo From these basic curves the
engineer can extract such information as the strength, ductility, formability, elasticity, and other information useful in predicting the performance of a particular alloy under stress.
ASM Intemational published the first edition of the Atlas of StressStrain Curves, a collection of over 550 curves, in 1986. This book,
along with the Atlas of Fatigue Curves, Atlas of Creep and StressRupture Curves, and the Atlas of Stress-Corrosion and Corrosion
Fatigue Curves, has formed a set of useful materials property resources
for the engineer, materials scientist, and designer.
Well over three years ago---with the encouragement, assistance,
and guidance of the ASM Technical Books and Materials Properties
Database Committees-ASM Intemational embarked on the project to
create this updated, expanded, and improved Second Edition of the
Atlas of Stress-Strain Curves. Sorne of the overriding goals of this
project have been to:
Many people are involved in a project of this size, and we would

like to thank those who have contributed to, or assisted, this effort.
First and foremost, ASM Intemational thanks the materials researchers
who created the original curves-without their efforts this volume
would not exist.
Donna M. Walker, FASM, Stressolvers Inc., and Veronica Flint,
ASM staff, initiated the project to revise and expand this book. ASM
Intemational thanks them for their efforts in helping to define the
goals for this project and in acquiring many of the new curves to be
added to the book.
Special thanks are extended to Special Metals, Gil Kaufman,
FASM, Kaufman Associates, and Bruce Boardman, FASM, Deere &
Company, for their contributions of stress-strain curves.
Hiro Okamoto and his associates performed the huge task of
redrawing the curves to normalize their presentation, and we are gratefuI for their accurate and timely work.
The organization and final quality of the data as seen in the book
are my responsibility, and any errors, omissions, or misclassifications
of alloys are mine. I thank Heather Lampman, the principal copy editor, and the members of the ASM Intemational production staff, who
have worked diligently to keep any errors to a minimum. However, in
any endeavor of this scope, there will be mistakes. Corrections, comments, and criticisms are invited.
It should be noted that most of the data included in this book are
not specified as being minimum, typical, or having any defined confidence level associated with them. The reader may want to refer to the
source of a particular curve to find additional details. The
"Introduction" in this book pro vides a review of the information that
can be extracted from stress-strain curves, a clarification of terms used
in describing mechanical behavior, and a guide to the limitations ofthe
accuracy and precision of the information given.
Add curves for materials that are especially useful to key industries,
including aerospace, automotive, and heavy manufacturing
Seek out curves with a "pedigree" so readers can trace the source of
the information and have sorne indication regarding its reliability
Include as much pertinent information as possible for each curve.
Factors such as heat-treat condition, product form, thickness, specimen size, orientation, history, testing temperature, and testing rate
all affect material s performance and may be helpful when interpreting the curves
Normalize the presentation of the curves to facilitate comparisons
among different materials
Charles Moosbrugger
Technical Editor
ASM Intemational
We feel ASM Intemational has been reasonably successful in

achieving these objectives in this edition.
iv
Representation of Stress-Strain Behavior

Charles Moosbrugger, ASM International
IT IS APPROPRIATE that a collection of stress-strain curves is

named an atlas. An atlas is a collection of figures, charts, or maps, so
named because early books pictured the Greek Titan, Atlas, on the
cover or title page, straining with the weight of the world and heavens
on his shoulders. This concept of visualizing the reaction to mechanical stress is central to development and use of stress-strain curves.
This introductory section provides a review of the fundamentals of
the mechanical testing that is represented in the curves. The mathematical interpretation of aspects of the curves will aid in analysis of the
curves. A list of terms common to stress-strain behavior is given at the
end of this section. (Ref 1, 2).
Tensile Testing
The simplest loading to visualize is a one-dimensional tensile test, in
which a uniform slender test specimen is stretched along its long central axis. The stress-strain curve is a representation of the performance
of the specimen as the applied load is increased monotonically usually
to fracture.
Stress-strain curves are usually presented as:
"Engineering" stress-strain curves, in which the original dimensions
of the specimens are used in most calculations.
"True" stress-strain curves, where the instantaneous dimensions of
the specimen at each point during the test are used in the ca1culations. This results in the "true" curves being aboye the "engineering" curves, notably in the higher strain portion of the curves.
The development of these eurves is described in the following sections.
To document the tension test, an engineering stress-strain curve is
constructed from the load-elongation measurements made on the test
specimen (Fig. 1). The engineering stress, S, plotted on this stressstrain curve is the average longitudinal stress in the tensile specimen. It
Strain to fracture
Uniforrn strain
~Su
E=s/e!~
/
f\lecking
begins .
, 1
"A":'
"
"-
. . . . . . VS
Tensile
strength
Fracture
stress
,/
o 0.002
Fig. 1
Aa
(Eq 1)
The strain, e, plotted on the engineering stress-strain curve, is the average linear strain, which is obtained by dividing the elongation of the
gage length ofthe specimen, 8, by its original1ength, Lo:
(Eq 2)
Because both the stress and the strain are obtained by dividing the load
and elongation by constant factors, the load-elongation curve has the
same shape as the engineering stress-strain curve. The two curves frequently are used interchangeably.
The units of stress are forcellength squared, and the strain is unitless.
The strain axis of curves traditionally are given units of in.lin. or
mm1mm rather than being listed as apure number. Strain is sometimes
expressed as a percent elongation.
The shape of the stress-strain curve and values assigned to the points
on the stress-strain curve of a metal depend on its:
Composition
Reat treatment and conditioning
Prior history of plastic deformation
The strain rate of test
Temperature
Orientation of applied stress relative to the test specimens structure
Size and shape
The parameters that are used to describe the stress-strain curve of a

metal are the tensile strength, yield strength or yield point, ultimate tensile strength, percent elongation, and reduction in area. The first three
are strength parameters; the last two indicate ductility.
The general shape of the engineering stress-strain curve (Fig. 1)
requires further explanation. This curve represents the fullloading of a
specimen from initialload to rupture. It is a "full-range" curve. Often
engineering curves are truncated past the 0.2% yield point. This is the
case of many of the curves in this Atlas. Other test data are presented
as a "full-range" curve with an "expanded range" to detail the initial
parts of the curve.
Linear Segment of Curves
(offset yield
strength)
s=~
Fracture
is obtained by dividing the load, P, by the original area of the cross section of the specimen, Aa:
Engineering strain,
Engineering stress-strain curve. Intersection of the dashed line with the curve
determines the offset yield strength.
From the origin, O, the initial straight-line portion is the elastic

region, where stress is linearly proportional to strain. When the stress
is removed, if the strain disappears, the specimen is considered completely elastic.
The point at which the curve departs from the straight-line proportionality, A, is the proportionallirnit.
Modulus of elasticity, E, also known as Young's modulus, is the

slope of this initiallinear portion of the stress-strain curve:
E= ...
(Eq 3)
2 / Atlas of Stress-Strain Curves
where S is engineering stress and se is engineering strain. Modulus of

elasticity is a measure of the stiffness of the material. The greater the
modulus, the steeper the slope and the smaller the elastic strain resulting from the application of a given stress. Because the modulus of elasticity is needed for computing deflections of beams and other structural
members, it is an important design value.
The modulus of elasticity is determined by the binding forces
between atoms. Because these forces cannot be changed without
changing the basic nature of the material, the modulus of elasticity is
one of the most structure-insensitive of the mechanical properties.
Generally, it is only slightly affected by alloying additions, heat treatment, or cold work (Ref 3). However, increasing the temperature
decreases the modulus of elasticity. At elevated temperatures, the modulus is often measured by a dynamic method (Ref 4). Typical values of
modulus of elasticity for common engineering materials are given in
Table 1 (Ref 5).
1250
Heat treated
chrome-tungsten
alloy
1000 r----+-----r-&L-+-----r----+----~
150
750
a..
'"
:;;
uf
"'
>
1i
Resilience is the ability of a material to absorb energy when

deformed elastically and to retum it when unloaded. This property usually is measured by the modulus of resilience, which is the strain
energy per unit volume, Uo, required to stress the material from zero
stress to the yield stress, Sx' The strain energy per unit volume for any
point on the line is just the area under the curve:
(Eq 4)
.5'1
.~
500
- 50
0.11% carbon
250 r--tr-r=~==~====~~--r=--_r---_
From the definition of modulus of elasticity and the aboye definition,

the maximum resilience occurs at the yield point and is called the modulus of resilience, UR:
UR
lISo
So Eo = "2 So Ji
= "2
o "-o---0--1.0-02---0--1.0-04-:----0--1.0-06--~0--1.0-08---:-0.-'-01~O--O.-'012o
S;,
=~
(Eq 5)
This equation indicates that the ideal material for resisting energy loads
in applications where the material must not undergo permanent distorTable 1
Typical values for modulus of elasticity

Elastic modulus (E)
Metal
GPa
lO' psi
Aluminum
Brass, 30 Zn
Chromium
Copper
ron
Soft
Cast
Lead
Magnesium
Molybdenum
Nickel
Soft
Hard
Nickel-silver,55Cu-18Ni-27Zn
Niobium
Silver
Steel
Mild
0.75 C
0.75 C, hardened
Tool stee1
Too] steel hardened
Stainless, 2Ni-18Cr
Tantalum
Tin
Titanium
Tungsten
Vanadium
Zinc
70
1O1
279
130
10.2
14.6
40.5
18.8
211
152
16
45
324
30.7
22.1
2.34
6.48
47.1
199
219
132
104
83
28.9
31.8
19.2
15.2
12.0
2]1
210
201
211
203
215
185
50
120
411
128
105
30.7
30.5
29.2
30.7
29.5
31.2
26.9
7.24
17.4
59.6
18.5
15.2
Source: Ref 5
Strain
Fig. 2
Stress-strain curves for selected steels. Source: Ref 7
tion, such as mechanical springs, is one having a high yield stress and
a low modulus of elasticity.
For various grades of steel, the modulus of resilience ranges from
100 to 4500 kJ/m3 (14.5 to 650 lbf in./in. 3 ), with the higher values representing steels with higher carbon or alloy contents (Ref 6). This can
be seen in Fig. 2, where the modulus of resilience for the chromiumtungsten alloy would be the greatest of the steels, because it has the
highest yield strength and similar modulus of elasticity. The modulus
of resilience is represented as the triangular areas under the curves in
Fig.3.
Figure 2 shows that while the modulus of elasticity is consistent for
the given group of steels, the shapes of the curves past their proportionality limits are quite varied (Ref 7).
I
I
I
High-carbon spring steel
Strain. e
Fig. 3
Comparison of stress-strain curves for a high-strength high-carbon spring

steel and a lower-strength structural steel. Point A is the elastic limit 01 the
springsteel; point B is the elastic limit 01 the structural steel. The cross-hatched triangles are the modulus 01 resilience (UR). These two areas are the work done on the
materials to elongate them or the restoring lorce within the materials.
Representation of Stress-Strain Behavior / 3
Nonlinear Segmenl of Curves lo Yielding

The elastic limit, B, on Fig. 1, may coincide with the proportionality limit, or it may occur at sorne greater stress. The elastic limit is the
maximum stress that can be applied without permanent deformation to
the specimen. Sorne curves exhibit a definite yield point, while others
do not. When the stress exceeds a value corresponding to the yield
strength, the spedmen undergoes gross plastic deformation. If the load
is subsequently reduced to O, 1he specimen will remain permanently
deformed.
Measures of Yielding. The stress at which plastic deformation or
yielding is observed to begin depends on the sensitivity of the strain
measurements. With most materials, there is a gradual transition from
elastic to plastic behavior, and the point at which plastic deformation
begins is difficullt to define with precision. In tests of materials under
uniaxial loading, three criteria for the initiation of yielding have been
used: the elastic limit, the proportionallimit, and the yield strength.
Elongation
(a)
Elastic limit, shown at point B in Fig. 1, is the greatest stress the

material can withstand without any measurable permanent strain
remaining after the complete release of load. With increasing sensitivity of strain measurement, the value of the elastic limit is decreased
until it equals the true elastic limit determined from microstrain measurements. With the sensitivity of strain typically used in engineering
studies (10-4 mm/mm or in.lin.), the elastic limit is greater than the proportional limito Deterrnination of the elastic limit requires a tedious
incremental loading-unloading test procedure. For this reason, it is
often replaced by the proportionallimit.
The yield strength, shown at point YS in Fig. 1, is the stress required
to produce a small specified amount of plastic deformation. The usual
definition of this property is the offset yield strength deterrnined by the
stress corresponding to the in1e:rsection of the stress-strain curve offset
by a specified strain (see Fig. 1). In the United States, the offset is usually specified as a strain of 0.2% or 0.1 % (e = 0.002 or 0.001).
Offset yield strength determination requires a specimen that has been
loaded to its 0.2% offset yield strength and unloaded so that it is 0.2%
longer than before the test. The offset yield strength is referred to in
ISO Standards as the proof stress (RpO,l or R pO ,2). In the EN standards
for materials that do not have a yield phenomenon present, the 0,2%
proof strength (RpO,2) or 0,5% (Rpo,s) is deterrnined. The nonproportional elongation is either 0.1 %, 0.2%, or 0.5%. The yield strength
obtained by an offset method is commonly used for design and specification purposes, because it avoids the practical difficulties of measuring the elastic limit or proportionallimit.
Sorne materials have essentially no linear portion to their stressstrain curve, for example, soft copper or gray cast iron. For these materials, the offset method cannot be used, and the usual practice is to
define the yield strength as the stress to produce sorne total strain, for
example, e = 0.005. The European Standard for general-purpose copper rod, EN 12163 (Ref 8), gives approximate 0,2% proof strength
(R pO,2) for information, but it is not a requirement. This approach is followed for other material fOffilS (bar and wire), but for sorne copper
tubes, a maximum R pO ,2 is specified For copper alloy pressure vessel
plate and sorne spring strip, a minimum RpO,2 is specified.
Materials wiith Yield Point Phenomenon. Many metals, particularly annealed low-carbon stee:l, show a localized, heterogeneous type
of transition from elastic to plastic deformation that produces a yield
point in the stress-strain curve" Rather than having a flow curve with a
gradual transition from elastic: to plastic behavior, such as Fig. 4(a),
metal s with a yield point produce a flow curve or a load-elongation diagram similar to Fig. 4(b). The load increases steadily with elastic strain,
'O
ro
.2
.!!!
.;
<:
Q)
Elongation
lb)
Fig. 4
Idealized plots of stress-strain. (al Continuous yielding condition. (b) Discontinuous yielding with an upper yield point A and a relatively constant yieldi ng stress B to C
drops suddenly, fluctuates about sorne approximately constant value of

load, and then rises with further strain.
In EN standards for materials exhibiting a yield point, the upper yie1d
strength, ReH may be specified. The upper and lower yield stress (R eH ,
ReL) are specified in sorne EN and ISO standards in units of N/mm2
(1 N/mm2 = 1 MPa). EN 10027-1 (Ref9) notes the term "yield strength"
as used in this European standard refers to upper or lower yield strength
(ReH or ReL)' proof strength (R p), or the proof strength total extension
(R t ), depending on the requirement specified in the re1evant product
standard. This serves as a caution that the detai1s on how the "yield
strength" or "yield point" is defined must be known when making any
comparisons or concIusions as to the materials characteristics.
Typical yield point behavior of low-carbon steel is shown in Fig. 5.
The slope of the initial linear portion of the stress-strain curve, designated by E, is the modulus of elasticity. The load at which the sudden
drop occurs is called the upper yield point. The constant load is called
the lower yield point, and the e10ngation that occurs at constant load is
called the yield-point elongation. The deformation occurring throughout the yield-point elongation is heterogeneous. At the upper yie1d
point, a discrete band of deformed metal, often readily visible, appears
at a stress concentration such as a fillet. Coincident with the formation
of the band, the load drops to the lower yield point. The band then
propagates along the 1ength of the specimen, causing the yield-point
elongation.
In typical cases, several bands form at several points of stress concentration. These bands are generally at approximately 45 to the ten-
Upper yield
point
( i-... Yield point

I
1- elongation-+j
...o
"C
this region, and the specimen begins to neck or thin down locally. The
strain up to this point has been uniform, as indicated on Fig. 1. Because
the cross-sectional area is now decreasing far more rapidly than the
ability to resist the deformation by strain hardening, the actual load
required to deform the specimen decreases and the engineering stress
defined in Eq 1 continues to decrease until fracture occurs, at X.
...J
The tensile strength, or ultimate tensile strength, Su, is the maximum load divided by the original cross-sectional area of the specimen:
s Unyielded metal
Elongation
Fig. 5
Typical yield point behavior of low-carbon steel
sile axis. They are usually cal1ed Lders bands, Hartmann lines, or
stretcher strains, and this type of deformation is sometimes referred to
as the Piobert effect. They are visible and can be aesthetically undesirab1e. When several Lders bands are formed, the flow curve during the
yield-point elongation is irregular, each jog corresponding to the formation of a new Lders bando After the Lders bands have propagated
to cover the entire length of the specimen test section, the flow will
increase with strain in the typical manner. This marks the end of the
yield-point elongation. The transition from undeformed to deformed
material at the Lders front can be seen at low magnification in Fig. 6.
The rough surface areas are the Lders bands in the low-carbon steel.
These bands are also formed in certain aluminum-magnesium alloys.
NonJinear Segment of Continued Deformation
Strain Hardening. The stress required to produce continued plastic

deformation increases with increasing plastic strain; that is, the metal
strain hardens. The volume of the specimen (area x length) remains
constant during plastic deformation, AL = AoLo, and as the specimen
elongates, its cross-sectional area decreases uniformly along the gage
length.
Initially, the strain hardening more than compensates for this
decrease in area, and the engineering stress (proportional to load P)
continues to rise with increasing strain. Eventually, a point is reached
where the decrease in specimen cross-sectional area is greater than the
increase in deformation load arising from strain hardening. This condition will be reached first at sorne point in the specimen that is slightly
weaker than the rest. All further plastic deformation is concentrated in
u -
P max
Ao
(Eq 6)
The tensile strength is the value most frequently quoted from the results
of a tension test. Actually, however, it is a value of little fundamental
significance with regard to the strength of a metal. For ductile metals,
the tensile strength should be regarded as a measure of the maximum
load that a metal can withstand under the very restrictive conditions of
uniaxialloading. This value bears little relation to the useful strength of
the metal under the more complex conditions of stress that usually are
encountered.
For many years, it was customary to base the strength of structural
members on the tensile strength, suitably reduced by a factor of safety.
The current trend is to the more rational approach of basing the static
design of ductile metals on the yield strength. However, because of the
long practice of using the tensile strength to describe the strength of
material s, it has become a familiar property, and as such, it is a useful
identification of a material in the same sense that the chemical composition serves to identify a metal or alloy. Furthermore, because the tensile strength is easy to determine and is a reproducible property, it is
use fui for the purposes of specification and for quality control of a
product. Extensive empirical correlations between tensile strength and
properties such as hardness and fatigue strength are often useful. For
brittle materials, the tensile strength is a valid design criterion.
Measures of Ductility. Currently, ductility is considered a qualitative, subjective property of a material. In general, measurements of
ductility are of interest in three respects (Ref 10):
To indicate the extent to which a metal can be deformed without
fracture in metalworking operations such as rolling and extrusion
To indicate to the designer the ability of the metal to flow plastically
before fracture. A high ductility indicates that the material is "forgiving" and likely to deform locally without fracture should the designer err in the stress calculation or the prediction of severe loads.
To serve as an indicator of changes in impurity level or processing
conditions. Ductility measurements may be specified to assess material quality, even though no direct relationship exists between the
ductility measurement and performance in service.
The conventional measures of ductility that are obtained from the
tension test are the engineering strain at fracture, er, (usually called the
elongation) and the reduction in area at fracture, q. Elongation and
reduction in area usually are expressed as a percentage. Both of these
properties are obtained after fracture by putting the specimen back
together and taking measurements of the finallength, Lr, and final specimen cross section, Af:
(Eq 7)
Ao-Af
q=~
Fig. 6
Lders bands (roughened areas), which have propagated along the length
of a specimen of annealed steel sheet that was tested in tension.
Unpolished, unetched. Low magnification
(Eq 8)
Because an appreciable fracton of the plastic deformation will be

concentrated in the necked region of the tension specimen, the value of
will depend 0111 the gage length Lo over which the measurement was
taken (see the section of this artiele on ductility measurement in tension
testing). The smaller the gage length, the greater the contribution to the
overall elongation from the necked region and the higher the value of
ef. Therefore, when reporting values of percentage elongation, the gage
length, Lo, should always be given.
Reduction in area does not suffer from this difficulty. These values
can be converted into an equivalent zero-gage-length elongation, eo.
From the constancy of volume relationship for plastic deformation
(AL = AoLo):
ef
L - Lo
Ao
1
1
eo = - - = -- -1 = - - --1 = - Lo
I-q
I-q
for a metal strained in tension by the amount shown on the curve. Thus,
if the load is removed at this point and then reapplied, the material will
behave elastically throughout the entire range of reloading.
The true stress,
The toughnE~ss of a material is its ability to absorb energy up to the

point of fracture or rupture. The ability to withstand occasional stresses
aboye the yieldl stress without fracturing is particularly desirable in
parts such as freight-car couplings, gears, chains, and crane hooks.
Toughness is a commonly used concept that is difficult to precisely
define. Toughn(~ss may be considered to be the total area under the
stress-strain curve to the point of fracture. This area, which is referred
to as the modulus of toughness, UT , is the amount of work per unit volume that can be done on the material without causing it to rupture.
Figure 3 shows the stress-strain curves for high- and low-toughness
materials. The high-carbon spring steel has a higher yield strength and
tensi1e strength than the medium-carbon structural steel. However, the
structural steel is more ductile: and has a greater total elongation. The
total area under the stress-strain curve is greater for the structural steel;
therefore, it is a tougher mate:rial. This illustrates that toughness is a
parameter that eomprises both strength and ductility.
True Stress-Strain Curves

The engineering stress-strain curve does not give a true indication of
the deformation characteristics of a metal, because it is based entirely on
the original dimensions of the specimen and these dimensions change
continuously during the test. Also, a ductile metal that is pulled in tension
becomes unstable and necks down during the course of the test. Because
the cross-sectional area of the specimen is decreasing rapidly at this stage
in the test, the load required to continue deformation lessens.
The average stress based on the original area likewise decreases, and
this produces the downtum in the engineering stress-strain curve beyond
the point of maximum load. Actually, the metal continues to strain
harden to fracture, so that the stress required to produce further deformation should also increase. If the true stress, based on the actual crosssectional area of the specimen, is used, the stress-strain curve increases
continuously to fracture. If the strain measurement is a1so based on
instantaneous measurement, the curve that is obtained is known as truestress/true-strain curve.
Flow Curve. The true stress-strain curve is also known as a flow
curve, because it represents the basic plastic-flow characteristics of the
material. Any point on the flow curve can be considered the yield stress
is expressed in terms of engineering stress, S, by:
= Ao (e + 1) =S(e + 1)
(Eq 10)
The derivation of Eq 10 assumes both constancy of volume (AL =

AoLo) and a homogeneous distribution of strain along the gage length
of the tension specimen. Thus, Eq 10 should be used only until the
onset of necking. Beyond the maximum load, the true stress should be
determined from actual measurements of load and cross-sectional area.
p
(Eq 9)
This represents the elongation based on a very short gage length near
the fracture. Another way to avoid the complications resulting from
necking is to base the percentage elongation on the uniform strain out
to the point at which necking begins. The uniform elongation, eu, correlates well with stretch-forming operations. Because the engineering
stress-strain curve often is quite flat in the vicinity of necking, it may
be difficult to establish the stfalin at maximum load without ambiguity.
In this case, the method suggested in Ref 11 is useful.
(J,
a=
(Eq 11)
The true strain, E, may be determined from the engineering or conventional strain, e. From Eq 2:
e=
M., =
L-Lo
Lo
=1:...._ 1
(Eq 12)
Lo
Lo
To determine the true strain, the instantaneous change in length (dI) is

divided by the length, 1:
E= (
E=
~l =In(~)
(Eq 13)
In (e + 1)
(Eq 14)
This equation is applicable only to the onset of necking for the reasons
discussed aboye. Beyond maximum load, the true strain should be
based on actual area or diameter, D, measurements:
Ao
(n D6)/4
Do
E = In A = In (n D2)/4 = 2 In D
(Eq 15)
Figure 7 compares the true-stress/true-strain curve with its corresponding engineering stress-strain curve. Note that, because of the relatively large plastic strains, the elastic region has been compressed into
the y-axis. In agreement with Eq 10 and 14, the true-stress/true-strain
curve is always to the left of the engineering curve until the maximum
load is reached.
Necking. Beyond maximum load, the high, localized strains in the
necked region that are used in Eq 15 far exceed the engineering strain
True stress/true strain curve
'"'"
Q)
c5i
Maximum load
o Fracture
O
Strain
Fig. 7
Comparison of engineering and true-stress/true-strain curves
~.,
VI
n = 1/2
el
.3
10
Trua strain,
Fig. 8
Log-Iog plot of true-stress/true-strain curve. n is the strain-hardening exponent; K is the strength coefficient.
1.0
Fig. 9
calculated from Eq 2. Frequently, the flow curve is linear from maximum load to fracture, while in other cases its slope continuously
decreases to fracture. The formation of a necked region or mild notch
introduces triaxial stresses that make it difficult to determine accurately
the longitudinal tensile stress from the onset of necking until fracture
occurs. This concept is discussed in greater detail in the section
"Corrected Stress-Strain Curves" in this artiele. The following parameters usually are deterrnined from the true-stress/true-strain curve.
The true stress at maximum load corresponds to the true tensile
strength. For most materials, necking begins at maximum load at a
value of strain where the true stress equals the slope of the flow curve.
Let (Ju and Eu denote the true stress and true strain at maximum load
when the cross-sectional area of the specimen is Au. From Eq 6 the
engineering ultimate tensile strength can be defined as:
S - Pmax
u -
Ao
(Eq 16)
and the true ultimate tensile strength is:
Various forms of power curve cr = KE n
measured values of ef. However, for cylindrical tensile specimens, the

reduction in area, q, is related to the true fracture strain by:
Ef=ln _1_
(Eq 22)
l-q
The true uniform strain, Eu, is the true strain based only on the
strain up to maximum load. It may be calculated from either the specimen cross-sectional area, Au. or the gage length, La, at maximum load.
Equation 15 may be used to convert conventional uniform strain to true
uniform strain. The uniform strain frequently is useful in estimating the
formability of metal s from the results of a tension test:
Eu=In Ao
(Eq 23)
Au
The true local necking strain, En, is the strain required to deform
the specimen from maximum load to fracture:
A
En= In--..l!.
(Eq 24)
Af
(Eq 17)
Mathematical Expression of the Flow Curve. The flow curve of

many metal s in the region of uniform plastic deformation can be
expressed by the simple power-curve relation:
Eliminating P m.x yields:

cru = Su -Ao
Au
(Eq 18)
cr = KE n
and from Eq 15:

AoJA = eE
(Eq 19)
where e is the base of naturallogarithm, so

(Eq 20)
The true fracture stress is the load at fracture divided by the crosssectional area at fracture. This stress should be corrected for the triaxial state of stress existing in the tensile specimen at fracture. Because
the data required for this correction frequently are not available, true
fracture stress values are frequently in error.
The true fracture strain, Ef, is the true strain based on the original
area, A o, and the area after fracture, Af :
Ao
Ef=In Af
(Eq 21)
This parameter represents the maximum true strain that the material
can withstand before fracture and is analogous to the total strain to fracture of the engineering stress-strain curve. Because Eq 14 is not valid
beyond the onset of necking, it is not possible to calculate Ef from
(Eq 25)
where n is the strain-hardening exponent and K is the strength coefficient. A log-log plot of true stress and true strain up to maximum load
will result in a straight line if Eq 25 is satisfied by the data (Fig. 8).
The linear slope of this line is n, and K is the true stress at E = 1.0
(corresponds to q = 0.63). As shown in Fig. 9, the strain-hardening
exponent may have values from n = O (perfectly plastic solid) to n = 1
(elastic solid). For most metals, n has values between 0.10 and 0.50
(see Table 2).
Table 2
Values for n and K for metals at room temperature

K
Metals
Condition
0.05% carbon steel

SAE 4340 steel
0.6% carban steel
Annealed
Annealed
Quenched and tempered
at 540 oc (1000 F)
Quenched and tempered
at 705 oc (1300 F)
Annealed
Annealed
0.6% carbon steel

Copper
70/30 brass
MPa
ksi
Ref
0.26
0.15
0.10
530
641
1572
77
93
228
12
12
13
0.19
1227
178
13
0.54
0.49
320
896
46.4
130
12
13
The rate of strain hardening do/de is not identical to the strainhardening exponent. From the definition of n:
n
= d (log 01 =
d (log E)
d (In a)
d (In E)
Eda
adE
or
(Eq 26)
Deviations from Eq 25 freque:ntly are observed, often at low strains

(10-3) or high strains (E = 1.0) . One cornmon type of deviation is for a
log-log plot ofEq 25 to result in two straight lines with different slopes.
Sometimes data that do not plot according to Eq 25 will yield a straight
line according to the relationship:
(Eq 27)
f.o can be considered to be the amount of strain hardening that the material received prior to the tension test (Ref 14). Another cornmon variation on Eq 25 is. the Ludwik equation:
(Eq 28)
The true strain term in Eq 25 to 28 properly should be the plastic

strain,
Ep =Etotal -
EE
Ep = Etotal -
Ji
(Eq 31)
where EE represents elastic strain.

Graphically, this is shown on the engineering curve as a region of
elastic elongation and a region of plastic elongation surnmed together
to make the total elongation.
Instability in Tension. Necking generally begins at maximum load

during the tensile deformation of ductile metal. An ideal plastic material in which no strain hardening occurs would become unstable in tension and begin to neck as soon as yielding occurred. However, an actual
metal undergoes strain hardening, which tends to increase the load-carrying capacity of the specimen as deformation increases. This effect is
opposed by the gradual decrease in the cross-sectional area of the specimen as it elongates. Necking or localized deformation begins at maximum load, where the increase in stress due to decrease in the crosssectional area of the specimen becomes greater than the increase in the
load-carrying ability of the metal due to strain hardening. This condition of instability leading to localized deformation is defined by the
condition that P is at its maximum, dP = O:
where 0'0 is the yield stress, and K and n are the same constants as in
Eq 25. This equation may be more satisfying than Eq 25, because the
latter implies that at O true strain the stress is O. It has been shown that
0'0 can be obtained from the intercept of the strain-hardening portion of
the stress-strain curve and the elastic modulus line by (Ref 15):
P=aA
ao = (:" ) l/(l-n)
From the constancy-of-volume relationship:
(Eq 29)
The true-stress/true-strain curve of metal s such as austenitic stain1ess

steel, which deviate markedly from Eq 25 at low strains (Ref 16), can
be expressed by:
(Eq30)
where eK is approximately equal to the proportionallimit, and n is the

slope of the deviation of stress from Eq 25 plotted against E. Other
expressions for the flow curve are available (Ref 17, 18).
a!
Subtangent of unit,.
versus
(Eq 32)
dP = adA + Ada
=O
(Eq 33)
dL =_dA =dE
(Eq 34)
and from the instability condition (Eq 32):

dA
A
da
(Eq 35)
so that at a point of tensile instability:

da
-=a
dE
(Eq 36)
j:='
(b)
(a)
B
Engineerng
strain
Fig. 10
Graphical interpretation 01 necking criterion. The point 01 necking at maximum load can be obtained lrom the true-stress/true-strain curve by linding
(a) the point on the curve having a subtangent of unity or (b) the point where dcr/ck = (j.
Fig.11
Considre's construction for the determination 01 the point 01 maximum

load. Source: Rel 19
Therefore, the point of necking at maximum load can be obtained from

the true-stress/true-strain curve by finding the point on the curve having a subtangent of unity (Fig. lOa) or the point where the rate of strain
hardening equals the stress (Fig. lOb). The necking criterion can be
expressed more explicitly if engineering strain is used. Starting with Eq
36:
dL
da da de
da ~ da L
da
- = - - = - = dL = - - = - (1 +e)=a
dE
de dE
de
L de Lo de
(Eq 37)
Equation 37 permits an interesting geometrical construction for the

determination of the point of maximum load (Ref 19). In Fig. 11, the
stress-strain curve is plotted in terms of true stress against engineering
strain. Let point A represent a negative strain of 1.0. A line drawn from
point A, which is tangent to the stress-strain curve, will establish the
point of maximum load, because according to Eq 37, the slope at this
point is a/(l + e).
By substituting the necking criterion given in Eq 36 into Eq 26, a
simple relationship for the strain at which necking occurs is obtained.
This strain is the true uniform strain, Eu:
(Eq 38)
Although Eq 26 is based on the assumption that the flow curve is given

by Eq 25, it has been shown that Eu = n does not depend on this powerlaw behavior (Ref 20).
Corrected Stress-Strain Curves

Stress Distribution at the Neck. The formation of a neck in the
tensile specimen introduces a complex triaxial state of stress in that
region. The necked region is in effect a mild notch. A notch under tension produces radial stress, a r, and transverse stress, a, which raise the
value of longitudinal stress required to cause the plastic flow.
Therefore, the average true stress at the neck, which is determined by
dividing the axial tensile load by the minimum cross-sectional area of
the specimen at the neck, is higher than the stress that would be
required to cause flow if simple tension prevailed.
Figure 12 illustrates the geometry at the necked region and the

stresses developed by this localized deformation. R is the radius of curvature of the neck, which can be measured either by projecting the contour of the necked region on a screen or by using a tapered, conical
radius gage.
Bridgman made a mathematical analysis that provides a correction
to the average axial stress to compensate for the introduction of transverse stresses (Ref 21). This analysis was based on the following
assumptions:
The con tour of the neck is approximated by the are of a circle.
The cross section of the necked region remains circular throughout
the test.
The von Mises criterion for yielding applies.
The strains are constant over the cross section of the neck.
According to thls analysis, the uniaxial flow stress corresponding to
that which would exist in the tension test if necking had not introduced
triaxial stresses is:
(Eq 39)
a=
where (ax)avg is the measured stress in the axial direction (load divided
by minimum eros s section). Figure 7 shows how the application of the
Bridgman correction changes the true-stress/true-strain curve. A correction for the triaxial stresses in the neck of a flat tensile specimen has
been considered (Ref 22). The values of a/R needed for the analysis can
be obtained either by straining a specimen a given amount beyond
necking and unloading to measure a and R directly, or by measuring
these parameters continuously past necking using photography or a
tapered ring gage (Ref 23).
To avoid these measurements, Bridgman presented an emprical relation between a/R and the true strain in the neck. Figure 13 shows that
this gives close agreement for steel specimens, but not for other metals
with widely different necking strains. A much better correlation is
obtained between the Bridgman correction and the true strain in the
neck minus the true strain at necking, Eu (Ref 25).
1.00
0.75 L-_ _.l......_ _...l-_ _....J..._ _--'

1.5
2.0
1.0
o
0.5
5train,
Fig. 12
Stress distribution at the neck o a tensile specimen. (a) Geometry 01

necked region. R is the radius 01 curvature 01 the neck; a IS the mlnlmum
radius at the neck. (b) Stresses acting on element at point O. crx is the stress in the
axial direction; cr, is the radial stress; a, is the transverse stress.
rr---,...-----,.-----,...----,
Fig. 13
Relationship between Bridgman correction factor a/(crx)avg and true tensile

strain. Source: Re! 24
Ductility
Compression Testing
Ductility Me~LSurement in Tension Testing. The measured elongation from a tension specimen depends on the gage length of the specimen or the dime:nsions of its cross section. This is because the total
extension consists of two components: the uniform extension up to
necking and the localized extension once necking begins (Fig. 1). The
extent of uniform extension depends on the metallurgical condition of
the material (thmugh En) and the effect of specimen size and shape on
the development of the neck.
The shorter the gage length, the greater the influence of localized
deformation at the neck on the Ilotal elongation of the gage length. The
extension of a specimen at fracltUre can be expressed by:
The compression test consists of deforming a cylindrical specimen

to produce a shorter cylinder of larger diameter (upsetting). The compression test is a convenient method for determining the stress-strain
response of materials at large strains (e > 0.5) because the test is not
subject to the instability of necking that occurs in a tension test. AIso,
it may be convenient to use the compression test because the specimen
is relatively easy to make, and it does not require a large amount of
material. The compression test is frequently used in conjunction with
evaluating the workability of materials, especially at elevated temperature, because most deformation processes, such as forging, have a high
component of compressive stress. The test is also used with brittle
materials, which are difficult to machine into test specimens and difficult to tensile test in perfect alignment.
There are two inherent difficulties with the compression test that must
be overcome by the test technique: buckling of the specimen and barreling of the specimen. Both conditions cause nonuniform stress and strain
distributions in the specimen that make it difficult to analyze the results.
(Eq 40)
where a is the local necking extension and euLu is the uniform extension. The tensile elongation is then:
ef
4-Lo
IX
= ----;;- = Lo + eu
(Eq 41)
This elearly indicates that the total elongation is a function of the specimen gage length. The shorter Ilhe gage length, the greater the percent
elongation.
Numerous attempts have been made to rationalize the strain distribution in the tension test. Perhaps the most general conelusion that can
be drawn is that geometrically similar specimens develop geometrically similar necked regions.
Further details on the necking phenomenon can be found in the artiele "Mechanical Behavior under Tensile and Compressive Loads" in
Mechanical Testing and Evaluation, Volume 8 of the ASM Handbook
(Ref26).
Notch Tensil,e Test. Ductility measurements on standard smooth tensile specimens do not always reveal metallurgical or environmental
changes that lead to reduced local ductility. The tendency for reduced
ductility in the presence of a triaxial stress field and steep stress gradients
(such as a rise al: a notch) is caBed notch sensitivity. A common way of
evaluating notch sensitivity is a tension test using a notched specimen.
Buckling is a mode of failure characterized by an unstable lateral

material deflection caused by compressive stresses. Buckling is controlled by selecting a specimen geometry with a low length-to-diameter
ratio. UD should be less than 2, and a compression specimen with UD
= 1 is ofien used. It also is important to have a very well-aligned load
train and to ensure that the end faces of the specimen are parallel and
perpendicular to the load axis (Ref 27). Ofien a special alignment fixture is used with the testing machine to ensure an accurate load path
(Ref28).
Barreling is the generation of a convex surface on the exterior of a
cylinder that is deformed in compression. The cross section of such a
specimen is barrel shaped. Barreling is caused by the friction between
the end faces of the compression specimen and the anvils that apply the
load. As the cylinder decreases in height (h), it wants to increase in
diameter (D) because the volume of an incompressible material must
remain constant:
1t Di
ro
!l.
4 2
200
ro
en
~
:2'
/.}
350
........-:: ~
al 300
en
/~~/8"
I(
100
1-
50
ID
100
::::>
!::
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
50
Comparison of true stress-true strain curves in tension and compression

(various lubricant conditions) for AI-2Mg alloy. Curve 2, Molykote spray;
curve 4, boron nitride + alcohol; curve 5, Teflon + Molykote spray; curve 8, tensile
test. Sou rce: Ref 3 O
!i
f/
O
O
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
True compressive strain
True strain
Fig. 14
~4
~~
o
u
~
2/
o.. 150
E
Tensile
necking
instability
0.10
- 250
ID
>
.;;
en 200
150
-
ID
(Eq 42)
!l.
.,
400
250
:2'
h _ D;h2
Fig. 15
Flow curves for AI-2Mg alloy tested in compression for various lubricant
conditions out to E = 1.0. Curve 1, molygrease; curve 2, Molykote spray;
curve 3, boron-nitride spray; curve 4, boron-nitride and alcohol; curve 5, Teflon and
Molykote spray; curve 6, polished dry anvils; curve 7, grooved anvils. Source: Ref 30

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa
o
14
28
42
56
70
84
1oo,------,------,------,------,-------,-----,7oo
Calculation of Compressive Stress and Strain. The calculation of

stress and strain for the compression test is based on developing a test
condition that minimizes friction (and barreling) and assumes the stress
state is axial compression. When friction can be neglected, the uniaxial
compressive stress (flow stress) is related to the deformation force P by:
80r-----~------T_----_+------4_----~r_----~560
Clf
420
.;
-""
uf
en
~
i
40
280
rtDZ
(Eq 43)
rtD h
where the last term is obtained by substituting from Eq 42. In Eq 43,

subscript l refers to the initial values of D and h, while subscript 2
refers to conditions at sorne subsequent value of specimen height, h.
Equation 43 shows that the flow stress can be obtained directly from
the load P and the instantaneous height (h 2), provided that friction can
be neg1ected.
The true strain in the compression test is given by:
E
20r-____~------+_----_+------~----~_+----~140
4P
4Ph z
= -P = --= ----2
=ln(~~) = 21n(~~)
(Eq44)
where either the displacement of the anvil or the diameter of the specimen can be used, whichever is more convenient.
L -_ _ _ _~_ _ _ _ _ _~_ _ _ _ _ _~_ _ _ _ _ _L __ _ _ _~_L_ _ _ _~O
Fig. 16
8
6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus? 1O psi
10
12
Curve combining compressive stress-strain with compressive tangent

modulus
As the material spreads outward over the anvils, it is restrained by the

friction at this interface. The material near the midheight position is
less restrained by friction and spreads laterally to the greatest extent.
The material next to the anvil surfaces is restrained from spreading the
most; thus, the creation of a barreled profile. This deformation pattem
also 1eads to the development of a region of relatively undeformed
materials under the anvil surfaces.
This deformation behavior c1early means that the stress state is not
uniform axial compression. In addition to the axial compressive stress,
a circumferential tensile stress develops as the specimen barreIs (Ref
29). Because barreling increases with the specimen ratio D/h, the force
to deform a compression cylinder increases with D/h.
Minimizing barreling of the compression specimen can be accomplished by minimizing friction between the ends of the specimen and
the anvils. This is done by using an effective lubricant and machining
concentric rings on the end of the specirnen to retain the lubricant and
keep it from being squeezed out. An extensive series of tests have
shown what works best (Ref 30).
Figure 14 shows the true stress-true strain curve (flow curve) for an
annealed AI-2Mg alloy. Stress and strain were calculated as described
in the previous section. Note how the flow curve in compression agrees
with that determined in a tensile test and how the compressive curves
extend to much larger strains because there is no specimen necking.
Figure 15 extends the strain over double the range of Fig. 14. Note that
once beyond E > 0.5, the curves begin to diverge depending on the
effectiveness of the lubrication. The highest curve (greatest deviation
from uniaxial stress) is for grooved anvils (platens) that dig in and prevent sidewise flow. The least friction is for the condition where a Teflon
(EJ. DuPont de Nemours & Co., Inc., Wilmington, DE) film sprayed
with Molykote (Dow Coming Corporation, Midland, MI) is placed
between the anvil and the specimen.
--
./
_/
/"
/
Slrain(g) _
Strain(g) _
(a)
Fig. 17
(b)
Differences between constant stress increments and constant strain increments. (a) Equal stress increments result in strains of increasing increments. (b) Equal strain
increments result in decreasing stress increments.
1[1'
10'
lO'
lO
10- 8
10- 6
10-'
10-'
lO
10- 6
10- B
10'
10'
lO'
Characteristic time Is)
rl"--,;-~-"'-"T"-"T'-""
-",r--""~--"--"--~,"'l-r,--r~--fl--I-,I--I~~ Strain rate Is- )
I
I
~
~
l::
;-:
~
Creep
Constant load
or
strnss machine
Quasi-static
Bar
impact
~
~
I
I
I
I
: Pneumatic : Mechanical
or
or
I mechanical I ex pi osi ve
I machines I impact
Hydraulic or
screw machine
I
I
I
Light gas gun

or
explosively
driven
plate impact
Usual method
of loading
I
U Mechanical I
Constant strain
rate test
forces
High-velocity
plate impact
~-Inertia
~ strain rate ~
~
~
I
Strain versus time
or
creep rate
recorded
~ Intermediate ~
11 resonance
ElasticH in specimen plastic wave
1I
and
Ipropagation I
11 machine
I
I
neglected_::~..o(e-----Inertia forces
-----sotherma
lO 11
Shock wave
propagation
Dynamic
considerations
important _ _ _+-/
in testing
Adiabatic------~lO1
_ _, - - - - - - - - - P l a n e stress ----------;o~..I...E;-Plane strain-;o.

~
Increasing stress levels
Fig. 18
Strain-rate ranges and associated experimental equipment, conditions, and consequences
Essentially no barreling occurs in room-temperature compression

tests when Teflon film is placed between the anvil and the end of the
specimen. Because the film will eventually tear, it is necessary to run
the test increffil~ntally and replace the film when an electrical signal
indicates that there is no longe:r a continuous film.
Obviously, the need to run the test incrementally is inconvenient. A
series of single-increment compression tests on a range of materials
with strain-hardening exponents from n = 0.08 to 0.49 showed that
lubricant conditions do not become significant until E > 0.5 so long as
Elastic
range
Plastic (inelastic) range

Yield-point elon9ation
Increase in yield
point caused by
strain hardening
and
.1
Strain-hardening range
50
40
"
,',
Initial tension loading
'~---'C;=""""''''_''''__'_'"-/'/:,,/'--...8
/'A
.
/--------
_____ :i
,Second unloading
and reloading
First unloading ..
1/
n > 0.15. For strains E ~ 1.0, a grooved specimen with molybdenum

disulfide (MoS 2) grease lubricant gave consistently good results.
Nearly as good results are achieved with smooth anvils and a spray coat
of MoS 2 (Ref 30).
Another approach to minimize the effects of barreling is to remachine the specimens to their original diameter after sorne degree of
deformation. This is costly and inconvenient and adds uncertainties to
the results. For additional details on compression testing, see the artiele "Uniaxial Compression Testing" in Mechanical Testing and
Evaluation, Volume 8 of the ASM Handbook.
reIOdin~,::
~
eh
~ --~~~~~~--,-----~-,----~--,-~-,~~~--~--~
iS
StrainDuctility after
second reloading
Residuall
straln _ _ _ _ Ductility after first reloading
1,
'"
1 - - - - - - Ductility 01 virgin material--------.,..
Compression reloading
Fig. 19
Effects of prior tensile loading on stress-strain behavior; the graph is not to

scale. The solid line represents the behavior of a virgin piece. The dotted
line is a specimen that has been unloaded at A and then reloaded. The dashed fine
represents a second unloading at B. In each case the stress is based on the cross-sectional area of the specimen measured after the unloading.
Fig. 20
o
-30 .~
o.
-40 E
-50
An example of the Bauschinger effect and hysteresis loop in tension-compression-tension loading. The initial tension loading is to about 0.001
strain, followed by compression again to 0.001 strain.
Tangent Modulus Curves

The tangent modulus, E, is the slope of the stress-strain curve at any
point on the curve.
_ dS
E de
(Eq 45)
Below the proportionality limit, El has the same value as E.

Figure 10 has a construction of El = 1 at the point where the strain
was Eu. The slope has the same units as the stress.
Many of the curves in the Atlas have the plot of the tangent modulus
superimposed on the stress-strain curve. These curves have dual units
along the x-axis, one set for strain and one set for El' Figure 16 is an
example. The modulus of elasticity can be visually estimated on the linear segment of the stress-strain curve as slightly more than 280 MPa/4
X 0.001 = 70,000 MPa or 70 GPa (40 ksi/4 X 0.001 = 10,000 ksi, or
10 X 106 psi). This corresponds to the constant value (verticalline) on
the tangent modulus curves up to the proportionality limit. At higher
stress, the stress-strain curves flatten and the tangent modulus curves
decrease in value.
Torsional Testing
Torsion tests can be carried out on most materials to determine
mechanical properties such as modulus of elasticity in shear, shear
yield strength, ultimate shear strength, modulus of rupture in shear, and
ductility. The torsion test can also be conducted on full-size parts
(shafts, axles, and pipes) and structures (beams and frames) to determine their response to torsionalloading. In torsion testing, unlike tensile testing and compression testing, large strains can be applied before
plastic instability occurs, and complications due to friction between the
test specimen and dies do not arise.
Torsion tests are most frequently carried out on prismatic bars of circular cross section by applying a torsional moment about the longitudinal axis. The shear stress versus shear strain curve can be determined
from simultaneous measurements of the torque and angle of twist of the
test specimen over a predetermined gage length.
When converted from torque (in units of newton-meters or inchpounds) and angular displacement (in degrees or radians) torsional
stress-strain has the same units as engineering stress-strain, but the
variance from "true" stress-strain is typically much less. On a cylindrical specimen that does not buckle, the difference is 5% or less from
engineering to "true" stress-strain, even in the plastic (nonlinear) range.
There is evidence that torsion testing of hollow tubes is one of the
better ways to determine the effects of strain, strain rate, and temperature on the flow stress of materials over the range of these variables
usually encountered in the metal working process. Details on torsional
testing and analysis can be found in the articles "Fundamental Aspects
of Torsional Loading" and "Shear, Torsion, and Multiaxial Testing" in
Mechanical Testing and Evaluation, Volume 8 of ASM Handbook.
Mechanical Testing Details

For credibility and repeatability, tests that are the basis of the stressstrain curves are conducted in accordance with sorne industry, national,
or multinational standard. In the Atlas, when the source documentation
cites a standard, it is so ndicated in the caption. These standards provide insight to interpret the data.
Details of testing methods are found in Mechanical Testing and
Evaluation, Volume 8 of ASM Handbook. Pertinent artcles include:
"Testing Machines and Strain Sensors"

"Accreditation of Mechanical Testing Laboratories"
"Mechanical Behavior under Tensile and Compressive Loads"
"Stress-Strain Behavior in Bending"
"Bend Testing"
"Fundamental Aspects of Torsional Loading"
"Uniaxial Tension Testing"
"Uniaxial Compression Testing"
"Rot Tension and Compression Testing"
"Tension and Compression Testing at Low Temperatures"
"Shear, Torsion, and Multiaxial Testing"
1
b
Strain,E_
Fig. 21 Two types oi hysteresis stress-strain loops resulting irom Bauschinger

effect in titanium alloys
Fig. 22 Stress-strain loop for constant-strain cycling
()"
()"
()"
.-~v----!:--- E
Steady state hysteresis loops
Cyclic stress-strain curve
Fig. 23
Construction of cyclic stless-strain curve by joining tips of stabilized hysteresis loops
Test Variables
The condition of the test environment, composition, conditioning,
size, shape, and history of the specimen are arnong the factors affecting the stress-sltrain data. These pararneters are given to the extent that
they are available.
Test Tempelrature. Relative to room-temperature (RT) tests, most
materials become stronger, but less ductile, at lower temperatures, and
more ductile, but weaker, at higher temperatures. There are anomalous
behaviors such as blue brittleness. Carbon steels generally exhibit an
increase in strength and a reduction of ductility and toughness at temperatures around 300 oC (570 P). Because such temperatures produce
a bluish temper color on the surface of the specimen, this problem has
been called blue brittleness. Typically, brittleness is associated with
cold-temperature behavior.
Speed of Tt!St. ASTM E 8 (Ref 31) lists five ways of defining the
speed of the test:
Rate of strailning the specimen, de/dt

Rate of stressing the specimen, dS/dt
Rate of the separation of tlle test machine Ileads during the test
Elapsed time for completing part or all of the test
Pree-running cross-head slPeed (speed of machine heads when unloaded)
Strain Rate. Average strain rates for most tension tests range
between 10-2 and 10-5 s-l. Greater strain rates (10- 1 and 102 s-I) are
considered dynarnic tests. Por a specimen of initial gage length Lo and
deformed lenglth L, the specific deformation rate is:
de
dt
1 d(L- J'-t!)
= Lo ----;-
(Eq 46)
If tlle deformation occurs Ilomogeneously througllout the specimen,

then the specific deformation rate corresponds everywhere to the strain
rateo However, if tlle deformation is nonhomogeneous, tllen tlle strain
(and strain rate) vares the specimen length, and the specific deformation rate represents the spatial average strain rateo A well-known exarnpIe of nonhomogeneous deformation is the propagation of deformation
bands called Lders bands.
Stress Rate. Pigure 17 illustrates the differences in curves constructed
from constant stress increments and constant strain increments.
Slow Speeds. Under relatively slow straining, most materials are
assumed to transfer the heat generated by plastic deformation to their
surroundings; that is, the straining is assumed to be isothermal (no
change of temperature). The degree to which slow tension tests remain
truly isothermal has been investigated (Ref 32). The flow stress, which
is the uniaxial stress needed to continue plastic deformation of the
material at a given stage of a test, is then assumed to depend only on
strain and strain rateo
The strain-hardening pararneter n has been defined. Prom Eq 26:
E da
n=--
a dE
(Eq 47)
In an analogous manner, the strain-rate sensitivity pararneter m can be

defined as:
E da
m=-----:a dE
(Eq 48)
Both n and m are functions of strain and strain rateo m can be negative under sorne conditions. However, average values frequently are
selected for these pararneters, which are then treated as constants.
Values of n usually are between 0.1 and 0.5 for metals; they are
determined from, but not identical to, strain-hardening rates. Values of
C
Monotonic
Cyclic
(a) Cyelie softening
(b) Cyelie hardening

C
_.."e.::;...._-...
Slrain,
(e) Cyelically stable
Fig. 24
Slrain,
(d) Mixed behavior
Examples o various types 01 cyclic stress-strain
m for metals are usually much smaller than the corresponding n values
(m < 0.1). m does increase with temperature. However, fine-grained
metals have relatively large rate-sensitivity parameters (m> 0.1) under
specific deformation conditions. Under such conditions, these materials can be deformed to extremely large strains and are called superplastic metals.
High Rafe Tesfing. For extremely high rates of testing, it is commonly assumed that deformation occurs under adiabatic (no heat transfer) conditions. Plastic work is mostly (about 90%) converted to heat.
The remainder is inelastically stored as changes in defect structure. In
high-speed tests, this heat raises the temperature of the material.
Consequently, the material praperties are changed. This is another
major complication in analyses of high-speed tests.
Consequences of testing over a wide spectrum of strain rates are
summarized in Fig. 18 (Ref 33).
Hysteresis. If a specimen is loaded past its yield point and then

unloaded, or loaded in reverse, subsequent testing on the specimen
would result in a different pattem of behavior. Figure 19 shows this
effect. The specimen is loaded initially to point A. The solid line represents the behavior of the virgin sample. If instead, the sample were
unloaded at point A, the path of unloading is parallel to the initialload
path (dotted line). There is sorne permanent deformation (residual
strain), and the area is redetermined as Az. When reloaded, the dotted
line is retraced and the yield point is now higher due to strain hardening. If this unloading and reloading were done again at point B, the
dashed line indicates the behavior.
Figure 19 illustrates the effect of stopping and restarting a test. It also
points to a consideration when a test sample is machined fram a failed
part. If the testpiece were subjected to deformation prior to the failure,

the properties obtained from the test should not be equated to the original material properties (Ref 34).
If the prior history of the test specimen includes compression, a hysteresis is present, know as the Bauschinger effect. This is illustrated in
Fig. 20. The initial tensile loading is to about 1% strain. The specimen
is unloaded and reloaded in compression to 1% strain (measured on the
second scale on the x-axis). On unloading and reloading in tension, the
shape of the stress-strain curve is significantly different than the original. Again the prior deformation of a test sample will affect its behavior (Ref 34). Figure 21 shows the two types of hysteresis possible in
titanium alloys, one with load reversal, and one with load application,
rest, and reapplication.
Nature of loading. Figure 22 illustrates a stress-strain loop under

controlled constant-strain cycling in a low-cycle fatigue test. During
initial loading, the stress-strain curve is O-A-B, with yielding beginning about A. Upon unloading, yielding begins in compression at a
lower stress C due to the Bauschinger effect. In reloading in tension, a
hysteresis loop develops. The dimensions of this loop are described by
its width L'lE (the total strain range) and its height L'l0' (the stress range).
The total strain range L'lE consists of an elastic strain component L'lEe =
L'lO'/E and a plastic strain component L'lEp. The width of the hysteresis
loop depends on the level of cyclic strain. When the level of cyclic
strain is small, the hysteresis loop becomes very narrow. For tests conducted under constant L'lE, the stress range L'l0' usually changes with an
increasing number of cycles. Annealed material s undergo cyclic strain
hardening so that L'l0' increases with the number of cycles and then levels off after about 100 strain cycles. The larger the value of L'lE, the
greater the increase in stress range. Materials that are initially cold
Test data
1 .....
.~
Rupture
I
I"'----
I\L:
I
I
I
Stress
Isochronous Curves
(a)
Isochronous
Strain
(b)
Fig. 25
cyelically induced changes in mechanical behavior. This is illustrated

in Fig. 24. Note that 50% may not always be the life fraction where
steady-state response is attained. Often it is left to the discretion of the
interpreter as to where the steady-state cyelic stress-strain occurS. In
any event, the criteria should be noted on the cyelic stress-strain curve
for the material being tested (Ref 35).
The artiele "Fundamentals of Modem Fatigue Analysis for the
Design" in Fatigue and Fracture, Volume 19 of ASM Handbook (Ref
35), provides more details on cyclic behavior of metals and was the
basis for this section.
Creep data (a) transferred 1:0 isochronous stress-strain curve (b)
worked undergo cyelic strain softening so that b,cr decreases with

increasing number of strain cyeles. Thus, through cyelic hardening and
softening, sorne intermediate strength level is attained that represents a
steady-state condition (in which case the stress required to enforce the
controlled strain does not vary significantly).
Monotonic. Sorne metals are cyelically stable, in which case their
monotonic stress-strain behavior adequately describes their cyelic
response.
Cyclic. For other materials the steady-state condition is usually
achieved in about 20 to 40% of the total fatigue life in either hardening
or softening materials. The cyc1ic behavior of metals is best described
in terms of a stress-strain hysteresis loop, as illustrated in Fig. 22.
Changes in stress response of a metal occur relatively rapidly during
the first several percent of the total reversals to failure. The metal,
under controlled-strain amplitude, will eventually attain a steady-state
stress response.
Now, to conslruct a cyelic stress-strain curve, one simply connects
the locus of the points that represent the tips of the stabilized hysteresis loops from c:omparison spe:cimen tests at several controlled-strain
amplitudes (see Fig. 23).
In the particular example shown in Fig. 23, it was presumed that
three companion specimens were tested to failure, at three different
controlled-strain amplitudes. Failure of a specimen is defined, typically, as complete separation ilnto two distinct pieces. Generally, the
diameter of specirnens are approximately 6 to 10 mm (0.25 to
0.375 in.). In aCltuality, there is a "propagation" period ineluded in this
definition of failure. Other definitions of failure appear in ASTM E 60.
The steady-state stress response, measured at approximately 50% of
the life to failure:, is thereby obtained. These stress values are then plotted at the appropriate strain levels to obtain the cyclic stress-strain
curve. One woulld typically test approximately ten or more companion
specimens. The cyelic stress-strain curve can be compared directly to
the monotonic or tensile stress-strain curve to quantitatively assess
Isochronous curves are ineluded in this Atlas, although they are not
simply stress-strain curves. The parameter of time is added to them.
Mechanical tests can be performed as short-time static tests or longterm creep deformation tests. Data from the long-term tests are
recorded as sets of strain as a function of time for different loads
(stresses) for a given temperature. As the stress increases, this time to
rupture is less as seen in Fig. 25(a). Collections of these data can be
analyzed by holding one of the three variables (time, stress, and strain
constant). From Fig. 25(a) (where stress is constant on each curve), values at constant time can be found in effect by constructing a vertical
line, perpendicular to the time axis, that intersects the farnily of curves.
Values at the intersection points form sets of stresses and strains at constant time that can be plotted on a linear coordinate system at these
selected times to make the isochronous curves (Fig. 25b). These farnilies of curves are plotted at a given temperature, since temperature is so
significant to the creep behavior of an alloy.
Guide to the Curves in the Atlas

As much of the information about the test specimens that is available
in the source and that is able to be abstracted in the caption is given
with the curves that follow. The prime sources of all curves is given so
further details may be gathered.
Parameters affecting the stress-strain behavior are:
Composition. The compositions listed are intended as a guide to
alloy identification. Nominal compositions have been added for this
purpose, so this information is not necessarily from the source of the
curve. If a more precise composition is given (listed to tenths or
hundredths of a percent) in the source, this has been used.
Heat treatment and conditioning are given in the style cornmon to
the alloy group. Temperature conversions are approximate.
Strain Rate ofTest. In sorne cases, the speed of the test head is given,
which differs from the strain rateo
Temperature of the test specirnen is sometimes specified as being
held for a set time prior to the test. Other times it is given in the
source without qualification. At cryogenic temperatures, the stressstrain behavior of pure copper, brasses, bronzes, austenitic stainless
steels, and sorne aluminum alloys exhibits a discontinuous yielding,
and the curve appears serrated. Such behavior is indicated in the
Atlas using a shaded envelope.
Orientation. The orientation of the specimen relative to rolling or
extruding direction is illustrated in Fig. 26 (Ref 36).
Specimen size and shape information is provided to the extent found
in the source documentation.
Units and Unit Conversions. The units on the left side and bottom
of the curve are the units of the source document. The conversion of
strain units on the curves is 1 ksi = 7 MPa. This conversion is used so
that a cornmon grid can be used. The more precise conversion is 1 ksi
Short
transverse
L===-:Y
tf+-I'-_'I
Long
transverse
Long
transverse
Sheet and plate
Extruded and drawn tu be

Rolled and extruded rod, bar, and thin shapes
Long
Transverse
transverse
Fig. 26
Grain orientation in standard wrought forms of alloys. Source: Ref 36
=6.894757 MPa. The converted stress in MPa can be multiplied by the

correction factor of 6.89475717.000000 = 0.98497 to obtain a more precise conversion.
Ramberg-Osgood Parameters. The Ramberg-Osgood Method is a
method of modeling stress-strain curves. An equation (ideally a simple
one) for the stress-strain curve is necessary for finding a quantitative
expression for the available energy in fracture studies. The RambergOsgood equation is useful:
cr cr n
e=-+-
= Celastic + eplastic
knowledge of the strain-hardening capacity of the material in terms of

the Ramberg-Osgood strain-hardening relationship.
MIL-HDBK-5, 1998 (Ref 37) presents an explanation of the method
and uses the following expression for Eplastic:
eplastic =
O.002(cr/crO.2yp)n
(Eq 51)
It further explains how material behavior can be modeled for computer

codes using, E, n, and CO.2YP where the exponential relationship is
applicable.
(Eq 49)
where n is (unfortunately) called the strain-hardening exponent and F

is called the nonlinear modulus. This is said to be unfortunate because
n is already cornmonly called the strain-hardening exponent (Eq 25),
where it is, in fact the exponent of the strain. The Ramberg-Osgood
parameter, n, is the reciprocal of the other n. The two can usua11y be
distinguished by their values. The Ramberg-Osgood parameter, n, usually is between 2 and 40.
Equation 49 separates the total strain into a linear and a nonlinear part:
E
transverse
transverse
(Eq50)
There are other forms of the Ramberg-Osgood equation.

The total strain energy in a body (per unit thickness) equals the area
under the load-displacement curve. The energy under the linear part of
the stress-strain curves is discussed in the section "Resilience" in this
artiele.
For applications where margins against ductile fracture must be
quantified or where components are subjected to large plastic strains,
elastic-plastic J-integral methods can be used to predict fracture conditions. Calculation of applied J values for cracked components requires
Terms
Terms cornmon to discussion of stress-strain curves, tensile testing,
and material behavior under test ineluded here (Ref 1, 2).
accuracy. (1) The agreement or correspondence between an experimentally deterrnined value and an accepted reference value for the
material undergoing testing. The reference value may be established
by an accepted standard (such as those established by ASTM), or in
sorne cases the average value obtained by applying the test method
to a11 the sampling units in a lot or batch of the material may be used.
(2) The extent to which the result of a calculation or the reading of
an instrument approaches the true value of the ca1culated or measured quantity.
axial strain. Increase (or decrease) in length resulting from a stress acting para11el to the longitudinal axis of the specimen.
Bauschinger effect. The phenomenon by which plastic deformation
increases yield strength in the direction of plastic flow and decreases
it in other directions.
breaking stress. See rupture stress.
brittleness. A material characteristic in which there is little or no plastic (permanent) deformation prior to fracture.
chord modulus. The slope of the chord drawn between any two specific points on a stress-strain curve. See also modulus of elasticity.
compressive stl'ength. The maximum compressive stress a material is
capable of developing. With a brittle material that fails in compression by fracturing, the compressive strength has a definite value. In
the case of ductile, malleable, or semiviscous materials (which do not
fail in compression by a shattering fracture), the value obtained for
compressive strength is an arbitrary value dependent on the degree of
distortion that is regarded as effective failure of the material.
compressive stress, Se' A stress that causes an elastic body to deform
(shorten) in the direction of the applied load. Contrast with tensile
stress.
creep. Time-dependent strain occurring under stress. The creep strain

occurring at a diminishing rate is called primary or transient creep;
that occurring at a minimum and almost constant rate, secondary or
steady-rate cn!ep; that occurring at an accelerating rate, tertiary creep.
creep test. A method of determining the extension of metals under a
given load at a given temperature. The determination usually
involves the plotting of time-elongation curves under constant load;
a single test may extend over many months. The results are often
expressed as Ithe elongation (in millimeters or inches) per hour on a
given gage length (e.g., 25 mm, or 1 in.).
cyclic loads. Loads that change value over time in a regular repeating
pattem.
discontinuous yielding. The nonuniform plastic flow of a metal
exhibiting a yield point in which plastic deformation is inhomogeneously distributed along the gage length. Dnder sorne circumstances, it may occur in metals not exhibiting a distinct yield point,
either at the onset of or during plastic flow.
ductility. The ability of a material to deform plastically without fracturing.
elastic constants. The factors of proportionality that relate elastic displacement of a material to applied forces. See also modulus of elasticity, shear modulus, and Poisson's ratio.
elasticity. The property of a material whereby deformation caused by
stress disappears upon the re:moval of the stress.
elastic Iimit. The maximum stress that a material is capable of sustaining without lmy permanent strain (deformation) remaining upon
complete release of the stress. See also proportionallimit.
elongation. (l) A term used in mechanical testing to describe the
amount of exlension of a testpiece when stressed. (2) In tensile testing, the increase in the gage length, measured afier fracture of the
specimen within the gage length, ef, usually expressed as a percentage of the original gage length.
elongation, pereent. The extension of a uniform section of a specimen
expressed as percentage of the original gage length:
Elongation, % = Lx
Lo x 100
where Lo is original gage length and Lx is final gage length.

engineering strain, e. A term sometimes used for average linear strain
or conventional strain in order to differentiate it from true strain. In
tension testing, it is calculated by dividing the change in the gage
1ength by the original gage length.
engineering strless, S. A term sometimes used for conventional stress
in order to differentiate it from true stress. In tension testing, it is calculated by dividing the load applied to the specimen by the original
cross-sectional area of the specimen.
failure. Inability of a component or test specimen to fulfill its intended
function.
fracture strength, Sr. The normal stress at the beginning of fracture,
calculated from the load at the beginning of fracture during a tension
test and the original cross-sectional area of the specimen.
gage length, Lo.. The original length of that portion of the specimen
over which strain or change of length is determined.
Hooke's Law. The law of springs, which states that the force required
to displace (stretch) a spring is proportional to the displacement.
hysteresis (mechanical). The phenomenon of permanently absorbed or
lost energy that occurs during any cycle of loading or unloading
when a material is subjected to repeated loading.
load, P. In the case of mechanical testing, a force applied to a testpiece
that is measured in units such as pound-force or newton.
Lders Iines. Elongated surface markings or depressions, often visible
with the unaided eye, that form along the length of a tension specimen at an angle of approximately 45 to the loading axis. Caused by
localized plastic deformation, they result from discontinuous (inhomogeneous) yielding. Also known as Lders bands, Hartrnann lines,
Piobert lines, or stretcher strains.
maximum stress, Smax. The stress having the highest algebraic value
in the stress cycle, tensile stress being considered positive and compressive stress negative. The nominal stress is used most commonly.
mechanical hysteresis. Energy absorbed in a complete cycle of loading and unloading within the elastic limit and represented by the
closed loop of the stress-strain curves for loading and unloading.
mechanical properties. The properties of a material that reveal its
elastic and inelastic behavior when force is applied or that involve
the relationship between the intensity of the applied stress and the
strain produced. The properties included under this heading are those
that can be recorded by mechanical testing-for example, modulus
of elasticity, tensile strength, elongation, hardness, and fatigue limit.
mechanical testing. The methods by which the mechanieal properties
of a metal are determined.
modulus of elasticity,E. The measure of rigidity or stiffness of a metal;
the ratio of stress, below the proportionallimit, to the corresponding
strain. In terms of the stress-strain diagram, the modulusof elasticity
is the slope of the stress-strain curve in the range of linear proportionality of stress to strain. AIso known as Young's modulus. For
materials that do not conform to Hooke's law throughout the elastic
range, the slope of either the tangent to the stress-strain curve at the
origin or at low stress, the secant drawn from the origin to any specified point on the stress-strain curve, or the chord connecting any two
specific points on the stress-strain curve is usually taken to be the
modulus of elasticity. In these cases, the modulus is referred to as the
tangent modulus, secant modulus, or chord modulus, respectively.
modulus of resilience, URo The amount of energy stored in a material
when loaded to its elastie limito It is determined by measuring the
area under the stress-strain curve up to the elastic limit. See also
strain energy.
modulus of rigidity. See shear modulus.

modulus of rupture. Nominal stress at fracture in a bend test or torsion test. In bending, modulus of rupture is the bending moment at
fracture (Me) divided by the section modulus (l):
Me
Sb=
In torsion, modulus of rupture is the torque at fracture (Tr) divided by
the polar section modulus (J):
Tr
Ss =-T
modulus of toughness, U T The amount of work per unit volume done

on a material to cause failure under static loading.
m-value. See strain-rate sensitivity.
natural strain. See true strain.
necking. Reducing the cross-sectional area of metal in a localized area
by stretching.
nominal strain. See strain.
nominal strength. See ultimate strength.
nominal stress. The stress at a point calculated on the net cross section
by simple elasticity theory without taking into account the effect on
the stress produced by stress raisers such as holes, grooves, fillets,

and so forth.
normal stress. The stress component perpendicular to aplane on
which forces act. Normal stress may be either tensile or compressive.
n-value. See strain-hardening exponent.
offset. The distance along the strain coordinate between the initial portion of a stress-strain curve and a parallel line that intersects the
stress-strain curve at a value of stress (commonly 0.2%) that is used
as a measure of the yield strength. Used for materials that have no
obvious yield point.
offset yield strength. The stress at which the strain exceeds by a specified amount (the offset) an extension of the initial proportional portion of the stress-strain curve. Expressed in force per unit area.
permanent seto The deformation or strain remaining in a previously
stressed body after release of load.
plastic instability. The stage of deformation in a tensile test where the
plastic flow becomes nonuniform and necking begins.
plasticity. The property that enables a material to undergo permanent
deformation without rupture.
plastic strain. Dimensional change that does not disappear when the
initiating stress is removed. U sually accompanied by sorne elastic
deformation.
Poisson's ratio, V. The absolute value of the ratio of transverse (lateral)
strain to the corresponding axial strain resulting from uniformly distributed axial stress below the proportional limit of the material.
proof stress. The stress that will cause a specified small permanent set
in a material.
proportionallimit. The greatest stress a material is capable of developing without a deviation from straight-line proportionality between
stress and strain. See also elastic limit and Hooke's law.
reduction in area. The difference between the original cross-sectional
area of a tensile specimen and the smallest area at or after fracture as
specified for the material undergoing testing.
secant modulus. The slope of the secant drawn from the origin to
any specified point on the stress-strain curve. See also modulus of
elasticity.
shear mOdulus, G. The ratio of shear stress to the corresponding shear
strain for shear stresses below the proportionallimit of the material.
Values of shear modulus are usually deterrnined by torsion testing.
AIso known as modulus of rigidity.
specimen. A test object, often of standard dimensions or configuration,
that is used for destructive or nondestructive testing. One or more
specimens may be cut from each unit of a sample.
strain. The unit of change in the size or shape of a body due to force.
AIso known as nominal strain. See also engineering strain, linear
strain, and true strain.
strain energy. A measure of the energy absorption characteristics of a
material determined by measuring the area under the stress-strain
diagram.
strain hardening. An increase in hardness and strength caused by plastic deformation at temperatures below the recrystallization range.
AIso known as work hardening.
strain-hardening coefficient, K. See strain-hardening exponent.
strain-hardening exponent, n. The value n in the relationship a = KE n ,
where a is the true stress, E is the true strain, and K, which is called
the "strength coefficient," is equal to the true stress at a true strain of
1.0. The strain-hardening exponent, also called "n-value," is equal to
the slope of the true-stress/true-strain curve up to maximum load,
when plotted on log-log coordinates. The n-value relates to the ability of a material to be stretched in metalworking operations. The
higher the n-value, the better the formability (stretchability).
strain rate, t.The time rate of straining for the usual tensile test. Strain
as measured directly on the specimen gage length is used for determining strain rateo Because strain is dimensionless, the units of strain
rate are reciprocal time.
strain-rate sensitivity (m-value). The increase in stress (a) needed to

cause a certain increase in plastic strain rate (E) at a given level of
plastic strain (E) and a given temperature (T).
Lllog a )
m = ( Lllog eT
strength. The maximum nominal stress a material can sustain. Always

qualified by the type of stress (tensile, compressive, or shear).
strength coefficient. See strain-hardening exponent.
stress. The intensity of the internally distributed forces or components
of forces that resist a change in the volume or shape of a material that
is or has been subjected to external forces. Stress is expressed in
force per unit area and is ca1culated on the basis of the original
dimensions of the cross section of the specimen. Stress can be either
direct (tension or compression) or shear. See also engineering stress,
nominal stress, normal stress, and true stress.
stress-strain curve. A graph in which corresponding values of stress
and strain are plotted. Values of stress are usually plotted vertically
(ordinates or y-axis) and values of strain horizontally (abscissas or xaxis). AIso known as deformation curve and stress-strain diagram.
tangent modulus, E T The slope of the stress-strain curve at any specified point of the stress-strain curve. See also modulus of elasticity.
tensile strength, Su. In tensile testing, the ratio of maximum load to
original cross-sectional area. AIso known as ultimate strength.
Compare with yield strength.
tensile stress, S, a. A stress that causes two parts of an elastic body, on
either side of a typical stress plane, to pull aparto Contrast with compressive stress.
tensile testing. See tension testing.
tension. The force or load that produces elongation.
tension testing. A method of deterrnining the behavior of materials
subjected to uniaxialloading, which tends to stretch the metal. A longitudinal specimen of known length and diameter is gripped at both
ends and stretched at a slow, controlled rate until rupture occurs.
AIso known as tensile testing.
transverse. Literally, "across," usually signifying a direction or plane
perpendicular to the direction of working. In rolled plate or sheet, the
direction across the width is often called long transverse, and the
direction through the thickness, short transverse.
transverse strain. Linear strain in a plane perpendicular to the axis of
the specimen.
true strain, E. (1) The ratio ofthe change in dimension, resulting from
a given load increment, to the magnitude of the dimension immediately prior to applying the load increment. (2) In a body subjected to
axial force, the naturallogarithm of the ratio of the gage length at the
moment of observation to the original gage length. AIso known as
natural strain.
true stress, a. The value obtained by dividing the load applied to a
member at a given instant by the cross-sectional area over which it
acts.
ultimate strength, Su. The maximum stress (tensile, compressive, or
shear) a material can sustain without fracture, deterrnined by dividing maximum load by the original cross-sectional area of the specimeno AIso known as nominal strength or maximum strength.
uniform strain. The strain occurrlng prior to the beginning of localization of strain (necking); the strain to maximum load in the tension
test.
work hardening. See strain hardening.
von Mises criterion. The maximum distortion energy criterion that
yielding will occur when the von Mises effective stress equals or
exceeds the yield stress.
a~ ayp
von Mises effedive stress and strain. The effective stress (a) and
effective stralln (8) are given by:
and
v'2
= -3-
[(del - dl)2
+ (d2 - d)2 + (d3 - d)2]l/2
where 1,2, and 3 indicate the principal axes.

yielding. Evidence of plastic deformation in structural materials. Also
known as plastic flow or creep.
yield point. The first stress in a material, usually les s than the maximum attainable stress, at which an increase in strain occurs without
an increase in stress. Only certain metals-those that exhibit a localized, heterogeneous type of transition from elastic to plastic deformation-produce a yield point. If there is a decrease in stress after
yielding, a distinction may be made between upper and lower yield
points. The load at which a sudden drop in the flow curve occurs is
called the upper yield point The constant load shown on the flow
curve is the lower yield point.
yield-point elolllgation. The amount of strain that is required to complete the yielding process. It is measured from the onset of yielding
to the beginning of strain hardening.
yield strength, YS or Sy. The stress at which a material exhibits a specified deviation from proportionality of stress and strain. An offset of
0.2% is used for many metals. Compare with tensile strength.
yield stress. The stress level of highly ductile materials, such as structural steels, all which large strains take place without further increase
in stress.
Young's modulus, E. See modulus of elasticity.
ACKNOWlEDGMENT
Portions of this artiele are adapted from G.E. Dieter, "Mechanical
Behavior under Tensile and Compressive Loads," Mechanical Testing
and Evaluation, Volume 8, ASM Handbook, 2000, p 99-108.
REFERENCES
1. Glossary of Terms, Mechanical Testing and Evaluation, Vol 8, ASM
Handbook, ASM International, 2000, p 939-952
2. ASM Materials Engineering Dictionary, ASM International, 1992
3. DJ. Mack, Trans. AIME, Vol 166, 1946 p 68-85
4. P.E. Armstrong, Measurement of Elastic Constants, Techniques of
Metals Research, Vol V, RE Brunshaw Ed., Interscience, 1971
5. G. Carter, PrincipIes of Physical and Chemical Metallurgy, American Society for Metals, 1979, p 87
6. H. Davis, G. Troxell, and G. Hauck, The Testing ofEngineering Materials, 4th (~d., McGraw-Hill, 1982, p 33
7. H. Davis, G. Troxell, and G. Hauck, The Testing ofEngineering Materials, 4th ed., McGraw-Hill, 1982, p 314
8. "Copper and Copper Alloys-Rod for General Purposes," EN
12163, CEN, 1998
9. "Designation Systems for Steel-Part l:Steel Names, Principal
Symbols," EN-l0027-1, CEN, 1992, P 4
10. G.E. Dieter, Introduction to Ductility, Ductility, American Society
for Metals, 1968
11. AC. Ugnral and S.K. Fenster, Advanced Strength and Applied Elasticity, 3rd eel., Prentice Hall, 1995
12. J.R Low and E Garofalo, Proc. Soco Exp. Stress Anal., Vol 4 (No.
2), 1947, P 16--25
13. J.R Low, Properties of Metals in Materials Engineering, American
Society for Metals, 1949
14. J. Datsko, Material Properties and Manufacturing Processes, John

Wiley & Sons, 1966, p 18-20
15. w.B. Morrison, Trans. ASM, Vol 59, 1966, p 824
16. D.C. Ludwigson, Metall. Trans., Vol 2, 1971, p 2825-2828
17. HJ. Kleemola and M.A Nieminen, Metall. Trans., Vol 5, 1974, P
1863-1866
18. C. Adams and J.G. Beese, Trans. ASME, Series H, Vol 96, 1974, P
123-126
19. AConsidre, Ann. Ponts Chausses, Vol 9, 1885, p 574-775
20. G.w. Geil and N.L. Carwile, J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand., Vol 45, 1950,
p 129
21. P.w. Bridgman, Trans. ASM, Vol 32, 1944, P 553
22. J. Aronofsky, 1. Appl. Mech., Vol 18, 1951, p 75-84
23. T.A Trozera, Trans. ASM, Vol 56, 1963, p 280-282
24. E.R. Marshall and M.C. Shaw, Trans. ASM, Vol 44, 1952, P 716
25. WJ.McG. Tegart, Elements of Mechanical Metallurgy, Macmillan,
1966, p 22
26. G.E. Dieter, Mechanical Behavior under Tensile and Compressive
Loads, Mechanical Testing and Evaluation, Vol 8, ASM Handbook,
2000, p 99-108
27. "Standard Methods of Compression Testing of Metallic Materials at
Room Temperature," E 9, Annual Book ofASTM Standards, ASTM
28. G. Sines, T. Okada, and S. Mack, Fixture for Accurate Load Path in
Axial Compression, Compression Testing of Homogeneous Materials and Composites, R Chait and R Papirno, Ed., STP 808, ASTM,
1983, P 97-108
29. P. Dadras and J.E Thomas, Deformation Inhomogeneities in Upset
Forging, Compression Testing of Homogeneous Materials and Composites, R Chait and R Papirno, Ed., STP 808, ASTM, 1983, P 24-39
30. M.L. Lovato and M.G. Stout, Metall. Trans. A, Vol 23, 1992, P
935-951
31. "Tension Testing of Metallic Materials," E 8, Annual Book ofASTM
Standards, Vol 03.01, 1996
32. A.K. Sachdev and J.E. Hunter, Jr., Thermal Effects During Uniaxial
Straining of Steels, Metall. Trans. A, Vol 13, 1982, P 1063-1067
33. S. Nemat-Nasser, Introduction to High Strain Rate Testing, Mechanical Testing and Evaluation, Vol 8, ASM Handbook, 2000, p 427
34. J.M. Holt, Uniaxial Tension Testing, Mechanical Testing and Evaluation, Vol 8, ASM Handbook, 2000, p 124-142
35. M.R. Mitchell, -Fundamentals of Modern Fatigne Analysis for the
Design, Fatigue and Fracture, Vol 19, ASM Handbook, 1996, p
227-249
36. G.H. Koch, Tests for Stress-Corrosion Cracking. Adv. Mater.
Process., Aug 2001, p 36
37. Metallic Materials and Elements for Aerospace Vehicle Structures,
MIL-HDBK-5H, Department of Defense and Federal Airline Administration, 1998
SElECTED REFERENCES
"Standard Terrninology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Testing," E 6, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.01
"Tensile Testing of Metallic Materials," E 8, Annual Book of ASTM
Standards, Vol 03.01
"Elevated Temperature Tension Tests of Metallic Materials" E 21
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.01
"
"Young's Modulus, Tangent Modulus, and Chord Modulus," E 111,
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.01
"Tensile Testing of Metallic Materials," EN 10002: 1
"Metallic Materials-Tensile Testing at Elevated Temperature," ISO
783
"Metallic Materials-Tensile Testing at Ambient Temperature," ISO
6892
"Metallic Materials-Tensile Testing at Low Temperature," ISO
15579
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Ferrous Metals
Cast Iron (CI)/23
Cast Iron (el)

420~-------.-------r-------'-------'-------,
CI.OOl Unclassified cast irons, influence of graphite
60
morphology on stress-strain curves

Source: D.M. Stefanescu, Classification and Basic Metallurgy of Cast
Iron, Properties and Selection: lrons, Steels, and High-Performance
Alloys, Vol 1, ASM Handbook, 1990, p 8
350~-----~-------4--~~-+------~----~ 50
al
280
40
a.
.;
-'"
'"
'"
::;
r
210
30
~
.;
c:
~
.;
c:
140
20
70~~~~+-------~-------+------~~------4
10
~_------OL.1-------0~.2-------0~.3-------0~.4------~0.~
Strain, %
350
Yield point
250
::;
200
:f
~
Ci 150
100
50
Caststeel
/
",/
1/ /V
I/
V
stress-strain curves
300
&.
CI.002 Unclassified cast steel and cast iron, tensile
Test direction: longitudinal. Cast stee1: shows definite

yie1d point; stee1 test bar diameter = 12.83 mm
(0.505 in.); u1timate strength = 543 MPa. Cast iron:
25.4 mm (1 in.) cast bar, iron test bar diameter =
12.83 mm (0.0505 in.); u1timate strength = 315 MPa.
Gage 1ength = 51 mm (2 in.)
[::7
Source: O.NJ. Oilbert, Factors Relating to lhe Stress/Strain Properties

of Cast Iron, BClRA J., Vol 6 (No. 6), April 1957, P 551
~tiron
Strain, 0.001 in.lin.
24/Cast Iron (CI)
CI.003 lron alloy casting, tensile stress-strain curves

with effect of graphite
300r---,---,----r---,---,r---,---~--_r--_,
Test direction: longitudinal. In curves 1 through 5, the

curvature increases as the amount of graphite in the iron
increases. Curve 6 had graphite similar in quantity to
curve 2, but it is coarser. Modulus of elasticity: curve
1, 145 GPa (21.1 psi x 106); curve 2, 116 GPa (16.9 psi x
106); curve 3, 123 GPa (17.9 psi x 106 ); curve 4, 103 GPa
(14.9 psi x 106); curve 5,84 GPa (12.2 psi x 106); curve
6, 115 GPa (16.7 psi x 106)
Source: O.NJ. Oilbert, Factors Relating to the Stress/Strmn Properties
of Cast Iron, Be/RA J., Vol 6 (No. 6), ApriJ, 1957, p 553
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
Strain, %
80
/'
-,/
50
PL
10
I/
~r--- V
PL
./
~/V
lil
0.2
irol
~s!eel
1/i.~
30
20
I/YS
60
~uctile
------Pearlitic
70
CI.004 Unclassified cast irons and steels,

490
Behavior of several irons compared to steel. 0.2% yield

strength: pearlitic ductile iron, 455 MPa (66 ksi); steel,
372 MPa (54 ksi); ferritic ductile iron, 276 MPa (40 ksi);
gray iron, 220 MPa (32 ksi). PL, proportionality limits
420
Source: Prvate communication with Lyle Jenkins
Ferritic drti,e iron
---
560
350
&.
::::;
280 ui
'"~
_ _ray
r--'" iron
'i
210
YS
140
70
0.4
0.6
0.8
Strain, %
1.0
1.2
1.4
Cast Iron (C1)125
50
I
40
V
//v
10
I
I
20
CI.005 Pearlitic and ferritic compacted graphite iron

casting, typical tensile stress-strain curves
420
60
IT
/
1/
------
---
Curve 1: as-cast pearlitic; ultimate tensile strength =

410 MPa (59.5 ksi); elongation = 1.0%. Curve 2: ferritic;
ultimate tensile strength = 320 MPa (46.4 ksi); elongation
= 3.5%. Dashed curve (3) indicates modulus of elasticity,
144 GPa (20.9 x 106 psi).
350
280
8:.
::a:
210
Source: C.E Walton, Ed., [ron Castings Handbook, Iron Casting

Society, 1981, p 382
<Ji
(/)
~
140
70
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.5
0.4
0.6
0.7
Strain, %
60
/
V
1//V
50
40
If
l.
LJ::!%
V-
Tenslon
!-- ~t-r-
350
0.1 %,0.2%, and 0.5% yield strengths are indicated.

Proportionality limits (PL) are 201 MPa (29.1 ksi) in
compression and 124 MPa (18 ksi) in tension.
280
Source: G.E Seargeant and E.R. Evans, The Production and Properties
of Compacted Graphite Irons, British Foundryman, May 1978. As published in C.E Walton, Ed., [ron Castings Handbook, Iron Casting
Society, 1981, P 388
8:.
::a:
210
PL
140
PL
70
Ir
0.1
CI.006 4.35 carbon equivalent compacted graphite

iron casting, tensile and compressive stress-strain
curves
compreSSion+-
IV
20
10
o~
420
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Strain, %
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
<Ji
26/Cast lron (CI)
1600
CI.007 Austempered ductile iron casting, stressstrain curves showing effect of matrix structure
1400
Solid eurve for austempered ductile iron, 300 oC, 1 h,

with lower bainitie matrix structures. Dashed curve for
austempered ductile iron, 375 oC, 1 h, with upper bainitic
matrix structures
1200
1000
'"
Il.
:2
en
IJ)
800
~--
/"
--- - -
---
Source: P.A Blackmore and R.A. Harding, "The Effects of Metallurgical

Process Variables on tbe Properties of ADI's," P 117-134; J. Heat
Treat., Vol 3 (No. 4), P 320-325. As published in Structural Alloys
Handbook, Vol 1, CINDASlPurdue University, 1994, p 25
(f)
600
400
200
O
O
10
6
Strain, %
600
/~
550
500
/
450
and cyclic stress-strain curves
l:f'"
ji
..
Casting size = 25 x 45 mm. Austempered ductile iron

(ADI), BCIRA Interim Grade 1200/1, high strength.
Austempered 310 oC, 3 h. Monotonic curve (solid line):
strength coefficient, K = 26,425.7; strain-hardening
exponent, n = 0.45. CycIic curve (dotted line): strength
coefficient, K' = 11,389.7; strain-hardening exponent,
n' = 0.37. Elastie line (dashed): slope (modulus of
elasticity) = 173.6 GPa (25.18 x 106 psi). Composition:
Fe-3.59C-2.15Si-0.29Mn-0.012S-0.010P-0.056Mg0.80Ni-O.03Cr-0.027Sn-0.09Mo
'
Il.
:2
ai 350
"O
:o
~ 300
E
g'" 250
~
200
150
Source: M.J.D. Frier, "Strain Life Data and Stress/Strain Data for
Austempered Ductile Irons-Tests of the High-Strengtb Grade," Report
1820, British Cast Iron Research Association (BClRA), 1991, P 3
100
50
CI.008 Austempered ductile iron casting, monotonic
....
/lT
'" 400
ro
12
00
- - Monotonic
........... Cyclic
- -1 - Elasti1c
/
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
Strain amplitude, %
0.30
0.35
0.40
Cast Iron (CI)/27
600
550
500
450
/j
'" 400
a.
::!:
al 350
//
"O
~ 300
'g"
250
(f)
200
CI.009 Austempered ductile cast iron bar,

monotonic and cyclic stress-strain curves
/)1'
/V
/7
v
Bar diameter = 22 mm. Austempered ductile iron (ADI),

BCIRA Interim Grade 1200/1, high strength.
Austempered 325 oC, 3 h. Monotonic curve (solid line):
strength coefficient, K = 22,486; strain-hardening
exponent, n = 0.42. Cyclic curve (dotted line): strength
coefficient, K' = 18,588.7; strain-hardening exponent,
n' = 0.40. Elastc line (dashed): slope (modulus of
elasticity) = 173.2 GPa. Composition: Fe-3.65C-2.16Si0.47Mn-0.0 15S-0.0 1OP-0.056Mg -O .58Ni-0.02Cr0.027Sn-0.07Cu
~/
Source: l.S. Matharu, M.J.D. Frier, and K. Shelby, "Strain-Life Fatigue

Data and Stress/Strain Data for Austempered Ductile Irons," Report
1813, British Cast Iron Research Association (BCIRA), 1990, P 226
J/
150
100
50
oO
- - Monotonic
......... Cyclic
- - - Elasti1c
/
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
Strain amplitude, %
600
/'
/
550
//
500
::!:
al 350
"O
.a
'8. 300
en
200
150
Source: l.S. Matharu, M.J.D. Frier, and K. Shelby, "Strain-Life Fatigue

Data and Stress/Strain Data for Austempered Ductile Irons," Report
1813, British Cast Iron Research Association (BCIRA), 1990, P 226
100
50
Casting size = 25 x 45 mm. Austempered ductle iron

(ADI), BCIRA Interim Grade 950/6, high strength.
Austempered 375 oC, 2.5 h. Monotonic curve (solid line):
strength coefficient, K =6049.1; strain-hardening
exponent, n = 0.28. Cyclic curve (dotted line): strength
coefficient, K' = 5190.4; strain-hardening exponent, n' =
0.27. Elastc line (dashed): slope (modulus of elasticity) =
174.6 GPa. Composition: Fe-3.67C-2.08Si-0.30Mn0.014S-0.014P-0.057Mg-0.77Ni-0.03Cr-0.028Sn-0.08Cu
/V
'" 400
a.
250
//
450
'g"
CI.Ol0 Austempered ductile iron casting, monotonic

oO
- - Monotonic
........... Cyclic
/
0.05
- - - Elastic
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
Strain amplitude, %
0.40
0.45
28/Cast Iron (CI)
CI.Oll Austempered ductile cast iron bar, monotonic

700
,. ~....
600
Bar diameter = 22 mm. Austempered ductile iron (ADI),

BCIRA Interim Grade 950/6, high strength. Austempered
375 oC, 1.25 h. Monotonic curve (solid line): strength
coefficient, K =28,769.7; strain-hardening exponent, n =
0046. Cyc1ic curve (dotted line): strength coefficient, K' =
12,075.7; strain-hardening exponent, n' = 0.37. Elastic
line (dashed): slope (modulus of elasticity) = 173.9 GPa.
Composition: Fe-3.73C-2.21Si-0047Mn-0.020S-0.011P0.059Mg-0.55Ni-0.03Cr-0.027Sn-0.08Cu
,." .........
500
ro
o..
:2:
ai 400
,.j
"O
:::l
:t::
Ci
~ 300
'"~
200
100
f/'
,.
00
0.05
.'
.'
Source: LS. Matharu and M.J.D. Frier, "Strain-Life Fatigue Data and
Stress/Strain Data for Austempered Ductile Irons-A Preliminary
Report," Report 1795, British Cast Iron Research Association (BCIRA),
1990, P 53
- - Monotonic
........... Cyclic
-10.10
E1aSr
0.15
0.20
0.25
Strain amplitude, %
0.30
0.35
0.40
CI.012 Austempered ductile cast iron bar,
700

600
500
ro
o..
,.}
:2:
ai 400
"O
=Ci
E
~ 300
200
100
,. .
~
Bar diameter = 22 mm. Austempered ductile iron (ADl),

BClRA Interim Grade 950/6, high strength. Austempered
350 oC, 1 h. Monotonic curve (solid line): strength
coefficient, K = 11,647.1; strain-hardening exponent, n =
0.36. Cyc1ic curve (dotted line): strength coefficient, K' =
8887.6; strain-hardening exponent, n' =0.33. Elastic line
(dashed): slope (modulus of elasticity) = 174.1 GPa.
Composition: Fe-3.68C-2.22Si-0040Mn-0.020S-0.012P0.056Mg-0.54Ni-0.02Cr-0.027Sn-0.07Cu
.:..,
.....
oO
0.05
/'
Source: LS. Matharu and M.J.D. Frier, "Strain-Life Fatigue Data and
Stress/Strain Data for Austempered Ductile Irons-A Preliminary
Report," Report 1795, British Cast Iron Research Association (BCIRA),
1990, P 53
- - Monotonic
........... Cyclic
-1-
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
Strain amplitude, %
Elastr
0.30
0.35
0040
Cast Iron (CI)/29
CI.013 3.60-3.90% carbon ductile casting, tensile
875
125
Modulus of elasticity vares from the maximum 150 GPa
(21.7 X 106 psi) (curve 1) to the mnimum 159 GPa
(23.0 x 106 psi) (curve 3), with an average of 157 GPa
(22.7 x 106 psi) (curve 2), based on 40 tests
700
100
230v
1
.;
';<y /
525
75
Source: Nodular Iron, Properties and Selection of Metals, Vol 1, 8th ed.,
Metals Handbook, American Society for Metals, 1961, p 386
tU
n.
-'"
::2:
''""
''""
Ci5
350
50
25~---,~--~~---~----~-----+-----+-----i175
~----L---~2L---~3----~4----~5----~6----~70
60
55
50
315
280
/
/
VL/ 7
p
/
tU
n.
245 ::2:
'"
'"
210 ~
'"
PL
I
I
15
10
5
175 .~
140
105
20
70
35
/
0.1
Curve 1: as-cast pearlitic, ultimate tensile strength =

745 MPa (108 ksi). Curve 2: annealed ferritic, ultimate
tensile strength = 400 MPa (58 ksi). Curve 3 (dashed):
0.2% offset yield strength. PL, limts of proportionality
350
i/
40
typical tensile stress-strain curves

385
/'" i
45
CI.014 Pearlitic and ferritic ductile iron casting,
420
)---
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
S!rain, %
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
Source: O.N.J. Oilbert, Behavior of Cast Irons under Stress,

Engineering Properties and Performance of Modem ron Castings,
British Cast Iron Research Association (BCIRA), 1970, P 41. As published in C.F. Walton, Ed., ron Castings Handbook, Iron Casting
Society, 1981, p 335
30/Cast Iron (CI)
450
400
350
2A/
300
'"
250
~r
c:
~
150
50
/// V-
200
100
.--------
31 ji
ro
O::i:
ui
~~
1I
CI.015 Ductile iron alloy casting, tensile

Test direction: longitudinaL Iron test specimen:
28.65 mm diam x 76.2 mm gage length (1.128 in. diam x
3 in. gage length). Steel test specimen: 37.922 mm diam
x 76.2 mm gage length (1,493 in. diam x 3 in. gage
length). Curve 1: as-cast pearlitic nodular iron; 0.1 %
proof stress = 349 MPa. Curve 2: high-silicon nodular
iron failed in elastic region at X. Curve 3: En 4 steel;
yield strength = 316 MPa. Curve 4: annealed ferritic
nodular iron; 0.1 % proof stress = 232 MPa. Composition:
Curves 1 and 4, Fe-3.66C-1.8Si-0,41Mn-0.012S-0.025P0.76Ni-(1 = O.064Mg, 4 = 0.063Mg); curve 2, Fe-2.62C6. 14Si-0.35Mn-0.014S-0.021P-0.78Ni-0.051Mg-0.006Ce;
curve 3, Fe-0.23C-0.56Mn-0.044S-0.027P
Source: G.N.J. Gilbert, The Stress/Strain Properties of Nodular Cast
Irons in Tension and Compression, BC/RA J., Vol 12 (No. 2), March
1964, p 179
0.1
0.2
OA
0.3
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
Strain, %
750
675
600
ro
::i:
525
O-
ui
450
1i
~
375
Q)
o.E
8
300
-----
}~
225
--
Test direction: longitudinal. Iron test specimen:

28.65 mm diam x 76.2 mm gage length (1.128 in.
diam x 3 in. gage length). Steel test specimen: 37.922
mm diam x 76.2 mm gage length (1.493 in. diam x 3 in.
gage length). Curve 1: as-cast pearlitic nodular iron; 0.1 %
proof stress = 398 MPa. Curve 2: high-silicon nodular
iron, 0.1 % proof stress =676 MPa. Curve 3: En 4 steel;
yield strength = 283 MPa. Curve 4: annealed ferritic
nodular iron; 0.1 % proof stress = 264 MPa. Composition:
Curves 1 and 4, Fe-3.66C-1.8Si-0,41Mn-0.012S-0.025P0.76Ni-(1 = 0.064Mg, 4 = 0.063Mg); curve 2, Fe-2.62C6. 14Si-0.35Mn-0.0 14S-0.021P-0.78Ni-0.051Mg-0.006Ce;
curve 3, Fe-0.23C-0.56Mn-0.044S-0.027P
---
h/
150
75
} V--
.~
CI.016 Ductile iron casting, compressive

1-
Source: G.NJ. Gilbert, The Stress/Strain Properties of Nodular Cast

Irons in Tension and Compression, BC/RA J., Vol 12 (No. 2), March
1964,p 185
//
0.1
0.2
0.3
OA
Strain, %
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
Cast Iron (CI)/31
----
50
40
)
20
10
350
.---
280
&.
:2
210 ui
'"
~
1/
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
50
40
-"
:i
~
30
10
CI.018 Pearlitic ductile iron bar, uniaxial tensile

stress-strain curve
490
60
20
Source: K.E. Metzloff, H.W. Kwon, L.Y. Fang, and C.R. Loper, Jr.,
Service Modulus: A Method for Accurate Determination ofYoung's
Modulus and Yield Strength in Ductile Iron, AFS Trans., Vol 104,
1996, P 723
140
70
ro
Bar diameter = 12.827 mm (0.505 in.). Samples primarily

ferritic with 5-10% pearlite. Test bars machined to
ASTM A 536, Fig 6. Test was stress controlled at
345 MPalmin (50 ksi/min). Typical yield strength =
324 MPa (47 ksi); ultimate strength = 496 MPa (72 ksi);
elongation = 16%. Composition: Fe-3.599C-2.753Si0.193Mn-0.033P-0.014S
70
0.5
'iij
CI.017 Ferritic ductile iron bar, uniaxial tensile

stress-strain curve
420
60
/
J
0.5
420
350
280
ui
210
140
70
1.0
1.5
&.
:2
1/
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
'"
~

pearlitic with 90-95% pearlite. Test bars machined to
345 MPalmin (50 ksi/min). Typical yield strength =
elongation = 7.5%. Composition: Fe-3.684C-2.422Si0.469Mn-0.028P-0.015S-0.349Cu
Service Modulus: A Method for Accurate Detennination ofYoung's
1996, P 723
32/Cast Iron (CI)
70
490
60
420
50
_/
'00 40
VV
-'"
ui
UJ
// I
!!!
30
20
10
---
350
280
210
140
V' V
1/ /
/
1.0
&
::;;:
ui
r
~ JI
0.5

345 MPalrnin (50 ksilrnin). Typical yield strength (YS) =
elongation = 16%. Sample loaded to 70% YS, unloaded
to 91 kg (200 lb), loaded to 85% YS, unloaded to 91 kg
(200 lb), loaded to failure. Composition: Fe-3.599C2.753Si-0.193Mn-0.033P-0.0 14S
Source: K.E. Metzloff, H.W. Kwon, LY. Fang, and CoK Loper, Jr.,
1996, P 724
70
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
60
I
v:
1
50
'00 40
-'"
ui
en 30
20
10

490
70
VI
./
--
0.5
280
&
210
70
If
1.0
350
140
Ij /
/ I
420
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
::;;:

345 MPalrnin (50 ksilrnin). Typical yield strength = 400
MPa (58 ksi); ultimate strength = 738 MPa (107 ksi);
elongation = 7.5%. Sample loaded to 70% YS, unloaded
(200 lb), loaded to failure. Composition: Fe-3.684C2.422Si-0.469Mn-0.028P-0.015S-0.349Cu
Source: K.E. Metzloff, H.W Kwon, LY. Fang, and CoK Loper, Jr.,
1996, P 725
east Iron (el)/33
70
490
60
420
50
40
/"
,.,-
~~
gf
~
rn 30
"1
20
JI
2
7 8 9 10
11
,.,- V
50
30
20
10
---.. V
,'l
/1/
1//
/J
IV
1/
oO
7 8 9 10
11
1996, p 726
/r/
1//
12 13 14 15
-- --- III
:::;

345 MPalmin (50 ksilmin). Typical yield strength =
elongation = 16%. Sample loaded to 80% YS, unloaded
to 91 kg (200 lb), loaded to 1% strain, unloaded to 91 kg
(200 lb), loaded to failure. Composition: Fe-3.599C2. 753Si-0.193Mn-0.033P-0.0 14S
70
..-
60
280
140
80
70
350
210
!.
Iv
10

560
CI.022 Pearlitic ductile bar, uniaxial tensile stressstrain curves
490

345 MPalmin (50 ksilmin). Typical yield strength =
to 91 kg (200 lb), loaded to 1% strain, unloaded to 91 kg
420
350
:::;
280 <Ji
'"
~
210
140
70
0
12 13 14 15
Modulus and Yield Strength in Ductile lron, AFS Trans., Vol 104,
1996, p 726
34/Cast Iron (CI)
70
60
50
/1
)1
/
.; 40
'"
i 30
IV)
20
10
l'
. . .V
--
VI1(1
1.0
350
140
70
1.5
2.0
2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0

Slrain, 0.001 in.fin.
4.5
5.0
5.5
50
.; 40
30
0.5
,lAIj
1.0
1.5
~V

2.0
lA
350
rn
210
Ij
140
~
r
2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0

Slrain, 0.001 in.fin.
420
280 ~
:2
11)
,11
1/
-/
V
/
'"~
10
6.0
490
60
20
Source: K.E. Metzloff, H.W. Kwon, L.Y. Fang, and C.R. Loper, Ir.,
1996, p 727
1/
70
en

345 MPalrnin (50 ksi/rnin). Typical yield strength =
to 91 kg (200 lb), 10aded to 75% YS, unloaded to 91 kg
(200 lb), 10aded to failure. Composition: Fe-3.684C2.422Si-0.469Mn-0.028P-0.015S-0.349Cu
420
VA f
0.5

490
70
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0

345 MPalrnin (50 ksi/rnin). Typical yield strength =
Source: K.E. Metzloff, H.W. Kwon, L.Y. Fang, and C.R. Loper, Ir.,
1996, P 727
Cast Iron (CI)/35
300
Elaltic
~L
Elaltic
,....
Test specimen size = 28.651 mm diam x 76.2 mm gage

length (1.128 in. diam x 3 in. gage length). Permanent
strain remains when sample unloaded. Total strain is
permanent plus recoverable. 0.1 % proof stress (PS) =
232 MPa; 0.2% proof stress =242 MPa. Composition:
Fe-3.66C-1.8Si-0.41Mn-0.0 12S-0.025P-0. 76Ni-0.064Mg
;?'Total
otal
o.7%PS
0.1%PS
200
I I
P~pt
---=rrr
I
1
I11
250
CI.025 Ferritic ductile iron casting, longitudinal

tensile stress-strain curves (a) with lateral
contraction (b)

Irons in Tension and Compression, BClRA J., Vol 12 (No. 2), March
1964, p 177
100
50
O 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9

(a)
Strain, %
280
,.
240
...-
'/~
.J.
Total
jermanent
_1
I I
1/\
200
1
I
1 O 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4

(b) Slrain, %
17
CI.026 Ferritic ductile iron casting, longitudinal

compressive stress-strain curves (a) with lateral
expansion (b)
~J
Total
" Permanent
Recoverable
1
10.2% PS
0.1% psi
Recoverable
Test specimen size = 28.651 mm diam x 76.2 mm gage

length (1.128 in. diam x 3 in. gage length). Permanent
strain remains when sample unloaded. Total strain is
permanent plus recoverable. 0.1 % proof stress (PS) =
266 MPa; 0.2% proof stress = 267 MPa. Composition:
Fe-3.66C-1.8Si-0.41Mn-0.0 12S-0.025P-0.76Ni-0.064Mg
11
o..'"
;:;
!Ji
~ 160
~

lrons in Tension and Compression, BClRA J., Vol 12 (No. 2), March
1964, p 182
'iij
~ 120
c.
80
40
f
f
1/
00
0.1
(a)
0.2
0.3 0.4 0.5

Strain, %
0.6
0.7 0.8 O 0.1 0.2 0.3

(b)
Strain, %
0.4
36/Cast lron (CI)
300r------,-----,------~_r--~------r_._--~
Curves based on the first cyc1e of loading and cyc1e tests

carried out at les s than 0.1 % strain. The stress values are
raised by strain hardening. Modulus of elasticity = 177
GPa. Composition: Fe-3.51C-2.07Si-0.32Mn-0.022S0.017P-0.046Mg
,/'
--,~ 0.1%
/
200
c..'"
proof stress
Monotonic /
:2
,Ji
Source: G.N.J. Gilbert, "The Stress/Strain Properties and Fatigue

Properties of a Ferritic and a Pearlitic Nodular Cast Iron Tested under
Strain Control," Report 1586, British Cast Iron Research Association
(BCIRA), 1984
(fJ
//
CI.027 Ferritic nodular ductile iron casting, tensile

monotonic and cydic stress-strain curves
,/
'00
~
100
,,
,/'
/
0.10
0.05
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
Strain, %
,,
,,
,
,
,,
350
300
gro
250
Cl
~
Flrst cycle
!!'! 200
16
oS
CIl
"C
150
E
ro
100
50
Cyclic
,,
,,
,//~
ID
,gc.
,,
,,
,,
,
,
,,
,,
,,
,,
,,
,
,
Curves based on the first cyc1e of loading and a cyc1e at

approximately half the fatigue life using the stress
amplitudes (half stress range). Composition: Fe-3.51C2.07Si-O.32Mn-0.022S-0.017P-0.046Mg
,
- - ;10.1%
,
,,
,
,,
,,
offset
Source: G.NJ. Gilbert, "The Stress/Strain Properties and Fatigue

(BCIRA), 1984
,
,,
,,
,,
,
,,
,,
0.05
0.10
0.15
Strain, %
0.20
CI.028 Ferritic nodular ductile iron casting,

stress amplitude-strain curve for monotonic and
cydic loading
0.25
0.30
Cast lron (CI)/37
CI.029 Ferritic nodular ductile iron casting, log

stress-Iog plastic strain curve for monotonic and
cyelic loading
20~----~~----~-------+--~---+--~--~
Work-hardening behavior shown for monotonic and

cyc1ic loading based on maximum stress (dashed curve)
and stress amplitude (solid curve) at approximately half
the fatigue life. Half fatigue life is used to define cyc1ic
stress-strain curve because fatigue behavior does not
stabilize for these irons. Composition: Fe-3.51C-2.07Si0.32Mn-0.022S-0.017P-0.046Mg
Source: G.N.J. Gilbert, "The Stress/Strain Properties and Fatigue
Strain Control," Report 1586. British Cast Iron Research Association
(BCIRA), 1984
Plastic strain
I, "'" "
300
0!1%/S
r-r
250
Ir
200
::;
r
100
50
Test direction: longitudinal. Proof stress (PS): 0.1 %,

246 MPa; 0.2%, 253 MPa; 0.5%, 263 MPa. Ultimate
tensile strength = 400 MPa; elongation = 26.5%;
hardness = 134 HB (10/3000). Composition: Fe-3.42C2.11Si-0.31Mn-0.014S-0.007P-0.061Mg
,/
Source: G.NJ. Gilbert and MJ.D. Frier, "The Stress/Strain Properties of

a Pearlitic and a Nodular Cast Iron Cyclically Loaded between Equal
and Opposite Strain Limits in Tension and Compression," Report 1579,
British Cast Iron Research Association (BCIRA), 1984
.!!1
'00
c:
~
oyoJs
11
ro
a.
~
150
m
o.~% PSj
CI.030 Ferritic nodular ductile iron casting, tensile

stress-strain curve
I
I
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Strain, %
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
38/Cast Iron (CI)
600r---~--'----r--~---'----r---~--'---~
Normalized
12 in. (30asecti0i
in. (l45 mI' keel
6t/" ,)1"" '1
45
mI' ...
Ascalst
I
V / '/" , , '-.1.
12in. (30j.8 mm) section
~I
,r
/"
1~in.
........
(304.8 mm) section
1.75 in. (44.45 mm) keel
0.1
(a)
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Strain, %
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9 O
0.1
(b)
0.2
0.3
0.4
Strain, %
0.5
0.6
CI.031 Recarburized steel ductile casting, longitudinal tensile stress-total strain curves (a) with lateral contraction (b)
Comparison is made between 44.45 mm (1.75 in.) keel test blocks and 304.8 mm diam x 50.8 mm (12 in. diam x 2 in.) castings;
50.8 mm (2 in.) square test specimens cut from the latter. As-cast pearlitic nodular iron, normalized pearlitic, and annealed
ferritic nodular iron are shown for each size. Composition: Fe-3.52C-1.76Si-0.29Mn-0.026S-0.020P-0.92Ni-0.062Mg
Source: O.N.J. Oilbert, The Effect of Section Size on the Stress-Strain Properties ofNodular Cast Iron, BClRA J., Vol 12 (No. 6), Nov 1964, p 766
Cast Iron (CI)/39
500
450
,.--
400
350
a.'"
:2
300
r
1/)
~
'li)
250
200
100
o()
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
Strain. 0.001 inJin.
0.7
Curve 1: nodu1ar iron; ultimate strength = 695 MPa;

0.1 % proof stress = 378 MPa. Curve 2: nodular iron,
ultimate strength = 402 MPa; 0.1 % proof stress =
238 MPa. Allowable design stress is significantly less
than the proof stress.
Source: "Stress/Strain Behaviour of Nodular and Malleable Cast
!rons," Broadsheet 157-2, British Cast Iron Research Association
(BCIRA), 1981
~V
150
50
--
// ~%Ps
00
c:
~%Ps
f..--'"
CI.032 Nodular ductile iron casting, typical tensile

stress-strain curves at 20 oC
0.8
0.9
40/Cast lron (CI)
500
I
450
r
. /tr
400
350
g'"
1I\3~
/ 1//1
/ Iy
/
fj
300
gf
~ 250
'"
.!!!
.;
~ 200
--
~~/
~' e<f'.
11
10.2% PS
0.1%PS
d!
150
100
50
fec~~
00
0.1
(a)
0.2
0.3
0.4
Strain, %
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.1
(b)
0.2
0.3
Strain, %
CI.033 Pearlitic nodular ductile iron casting, longitudinal tensile stress-strain curves (a) with lateral contraction (b)
Test specimen size = 28.651 mm diam x 76.2 mm gage length (1.128 in. diam x 3 in. gage length). Permanent strain remains
when sample unloaded. Total strain is permanent plus recoverable. 0.1 % proof stress (PS) =347 MPa; 0.2% proof stress =
374 MPa. Composition: Fe-3.66C-l.8Si-0.41Mn-0.012S-0.025P-0.76Ni-0.063Mg
Source: G.N.J. Gilbert, The Stress/Strain Properties of Nodular Cast Irons in Tension and Compression, BClRA J., Vol 12 (No. 2), March 1964, p 175
Cast Iron (CI)/41
500
450
400
f-----
350
/'
lO
~ 300
{,t-
tfI'3nen
V/ ~/
~e
II
:t)
f!
J'!
,,;
. 250
~
'i
~ 200
50
v
I
--
~'I.1
~ f-
1/
I
0.2%PS
!!~V
-4
If
0.1% PS
150
100
L Reco~erable
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
Strain, %
0.5
0.6
0.7
O
(b)
0.1
0.2
0.3
Strain, %
CI.034 Pearlitic ductile ron casting, longitudinal compressive stress-strain curves (a) with lateral expansion (b)
Test specimen size = 28.651 mm diam x 76.2 mm gage length (1.128 in. diam x 3 in. gage length). Permanent strain remains
when sample unloaded. Total strain is permanent plus recoverable. 0.1 % proof stress (PS) = 377 MPa; 0.2% proof stress =
398 MPa. Composition: Fe-3.66C-1.8Si-0.41Mn-0.012S-0.025P-0.76Ni-0.063Mg
Source: G.NJ. Gilbert, The Stress/Strain Properties of Nodular Cast Irons in Tension and Compression, Be/RA J., Vol 12 (No. 2), March 1964, p 180
."
42/Cast Iron (CI)
400r---,----,---.----,---,----.----r---.---~
CI.035 Pearlitic nodular ductile iron casting, tensile

Test direction: longitudinal. (a) Beginning of cyc1ing in

tension to 350 MPa. (b) Behavior of same sample after
128 cyc1es to 350 MPa. 0.2% proof stress = 358 MPa;
ultimate tensle strength =659 MPa. Composition: Fe3.42C-2.11 Si-0.31Mn-0.014S-0.007P-0.061Mg
Source: G.N.J. Gilbert and M.J.D. Frier, "The Stress/Strain Properties of
a Pearlitic and a Nodular Cast lron Cyclically Loaded between Equal
British Cast Iron Research Association (BClRA), 1984
ro
o..
:2
"' 200
en
150
100
50
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.45
0.20
(a)
Strain, %
400
350
300
ro
:2
250
o..
"'~ 200
en
150
100
50
I
0.25
(b)
'/
l'
0.30
0.35
0.40
Strain, %
0.45
0.50
Cast Iron (CI)/43

500
/ Jlastic lit
450
~I
0.5~ PS
tr:
400
1/
350
ro
[L
::;;
/~
300
Ul
250
'c;;
c:
200
150
100
50
f.-- f.--
rr
--
Source: O.NJ. Oilbert and MJ.D. Frier, "The Stress/Strain Properties of

a Pearlitic and a Nodular Cast Iron Cyc1ically Loaded between Equal
British Cast Iron Research Association (BCIRA), 1984
/1
II
a!2% PS
0.1% PsJI---
IJ
/
/
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Strain, %
0.6
400
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1
1
/1
1
ro
::;;
[L
r
Ul
1
~
'c;;
c: 200
1/
JI
0.05
/
0.10
/0.1%
o
1 proof
Monotonic / stress
l'
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0.15
Strain, %
0.20
0.25

Curves based on the first cycle of loading and cycle tests
carried out at less than O.l % strain. Strain hardening only
contributes a slight increase in raising tensile stress level.
Composition: Fe-3.64C-2.25Si-0.38Mn-0.010S-0.019P0.044Mg
Source: O.NJ. Oilbert, "The Stress/Strain Properties and Fatigue
(BCIRA), 1984
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
100
CJCliC
........
(/
If
~ --~
/~
300
Test direction: longitudinal. Proof stress (PS): O.l %,

355 MPa; 0.2%, 358 MPa; 0.5%, 395 MPa. Ultimate
tensile strength = 659 MPa; elongation = 6.5%;
hardness = 219 HB (10/3000). Composition: Fe-3.42C2.11Si-0.31Mn-0.014S-0.007P-0.061Mg
0.30
44/Cast Iron (CI)
400.------r------r------r-----,,,~--_,----_.-
al
~ 300~----~------~----~~~~------4_/~---4~
i)
Cl
c:
-ro
CI.038 Pearlitic nodular ductile iron casting,

stress amplitude-strain curves for monotonic and
cyclic loading
Curves based on the first cycle of loading and a cycle at
approximately half the fatigue life using the stress
amplitudes (half stress range). Modulus of elasticity =
183 GPa. Composition: Fe-3.64C-2.25Si-0.38Mn-O.010SO.019P-O.044Mg
['!
EQ)
"tl
::l
%
200~----~------~----~----_4~----4_----_4~
E
I
al
'"'"
~
/
/1/
(J)

(BCIRA), 1984
100~-----V~----~----~/-----4------4_----_4~
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
Strain, %
CI.039 Pearlitic nodular ductile iron casting, log

stress-Iog plastic strain curve for monotonic and
cyclic loading
Work-hardening behavior shown for monotonic and
cyclic loading based on maximum stress (dashed curve)
and stress amplitude (solid curve) at approximately half
the fatigue life. Half fatigue life is used to define cyclic
stress-strain curve because fatigue behavior does not
stabilize for these irons. Composition: Fe-3.64C-2.25SiO.38Mn-O.010S-0.019P-O.044Mg
Strain Control," Report 1586, British Cast lron Research Association
(BCIRA), 1984
1 -5
10
Plaslic slrain
Cast Iron (CI)/45
400r---~---r---'----'---'----'----r---.---,
350~--+----r---1----+----r---~~r1~~--~
300~--+----r---1----~---r---+--.HhH~~--~
250r---+----r--~T_--+_--_r--_+.~hr_--+_--~
150r---+-~~--~----+_--~~84----~--+---~
100~--+F---r---1----+'~~~-+----r---~--~
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
Strain, %
(a)
400
350
300
L7
250
1/
'"
~ 200
ID
Ci5 150
100
50
0.25
(b)
f'
'/
!/
l'
0.30
0.35
0.40
Strain, %
0.45
0.50
0.55
CI.040 Ductile iron casting, cyelic

(a) The first severa! cyc1es in tension to 350 MPa.
(b) 128 cyc1es in tension to 350 MPa. Composition: Fe3.45C-2.18Si-0.33Mn-0.012S-0.004P-0.048Mg
Source: G.NJ. Gilbert, ''The Cyclic Stress/Strain Properties of a Ferritic
Nodular Iron Tested under Completely Reversed Loading and under
Tensile LO!iding," Report 1534, British Cast Iron Research Association
(BCIRA), 1983
46/Cast Iron (CI)
CI.041 Gray iron casting, tensile stress-strain curves

showing effect of graphite form
16 - - - - - -
112
75% UTS
84
12
ro
.;
Il.
::;
<Ji
'"
~
TS, total strain; RS, recoverable strain; UTS, 75%

ultimate tensile strength. (a) Compacted graphite.
(b) Type A graphite. (e) Widmanstatten graphite
<Ji
56
~'"
en
4~~------+---------+---------~--------~28
00
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
Strain, %
(a)
84
12
75% UTS
56
8
.;
ro
Il.
::;
<Ji
<Ji
en
'"
~
28
0.4
0.1
Strain,%
(b)
42
-----75% UTS
.;
~
28
ro
Il.
::;
<Ji
en
<Ji
en
i 2
14 en
0.3
0.1
(e)
Strain, %
O
0.4
Source: R.E. Maringer, "Damping Capacity of Materials," Report

RSIC-508, Battelle Memorial Institute, Redstone Scientific Information
Center, Redstone Arsenal, Jan 1966, AD 640465. As published in
Structural Alloys Handbook, Voll, CINDAS/Purdue University,
1994, p 20
Cast Iron (CI)/47
45
40
35
30
25
~ 20
15
./'
70F (21 Cy V
1//~
/ WV
/)V
VI
315
CI.042 Gray iron casting, stress-strain curves to

fracture at room and elevated temperatures
750 .)(399 OC) 280
Composition: Fe-3.19C-(CC-0.85)-1.66Si- 0.91Mn0.077P-0.089S
~ ""-840 o~I (449 OC)
L---
245
I--~
210
175
g'"
140
g
en
ui
105
10
70
35
0.25
0.50
Source: C.E Walton, Gray and Ductile ron Castings Handbook, Gray
and Ductile Iron Founders' Society, 1965. As published in Structural
Alloys Handbook, Vol 1, CINDASlPurdue University, 1994, p 20
930 F (499 OC)
0.75
1.00
1.25
1.50
1.75
Strain,%
70r---~--~---'r---~---r---.----~--,---~490
60~--~----+--~~---+---~--~----~--~----
'c;;
.>::
350
40LL-1A~t:~~~~rLJ 280
30~--+-~~~~----+'~~--.4~~~--+---~ 210
Plastic strain
140
/
L---~-L-L
0.1
0.2
__
~~~~
0.3
0.4
__
0.5
Elongation, %
__
0.6
__- L__- L__
0.7
0.8
Casting thickness: curve 1, 12.7 mm (0.5 in.); curve 2,

25.4 mm (1 in.); curve 3, 152.4 mm (6 in.); curve 4,
76.2 mm (3 in.). Dashed lines indicate plastic strain.
420
ui
en
CI.043 Pearlitic gray iron casting, stress-strain curves

showing effect of section size
~O
0.9
::;
ui
Ul
~
Source: C.E Walton, Gray and Ductile ron Castings Handbook, Gray
and Ductile lron Founders' Society, Aug 1971. As published in
Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol!, CINDASlPurdue University,
1994, p 20
48/Cast Iron (CI)
40,-----,------r------,-----,------.-----,--, 280
CI.044 Class 20 to 50 gray iron casting, tensile

35~----4-----_+------~----+_-----+~~~--~245
Source: J.L. Herron, R.A. Flinn, and P.K. Trojan, Research for !he
artiele: Mechanical Properties of Gray Iron, ron Castings Handbook,
C.E Walton, Ed., Iron Casting Society, 1981, p 211
30~----~-----+------r_----~~--~--~~--~210
25 ~--+---~--_btL--__7I~--+;7"'=-___/-~ 175
~
~
m
w
~ 20
140 ~
:;;
15
Class 20
105
10~----~~~~-----~----~-----+-----r_~70
~~~+_----~----_r-----+----~------r_~35
L-____
_ _ _ _L __ _ _ _L __ _ _ _L __ _ _ _L __ _ _ _
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
L-~O
0.30
Strain, %
35.-----,-----,-----,----,-----,-----,,----,245
CI.045 Class 30 gray iron casting, cyelic tensile

30~----+-----+-----+---~~~~+~L++----~210
Permanent deformation results froro rerooval and

reapplication of load.
25~----~--~--_r~----74+---~-+--_+----~175
Source: J.L. Herron, R.A. Flinn, and P.K. Trojan, Research for the
C.E Walton, Ed., Iron Casting Society, 1981, p 229
10~--~~~--+-~+-+-~~+-----+-----+----~70
Strain, %
Cast Iron (CI)/49
45.-----,----,-----,-----,-----,-----,-----, 315
CI.046 Class 40 gray iron casting, cyelic tensile

40~----+-----+_----4_----~----~----~-----1
280
Permanent deformation results from removal and

reapplication of load.
35~----+-----+-----4-~A-~AL--~----~-----4
245
Source: J.L. Herron, R.A. F1inn, and P.K. Trojan, Research for the
artiele: Mechanical Properties of Gray Iron, Iron Castings Handbook,
C.F. Walton, Ed., Iron Casting Society, 1981, p 229
210
ro
a.
:2
~25~----+---~~f-~~~1-~----~-----+-----1 175 r
VJ
~ 20~----+_~_h~~~~L---~----~----_+----_1 140
<::
VJ
<::
105
70
35
0.1
0.3
0.4
Strain, %
0.2
0.5
0.6
40
35
30
25
r
VJ
Q)
~ 20
~
.c;;
Plastic
/
I
I
10
./
V 1/
E1a1
<::
~ 15
V/
0.7
280
CI.047 Pearlite gray iron casting, tensile

245
Total strain is composed of plastic and elastic portions ..
210
Source: J.W. Grant, Comprehensive Mechanical Tests ofTwo Pearlite

Gray Irons, J. Res. BCIRA, Vol 3, Apri11951, P 861-875. Adapted
from C.F. Walton, Ed., Iron Castings Handbook, lron Casting Society,
1981, p 228
175 ~
:2
~
140 ~
VJ
~
.c;;
<::
105 ~
A~
70
35
0.05
0.10
0.15
Strain, %
0.20
0.25
0.30
SO/Cast Iron (CI)
550
500
./
450
400
350
~ 300
ui
1i
~ 40 compression
/'
250
70
60
.;
- 40
----
j ~'
// -- --
150
100
50
If"
-----
0.4
0.2
0.6
Strain, %
70
compre
60
50
~
ui 40
30
20
10
30
20
10
- - C;ss 20 tension
/
!V
.......-
1.0
0.8
80
'"
~
.;
I!
C/)
""ui
'"~
1i
- - cass 20 compression
200
Souree: J.L. Herron, R.A. Flinn, and P.K. Trojan, Researeh for!he
artiele: Meehanieal Properties of Gray !ron, ron Castings Handbook,
c.F. Walton, Ed., Iron Casting Society, 1981, p 235
50
/
/ ~~-'y
ro
CI.048 Class 20 and 40 gray iron casting, tensile and

compressive stress-strain curves
V--
---
560
CI.049 Class 35 gray iron casting, tensile and

490
Souree: J.L. Herron, RA. Flinn, and P.K. Trojan, Research for the
C.F. Walton, Ed., !ron Casting Society, 1981, p 234
420
350
ro
o..
:2
280 ui
V--
'"~
Tension
1i
210
140
70
0.2
0.4
0.8
0.6
Strain, %
1.0
1.2
1.4
Cast Iron (CI)/51
70
CI.050 Class 20, 40, and 60 gray iron casting, typical

tensile stress-strain curves
60
Source: Gray Iron, Properties and Selection: lrons, Steels, and HighPerformance Alloys, Vol 1, ASM Handbook, 1990, p 20
500~------r-------.-------,-------,-------.
400~------~------+-------+-----~~----~
50
'"
:2
300
a.
'"
~
40
.;
-"
.;
IJ)
IJ)
30
200
20
100~--~~~----~~------+-------+-------4
10
Strairl, mm/m (0.001 inJin.)
200
Lateral strain
175
Ii
150
2/ I
I 12 /
125
100
11
75
25
'"
:2
a.
.;
~
II
:'
:'
/"
Source: G.NJ. Gilbert, Stress/Strain Properties of Cast Iron and

Poisson's Ratio in Tension and Compression, BClRA J., Vol 9 (No. 3),
May 1961, p 351
l/
.'
;11
,,
-50
,~
-75
-100
"A 3~
II
-125
'ti
J
I:-V/ U
",-
-150
-225
-0.3
#,'2
:/
,,
,,,
Progression oftest follows numbers 1-3 (solid line 1 to

dashed line 1 to solid line 2 to dashed line 2, etc.). Solid
lines are load applications; dashed lines are relaxations.
These are relatively high stresses. Composition: Fe-3.2C2. 19Si-0.56Mn-O.031S-0.046P
,###
I
/
'/- 1, 13
/
II /!'" 111
V3
"
1/ /3 / ::1 ./'
##
-200
-25
-175
t.-- -- -2/
r/,,
50
CI.051 Gray iron casting, tensile and compressive

longitudinal and lateral stress-strain curves
Longitudinal strain
!~ V
-0.2
l/:~
1
-0.1
0.1
0.2
Strain, %
0.3
004
0.5
0.6
52/Cast Iron (CI)
250r-----r----,-----,-----,----~----_,----~
CI.052 Flake graphite, gray iron casting, tensile

stress-strain curves with cyelic loading lo increasing
stress levels
Ultimate strength = 230 MPa. Permanent deformation
increases with increasing stress levels.
Source: "Stress/Strain Behaviour of Flake Graphite Cast Irons,"
Broadsheet 157-1, British Cast Iron Research Association
(BCIRA), 1977
0.7
Strain, %
280
260
/com~ressive
240
200
180
'"
a. 160
140
1 120
100
80
60
40
20
/
V
/
Fracture
...... ~
""--Te;;e
/ /
//
//
/
l'
0.1
= 600 MPa
Source: "Stress/Strain Behaviour of Flake Graphite Cast Irons,"

Broadsheet 157-1, British Cast Iron Research Association
(BClRA), 1977
1/
:::;
'"
Compressive strength
/V
220
In
CI.053 Flake graphite, gray iron casting, comparison

of tensile and compressive stress-strain curves
/'1
0.2
0.3
0.4
Tensile and compressive strain, %
0.5
0.6
Cast Iron (CI)/53
CI.054 Flake graphite, gray iron casting, cyclic

200
150
100
III
50
a.
::;
<Ji
IJ)
/,V
-50
-100
-150
Stress-strain curves for cycles 129-132 with loads

varying 175 MPa. The hysteresis loop advances to the
right as the number of cycles increase.
Source: O.NJ. Oilbert and S.D. Kemp, "The Cyclic Stress/Strain
Properties of a Flake Graphite Cast Iron-A Progress Report;' Report
1384, British Cast Iron Research Association (BCIRA), July 1980
!V
h~
l'
-0.15 -0.10 -0.05
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
Strain, %
CI.055 Gray iron casting, components of total

Considering iron as a composite, the total strain 5, can be
thought of consisting of the 1, plastic matrix; 2, voids
with recoverable deformation; 3, elastic matrix; 4, voids
with permanent deformation. Iron can be considered
having a steel-like matrix with volume changes occurring
in the spaces occupied by graphite. Iron tensile strength =
213 MPa
Source: O.N.J. Oilbert, ''The Cyclic Stress/Strain Properties and FatigUe
Properties of a Flake Oraphite Cast Iron Tested under Strain ControlA Detailed Study," Report 1621, British Cast Iron Research Association
(BCIRA), 1985
0L---~--~~--L---~--~~--~--~--~
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
Strain, %
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
54/Cast Iron (CI)
CI.056 Gray iron casting, cyclic stress-strain curves
250
200
fnd, 3rd 6ycles

150
1st cycle,
100
50
ro
uf
'"~
-50
Source: G.N.J. Gilbert, "The Cyclic Stress/Strain Properties and Fatigue

Properties of a Flake Graphite Cast Iron Tested under Strain ControlA Detailed Study," Report 1621, British Cast Iron Research Association
(BCIRA), 1985
fi ~
-100
hV
-150
-200
Curves for first three cyc1es to O.20% strain.

Composition: Fe-3.13C-2.15Si-O.35Mn-O.025S-0.086P
V/ V
O-
:2
V/
-250
-0.20
-0.15
-0.10
-0.05
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
Strain, %
CI.057 Gray iron casting, cyclic stress-strain curves
250
200
./
150
2512th cycle
100
ro
50
O-
:2
uf
'"
~
en
//
-50
Source: G.N.J. Gilbert, "The Cyc1ic Stress/Strain Properties and Fatigue

(BCIRA), 1985
/'
/
//
/
~V
-100
-150
-200
-250
-0.20
yr
-0.15
-0.10
-0.05
o
Strain, %
0.05
0.10
0.15
Curve for 2512th cyc1e to O.20% strain. (Fatigue failure

occurred at 3769 cyc1es.) Composition: Fe-3.13C-2.15Si0.35Mn-O.025S-0.086P
0.20
Cast Iron (CI)/55
170
CI.058 Gray iron casting, modulus of

elasticity-stress curves
160
Modulus of elasticity (E) for compression of first and

2512th cycle. At maximum compressive stress
(0.0020 strain controlled) first cycle, E = 144.95 GPa;
2512th cycle, E = 144.20 GPa
150
o..'"
C!l 140
~~
.......
0
~
Qi 130
'"
~~
""'" ~ ~ f;::- r---
'O
!I)
::l
"O
Source: G.NJ. Gilbert, "The Cyclic Stress/Strain Properties and Fatigue

(BCIRA), 1985
120
""'""
;;
110
2512th cycle
100
90
50
-250 -200 -150 -100-50
O
Stress, MPa
~ 1'----.
r-
~
~
130
~~
Source: G.N.J. Gilbert, "The Cyclic Stress/Strain Properties and Fatigue

(BCIRA), 1985
!I)
::l
250
Modulus of elasticity (E) for tension of first and 2512th

cycle. At maximum tensile stress (0.0020 strain
controlled) first cycle, E = 157.62 GPa; 2512th cycle,
E = 155.62 GPa.
"O
200
160
o..'"
150
CI.059 Gray iron casting, modulus of

elasticity-stress curves
C!l 140
'"
'O
1"-"
170
150
Qi
100
------~stCYCle
120
~ First cycle
2512thc~
;;
110
100
90
-200
-150
-100
-50
o
Stress, MPa
50
100
150
56/Cast Iron (CI)
CI.060 Pearlitic and ferritic malleable iron casting,

700
100
1
80
/ ....-
i
~
40
ro
420
20
V
0.1
g
~
1
Source: L.W.L. Smith and O.N.J. Gilbert, "The Tensile Properties oI

Blackheart and Pearlitic Malleable Irons-A Progress Report," Report
1363, British Cast lron Research Association (BCIRA), Jan 1980,
p 49-62. As published in C.E Walton, Ed., [ron Castings Handbook,
lron Casting Society, 1981, P 304
~
.;
280 ~
v:-
Typical curves obtained from machined cast-to-shape test

bars. Curve 1, pearlitic, oil quenched; curve 2, pearlitic,
air quenched; curve 3, ferritic
560
~ 60
~
.;
e
..---
V
/
~
140
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
Slrain, %
CI.061 Blackheart malleable iron casting, tensile and

350
300
/ ' -,....
250
&.
Compression
1/~ 1
200
1/1
:2
<Ji
(/)
Teniion
1/
1/0 .1% 0.2% PS
Produced at 980 oC, fast cooled to 760 oC, slow cooled to

700 oc. Specimens were as-cast to shape. Tested at strain
rate of O.Ol/min. 0.2% proof stress (PS): tensile,
346 MPa; compressive, 284 MPa. Compressive PS at
0.2% is slightly less than at 0.1 %. Composition: Fe2.46C-l.40Si-0.46Mn-0.178S-0.034P-0.0032B-0.001Al0.038Cr
1/0.5% PS
Source: L.W. Smith, "The Effect of Strain Rate on tbe Compressive

Stress/Strain Properties of Ma11eable lrons," Report 1508, British Cast
lron Research Association (BCIRA), 1983, P 32
PS
1i5 150
III
III
100
50
I
I
1/
11 1/ 1/
OO
0.1
0.2
0.3
OA
0.5
Slrain, %
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
Cast Iron (CI)/57
CI.062 Blackheart malleable irn casting,

compressive stress-strain curves with effect of
strain rate
350
300
~~
-:::::::: %
J:t:
250
ro
a..
:2
.;
'"
200
~::::: 1;.-Slrain rale:

0.2/min
0.021 min
0.0021 min
0.00061 min
r---
Source: L.W. Smith, "The Effect of Strain Rate on the Compressive

Stress/Strain Properties of Malleable Irons," Report 1508, British Cast
Iron Research Association (BCIRA), 1983, p 35
OI %jS
'">
00
'" 150
i!!
c.
0.2%
PS
Produced at 980 oC, fast cooled to 760 oC, slow cooled to

700 oc. Specimens were as-cast to shape. Tested at strain
rates shown. 0.2% proof stresses (PS) vary from
236-261 MPa. Composition: Fe-2.46C-1.40Si-0.46Mn0.178S-0.034P-0.0032B-0.001AI-0.038Cr
0.5% PS
100
50
O
O
I
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
Slrain, %
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
CI.063 Pearlitic malleable iron casting, compressive

stress-strain curves with effect of strain rate
600
500
/1.. 400
:f
i!!
t
~
00
300
~c.
8 200
100
--~t'b::::::
r I
:2
/(o/r
//
I~i%
1// I
0.2
0.4
Annealed, 870 oC, air quenched, tempered, 700 oC, 6 h,

600 oC, 4 h. Specimens were as-cast to shape. Tested at
strain rates shown. 0.2% proof stresses (PS) vary from
375-393 MPa. Composition: Fe-2.51 C-1.43Si-0.50Mn0.201S-0.039P-0.0031B-0.015AI-0.040Cr
::--1-
Slrain rale:

Iron ResearchAssociation (BCIRA), 1983, P 36
0.2/min
1" 0.0021 min
0.00061 min
1/
0.5% PS
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
Slrain, %
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
58/Cast Iron (CI)

600
---:;::::. ~
500
~~~
&.
400
:2
gf
~
.~ 300
~o.
E
8 200
Annealed, 870 oC, air quenched, tempered, 700 oC, 6 h.

Specimens were as-cast to shape. Tested at strain rates
shown. 0.2% proof stresses (PS) vary from 398-410
MPa. Composition: Fe-2.44C-l.54Si-0.50Mn-0.180S0.039P-0.0036B-0.020AI-0.048Cr
~~
~I 1
Il/';l 1/
Strain rate:
-00.2/min
~ 0.002/min
0.0006/ min

Iron Research Association (BCIRA), 1983, P 36
PS
1/ t% I
I111 1
0.5% PS
PS
100
oO
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
Strain, %
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
700,---,---,---,---,---,---,---,---,---,---,
600~--~--~--+---+_--+_--+_~~--~~~~~
500 1-__+--~~""'--+__----::J...._s.-"1""--..p.~+Strain rate:

0.2/ min
0.005/ min
a..
:2
0.0006/min
gf 400 I---+lfl.-f-+l---+__+-+_--+_--_l_--+_--+_--_+_---I
~
1
ro
"m
~
300~-+~-++---~--+---+---+---+---+---~--~
o.
8
2001-+-~+-+__--+_--+_--_l_--_l_--+_--+_--_+_---I
100~~~--+__-++__--+_--_l_--_l_--+_--+_--_+_---I
oo
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
Strain, %
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0

Annealed, 870 oC, air quenched, reheated to 640 oC in

1.5 h, tempered, 640 oC, 4 h. Specimens were as-cast to
shape. Tested at strain rates shown. 0.2% proof stresses
(PS) vary from 439-502 MPa. Composition: Fe-2.4IC1.37Si-0.50Mn-0.192S-0.034P-0.0035B-0.041 Cr
Iron Research Association (BCIRA), 1983, p 36
Cast Iron (CI)/59
600
..-
500
)7
~ 400
::iE
'/oLps
~ 300
.~
~
O-
200
100
~ ~train rate:
~~.2/min
~0.02/min
b.. 0.005/ min _
"0.0006/ min
/1/ L f,s.ps
1/ / /
1// I /
oO
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
Strain, %
1.4
700
600
500
III
c..
::iE
ui
CI)
~
400
1i
.~
Ul
Ul
=-::: :::::::
Annealed, 840 oC, oil quenched, tempered, 680 oC, 2 h.

Specimens were as-cast to shape. Tested at strain rates
shown. 0.2% proof stresses (PS) vary from 468-502
MPa. Composition: Fe-2.46C-l.40Si-0.51Mn-0.206S0.043P-0.0032B-0.040Cr
Stress/Strain Properties of Malleab1e Irons," Report 1508, British Cast
PS
......-:

tt """'7
"~
Ir/ / /
/ /or /
/II/g~% 10.5%
// / /
1.6
1.8
2.0

'"
Annealed, 840 oC, oil quenched, tempered, 650 oC, 2 h.

Specimens were as-cast to shape. Tested at strain rates of
0.0006-0.20/min; three curves shown for clarity. 0.2%
proof stresses (PS) vary from 530-599 MPa.
Composition: Fe-2.43C-l.35Si-0.50Mn-0.213S-0.042P0.0035B-0.040Cr
...---
Strain rate:
0.2/ min
0.005/ min
0.002/min

Stress/Strain Properties of Mal1eab1e Irons;' Report 1508, British Cast
OPS
300
O-
E
o
200
100
VI 1/
0.2
0.4
0.6
PS
0.8
1.0
1.2
Strain, %
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
60/Cast lron (CI)

800
700
/ 7I
ro
o..
:; 500
110.,t.
~ 400
.~
600
"
PS
-::
~:train rate:
~
0.2/min
0.002/min _
"0.0006/ min
/I I
/II ./0.5%
ji I /
1I I / I

1/
0.2%
PS
Cl.
E 300
200
100
oO
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
PS
1.0
1.2
Strain, %
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
CI.069 Malleable iron casting, typical tensile stressstrain curves at 20 oC
450
....lII
400
350
tf
:;
.---
Curve 1: pearlitic malleable iron, ultimate strength =

564 MPa; 0.1 % proof stress (PS) = 377 MPa. Curve 2:
whiteheart malleable iron, ultimate strength = 425 MPa;
0.1 % proof stress =233 MPa. Curve 3: ferritic malleable
iron, ultimate strength = 324 MPa, 0.1 % proof stress =
193 MPa. Allowable design stress is significantly less
than the proof stress.
0.1% PS
1/
300
~
~ 250
t
V ~PS
~
.;
~ 200
Source: "Stress/Strain Behaviour of Nodular and Malleable Cast

Irons," Broadsheet 157-2, British Cast Iron Research Association
(BCIRA), 1981
...lIo
-;-
I.V
150
~.1% ~S
!
/
100
50
1/
oO
0.1
0.2
0.3
Air quenched and tempered malleable iron was reheated

to 870 oC, oil quenched, tempered, 600 oC, 2.5 h.
Specimens were as-cast to shape. Tested at strain rates of
0.0006-0.20/min; three curves shown for clarity. 0.2%
proof stresses (PS) vary from 625-644 MPa.
Composition: Fe-2.58C-1.45Si-0.53Mn-0.218S-0.032P0.003IB-0.043Cr
004
0.5
Strain, %
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
Cast Iron (CI)/61
800
700 f------
600
l1\aJ~1-
~
iI1
rti
.:;:
'1
~~I
I
I
0.1% PS_O.2% PS
~
)
500
V
300
200
100
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
Slrain, %
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
(b)
0.1
0.2
0.3
Slrain, %
CI.070 High-silicon nodular graphite iron casting, longitudinal compressive stress-strain curves (a) with lateral
expansion (b)
Test specimen size = 28.651 mm diaro x 76.2 mm gage length (1.128 in. diaro x 3 in. gage length). Permanent strain remains
when sarople unloaded. Total strain is permanent plus recoverable. 0.1 % proof stress (PS) = 676 MPa; 0.2% proof stress =
707 MPa. Composition: Fe-2.62C-6.14Si-0.35Mn-0.014S-0.021P-0.78Ni-0.051Mg-0.006Ce
Source: G.N.J. Gi1bert, The Stress/Strain Properties of Nodu1ar CasI Irons in Tension and Compression, BClRA J., Vol 12 (No. 2), March 1964, p 183
62/Cast Iron (CI)
CI.071 Nickel alloy iron casting, tensile

,---------r----r------,------56o
Various c1asses of nickel cast irons

Source: "Engineering Properties and Applications of Nickel Cast Irons,"
International Nickel Co. As published in Structural Alloys Handbook,
Vol 1, CINDASlPurdue University, 1994, p 7
~--------~--+---~-+--~~----+---------~420
'"
.;
"'r"
(j)
(L
:2'
40
r
280 (j)
30
Ci5
L---------~--------~----------~--------~O
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Slrain, %
400
350
/
//
300
250
Ji
'"
(L
:2'
r 200
(j)
~
Ci5
150
100
50
1/~
----
CI.072 Pearlitic and ferritic compacted graphite iron

casting, typical stress-strain curves
- 40
Ferrilic
.;
- 30 "":
(j)
~
m
- 20
- 10
0.1
0.2
Modulus of elasticity = 144 GPa. Pearlitic iron: tensile

strength = 410 MPa (59.5 ksi); e1ongation = 1%. Ferritic
iron: tensile strength = 320 MPa (46.5 ksi); elongation =
3.5%
- 50
0.3
0.4
Slrain, %
0.5
0.6
0.7
Source: E. Nechtelberger, H. Puhr, J.B. von Nesselrode, and

A. N akayasu, Paper presented at the 49th International Foundry
Congress, International Comrnittee of Foundry Technical Associations,
Chicago, 1982. As published in D.M. Stefanescu, Compacted Graphite
Irons, Properties and Selection: Irons, Steels, and High-Performance
Alloys, Vol 1, ASM Handbook, ASM International, 1990, p 57
Cast Iron (CI)/63
CI.073 Alpha (a) iron alloy forging, true compressive

700
Tested at 500 oC (932 P) at strain rates indicated.

Specimens were forged at 900 oC (1652 P) and annealed
at 750 oC (1382 P) for 2 h. Alpha iron has a bodycentered-cubic crystal structure. Composition: Pe0.007C-0.03Mn-0.005S-0.003P
600
Strain rate:
500
100/5
ro
D.
:2 400
F V--
en
al
300
f?
100
0.1/50.01/5
0.001/5
0.2
0.1
1.0/5
-~ ----
200
Source: O.S. Avadhani, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India. As

pub1ished in Rot Working Guide, Y.V.R.K. Prasad and S. Sasidhara, Ed.,
ASM Intemational, 1997, p 263
10/5
V-- r--
<Ji
l---
0.4
0.3
True pla5tic 5train
0.5
0.6
CI.074 Alpha (a) iron alloy forging, true compressive

250
200
&.
:2
150
<Ji
en
~
1il
al
~ 100
50
/
V
/
100/5
-10/5

published in Rot Working Guide, Y.V.R.K. Prasad and S. Sasidhara, Ed.,
Strain rate:
-----------
1.0/5
--
--....i'

at 750 oC (1382 P) for 2 h. Alpha iron has a bodycentered-cubic crystal structure. Composition: Pe0.007C-0.03Mn-0.005S-0.003P
0.1/5
0.01/5
0.001/5
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
True pla5tic 5train
0.5
0.6
64/Cast Iron (CI)
CI.075 Gamma (y) iron alloy forging, true

300

at 750 oC (1382 P) for 2 h. Above 910 oC (1670 P)
pure iron has a face-centered-cubic crystal structure and
is called gamma iron. Composition: Pe-0.007C-0.03Mn0.005S-0.003P
250
200
//~
i1.
:2
<Ji
~ 150
U;
al
100
50
--
Strain rate:
~10.(fS
100/s

published in Hot Working Guide, Y.V.R.K. Prasad and S. Sasidhara, Ed.,
ASM International, 1997, p 267
;;v
V-
1.0/5
1-~
V
0.1
0.1/5
0.01/5
0.001/5
0.2
0.3
0.5
0.4
0.6
True plastic strain
CI.076 Gamma (y) iron alloy forging, true

150
120
Strain rate:
V / V"
60
30

at 750 oC (1382 P) for 2 h. Above 910 OC (1670 P)
pure iron has a face-centered-cubic crystal structure and
is called gamma8 iron. Composition: Pe-0.007C-0.03Mn0.005S-0.003P
V
( -
----
- 100/5
1015

published in Hot Working Guide, Y.V.R.K. Prasad and S. Sasidhara, Ed.,
~
V
1.0/5
0.1/5
0.01/5
V"
0.001/5
0.1
0.2
0.4
0.3
True plastic strain
0.5
0.6
Cast Iron (CI)/65
CI.077 Steel preform powder metal forged cylinder,

Axial compression, %
20
40
60
70
150r---,,---r--~r---'---rr----rr--'----r---.1050
840
630 as
a.
90
~
.;
::;;
.;
U)
U)
420
Test direction: longitudinal. Five steel powder

compositions used: A, Fe-0.27C-2.0Ni-0.5Mo; N2, Fe0.17C-2.7Ni-0.8Cr; N7, Fe-0.24C-0.6Ni-0.5Cr-0.2Mo;
SI, Fe-O.OIC; S3, Fe-0.33C. Preforms compacted to
785 MPa (114 ksi), sintered at 1199 oc (2190 F),
30 min, and spheroidized (heating three times aboye and
below eutectoid point). The sintered and annealed
preforms are compared.
Source: Source Book on Cold Fonning, American Society for Metals,
1975, p 208
~~4----+----~---+----+----~--4----+---1210
- - Annealed
- - - Sintered
0~--0~.2----0.~4---0~.6--~0.-8---1~.0--~1.-2---1~.4---1~.6--~1.R
Axial strain, in.lin.
CI.078 Steel preform annealed powder metal,

comparison of compressive stress-strain curves
r---,,---r--,,----,--T,----rr--,----,-~1050
Test direction: longitudinal. Three annealed powders

(A, SI, and S3) are compared to wrought 0.35% C steel
and plain iron. Compositions: A, Fe-0.27C-2.0Ni-0.5Mo;
SI, Fe-O.OIC; S3, Fe-0.33C
~--4----+----r_--~7S~----+---_r~~--~840
Source: Source Book on Cold Fonning, American Society for Metals,

1975, p 208
630 as
a.
.;
-'"
::;;
.;
.;
U)
U)
i
420
rt~+_---r--_+----r_--+_---r--_+----r___4210
- - Annealed
- - - Wrought material
0L---~0.-2---0~.4~~0~.6---0~.~8---1~.0----1~.2----1L.4---J1.-6--~
1.R
Axial strain. in.lin.
Carbon Steel (CS)/67
Carbon Sleel (es)

CS.OOl Annealed low-carbon steel, load-elongation
curve showing Lders bands
Upperyield
point
1
y
Laders band
Typieal yield point behavior of low-earbon steel. The

slope of the initiallinear portion of the stress-strain curve
(E = y/x) is the modulus of elastieity. Many metals,
pirrtieularly annealed low-earbon steel, show a loealized,
heterogeneous type of transition from elastie to plastie
deformation that produces a yield point rather than a
curve with a gradual transition from elastie to plastie
behavior. The load inereases steadily with elastie strain,
then drops suddenly. After the upper yield point, several
diserete bands of deformed metal, ealled Lders bands,
appear at stress eoneentrations, usually at about 45 to the
tensile axis. Load fluetuates about sorne approximately
eonstant value, and then rises with further strain.
Source: G.E. Dieter, Mechanical Behavior under Tensile and
Compressive Loads, Mechanical Testing and Evaluation, Vol 8,
ASM Handbook, ASM Intemational, 2000, p lOO
Unyielded metal
Elongation _ _
CS.002 Carbon steel, various alloys, load-extension

curves showing yield strength
Load-extension curves for steel sheet having the same
yield strength (YS) but different eharaeteristie behavior.
(a) Annealed dead soft rirnmed or alurninum-killed steel.
The YS is the average stress measured during yield point
elongation. (b) Lightly temper rolled rirnmed steel. The
stress at the jog in the curve is reported as the YS.
(e) and (d) Temper roUed low-earbon steel. May be
rirnmed, alurninum-killed, or interstitial-free steel with
no detectable yield point. The YS is ealeulated from the
load at 0.2% offset (e) or from the load at 0.5% extension
(d). (e) Rirnmed steel with a yield point elongation due
to aging at room temperature for several months.
The YS is the average stress measured during yield point
elongation.
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
(a)
(b)
0.2%
: (e)
(e)
--11-- ---1 f-- 0.5% extension

Extension
Source: W.G. Granzow, Sheet Formability of Steels, Properties and

Selection: lrons, Steels, and High-Performance Alloys, Vol 1,
ASM Handbook, ASM Intemational, 1990, p 574
68/Carbon Steel (CS)
CS.003 Annealed and normalized low-carbon steel,

stress-strain curves showing effects of aging
Strain aged lower

yield extension
y is upper yield point, A is point of initial prestrain.

Curve 1: specimen is unloaded and immediately
restrained. Curve 2: specimen unloaded, aged, and
restrained. Aay is the change in yield stress due to aging.
Aau is the change in ultimate strength due to aging.
Ae is the change in elongation. Similar aging effects can
be achieved with various combinations of time and
temperature.
Source: W.T. Lankford, Jr. et aL. The Making, Shaping, and Treating of
Steel, USS, 10th ed., 1985, p 1286
Initiallower
yield extension
(Lders strain)
Prestrain
Strain ~
350,----,-----,-----,----,-----,-----,----,
CS.004 Rimmed carbon (0.03 % C) steel,

true stress-true plastic strain curves
50
Effect of aging at 60 oC (140 F): curve 1, no aging;

curve 2, 15 min; curve 3,30 min; curve 4,4 h; curve 5,
500 h; 6, 126 h
45
40
.;
~ 250~--~-----tr_~~~---r----~----t---~
35""'.
:2
"'"'
~al
O
al
~ 200~--~--~-tr_---r-----r----~----t---~
30~
25
150r_--~-----tr_---r-----r----~----t---~
20
True plastic strain, %
10
12
15
14
Source: W.T. Lankford, Jr. et al., The Making, Shaping, and Treating of
Steel, USS, 10th ed., 1985, p 1286
es.oos Rimmed low-carbon (0.03 % e) steel,

engineering stress-strain curves
400
350
- 50
1
300
&.
::;:
250
l,f
.;
'"
~
~ 200
Irf
./
--
40
.;
"
- 30 ~
e
.~
e
./
'g> 150 ~
.~
';:;,
- 20
Curve 1: Dynamic strain aging, also called blue

brittleness. Straining at 200 oC (390F) yields serrated
stress-strain curve and is more effective than straining at
room temperature. Curve 1 was unloaded and restrained
at 25 oC (77 F). Curve 2 was strained at 25 oC (77 F)
and unloaded, aged for 2 h at 200 oC (390F), and
restrained at 25 oC (77 F).
Souree: W.T. Lankford, Jr. et al., The Making, Shaping, and Treating of
Steel, USS, 10th ed., 1985, p 1286
100
- 10
50
Strain, 'lo
es.006 1007 and 1008 carbon steel, von Mises

effective true stress-von Mises true strain curves
1.50
Curve 1: 1008 alloy deformed by plane-strain

compression; data source, Ford. Cunre 2: 1007 alloy
deformed by torsion; data source, G. Sevillano. Curve 3:
1007 alloy deformed by wire drawing plus torsion; data
source, G. Sevillano. UNS G 10080
1.25
1 1.00
~
..",/
Q)
.5
~
~ 0.75
'al
~
:iE
e
0.50
0.25
p.
Ir
0.5
Souree: G. Krauss, Ed., Deformation, Processing, and Structure,

papers presented at the ASM Materials Seienee Seminar, 23 Oet 1982
(St. Louis, MO), American Society for Metals, 1984, p 9
-;;;;;;; ~ '2
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
von Mises true strain
3.0
3.5
4.0
CS.007 1008 carbon steel, true stress-true

strain curves
1000
900
Comparison of stress-strain curves. Curve 1: monotonic

plane-strain compression. Curve 2: rolling prestrain
followed by plane-strain compression. Stress states are
very similar, and yet the rolling-plus-plane-strain
compression curve is different. This difference can be
explained on the basis of redundant work; the curvature
of the roUs causes sorne redundant shearing (not
contributing to thickness reduction) and extra hardening.
UNS G10080
800
700
rf.
::;:
600
ui
~ 500
1i
ID
~ 400
300
11
-;::::::::. :::---
f
v
Source: G. Krauss, Ed., Deformation, Processing, and Structure,

papers presented at the ASM Materials Science Seminar, 23 Oct 1982
(St. Louis, MO), American Society for Meta1s, 1984, p 10
200
100
00
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
1.25
True strain, %
1.50
80
75
compre~
./
70
/,
,/
/"
1.75
jo"
2.00
ro
o..
::;:
g
450 ~
ID
l'
400
500
Niobium-stabilized (+0.02Nb), air cooled from 1200 oc.

Widmanstlitten ferrite-pearlite. Composition: Fe-0.17C0.96Mn-0.014P-0.026S-0.040Si-0.044Ni-0.028Cr0.008Mo-0.006AI-0.025Cu-0.020Nb. UNS G10150
Source: G.c. Rauch and w.c. Leslie, The Extent and Nature of
,,"SiOn
1/
55
CS.008 1015 carbon steel, tensile and compressive

true stress-plastic strain curves
...
/; /
60
550
10
15
20
Plastic strain x 0.001
25
30
350
35
the Strength-Differentia1 Effect in Stee1s, Metall. Trans., Vol 3,

Feb 1972, p 378
50
40
To
,.J"""
1'-
fraCI~re ~
----~.
----
350
eS.009 Annealed low-carbon (0.18% e) steel,

engineering stress-strain curve
Curve shows a welI-defined yield point. For such

cases the 0.2% offset yield strength is not used to define
yielding.
280
........-
&.
:::;:
Source: C.R. Brooks, Heat Treatment, Structure, and Properties of

Nonferrous Alloys, American Society for Metals, 1982, p 4
210 gf
g>
.~
140 .c,
~
"
70
10
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
1.25
1.50
1.75
Engineering slrain, %
80
560
60
420
40
lIi
~
30
"lE
.....-r'
eS.Ol0 Fully aluminum-killed deep-drawing

carbon steel 20-gage sheet, logarithmic true
stress-strain curve
Test direction: longitudinal. This figure was a typical

result from a series of reproducibility tests conducted on
50 adjacent specimens. Linearity is very good. n = 0.250,
k= 71.67.
......
280
8:
:::;:
../
210 r
"lE
ID
ID
::l
::l
F
20
10
0.01
140
70
0.02
0.03 0.04
0.06 0.08 0.1
True slrain
0.2
0.3
Source: Source Book on Forming of Steel Sheet, American Society for

Metals, 1975,p 217
60
comptssion ,
50
(\
, "
1-',,,-
,..-
----
...... ~
CS.011 1015 carbon steel, tensile and compressive

true stress-total strain curves. UNS G10150
420
r-
Samp1es equiaxed ferrite-pear1ite

350
Source: Metall. Trans., Vol 3, 1972, P 379
k:ion
280
40
o..'"
:2
:i
<Ji
210 ~
~ 30
CIl
CIl
~
20
140
10
70
10
15
20
Tolal slrain x 0.001
25
30
CS.012 1020 carbon steel, tensile stress-elongation

curves at room and elevated temperatures
r-------------------------------------~630
~--------------~r_------------------~560
Strain rate = 0.000175/s. Composition: Fe-0.20e. UNS

Gl0200
~----------~--4_--~----r_----------~490
Source: W.C. Leslie, The Physical Metallurgy of Metals, McGraw-Hill

and Hemisphere Publishing, 1981, p 92
ro
~~~~~~_j~_Td_--~--~r_--------~350~
<Ji
~--~--~--_+--_+----~--~----_?~--~280~'"
~--~--~--_+--_+--~----+_--~------~210
~--~--~--_+--_+--_i--_;----~--~~~140
70
60
Casi SAE '1030
Monolonic
~
,:
1\
50
CS.013 1020 wrought and 1030 normalized-andtempered cast carbon steel, monotonic and cyclic
stress strain curves
490
70
40
[AE1030
Cyclic
en 30
V'
20
The cyc1ic stress-strain characteristics show a reduction

of the strain-hardening exponent of the normalized-andtempered cast carbon steel (SAE 1030) from n =0.3 in
monotonic tension to n' = 0.13 under cyc1ic-straincontrolled tests. UNS G 10200
350
>L/
280 ~
-~ /
uf
420
::;;
210
Source: P.E Wieser, Ed., Steel Castings Handbook, 5th ed., Steel
Founders' Society of America, 1980, p 14-15
Wroughl SAE 1020

Cyclic
140
70
10
I
2
10
Slrain. 0.001 inJin.
12
14
16
CS.014 Hot-rolled 1020 carbon steel, static and

dynamic engineering shear stress-strain curves
600
80
500
ro
a.
::;;
70
60
400
Ul
Ul
50
~
(j
O; 300
Ql
Ul
Ol
c:
c:
"55
'c,
Ql
.<::
Ul
el
Ql
Ul
Ul
O;
40
.<::
c:
-!::.
30
200
c:
'c,
c:
w
c:
20
100
Slalic
"aiQl
ID
l'
ce
~
ce
'"
ID
ID
'"en
Engineering shear slrain, y
10
Static and dynamic shear stress-shear strain curves for hot

rolled 1020 steel. To obtain the shear strain in the
specimen, the elastic rotation of the bar between the two
differential transformers is subtracted from the total
rotation. This elastic rotaton is measured by cementing
the loading bars together without a specimen and loading
them quasi-statically. Typical test results obtained at a
variety of temperatures using the Kolsky bar to test 1020
steel at a quasi-static strain rate of 5 x lO-4/s and dynamic
strain rate of 103/s are given ..
Source: A. Gilat, Torsional Kolsky Bar Testing, Mechanical Testing and
Evaluation, Vo18, ASM Handbook, ASM Intemational, 2000, p 513
80
70
(
.............
"""-
Ullimale tensile Slrenglt,

77.500 ksi (534 MPa)
60
'\
Fracture slress,
52 ksi (358 MPa) --....
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
20
I
I
I
10
Elongalion al
~raelur~, 19%
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08 0.10 0.12

Engineering slrain
0.14
0.16
80
70
r-- 0.2% yield llrenglh'
----- ---;;; ~
66 ksi (455 MPa)
60
20
10
/
/
1/
I
I
I
",,1
0.18
490
Definiton of mechanical property tenns
420
Source: c.R. Brooks, Heat Treatment, Structure, and Properties of

ro
350 ~
gf
~
280 ro
'"r::
-~
ID
210.,
r::
w
140
70
0.20
560
CS.016 Cold-worked carbon (0.2 % C) steel,

engineering stress-strain curve (expanded range)
490
Defintion of mechanical property tenns
420
Source: e.R. Brooks, Heat Treatment, Structure, and Properties of

ro
n.
350 ::;:
280 ~
r::
"ai
~
I
!
10.2%
ID
r::
210
Slope gives elaslie
(Young's) modulus,
30 x 10' psi (207 GPa)
4
6
Engineering slrain, x 0.001
'g>
w
140
70
I
I
2
CS.015 Cold-worked carbon (0.2% C) steel,

engineering stress-strain curve (fuI! range)
560
120
_....p .....
....
100
/"
f>
80
40
20
::::-,,"
~
I/.,f
r'
....-----........
........
.""..,.",.-~
....
t:::==
---
eS.017 AAR grade A and B high-carbon steel casting
840
wheels, stress-strain curves
Constant-amplitude strain-controlled test (open circ1es,

grade A; "plus" symbols, grade B). Curve 1, monotonic
tension test; curve 2, incremental step test. AAR,
Association of American Railroads. Compositions: grade
A, Fe-0.52C-O.78Mn-O.014S-0.009P-O.26Si; grade B,
Fe-O.65C-O. 83Mn-O.038S-0.0 15P-O.21 Si
700
560
C\l
Il.
:2
420 <Ji
Source: D.H. Stone and Y.J. Park, Cyclic Plasticity of Class A and B
Heat-Treated Wheel Steels. As published in "The General Problem of
Rolling Contact," AMD-VoI40, ASME, 1980
280
- - Grade A wheel
- - - Grade B wheel
140
1/
0.2
0.4
0.6
1.0
0.8
1.2
1.4
1.6
Strain, %
150
Monotonic
125
100
~c
v---
--:::::::::::
eS.0l8 AAR grade e high-carbon steel casting
1050
wheels, stress-strain curves
Monotonic and cyc1ic loading curves. AAR, Association

of American Railroads. Composition: Fe-O.68C-O.83MnO.038S-0.015P-0.33Si
875
Source: Courtesy of !be Transportation Technology Center, Inc.

subsidiary of Association of American Railroads
700
C\l
Il.
:2
525 <Ji
50
350
25
175
0.01
0.02
0.03
Strain
0.04
0.05
76/Carbon Sfeel (CS)
140
CS.019 Standard grade nonresulfurized carbon steel

rails, stress amplitude-strain amplitude curves
980
11
120
840
100
Static compression
"-
Incremental steg
BIOCk~
Block 1
.....-::::
~
I~ ~
700 ro
a.
::;
~ ~ ' " Static tension
..-::
~
560
15.
420 E
ro
(/)
280 en
20
140
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
Strain amplitude (!l.e/2), %
1.6
1.8
0
2.0
CS.020 High-strength nonresulfurized carbon steel

rails, load-extension diagram
Extension, mm
20,000
254
508
762
10.16
12.70
17,500
15,000
"...---
15.24
17.78
-g 10,000
5670
4536
.3
3402
5000
2268
1134
0.1
0.2
0.3
-'
ai
.3
7500
Test curve for one specimen 12.751 mm diam x 50.8 mm

gage length (0.502 in. diam x 2 in. gage length). Ultimate
tensile strength = 1106 MPa (160.5 ksi); 0.2% yield
strength = 644 MPa (93.4 ksi). Typical composition for
high-strength ral: Fe-0.74C-0.99Mn-O.005S(max)O.015P-O.17Si
6804
,Q
20.32
9072
7938
12,500
2500
Source: B.N. Leis, Cyclic Deformation and Fatigue Resistance

Characteristics of a Ral Steel, Rail Steels, STP No. 644,
ASTM, Nov 1977
al
""O
jv
40
Test direction: longitudinal. Static and incremental step

loading. Modulus of elasticity = 199 GPa (28.85 x
106 psi). Composition: Fe-0.82C-0.87Mn-0.032S0.035P-0.21Si
0.4
Extension. in.
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
Source: Courtesy of the Transportation Technology Center, Inc.

subsidiary of Association of American Ralroads
100
75
-'"
ui
!I)
700
525
ui
!I)
350
I
4
8
10
12
Strain x 0.001
14
16
20
CS.022 AAR specification M101 grade e austenitic

manganese steel casting, monotonic tensile stressstrain curve
1050
1"
120
840
90
630
Quenched and tempered. Strain rate = 0.0002/s. Ultimate

strength = 986 MPa (143 ksi); 0.2% yield strength =
909 MPa (132 ksi); elongation = 19.6%; elastic modulus
= 217 OPa (31.474 X 106 psi). AAR, Association of
American Railroads. Composition: Fe-0.28C-l.35Mn0.025S-0.012P-0.44Si-0. 17Ni-0.25Cr-0. 17Mo
'00
-'"
ui
!I)
ffl
Ci
60
420
210
8
10
12
Strain x 0.001
Souree: Courtesy of the Transportation Teehnology Center, Ine.

subsidiary of Assoeiation of Ameriean Railroads
18
150
30
Normalized and tempered. Strain rate = 0.0002/s.

Ultimate strength = 696 MPa (101 ksi); 0.2% yield
strength = 605 MPa (87.8 ksi); elongation = 33%; elastic
modulus = 204 OPa (29.575 X 106 psi); strain-hardening
exponent = 0.097475; strength coefficient = 1059 MPa
(153.674 ksi). AAR, Association of American Railroads.
Composition: Fe-0.31 C-l.50Mn-0.027S-0.007P-0.49Si0.14Ni-0.20Cr-0.17Mo
175
<ti
a.
::;:
25
~ f.---
...-- ~ f--
1/
'00
50
CS.021 AAR specification M101 grade e austenitic

875
125
14
16
18
20
Souree: Courtesy of the Transportation Teehnology Center, Ine.

subsidiary of Assoeiation of Ameriean Railroads
CS.023 AAR specification M101 grade E austenitic

875
125
100
I
I
I
75
~
<Ji
lJl
50
25
700
'-
525
<ti
c..
::;;
<Ji
lJl
(J)
350
Quenched and tempered. Strain rate = 0.0002/s. Ultimate

strength = 730 MPa (106 ksi); 0.2% yield strength =
655 MPa (95 ksi); elongation = 27.8%; elastic modulus =
210 GPa (30.43 x 106 psi); strain-hardening exponent =
0.93697; strength coefficient = 1086 MPa (157.661 ksi).
AAR, Association of American Railroads. Composition:
Fe-0.29C-1.03Mn-0.026S-0.0 14P-0.49Si-0.60Ni-0.47Cr0.15Mo
Source: Courtesy of the Transportation Technology Center, Ine.
subsidiary of Association ofAmerican Railroads
175
1/
4
10
Slrain x 0.001
1500
1400
1300
~ 1100
~
~ 1000
900
800
As-quenched
As-quenched martensite quenched in NaOH-NaCl

solution and quenched-and-tempered lath martensite with
packet size of 8.2 ~m was tempered in lead at 400 oC
(750F) for 1 mino Work-hardening rate for as-quenched
is quite high compared to tempered sample. Composition:
Fe-0.2C
1/
1200
el':
---
CS.024 As-quenched and quenched-and-tempered

carbon (0.2 % C) steel, true stress-strain curves
-l.
.;..---
Quenchedand-Iempered
I
Ir
I
Souree: T. Swarr and G. Krauss, The Effeet of Strueture on the

Deformation of As-Quenehed and Tempered Martensite in an Fe-O.2%
C Alloy, Metall. Trans. A, Vol 7A, 1976, P 41-48
700
10
15
20
25
True strain x 0.001
30
35
40
Carbon Steel (CS)179
CS.025 Carbon steel, Bauschinger effect on stressstrain curves

!l, Bauschinger strain
The elastic limit of a metal is lowered after reverse

loading. The area Ep is the energy expended in prestrain,
and Es is the energy saved in reverse loading.
Source: C.-C. L, J.D. Flasck, J.A. Yaker, and w.c. Leslie, On
Minimizing the Banschinger Effect in Steels by Dynamic Strain Aging,
Metall. Trans. A, Jan 1978, p 86
Tension
r----- Prestrain, <p------l
Compression
0.2% offset
Strain---,
80
CS.026 1020 carbon steel, true stress-strain curves
560
70
v- --~
60
/V"
L
50
/
/
Tension
--
~-
v
/:
420
350
lO
o..
280 ui
'"
~
en
Compression
30
210
20
140
10
70
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
(a) Bauschinger effect shown for test sequence of tension

to 2% strain followed by compression of another 2%.
(b) The sequence is compression-tension. Tested at 25 oC,
Composition: Fe-O.21 C-O.64Mn-O.030S-0.0 18P-O.23SiO.007N. UNS G10200
490
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
Slrain, %
(a)
80
560
_... -- --
70
..........
60
I\...
Compression
30
420
,........-f-
50
490
350
al
o..
~
280 ui
'"
~
en
Tension
210
11
20
140
10
70
00
0.5
(b)
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
Slrain, %
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
Source: c.-c. L, J.D. Flasck, lA. Yaker, and w,c. Leslie, On

Minimizing !he Bauschinger Effect in Sleels by Dynamic Strain Aging,
Metall. Trans. A, Jan 1978, p 86
70
60
;:;
50
20
--
/i-
420
350
40
en 30
1..--
280
210
&
::;:
Curve 1: specimen is prestrained in tension at 250 oC to

2% strain and tested in compression at room temperature.
Curve 2: the specimen is prestrained in tension at room
temperature to 2% strain and tested in compression at
room temperature. The Bauschinger effect is reduced.
Composition: Fe-0.21C-0.64Mn-0.030S-0.018P-0.23Si0.007N. UNS G10200
Source: c.-c. Li, lO. Flasck, J.A. Yaker, and W.C. Leslie, On
Minimizing the Bauschinger Effect in Stee1s by Oynamic Strain Aging,
Metal/. Trans. A, Jan 1978, p 88
140
1/
70
10
0.5
1.5
Slrain. %
2.5
560
80
.-- --'
70
60
eS.027 1020 carbon steel, true stress-strain curves
490
./
I\.
/'
50
30
20
Tension lo 2% al 25 oC
/'
I--~
.....
490
420
350
Compression lo 2%
al 25 oC
210
140
10
70
0.5
1.0
1.5
'!.O
2.5
3.0
Slrain, 0.001 in./in.
3.5
4.0
4.5

Bauschinger effect shown with test sequence of tension
Tested at 25 oC. Composition: Fe-0.34C-0.65Mn-0.007S0.003P-0.17Si-0.021AI-0.006N. UNS G10350
Source: c.-c. Li, J.O. Flasck, J.A. Yaker and w.c. Leslie, On
Minimizing the Bauschinger Effect in Stee1s by Oynamic Strain Aging,
70
.-
60
50
.;
-'" 40
li
~
20
ro
o..
280 ::;;
o
~
210
1/
140
70
1.5
1.0
True strain. %
2.0
1095-283
_ _ 1095-158
200
~~
180
ui
120
80
60
40
eS.030 1020, 1040, and 1095 carbon steel plate,

true stress-strain curves showing effects of shock
loading
1400
1095-0
1260
~~
fP.
V
1120
1040-283
980 ro
o..
1020-283
::;;
840 ui
ID
~ 100
2.5
1540
220
11>
Minimizing the Bauschinger Effect in Steels by Dynamic Strain Aging,

Metal!. Trans. A, Jan 1978, p 88
ID
0.5
~ 140

2% strain and tested in compression at 25 oC. Curve 2:
the specimen is prestrained in tension at 25 oC to 2%
strain and tested in compression at 25 oC. Composition:
Fe-0.34C-0.65Mn-0.007S-0.003P-0.17Si-0.021Al0.006N. UNS Gl0350
Source: C.-c. Li, J.D. Flasck, J.A. Yaker and w,c. Leslie, On
10
160
420
350
ID
~ 30
.~
V
490
f/
10~0-158
./
V/
1040-158
v-: ~
V
---
700
1040-0
560
1020-0
V...,.... J...---
280
r- - -O
- - -158
- - -1283
20
0.02
0.04
420
=Unshocked
=158 kbar shock
=283 ~bar shock
0.06
Strain, in.lin.
0.08
0.10
140
0.12
ID
Preshock normalizing: 1020, 927 oC (1700 F), 45 min;

1040,899 oC (1650 F), 45 min; 1095,899 oC (1650 F),
45 min, austenitizing 802 oC (1475 F), 45 min, oil
quenched, tempered 204 oC (400F), 1 h. Shocked at 158
and 283 kbar (peak) .. UNS G10200, G10400, Gl0950
Source: B.G. Koepke, R.P. Jewett, W.T. Chandler, and TE. Scott,
Effects of Initial Microstructure and Shock Method on the Shock
Induced Transformation Strengthening of Carbon Steels, Metal/. Trans.,
Vo12, ASM, 1971, P 2045
(a) Longitudinal. (b) Transverse. Composition: O.23C0.39Mn-O.009P-O.024S-0.03Si-O.02Cr-O.OlNi-O.OlMo.

UNS G10230
420
60
/
20
CS.031 1023 carbon steel sheet, tensile

560
80
Source: Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol 1, Battelle Columbus

Laboratories, Columbus, OH, 1980, P 28
rf.
:2:
280 r
140
12
16
20
(a)
80
560
60
420
/'
20
.....---
140
4
(b)
al
a.
:2:
280 r
16
12
20
;;
100
~
~
80
~
~-
r---
'" 2.5/8
"""- 12
"""-
1.1
- 10
r-......
~'-
"'"
0.14
0.035
-0.017
0.0069
1U)
U)
Temperature (n = 1100 oC (2012 P). Stress-strain

curves show that at higher strains the flow stress is
approximately constant. This is increasingly true at
smaller strain rates (e). Curves were obtained in hot
torsion experiments. UNS GI0250
Source: K. Lange, Ed., Handbook of Metal Forming, McGraw-Hill,
1985, p 16.11
0.065
6
~
u:
0.0037
0.0020
0.0011/8
0.5
'00
0.40
20
CS.032 1025 carbon (0.25 % C) steel, flow

stress-strain curves at various strain rates
14
1.5
1.0
2.0
2.5
Natural strain (8), %
800
'"
:2
a.
:i
CS.033 1040 carbon steel, engineering stress-strain

curves with effect of strain rate
_.
1000
/: ~
',./ /,
........
"'
Effect of different strain rates on the tensile response. The

yield stress and flow stresses at different values of strain
increase with strain rateo The work-hardening rate (m), on
the other hand, is not as sensitive to strain rateo This
illustrates the importance of correctly specifying the
strain rate when giving the yield stress of a metal. Not all
metals exhibit a high strain-rate sensitivity. Alurninum
and some of its alloys have either O or -m. In general, m
vares between 0.02 and 0.2 for homologous temperatures
between O and 0.9 (90% of melting point in K).
Therefore, one would have, at the most, an increase of
15% in the yield stress by doubling the strain rateo UNS
G10400
-~
~ "'<
600
l'!
V;
el
'55
.~ 400
el
C
=10-1/5
" =10-'/5
3
13 =10- /5
I,
200
Source: M.A. Meyers and K.K. Chawla, Mechanical Metallurgy:

PrincipIes and Applications, Prentice-Hall, 1984, p 572
0.02
0.04
0.06
Engineering strain
0.08
0.10
0.12
CS.034 1045 carbon steel, flow stress-natural

strain curves
400 r-----,------,------,-----,------,------, 2800
2100
300
as
o..
'00
:::;
""<Ji
<Ji
Ul
1400 ~
~ 200
Ul
1i
S:
o
:
~
:
100
Strain-rate hardening for 1045 steels with different

treatments. Curve 1: quenched and spheroidized.
Curve 2: as roUed. Curve 3: quenched and tempered. For
most of the curve the relationship is linear. The greater
the initial hardness, the greater the rate of strain
hardening throughout the range of possible deformation.
UNS G10450
Source: J.v. Russell, Steels for Cold Forrning, Sourcebook on Cold
Forming, American Society of Metals, 1975, p 106
700
0.5
1.5
2.5
Natural strain (In Aa/A)
CS.035 10846 carbon steel, true stress-plastic strain

curves in tension and compression
26or----,-----,-----,-----,----,-----,-----,182o
Curves for lower, intermediate, and upper bainite in AISI

lOB46 steel. Composition: Fe-O.44C-l.OOMn-O.025PO.026S-0.27Si-O.05Ni-O.08Cr-O.OlMo-O.OlCu-O.0013B
240r---~-----f-----t-----r----~----~--__11680
Source: a.c. Rauch and W.C. Leslie, The Extent and Nature of the
Strength-Differential Effect in Steels, Metall. Trans. A, Feb 1972, p 377
200
1+'-'F-7""--"j~--__+-----t-----+-----+-----+---___11400 ~
400 oc
~ 180
1i
1260 !g
160 I"-A:tr""-i-----f-----t-----+-----~__:=n---__11120
450C
140~--~--~~~--~--~~-----+-----+---___1980
1200~--~5~---1~0~--~1~5----~2~0----~25~---3~0~--~35~0
Plastic strain x 0.001
.=
CS.036 1060 carbon steel rod, true stress-strain

curves
300
275
250
225
200
ro
~ 175
150
::J
::" 125
100
75
50
---
//
Rod diameter = 5.6 mm (0.22 in.). Flow curves for steel

compres sed at 780 e at various strain rates. Letters A, B,
e, and D represent the interruption strains used in the
experiments. eomposition: 0.68% e. UNS G 10600
1.0/s
Source: R.A.P. Djaic and J.J. Jonas, Recrystallization of High Carbon

Steel between Intervals of High Temperature Deformation, Metall.
Trans. A, Feb 1973, p 622
............
./"'
1//
<Ji
'"
~
/'
..........
0.1/s
.".-- -.......
f/
0.01/s
..........
//B
1.3 x 10 /s
lIlA
11
25
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.6
0.4
0.5
True strain, %
0.7
----
S7
r-',
60
""<Ji
'"~
ii
--"
40
20
e+
T
I
I
1
_ .Q~9!OX
DualPhas~ -.....
.;
CS.037 Carbon and high-strength low-alloy

(HSLA) steels (SAE 950X, SAE 980X, and GM 980X),
700
100
80
0.8
SAE950X
-,\
-'\"
560
Dual phase plus
420
"\
r?
::;:
:i
~
280
140
30
20
10
Strain in 2 in. (50 mm) gage lenglh, %
ii
The GM 980X has been intercritically annealed and dualphase microstructures produced. The two dashed ellipses
indicate reported ranges of elongation for dual-phase
steels. The basis for three stages in the development of
ferritic low-carbon steels is shown. The lower stressstrain curve represents the deformation behavior of mild
steel with ferrite-pearlite microstructures. The yielding is
discontinuous and yield strengths are typically 30 ksi
(207 MPa). SAE 950X and SAE 980X are HSLA steels
with yield strengths of 50 ksi (345 MPa) and 80 ksi
(562 MPa), respectively. The microstructures still consist
of ferrite and pearlite, but the ferrite grain size is highly
refined because of controlled rolling and microalloying
with vanadium. GM 980X is similar to SAE 980X, but
has been intercritically annealed to convert the pearlite to
martensite. The resulting microstructure is termed "dual
phase" to distinguish the ferrite-martensite microstructure
from the ferrite-pearlite microstructure of conventionally
treated mild steels of HSLA steels.
Source: G. Krauss, Principies of Heat Treatment of Steel, American
Society for Metals, 1980, p 242
160
140
V
/'
120
'00 100
-'"
:g:
"'"'~
80
~"
60
40
f
r;
V
~
~9\S
/'
1120

with effect of strain rate
980
True stress-strain curves for 1112 steel at different strain

rates at 21C (70 P). When metals are tested in tension
at different strain rates, the flow stress corresponding to a
given strain is found to increase with strain rateo The
following equation is frequently used to relate flow stress
and strain rate at a given strain and temperature: a =
al ID, where = dfldt and al and m are material
constants. The exponent m (strain-rate sensitivity) is
found to increase with temperature, especially aboye the
strain recrystallization temperature. In the hot-working
region, metals tend to approach the behavior of a
Newtonian liquid for which m = 1.
840
700 ~
::;
]:
560 g
"
420 ~
280
Source: M.C. Shaw, Metal Cutting Principies, Clarendon Press,

Oxford, 1984, p 69
20
140
0.2
0.6
0.4
0.8
1.0
1.2
True strain, "
150
CS.039 1112 carbon steel, relationship of

engineering, true, and corrected stress-strain curves
1050
Ultimate [tress
X Fracture stress
100
~
ui
"'
~
50
~r::
V
700
j.A<
d
'"
cal'ec\e
c..
::;
ui
"'~
ii
.ro..
Engineering
If
""'"
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Strain
1.0
1.2
350
O
1.4
Re1ationship between engineering, true, and corrected

tensile stress-strain curves for AISI 1112 steel. The figure
aboye shows the relationship between the so-called
engineering stress-strain curve based on the original area,
the true stress-strain curve, and the corrected true stressstrain curve where the stress plotted (ac) is the uniaxial
tensile stress in the absence of the hydrostatic component
introduced by curvature of the neck. It is evident that
interpretation of tensile test results is really quite involved
despite the apparent simplicity of the test.
Source: M.e. Shaw, Metal Cutting Principies, Clarendon Press,
Oxford, 1984, p 67
8oo,-----,------,------,-----,------,-----,
600~~--~--~~------~----~-----t----~
CS.040 Carbon steel, true stress-strain curves

showing effect of different cooling rates
Specimens annealed at 810 oC, 10 mino Cooling rate:
curve A, 1000 oC/s; curve B, 300 oC/s; curve C, 60 oC/s;
curve D, 32 oC/s; curve E, 5 oC/s. Composition: Fe0.063C-l.29Mn-0.24Si
Source: G. Krauss, Ed., Deformation, Processing, and Structure,
papers presented at the ASM Materials Science Seminar, 23 Oct 1982
(St. Louis, MO); American Society for Metals, 1984, p 70
'"
Il.
::;;:
:i
~ 400~~--~?6~-+------~----~-----+----~
~"
200~----~-----t------~----~-----t----~
f::,.
True uniform strain
0L-----OJ.0~4----~~--~~--~OJ.1~6----~0.~20~--~0~.24
True strain
800
Fe-13Mn-1.2C '"
600
.' '"
~
Fe-21 Ni-1.0C"".
'"
::;;:
.,.,#
400
I
b
.,' / "
,,.,# .".'tt'
./'
,/'
~/
/""
",,/
.' ~'"
.~
,,"
.'
.'
.'.'
",'"
'
Il.
J-
,.#
.'.
~ '"
~
.'
~ Co~33Ni-0.02C
k.F'"
0.05
0.10
..
0.15
0.20
0.25
Tested at room temperature. Plate thickness = 6.35 mm

(0.25 in.). Comparison of work-hardening curve of
Hadfield steel (Fe-13Mn-l.2C) with that of austenites
deformed by slip (Fe-21Ni-1.0C) or twinning (Co-33Ni0.02C). The three have the same yield strength and
similar deformation below strain of 0.05 .
Source: F. Maratray, High Carbon Manganese Austenitic Stee/s,
International Manganese Institute, Paris, 1995, p 28
,.,',,/'"
200
CS.041 Carbon steel plate, true tensile stress (O')

minus yield stress (O') versus true plastic strain (E)
curves at room temperature
0.30
2500
True
2000
ro
:2
!Ji
1000
500
/
.........
1/
1500
a.
'"
~
CS.042 A128-E2 carbon steel bar, true and

engineering tensile stress-strain curves
- 350
300
250
200 ~
Engineering
......
_...
- ------1---,
---
Molybdenum-modified Hadfield steel heat treated

1030--1040 oC, for 1 h. Engineering curve is drawn to
fracture. True curve drawn to uniform strain at maximum
load. Composition: Fe-12.5Mn-2.0 lMo-1.15C-0. 73Si0.33Cr
-=
150
100
50
Source: J.F. Chinella, Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of

Thermomechanically Processed, High Manganese Steel, High
Manganese High Nitrogen Austenitic Steels, Conf. ProC., ASM
International, 1992, p 145
."..'"
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Strain
CS.043 A128-E2 carbon steel bar, engineering tensile

stress-strain curves showing effect of
thermomechanical treatment
2000r---------~--------~--------~------__,
1.00
. . . . . . . . . .~~ ~======:..
0.75
Ir"'--- ___ -~---t'""'\0~6
- 250
1500 H;ril----~----=:b_""""''-----+-----+-------1
- 200
ro
~.
a
Ji
~
00
i
1000~----r-----r-----r------4-150 ~
e
Ie
500~----~----~----~-----4
- 50
0L---------OL.l---------0L.2---------0L.3---------lo.1
Engineering strain
100 w

1030--1040 oC, for 1 h. Thermomechanical treatment
(TMT) at 454 oC. 1.00, 0.75, 0.46 are the effective
strains, corresponding to 61, 50, and 35% thickness
reduction. Strength increased with increased effective
strain, but uniform strain in tension decreased.
Composition: Fe-12.5Mn-2.01Mo-l.15C-0.73Si-0.33Cr
Source: lF. Chinella, Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of
Thermomechanically Processed, High Manganese Steel, High
Manganese High Nitrogen Austenitic Steels, Conf. ProC., ASM
Intemational, 1992, p 148
CS.044 A 128-E2 carbon steel bar, engineering tensile

stress-strain curves showing effect of
thermomechanical treatment
- 200
:::!:
!c:
1000 H----+----+---t----+----+----j- 150
Q)
.TI
100
!c:
Ic:
UJ

1030-1040 oC, for 1 h. Therrnomechanical treatment
(TMT) at similar effective strains at the temperatures
noted. Thickness reduction at 343 oC, 49%; at 399 oC,
48%, at 454 oC, 50%. Temperature had little effect on
strength, but uniforrn strain increased with temperature.
Composition: Pe-12.5Mn-2.01Mo-l.15C-0.73Si-0.33Cr
Source: lE Chinella, Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of
Thennomechanically Processed, High Manganese Steel, High
Manganese High Nitrogen Austenitic Steels, Conf. Proc., ASM
500~--4---_+---~--4---_+--~
- 50
OL---O~.0~5---0~.1-0--~O.L15~--O~.2~O----~O~.2~5----~O.3g
Engineering slrain
600r--------------------------------------,
CS.045 Fe-O.08C-l.45Mn-O.21 Si carbon steel,

engineering stress-strain curves showing effect
of aging
500~-----~~-~~--------~~
Cold-rolled 50% and intercritically annealed 760 oC,

2 min, water quenched, aged at 120 oC (248 P) for the
times given. Yield strength and discontinuous yielding
increase with aging time.
~ 400~-~_.~-_?--~-_I--~-~-~~
:::!:
Source: G. Krauss, Steels: Heat Treatment and Processing PrincipIes,

li
~300~~-+---?-~~-~--~--~-~~c:
"lB
Q)
c:
'0>
~ 200~-~~-~-~~-~--~-~--_1--
0.5
10
22
40
88
112 h
OUL--~----~--~----~--~L----L---J--~
Engineering slrain, %
80
560
70
--_.
Bauschinger effect shown with test sequence of tension

Tested at 25 oC. Composition: Fe-0.21C-1.lOMn-0.016S0.011P-0.05Si-0.007 AI-0.004N. UNS G 15220
490
******
60
/'"
.........
'\.. - -
50
350 ro
V
I
1/
Tension to
2% at25 oc
30
420
o..
::
Source: c.-c. Li, J.O. Flasck, J.A. Yaker, and W.C. Leslie, On
Minimizing the Bauschinger Effect in Steels by Oynamic Strain Aging,
<Ji
280 ~
t
Compression
2% at25c
Q)
210 1-
11
20
140
10
70
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
0
4.5
True strain, %
80
70
60
50
'"
CI)
~ 40
Q)
30
20
560
.J~
V/ ~
1/
/1
490
420
350 ro
o..
::
<Ji
280
.,
2
210 1-
r/
140
10
70
0.5
g
-5;
1.0
1.5
True strain, %
2.0
2.5

2% strain and tested in compression at room temperature.
Curve 2: the specimen is prestrained in tension at 25 oC
to 2% strain and tested in compression at room
temperature. The Bauschinger effect is reduced.
Composition: Fe-0.21C-1.lOMn-0.016S-0.011P-0.05Si0.007AI-0.004N. UNS G15220
Source: c.-c. Li, J.O. Flasck, J.A. Yaker, and w.c. Leslie, On
Minimizing the Bauschinger Effect in Steels by Oynamic Strain Aging,
420
0.24
560
True stress at 0.2 true strain ("0.2)' MPa

700
640
980
1120
1260
Variations in strain-hardening exponents (n) for various

plain carbon (lOxx) and molybdenum alloy (4xxx) coldforming steels. 5140 is a chromium alloy and 8640 is a
Ni-Cr-Mo alloy steel.
,"4023
0.22
o:: 0.20
-E
Q)
~ 0.18
Q)
C>
ce
1018_
~030
1040
J.
'"
"E 0.16
ro
..c:
e
.~
en
Source: R.R. Crawford, R.G. Dunn, J.H. Humphrey, Influence of

Alloying Elements on the Cold Deformation of Steel, Sourcebook on
Cold Forming, American Society of Metals, 1975, p 142
4f1~
4027-
4440~
- 5140
1340
4140-~640
0.14
4340
1041-"-...
0.12
- 3140
60
80
CS.048 Various carbon steels, strain-hardening

exponent versus true stress curve at 0.2 true strain
140
160
100
120
True stress at 0.2 true strain ("0.2)' ksi
180
Alloy Steel (AS)/93
Alloy Steel (AS)

300
200
-'"
'"~
'i 150
100
50
250
.;
AS.OO1 52100 chromium alloy steel rod, tensile

stress-strain curve
2450
350
0.2
Heat treatment: 835 oC (1535 F), oil quenched and

tempered 160 oC (320F), 20 mino Hardness = 65 HRC.
Composition: Fe-1C-1.45Cr. UNS G52986
2100
1750
14008:.
~
Source: G. Sachs. R. Sell, and w.F. Brown, Jr., Tension, Compression

and Fatigue Properties of Several Steels for Aircraft Bearing
Applications, Proc. ASTM, Vol 59, 1959. As published in Aerospace
Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 1, Code 1207, CINDAS/USAF CRDA
Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 5
1050 'i
700
350
OA
0.6
1.0
0.8
1.2
Strain, %
250
1750
200
150
~
r
"'
100
50
0.2
/
/
1050
ca
a.
~
ui
'"
700
0.6
Strain, %
Heat treatment: 835 oC (1535 F), oil quenched and

tempered 160 oC (320F), 0.5 h, 274 oC (525F), 1 h.
Hardness = 58 HRC. Composition: Fe-1C-1.45Cr. UNS
G52986
1400
350
OA
AS.002 52100 chromium alloy steel rod,

compressive stress-strain curve
0.8
1.0
Source: G. Sachs, R. Sell, and W.F. Brown, Jr., Tension, Compression

and Fatigue Properties of Several Steels for Aircraft Bearing
Applications, Proc. ASTM, Vol 59, 1959. As published in Aerospace
94/Alloy Steel (AS)
8or----r----,----,----,----,----,-----r---~560
AS.003 2.25Cr-1 Mo annealed chromiummolybdenum alloy steel plate, tensile stress-strain

420
~
~
gf 40 1-__--ur-__+----=-1'=-__--t-_--t_ _1_O,50,"_F-.-:(_56_6,"_C'--)--1 280 :-
Test direction: longitudinal. ASME SA-387 grade D

plateo Test specimens machined from 25.4 mm (1 in.)
thick plateo Specimens 6.40 mm diam x 50.8 mm gage
length (0.252 in. diam x 2 in. gage length). Nominal
strain rate = O.Ol/min. Mill composition: Fe-0.12C2.19Cr-0.93Mo-0.46Mn-0.24Si-0.0 14P-0.014S
Source: l.E. Bynum, EY. Ellis, and B.W. Roberts, Tensile and Creep
Properties for an Annealed Versus Normalized and Tempered 2!1.i-lMo
Steel Plate, Chrome Moly Steel in 1976, The American Society of
Mechanical Engineers, 1976, p 5
1200"F (649 OC)

20~~-+--+---+--+----t--~--~-~140
0~---0.~01----0.~02----0~.0-3---0~.0-4---0~.0-5---0~.0-6---0-.0~7---0~.oR
Strain, in./in.
80
~75 "F (~02 OC) "-
750"F(399~
~e~
60
AS.004 2.25Cr-1 Mo normalized-and-tempered

chromium-molybdenum alloy steel plate, tensile
stress-strain curves at room and elevated
temperatures
560
~
"""
~
-::-:..
.1
70"F (21 OC)
I
900 "F (482 OC)
420
1;V ,.--
1050 "F (566 OC)

ca
c..
::;
280 <
I(
ii
1200"F (649 OC)
140
20
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
Strain, in./in.
0.05
0.06
0.07
Test direction: longitudinal. ASME SA-387 grade D

plateo Test specimens machined from 25.4 mm (1 in.)
thick plateo Specimens 6.40 mm diam x 50.8 mm gage
length (0.252 in. diam x 2 in. gage length). Nominal
strain rate = O.Ol/min. MilI composition: Fe-O.l2C2. 19Cr-0.93Mo-0.46Mn-0.24Si-0.0 14P-0.014S
Source: l.E. Bynum, EV. Ellis, and B.W. Roberts, Tensile and Creep
Properties for an Annealed Versus Normalized and Tempered 2!1.i-1Mo
Steel Plate, Chrome Moly Steel in 1976, The American Society of
Mechanical Engineers, 1976, p 5
Alloy Steel (AS)/95
200~----.------'------r-----'------'------'
1400
200
1400
180~----~-----+------+------r-----+----~
1260
180
1260
160~----4------+----~~--~~
1120
160
1120
980
140
980
120
840 ro
100
:::
700 r
120~----4-----~~~~f-~--~-----+----~
840
t\l
Il.
.;
.,
""~
:::
~1001------4----f~L-----~~~~~~~~~~ 700 r
560
Il.
.,
~
560
80
1000 F (538 OC)
420
60
280
40
280
140
20
140
1i
00
(b)
ii
420
10
12
Slrain, 0.001 in.lin.
,-----,------,------,-----,------,------,14oo
r-----~-----+------+------r--~~~~~1260
r-----~-----+------t7~~~~---+~--~1120
980
r-----4-----_+-,~~~----4_-----+----~840
8'..
r-____4-____~'-7I-'----t:-:~""""+8c:.00.::.......:.F-'("'42=r7-o..:.C!...)__--1 700 :
r-____4-__~~~--~~---=~9~00~O~F~(4~8~2~O~C)~~560
r-----,.~~~------r-----4_-----+----~420
1000 F (538 OC)

~--~~~~~------r------r-----+------4280
r-~~4_----_+------r-----4_-----+----~140
L-----~----~4------6L-----~8------1~0----~1i
AS.005 4130 chromium-molybdenum alloy steel sheet, tensile stress-strain curves at room and elevated temperatures
Test direction: longitudinal. Sheet thickness = 1.626 mm (0.064 in.). Families of curves for different heat treatments. Left, 857 oC
(1575 F), oil quenched and tempered 538 oC (1000 F); nominal strength = 1034 MPa (150 ksi). Center, 857 oC (1575 F), oil
quenched and tempered 443 oC (830F); nominal strength = 1241 MPa (180 ksi). Right, 857 oC (1575 F), oil quenched and
tempered 399 oC (750 F); nominal strength = 1379 MPa (200 ksi). Specimens were held at temperature for 0.5-100 h.
Composition: Fe-0.3C-0.95Cr-0.2Mo. UNS 041300
Source: J.V. Melonas and J.R. Kattus, "Deterrnination of Tensile, Compressive, Bearing, and Shear Properties of Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Structural Sheet Metals
at Elevated Temperatures;' WADC TR56-340, ASTIA Document No. AD 131 069, Southem Research Institute, Sept 1957. As published in Aerospace Structural
Metals Handbook, Vol 1, Code 1201, CINDASIUSAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 29
96/Alloy Sfeel (AS)
1400
200
1400
180r-----+-----~----~----_+----~----~ 1260
180
1260
160 f------t------j----f-:b_-t4-
1120
160
1120
980
140
980
120
840
200r-----~----,_----_r----_,----_,----~
120f------+-----~~~~~--_+----_+----~ 840
"
o.
:;;
700 <
'"
560
.;
:;;
700 <
i 100
'"
Ii
80
560
60f------~~~~----~----_+----_4----~
420
60
420
40f----~~----+----~----_+----_4----~
280
40
280
140
20
140
2
(a)
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in.!in.
O
12
10
"
o.
.>:
00
2
(b)
6
8
10
O
12
1680
240
75"F (24 "C)
220
1540
200
1400
180
1260
160
1120
._ 140
i 120
980 o.
"
:;;
840 i
Ii
700 (/)
'"
.>:
100
80
560
60
420
40
280
140
4
6
8
10
0
12
AS.006 4130 chromium-molybdenum alloy steel sheet, compressive stress-strain curves at room and elevated
temperatures
Test direction: longitudinal. Sheet thickness = 1.626 mm (0.064 in.). Families of curves for different heat treatments. Left, 857
oC (1575 F), oil quenched and tempered 538 oC (1000 F); nominal strength = 1034 MPa (150 ksi). Center, 857 oC (1575 F),
oil quenched and tempered 443 oC (830F); nominal strength = 1241 MPa (180 ksi). Right, 857 oC (1575 F), oil quenched and
tempered 399 oC (750 F); nominal strength = 1379 MPa (200 ksi), Specimens were held at temperature for 0.5-100 h.
Composition: Fe-0.3C-0.95Cr-0.2Mo. UNS G41300
Source: J.v. Melonas and J.R. Kattus, "Determination of Tensile, Compressive, Bearing, and Shear Properties of Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Structural Sheet
Metals at Elevated Temperatures," WADC TR56-340, ASTIA Document No. AD 131 069, Southern Research Institute, Sept 1957. As published in Aerospace
Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 1, Code 1201, CINDASfUSAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 33
Alloy Steel (AS)/97
150
150
r ~
150
1-----"\
gf 150
1050
0.5 h
1050
200F (93C)
1050
/'
150
:2
1050 gf
:\:
......
150
150
'"
a.
V-- ",0.5h
;r
AS.007 4130 chromium-molybdenum alloy steel

sheet, stress-strain curves (full range) at various
exposure times to elevated temperatures
75F (k4 OC)
100 h
ii
400F (204 OC)
1050 ii
)( 100 h
- -
,,\.5h
..........,
/'
Hot roUed and normalized, austenitized 857 oC

(1575 F), oil quenched, tempered at 538 oC (1000 F)
for 1034 MPa (150 ksi) ultimate tensile strength.
Composition of heat: Fe-0.31 C-0.50Mn-0.014P-0.015S0.92Cr-0.19Mo. UNS G41300
Source: J.Y. Melonas and J.R. Kattus, "Detennination ofTensile,
Compressive, Bearing, and Shear Properties of Ferrous and NonFerrous Structural Sheet Metals at Elevated Temperatures," WADC
TR56-340, ASTIA Document No. AD 131 069, Southem Research
Institute, Sept 1957. As published in Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol 1,
CINDAS/Purdue University, 1994, p 22
1050
600F (316 OC)
1050
["xl00 h
-.-2S
~0.05~
li5
Strain, in.lin.
175
1225
\~
150
1050
200F (93C)
..-0.5\
175

sheet, stress-strain curves (full range) at various
exposure times to elevated temperatures
75F (k4 OC)
"\
r""""\
1225
100h~
'"
a.
400F 204C)
:2
1400 gf
, ""--0.5
"---1\
100 h
1225 ii
1*
600F 316 OC)

175
,;'
150
0.5
100 h
1225
1050
\,
f
25
..... 0.05~
Strain, in.lin.
H5
Hot roUed and normalized, austenitized 857 oC

(1575 F), oil quenched, tempered at 443 oC (830F)
for 1241 MPa (180 ksi) ultimate tensile strength .
Composition of heat: Fe-0.31 C-0.50Mn-0.014P-0.015S0.92Cr-0.19Mo. UNS G41300
Source: J.Y. Melonas and J.R. Kattus, "Deterrnination of Tensile,
Compressive, Bearing, and Shear Properties of Ferrous and NonFerrous Structural Sheet Metals at Elevated Temperatures," WADC
TR56-340, ASTIA Document No. AD 131 069, Southem Research
Institute, Sept 1957. As published in Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol 1,
98/Alloy Steel (AS)

70
105
140
175
210
35
180
160
--
100
'~ ....
ii5
80
......
60
-...
180
....
160
600 F (316 oC)
840
C\l
a.
----
::;:
700 vi
"'~ en~"'
600 F 1(316 OC)
900 F (482 oC)
I-=:--9~
r--+-....
100
80
(a)
15
60
25
30
-..........
1260
1120
-........::
..............
980 ro
a.
::;:
840 vi
"'"
700
en
560
r---..
420
1--r-
280
20
1400
...............
28~680
1540
o~ (204 OC)
............
900 F (482 oC
420
40
10
400
-..............
120
800 F 1(427 oC)
20
-..............
800 F (427
ii5
560
r-- r---.
140
'00
-'"
vi
245
200 F (93 oC)
980
140
--
200
1120
1000F(5~ 1'-.......
40

70
105
140
175
210
35
75 F 1(24 oC)
200 F (93 oC
'-
220
1260
~~OC
120
240
75 F (21 oC)
140
:i
------::
--- --
245
280
1000F(538~
140
20
10
35
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
15
20
25
30
35

(b)
70
105
140
175
210
35
75
220
200
180
160 -600 F (316
'00
-'"
vi
"'~
ii5
o~
200
1540
lF (93 oC
1400
1260
80~ F (~IC)
120
90d F
100
80
1~00
40
........
r-............
..........
60
--
1120
~o F (204 OC)
"'-
(482Io~ ...............
F (538 OC)
28~680
(24 OC)
1 'K
140
245
" -.............
'---
...............
F:::::::r--...
980 ro
a.
::;:
--.....
840 vi
700
...."
en
560
r-......
420
280
140
20
10
15
20
25
30
35

(e)
AS.009 4130 chromium-molybdenum alloy steel sheet, compressive tangent modulus curves at room and
elevated temperatures
Test direetion: longitudinal. Sheet thiekness = 1.626 mm (0.064 in.). Pamilies of curves for different heat treatments. (a) 857 oC
(1575 P), oil quenehed and tempered 538 oC (1000 P); nominal strength = 1034 MPa (150 ksi). (b) 857 oC (1575 P), oi1
quenehed and tempered 443 oC (830 P); nominal strength = 1241 MPa (180 ksi). (e) 857C (1575 P), oi1 quenehed and
tempered 399 oC (750 P); nominal strength = 1379 MPa (200 ksi). Speeimens were he1d at temperature for 0.5-100 h.
Composition: Pe-0.3C-0.95Cr-0.2Mo. UNS G41300
Source: J.v. Melonas and J.R. Kattus, "Determinatiou of Tensile, Compressive, Bearing, and Shear Properties of Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Structural Sheet
Metals at Elevated Temperatures," WADC TR56-340, ASTIA Document No. AD 131 069, Southern Research Institute, Sept 1957. As published in Aerospace
Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 1, Code 1201, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 44
Alloy Steel (AS)/99

sheet, compressive stress-strain curves at various
~---r----,---~----'----'-----r----,----,700
Sheet thickness = 1.575 mm (0.062 in.). Reat treated for

862 MPa (125 ksi) nominal tensile strength. Strain rate =
O.Ol/min. Composition of heat: Fe-0.30C-0.60Mn0.019P-0.034S-1.05Cr-0.20Mo. UNS G41300
420
ro
a.
00
""<ti
'"~
:2
<ti
'"~
ro
280
20
40
60
80
120
100
ro
140
120.-------,-------,--------.-------,-------,MO
100
r-----+----7'4~==+=----t----
80

sheet, compressive stress-strain curves at room and
700
560
ro
00
""gf
a.
:2
60
420 rn
<ti
(f)
40
280
0~------~2------~4------~6L-------8L-----~1J
Source: D.E. Miller, "Determination of Tensile, Compressive, and

Bearing Properties of Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Structural Sheet
Materials at Elevated Temperatures;' WADC AFTR 6517, Part V,
AD 142218, Arrnour Research Foundation, Dec 1957. As published in
Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol 1, CINDASlPurdue University, 1994,
p 34
Test direction: transverse. Sheet thickness = 1.626 mm

(0.064 in.). Reat treated to 862 MPa (125 ksi) nominal
tensile strength. Strain rate = O.Ol/min. Curve 1: Room
temperature, modulus of elasticity = 205 GPa (29.8 x 106
psi). Curve 2: 204 oC (400F), modulus of elasticity =
189 GPa (27.4 x 106 psi). Curve 3: 316 oC (600F),
modulus of elasticity = 178 GPa (25.8 x 106 psi).
Composition: Fe-0.30C-0.60Mn-0.019P-0.034S-1.05Cr0.20Mo. UNS G41300
Source: R.J. Favor, W.P. Archbach, and W.S. Hyler, "Material-PropertyDesign Criteria for Metals, Part 7, The Conventional Short-Time
Elevated Temperature Properties of Selected Low-and-Medium-Alloy
Steels," WADC TR 55-150, Part 7, AD 142064, Oct 1957. As published
in Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol 1, CINDASlPurdue University,
1994, p 34
100/Alloy Steel (AS)
300
......
... -:%
250
/
1)
200
.l<
'"
150
Q)
~
100
50
CC
MC
"'CT
MT
1750
1400
,f
.;
AS.012 4140 chromium-molybdenum alloy steel bar,

monotonic and cyelic true stress-strain curves
2100
&.
:;
r
1050 ~
I
/
1i
Q)
Reat treatment: austenitized 999 oC (1830 P), 1 h, oil

quenched. Gage section size =5.08 mm diam x 7.62 mm
long (0.2 in. diam x 0.3 in. long). Strain rate = 0.5/min.
Test condition: MT, monotonic tension; MC, monotonic
compression; CT, cyc1ic tension; CC, cyc1ic compression.
Composition: Pe-0.4C-ICr-0.2Mo. UNS G41400
Source: P.N. Thielen, M.E Fine, and RA. Fournelle, Cyclic Stress
Strain Relations and Strain-Controlled Fatigue of 4140 Steel, Acta
Metal/., Vol 24 (No. 1), Jan 1976, pI-lO. As published in Aerospace
Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 1, Code 1203, CINDASfUSAF CRDA
700
350
True strain, %
......-:: ~
...... ......
250
0~
.....
......
~ "" ...
200
1750
~..,
1400
f'
&.
:;
r
"1
'~"
MC
MT
... CC
CT
,,',//
~
1i
150
Q)
:::J
!:
100
50

monotonic and cyelic true stress-strain curves
2100
300
1050 ~
/
/
1i
Q)
:::J
!:
700
350
2
True strain, %
Reat treatment: austenitized 999 oC (1830 P), 1 h, oil

quenched, tempered 199 oC (390 P), 1 h, water
quenched. Gage section size = 5.08 mm diam x 7.62 mm
long (0.2 in. diam x 0.3 in. long). Strain rate = O.5/min.
Composition: Pe-0.4C-ICr-0.2Mo. UNS G41400
Source: P.N. Thielen, M.E Fine, and RA. Foumelle, Cyclic Stress
Metall., Vol 24 (No. 1), Jan 1976, pI-lO. As published in Aerospace
Alloy Steel (AS)/101
CC
l ,~
150
i.,
1400
ui
_MC
MT
--=::::--
200

monotonic and cyclic true stress-strain curves
1750
250
.........'"
"""-":--CT
."..---.,:;
1050
ui
In
""
# ""
100
50
8:.
:;
700
Heat treatment: austenitized 999 oC (1830 F), 1 h, oH

quenched, tempered 399 oC (750F), 1 h, water
Composition: Fe-0.4C-1Cr-0.2Mo. UNS G41400
Source: P.N. Thielen, M.E Fine, and R.A. Fournelle, Cyclic Stress
Metall., Vol 24 (No. 1), Jan 1976, pi-lO. As published in Aerospace
350
1/
2
True strain, %
150
125
..--
I
100
"
""
.;
"'ui"
rJl
.,
"li
75

monotonic and cyclic true stress-strain curves
1050
.'
--
... ... ...
MC
!----!---- CT,CC- 875

;;
--- 1-----
700
<ti
a.
:;
"
ui
525
In
.,
"li
::J
t=
50
350
25
175
00
True strain, %
Heat treatment: austenitized 999 oC (1830 F), 1 h, oil

quenched, tempered 649 oC (1200 F), 1 h, water
Test condition: MC, monotonic compression; CT, cyc1ic
tension; CC, cyc1ic compression. Composition: Fe-O.4ClCr-0.2Mo. UNS G41400
Source: P.N. Thielen, M.E Fine, and R.A. Fournelle, Cyclic Stress
Metall., Vol 24 (No. 1), Jan 1976, pi-lO. As published in Aerospace
10
20
30
Reduclion in heighl, %
40
50
1260
180
160
t::..
.~e(!.
eC'
ReO
100
1120
980
ro
',).'lI
i
:::l
........... B..l.Y=
.~s~
.;
en
~-
~~ioen
ac\\\ned s
140
-"'- 120

true compressive stress-strain curve
70
60
\(!., 1",
a.
840 :2
-/~
r
en
700
~'"
Specimens taken from hot-worked 57.15 mm (2.25 in.)

diam bar, test specimen 20 mm diam x 40 mm long,
nonnalized and annealed. After compression of about
40%, specimens remachined to 14 mm diam x 21 mm
long. The discontinuity of results was typical. True yield
stress at 0.2% offset = 813 MPa (118 ksi); strainhardening exponent n = 0.145. Composition: Fe-0.39C1.00Cr-0.82Mn-0.26Si-0.21Mo-0.025S-0.012P. UNS
G41400
Source: J.D. Crawford, R.G. Dunn, and J.H. Humphrey, The Influence
of Alloying Elements on the Cold Deformation of Steel, Source Book on
Cold Forming, American Society for Metals, 1975, p 142
560
80
t::..SpecimenA
o Specimen B
420
60
0.2
0.4
0.6
True slrain
0.8
1.0
1.2
280
120.-------,-------,-------,-------,-------.840
AS.017 A286 nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloy

steel sheet, tensile stress-strain curves (expanded
range) at room and elevated temperatures
100~------~------+---~--~------~------~700
Sheet thickness = 1.575 mm (0.062 in.). 0.5-1000 h

exposure. Heat treated: 982 oC (1800 F), 1 h, argon, oil
quenched, 718 oC (1325 F), 16 h, air cool. Composition:
Fe-25Ni-15Cr-2Ti-1.5Mn-1.3Mo-0.3Y. UNS S66286
ro
a.
:2
.--.'------.<+---+-----+--------1 420
+r-------r------~280
ui
~
en
Source: J.R. Kattus, J.B. Preston, and H.L. Lessle, "Determination of

Tensile, Compressive, Bearing, and Shear Properties at Elevated
Temperatures," WADC TR 58-365, Nov 1958. As published in
Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1601,
CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
1995, p 19
1120
AS.018 A286 nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloy

steel sheet, tensile stress-strain curves (full range) at
room and elevated temperatures
140
980
120
840
Sheet thickness = 1.575 mm (0.062 in.). Heat treated:

982 oC (1800 P), 1 h, argon, oil quenched, 718 oC
(1325 P), 16 h, air cool. Composition: Pe-25Ni-15Cr2Ti-l.5Mn-l.3Mo-0.3Y. UNS S66286
160
Room temperature
'"
'w
.><
11.
r 100
700
80
560
60
420
'"
40
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
::2:
r
'"
~
Source: J.R. Kattus, J.B. Preston, and R.L. Lessle, "Determination of

Tensile, Compressive, Bearing, and Shear Properties at Elevated
Temperatures," WADC TR 58-365, Nov 1958. As published in
CINDAS/USAF CRDA Randbooks Operation, Purdue University,
1995, p 19
280
0.30
0.25
Strain, in./in.
AS.019 4330, 4340, 4350 nickel-chromiummolybdenum alloy steel hot-rolled plate, tensile
2500
V 4340
435~ /
2000
'"
11.
1500
'"
~
..--
----
Test direction: long transverse. Specimen size = 6.25 mm

diam x 38 mm long, austenitized in salt bath at 936 oC,
20 min, oil quenched. Tested as-quenched with Instron
machine with crosshead velocity of 8.5 mmJs, which
corresponds to strain rate of 0.0033/s
4330
Source: M. Saeglitz and G. Krauss, Deformation, Fracture, and

MechanicaI Properties of Low-Temperature-Tempered Martensite
in SAE 43xx Steels, Metal!. Mater. Trans., Vol 28A (No. 2),
Feb 1997, p 382
Cl
<:
.~
.~ 1000
Cl
<:
W
500
6
9
Engineering strain, %
12
15
104/AIIoy Steel (AS)
AS.020 4330, 4340, 4350 nickel-chromiummolybdenum alloy steel hot-rolled pi ate, tensile
2500
al
o..
/-
2000
1500
4350

20 min, oil quenched, tempered 10 h in 150 oC oil bath.
Tested with lnstron machine with crosshead velocity of
8.5 mm/s, which corresponds to strain rate of 0.0033/s
~4340
~4330
Source: M. Saeglitz and G. Krauss, Defonnation, Fracture and

Mechanical Properties of Low-Temperature-Tempered Martensite
in SAE 43xx Steels, Metall. Mate/: Trans., Vol 28A (No. 2),
Feb 1997, p 379
el
.~
.~ 1000
el
UJ
500
10
15
20
2500
/" -~
t- ~
2000
al
o..
~
'"
~
1500
1i
el
"

Tested with lnstron machine with crosshead velocity of
8.5 mmls, which corresponds to strain rate of 0.0033/s
4350
~4340
~30
Source: M. Saeglitz and G. Krauss, Defonnation, Fracture and

in SAE 43xx Steels, Metall. Mater. Trans., Vol 28A (No. 2),
Feb 1997, p 379
.~
.~ 1000
el
UJ
500
10
15
20
2500
2000
o..'"
:
1500
'"~
f; ~
I
...............
C>
.~

Tested with Instron machine with crosshead velocity of
8.5 mm/s, which corresponds to strain rate of 0.0033/s
i'- 4350
.........
"
4340
Source: M. Saeglitz and G. Krauss, Deformation, Fracture and

in SAE 43xx Steels, Metall. Mater. Trans., Vol 28A (No. 2),
Feb 1997, p 379
~4330
.~ 1000
C>
500
200
-'"
120
Ci
80
40
AS.023 4335V nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloy

steel bar, compressive stress-strain curve
Bar thickness = 31.75 mm (1.25 in.). Vanadium-modified

version of the standard 4335 steel. Austenitized 829 oC
(1525 P), 1 h, oil quenched, room temperature, tempered
241C (465 P), 2 h, air cooled. Composition: Pe-0.35C1.8Ni-0.8Cr-0.35Mo-0.2Y. UNS K33517
1400
1120
1/
.;
20
1680
160
u)
15
IV
240
'"~
10
&.
:2
840
u)
'"
~
Ul
560
280
8
12
16
Source: R.C. Jones, "Materials-SAE 4335 (Modified) Steel 260,000 to

280,000 psi Heat Treatment-Development of Process Control and
Mechanical Properties for," Convair Division-General Dynarnics,
24 Oct 1962. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
Vol 1, Code 1205, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation,
Purdue University, 1995, p 17
200
AS.024 4340 nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloy

steel sheet, tensile stress-strain curves at room and
1400
Room temperature
160
1120
120
840
'00
-"
<Ji
Heat treated: 829 oC (1525 P), 10 min, air cooled,

tempered 427 oC (800 P), 1 h, to ultimate tensile
strength = 1379 MPa (200 ksi). Composition: Pe-004C1.8Ni-0.8Cr-0.25Mo. UNS G43400
ro
a.
::2
<Ji
'"~
'"~
i'i
80
560
i'i
Source: P.J. Hughes, J.E. Inge, and S.B. Prosser, "Tensile and
Cornpressive Stress-Strain Properties of Sorne High Strength Sheet
Alloys at Elevated Ternperatures," NACA TN 3315, 1954. As published
in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vo11, Code 1206,
CINDASfUSAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
1995, P 28
1000 F (538 OC)
40
280
L-------L-----~------~------~
4
6
300
250
UJ
~.
--"
......
10

steel sheet, tensile stress-strain curves
......
"
Test direction: solid curves, transverse; dashed curves,

longitudinal. Specimen size = 2.54 x 2504 x 101.6 mm
(0.1 x 1 x 4 in.) gage tempered at 177 oC (350 P).
Composition: Pe-004C-l.8Ni-0.8Cr-0.25Mo. UNS
G43400
1750
1400
r!
I
1
'00
-'"
----
______~O
2100
l'
200
<Ji
~".:",;
ro
a.
::2
1050 gf
150
~
100
700
50
350
Strain, %
Source: D.P. Fitzgibbon, "Semiannua1 Report on Pressure Vessel Design

Criteria," TR-59-0000-00714, Space Technology Laboratories, Air
Force Ballistic Missile Division, June 1959, AD 607630. As published
in StructuralAlloys Handbook, Vo11, CINDAS/Purdue University,
1994, p 42
-(
250
"'-
~l
200
150
100
50
1400
&.
I
I
-'"

longitudinal. Specimen size = 2.54 x 25.4 x 101.6 mm
(0.1 x 1 x 4 in.) gage tempered at 232 oC (450F).
Composition: Fe-0.4C-1.8Ni-0.8Cr-0.25Mo. UNS
G43400
1750
.;
",-
,-,
\\
,,~
,,'1
'"
~

2100
300
g
:2
1050
I
I
I
I
I
Source: D.P. Fitzgibbon, "Semiannual Report on Pressure Vessel Design

in Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol 1, CINDAS/Purdue University,
1994, p 42
700
I
I
I
I
I
350
O
O
6
Strain, %
250
200
.;
-'"
<Ji

1750
~----
...=~~-"~.
~,
V"

(0.1 x 1 x 4 in.) gage tempered at 371C (700F).
Composition: Fe-0.4C-1.8Ni-0.8Cr-O.25Mo. UNS
G43400
1400
150
1050 as
[l.
:2
'"
100
700
50
350
6
Strain, %
10
Source: D.E Fitzgibbon, "Semiannual Report on Pressure Vessel Design

1994, p 42
250
200
~~
-;
'"
U
~
"
1050
''\
I
I
I
I
U)

(0.1 x 1 x 4 in.) gage tempered at 510 oc (950F).
Composition: Fe-0.4C-1.8Ni-0.8Cr-0.25Mo. UNS
G43400
1400
150

1750
,,;
U)
100
700
50
350
'"
:2
Il.
Source: D.P. Fitzgibbon, "Semiannual Report on Pressure Vessel Design

Force Ballistic Missile Division, Iune 1959, AD 607630. Adapted
from Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol 1, CINDASlPurdue University,
1994, p 42
10
Strain, %

steel bar, tensile stress-strain curves at room and low
temperatures
36or-----.------.------,------.------r-----~2520
320~----~----~------+---~~~~~~----~2240
Bar thickness = 25.4 mm (1 in.). Heat treated to ultimate

tensile strength of 1862 MPa (270 ksi). Composition: Fe0.4C-1.8Ni-0.8Cr-0.25Mo. UNS G43400
280~----~----~------+------+~~~~~F-~1960
240~----~----~------+---_7~--~~~----~1680
200 ~----~----~------__f_>!j~,"+----'-=='-"--'f"_"'-='-''-=-=-J 1400
'"
00
00
1120 ~
U 160
120~----4-----~~----+------r------r-----~840
80~----~~~~------+------r------r-----~560
40~~~~----~------+_----_r------r_----~280
Source: "Design Properties as Affected by Cryogenic Temperatures,"

Battelle Memorial Institute, DMIC Memorandum 81, Jan 1961. As published in Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol 1, CINDASlPurdue
University, 1994, p 41
200
1400
V)
150
g 100
!!!
ro
50
200-ksi lvel
180-ksi level
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, Dec 1998, p 2-40
140-ksi level
V
2
Heat treated to the levels indicated. Composition: PeOAC-l.8Ni-0.8Cr-0.25Mo. UNS G43400
1050

steel (all products), typical tensile stress-strain
curves
350
10
300r-----~----~----_r----~------~--__,
2100

steel bar, tensile stress-strain curves at room and low
temperatures
250~----+_----~----_+----_4--~~~~~
1750
Test direction: longitudinal. 0.5 h exposure. RambergOsgood parameters: n(room temperature) = 7.0,
n(-110 P) = 8.2, n(-312 P) = 8.9. Composition: PeOAC-l.8Ni-0.8Cr-0.25Mo. UNS G43400
1400
'"
[l.
~
:2
~ 150~----+_----~~~_+----_4------~--~ 1050 <Ji
U)
~
700
350
10
12
250
35
Compressive langenl modulus, GPa

70
105
140
-...........
1---
'-r
200
150
'ji
-"
ui
(f)
(f)
100
50
/
...............
175
..-
'\

steel bar, compressive stress-strain and compressive
tangent modulus curves
210
1750
Ramberg-Osgood parameters: n(room temperature) = 13.

Composition: Fe-OAC-L8Ni-0.8Cr-0.25Mo. UNS
G43400
1400
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, Dec 1998. p 2-41

1050
"'
[L
:2
ui
(f)
700
350
10
6
8
Slrain, 0.001 inJin.
10
12
25
30
15
20
6
Compressive langenl modulus, 10 psi
240
200
'ji
160
e
120
80
40
l---
/
/
1120 rf
:2
ui
840
560
280
Austenitized, oil quenched, tempered to ultimate tensile

strength of 1793 MPa (260 ksi). Tested at 24 oC (75 F).
Composition: Fe-OAC-l.8Ni-0.8Cr-0.25Mo. UNS
G43400
1680
1400
-"
ui

steel bar, compressive stress-strain curve
1960
280
6
10
12
E
(f)
Source: MIL-HDBK-5C, Vo11, 15 Dec 1978. As published in Aerospace

Structural Metals Handbook, Vo11, Code 1206, CINDASIUSAF CRDA
Altoy Steel (AS)/lll

steel tu be, tensile stress-strain curves at room and
140~------~------~-------.-------.-------.980
75F (24 OC)

120~------+-----~A-------~-------+~----~MO
Tube size = 57.15 mm OD x 22.275 mm ID (2.25 in.

OD x 0.875 in. ID). Hot roUed, air cooled, tempered at
538 oC (1000 P), air cooled. Composition: Pe-O.4CL8Ni-0.8Cr-0.25Mo. UNS G43400
100 ~------+----I-~~_=-~=oJ--==-----t--------j 700
~ 80~------+'~~--4-------~------~-------1560~
mOO
~m
Source: "Properties of High-Strength Low-Alloy Steels at Slightly

Elevated Temperatures," Timken Co., Resume of Investigations on
Steels for High-Temperature High-Pressure Applications, 1960-1962.
As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 1, Code
1206, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
1995, p 29
40~---&~+-------~------~-------+------~280
~~----+-------4-------~-------+------~140
4
6

steel tube, tensile stress-strain curves at room and
,-------.-------.-------.-------.------.1120

OD x 0.875 in. ID). Heat treatment 843 oC (1550 P), oil
quenched, tempered at 566 oC (1050 P), air cooled.
Composition: Pe-O.4C- L8Ni-0.8Cr-0.25Mo. UNS
G43400
ro
a.
1--------hfll..+----l-----------l-----------l------------l560
::i:
ui
'"
~
~--~~~------~------~------~----~280
~~----~------~------~------~----~140
Source: "Properties of High-Strength Low-AlIoy Steels at Slightly

Steels for High-Temperature High-Pressure Applications, 1960-1962.
1995, p 29
150
120
90
'0;
1050
...-
--.........
-V
K
~
840
~"
r'\.
-'"
630
l1l
o..
:2
r
'"
'"
~
(f)
60
420
30
210
0.04
0.16
0.12
0.08
0.20

steel tube, tensile stress-strain curves (full range) at
elevated temperature

OD x 0.875 in. ID). Comparison at 350 oC (662 P) test
temperature. Curve 1: hot roUed, air cooled, tempered
538 oC (1000 P), air cooled. Curve 2: 843 oC (1550 P),
oil quenched, tempered 566 OC (1050 P), air cooled.
Composition: Pe-OAC-l.8Ni-0.8Cr-0.25Mo. UNS
G43400
Source: "Properties of High-Strength Low-Alloy Steels at Slightly
Steels for High-Temperature High-Pressure Applcations, 1960-1962.
1995, p 29
0.24
Strain, in.lin.
1680

steel sheet, compressive stress-strain curves at room
and elevated temperatures
200
1400
160
1120
Sheet thickness = 1.626 mm (0.064 in.). Reat treated:

829 oC (1525 P), 10 min, air cooled, tempered 427 oC
(800 P), 1 h, to ultimate tensile strength of 1379 MPa
(200 ksi). Composition: Pe-OAC-l.8Ni-0.8Cr-0.25Mo.
UNS G43400
240
Room temperature
l1l
o..
'0;
-'"
:2
840 r
r 120
'"~
'"~
560
80
1000 F (538 OC)
280
40
00
10
Compressive Stress-Strain Properties of Sorne High Strength Sheet
Alloys at Elevated Temperatures," NACA TN 3315, 1954. As publshed
in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 1, Code 1206,
CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operaton, Purdue University,
1995, P 32
12or-----,------r-----,------~----_r----_.MO

steel (all products), typical tensile stress-strain
curves at elevated temperatures
100~----~----~r7~--1_----~------+_----~700
Heat treated to ultimate tensile strength of 862 MPa

(125 ksi). 0.5 h exposure. Ramberg-Osgood parameters:
n(500 F) = 9.0, n(850 F) = 19, n(1000 F) = 4.4.
Composition: Fe-0.3C-O.55Ni-O.5Cr-O.25Mo. UNS
G86300
80~----~--+_~------+-----_+------T_----~560
1000 "F (538 "C)
tU
~
~
gf 60 ~----___+.f_+--__j--~"--_+_----~------+_----~ 420 r
E
en
en
40~--_+~~--__j------_+_----_+------+_----~280
20~~L-~----~------+------+------+-----~140
0L------2L-----~4------~6------~8------1~0----~1f

120 ,----------.,----------,-----------,---------, MO
Room temperature
Sheet thickness = 1.626 mm (0.064 in.). Quenched and

tempered to u1timate tensile strength of 862 MPa (125 ksi)
(at room temperature). Composition: Fe-0.3C-0.55Ni0.5Cr-0.25Mo. UNS G86300
100~--------+-----~~+---------~--------~700
tU
a.
::;
gf 60~--------~~L-----~~~~
420 r
en
i
40~----~~~~------+_--------~--------~280
20~_h~----+---------+_--------~--------~140
1200 "F (649 "C)
4
Source: D.D. Doerr, "Determination of Physical Properties of Ferrous

and Non-Ferrous Structural Sheet Materials at Elevated Temperatures,"
WADC AF TR 6517, Pt 2, Armour Research Foundation, April 1954. As
published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 1, Code 1208,
1995, p 14
160 I---T---I----::]::::::=::::=:~q 1120
140
r---------+---------~----~---1--~~~__1980
120
Sheet thickness = 1.626 mm (0.064 in.). Quenched and

tempered to ultimate tensile strength of 1103 MPa (160 ksi)
(at room temperature). Composition: Fe-0.3C-0.55Ni0.5Cr-0.25Mo. UNS G86300
840
100
ro
a.
::;;
r
'00
"'r"
'"
80
r---------+---.h~~~---------1--------__1560
'"
~
1i
en
60
420
40
~----~~+---------~---------+--------~280

Source: D.D. Doerr, "Deterrnination of Physical Properties of Ferrous

and Non-Ferrous Structural Sheet Materials at Elevated Temperatures,"
WADC AF TR 6517, Pt 2, Armour Research Foundation, Apri11954. As
CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995,
p 14
1200 F (649 OC)

20 ~-J.~--_+=-~~~+===~:=~~~~--~140
O
O
4
1540
220
200
180
160
[
V
140
~ 120
r
'"
~
1i 100
80
60
40
20
/
V
/
V
L~
1400
690F 366 OC)

1260
840F 449 OC)
1120
990F 532 OC)
980
1170 F (632 OC)
ro
840 ~
r
'"
700 ~
en
560
Normalized 1600 F (871C)

420
280
140
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Strain, %
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6

steel sheet, tensile stress-strain curves for various
tempering temperatures
Test direction: longitudinal. Sheet thickness = 1.575 mm

(0.062 in.). Heat treatrnent: 857 oC (1575 F), oil
quenched, tempered at indicated temperature, lowest
curve norrnalized as indicated. Composition: Fe-0.3C0.55Ni-0.5Cr-0.25Mo. UNS G86300
Source: L.R. Jackson and N.A. Crites, "Development of Mechanical
Properties Inforrnation on Carbon and Alloy Steels at Various Strength
Levels," Battelle Memorial Institute Report to AISA, 1 Feb 1951. As
1995, p 9
980
140
100
'"
80
60
40
20
Bar diameter = 25.4 mm (1 in.). Heat treatment: 857 oC

(1575 F), oil quenched, tempered at indicated
temperature, lowest curve normalized as indicated.
Composition: Fe-0.3C-0.55Ni-0.5Cr-O.25Mo. UNS
G86300
840
1190 'F (643 'C)
'iij
.><
1000 'F (538 'C)
V
)
120
ui

steel bar, tensile stress-strain curves for various
1120
160
700
:2
560 ui
't-
en
Normalized 1600 'F (871 'C)

420

Properties Information on Carbon and Alloy Steels at Various Strength
Levels," Battelle Memorial Institute Report to AISA, 1 Feb 1951. As
1995, p 9
280
140
1/
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
Strain, %
160
--+-

steel bar, compressive stress-strain curves for various
1120
1---
/"'-
140
1/
120
100
'iij
.><
ui
'"
80
60
40
20
1000 'F (538 'C)
l/
f
/

(1575 F), oil quenched, tempered at indicated
temperature, lowest curve normalized as indicated.
Composition: Fe-O.3C-O.55Ni-O.5Cr-O.25Mo. UNS
G86300
840
1190 'F (643 'C)

700
..---
---
V-l.---
ro
a.
:2
560 ui
'"
~
Normalized 1600 'F (870 'C)
420
280
140
1/
0.2
980
0.4
0.6
0.8
Strain, %
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6

Properties Information on Carbon and Alloy Steels at Various Strength
Levels," Battelle Memorial Institute Report to AlSA, l Feb 1951. As
CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Pnrdue University,
1995, p 12
160
IV ---
140
120
/
/-::
100
'00
-'"
vi
UJ
80
~;:'
..---
60
-'
-'
,.J--==- ----
(-50F) (b)
840
700
ro
o..
:;;
560 vi
UJ
1i5
420
/
/
40

steel casting, monotonic and cyclic stress-strain
curves at room temperature (a) and -46 oC
980
Il
1i5
20
~.-~
--:"'"
1120
280
140
(a)
6
8
Slrain x 0.001
10
12
14
160,...----,----,----,----,----,----,.--....., 1120
./V-
:-+--- 980
140 1---+---1--/.".c.+---+--_-.1---:..-----.
-,
1
11
;;:-:.
~::::---
120~--+--_,~--_\__~;~'~-+--+--+---840
'" .'"
100~--+--,~~"'--+_--+_--+_--r_---700
:1
~
. /f~/
80 1 - - - h P - - - P - t - - - r _ - - r _ - - r _ - - r _ - - - 560 vi
1 /
1/
1i5
1i5
601---f---+---+---+---+---+--~420
40
20
280
140
0L---2L---4L---6L---8L---1LO---1~2--~1;
(b)
Slrain x 0.001
Reat treatment: Nonnalized 900 oC (1652 F),

austenitized 885 oC (1625 F), water quenched, tempered
510 oC (950F), 1.5 h. Solid curve, monotonic loading;
dashed curves, cyclic loading. Composition: Fe-0.3C0.55Ni-0.5Cr-0.25Mo. UNS 113042, UNS 113050
Source: R.1. Stephens, J.H. Chung, A. Fatemi, H.W. Lee, S.O. Lee,
C. Vaca-Oleas, and C.M. Wang, Constant and Variable Amplitude
Fatigue Behavior of Five Cast Steels at Room Temperature and -45C,
J. Eng. Mater. Technol., Vol 106 (No. 1), Jan 1984, p 25-37. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 1, Code 1208.
1995, p 14
~20
150
50

steel (all products), typical stress-strain curves for
various heat treatments
1400
200
1/
11
~
2
35
l.---
ksi
(1379~Pa)
180 k i (1241 Mr) level
Curves for heat treatments to various strength levels.

Composition: Fe-O.3C-O.55Ni-O.5Cr-O.25Mo. UNS
G86300
1050
150 ksi 1034 MP11eVel

125 ksi (8 2 MPa) leVr
r--
Normalized
350
6
8
10

70
105
140
150
level
175

steel (all products), typical compressive tangent
modulus curves at room temperature for various
heat treatments
210
1400
Heat treatments indicated by ultimate strength levels.

Composition: Fe-0.3C-0.55Ni-O.5Cr-O.25Mo. UNS
G86300
1050
150 ksi (1034 MP ) level

125 ksi (862 MPa level
'"
a.
:2
700 ui
In
r----
~alized
t----
50
----
350
10
15
20
25
140 r - - - - - , - - - - - , - - - - - - - - - , - - - - - - - - , 980

Room temperature
120r----------r--------~--~~~~~--------4MO
Sheet thickness = 1.626 mm (0.064 in.). Reat treatment:

quenched and tempered to room temperature ultimate
400F (204 OC)

100r----------r----~_7~----_=~~
700

and Non-Ferrous Structura1 Sheet Materia1s at E1evated Temperatures;'
WADC AF TR 6517, Pt 2, Armour Research Foundation, April1954. As
1995, p 15
20~~~----~--------_+----------+_--------~140
0L---------~2----------~4----------~6--------~80
1260
180

Room temperature
.;
"'<Ji"
'"~
Ci
160
1120
140
980
120
MO
100
700

quenched and tempered to room temperature ultimate
<ti
<Ji
80
'"
560 ~
60
420
40
280
20
140
en
4

and Non-Ferrous Structural Sheet Materia1s at E1evated Temperatures,"
WADC AF TR 6517, Pt 2, Armour Research Foundation, Apri1 1954. As
pub1ished in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 1, Code 1208,
1995, p 16

steel gears, true plastic stress-strain curves
2500
Uncarburized 9310 at 230 oC after quenching from

900 0e. 0.2% yield strength = 1000 MPa. Workhardening rate, n = 0.17. Composition prior to
carburizing: Fe-O.ll C-3 AONi-l.26Cr-0.13Mo-0.56Mn0.26Si-0.04AI-0.03Cu-0.OlS. UNS G93106
2000
0.2% offset =1000 MPa

11
,f 1500
11
:lE
ui
'"
Q)
~ 1000
---
Souree: U.J. De Souza and M.F. Amateau, Deformation of Metastable

Austenite and Resulting Properties During the Ausform-Finishing of
lpet CarburizedAISI 9310 Steel Gears, Metall. Mater. Trans. A,
Vol30A (No. 1), Jan 1999, p 186
500
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
True strain
25oor-------.-------,--------,-------,------~
2000~------+_------4__.+_--~~~~_+------~
,f 1500r-------+---~~~-------r-------r------~
:lE
i
~
1i
Q)
~ 1000r---~~~~----~-------r-------r------~
500~~----+-------~-------r-------r------~
0L-------OL.2-------0~.4------~0.~6-------0L.8------~1.0
True strain, %

steel gears, compressive true plastic stress-strain
curves
Compressive flow properties of metastable austenite at
230 oC in 1% carburized steel. Strain rate = 0.005/s.
Steep and continuous increase in flow stress is sign of
high work-hardening rates (n). Type A, n = 0.56; type B,
n = 0.55. Type A specimen 10 mm diam x 2.2 mm thick
(004 in. diam x 0.086 in. thick), vacuum carburized to
1.06 wt% e. Type B stacked disks 10 mm diam x 15 mm
high (004 in. diam x 0.6 in. high), carburized in
atmosphere to 1.1 wt% prior to stacking. Composition
prior to carburizing: Fe-0.llC-3AONi-1.26Cr-0.13Mo0.56Mn-0.26Si-0.04AI-0.03Cu-0.OlS. UNS G93106
Souree: U.J. De Souza and M.F. Amateau, Deformation of Metastable
lpet Carburized AlSI 9310 Steel Gears, Metall. Mater. Trans. A,
Vol30A (No. 1), Jan 1999, p 186
1600r------r-----,------,------.------,-----~
ro
a.
:2:
Compressive flow properties of metastable austenite in

1% carburized steel (type A). Type A specimen 10 mm
diam x 2.2 mm thick (0.4 in. diam x 0.086 in. thick),
vacuum carburized to 1.06 wt% C. Samples were
ausformed at different temperatures with the following
0.2% yield strengths: curve 1, 85 oC, 425 MPa; curve 2,
110 oC, 425 MPa; curve 3, 160 oC, 431 MPa; curve 4,
232 oC, 327 MPa. UNS G93106
1000
ui
'"
800
ID
::J
Souree: U.J. De Souza and M.E Amateau, Deformation of Metastable

lpet Carburized AISI 9310 Steel Gears, Metal!. Mater. Trans. A,
Vol30A (No. 1), Jan 1999, p 189
t= 600
400
200
00

steel gears, compressive true plastic stress-strain
curves
0.05
0.10
0.15
True strain
0.20
0.25
0.30
AS.052 HNM nickel alloy steel sheet, isochronous

stress-strain curves at 482 oC (900 F) (a) and 649 oC
(1200 F) (b)
8o.-------------,------------~------------~560
200 h 300 h
Solution treated 2050 P, 15 min, oil quenched, aged

732 oC (1350 P), 15 h. Composition: Pe-0.3C-9.5Ni18.5Cr-3.5Mn
60~--------.6~~----------_+------------~420
~
~'"
i 40 1-------+--------1--------------1-------------____1 280 '"
20~_r--------~------------_+------------~140
0L-----------~4~----------~8-------------"1~
(a)
80r------------,------------~------------_;560
601----------------1------------__1_------------____1420
rf.
100h
::;
i 40 1---------------1-r---~"--"C::7''''---__I_--------____1 280 '"
20~----~~-~------------+--------4140
4
(b)
8
Saurce: "Crucible HNM," Preliminary Data Sheet, Crucible Steel Ca.,

Issue No. 2, lune 1960. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1506, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks
Operation, Purdue University, p 3
200
1400
160
1120
120
840
00
AS.053 HY-TUF nickel alloy steel plate, tensile

temperatures
Plate thickness = 6.35 mm (0.25 in.). Silicon-modified

steel treated 871 oC (1600 F), 25 min, oi1 quenched,
316 oC (600F), 0.5 h to ultimate tensile strength of
1517 MPa (220 ksi). Composition: Fe-0.25C-l.8Ni-l.5Sil.3Mn-OAMo. UNS K32550
<Il
a.
::;;;
"'<Ji"
<Ji
'"~
560
80
'"
~
Source: P.J. Hughes, J.E. Inge, and S.R Prosser, "Tensile and
Cornpressive Stress-Strain Properties of Sorne High-Strength Sheet
Alloys at Elevated Ternperatures," NACA TN 3315, Nov 1954. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 1, Code 1214,
1995, P 7
1000 'F (538 'C)
280
40
ooL------2~-----L4------~6------~8------~10------~120
240 , . - - - - - - , , - - - - - - - - - , - - - , - - - , - - - . , 1680
AS.054 HY-TUF nickel alloy steel plate, compressive

temperatures
200
P1ate thickness = 6.35 mm (0.25 in.). Silicon-modified

steel treated 871C (1600 F), 25 min, oi1 quenched,
316 oC (600F), 0.5 h to u1timate tensile strength of
1517 MPa (220 ksi). Composition: Fe-0.25C-1.8Ni-1.5Sil.3Mn-OAMo. UNS K32550
160
1120
00
"'<Ji"
'"~
120
80
1000 'F (538 'C)
560
40
00~-----L------4L------6L------8L------1LO----~1~
2
Alloys at Elevated Ternperatures," NACA TN 3315, Nov 1954. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 1, Code 1214,
1995, p 8
AS.055 HY-TUF nickel alloy steel tu be, tensile stressstrain curves at room and elevated temperatures
240r-------r-------r-------~------,_----__1680
Tube diameter =53.975 mm (2.125 in.). Hollow section

with a diameter-to-thickness ratio of 5 to 40. Ultimate
tensile strength of 1496-1703 MPa (217-247 ksi). Data'
based on 30 tests. UNS K32550
200~------~------~------+_--~~~77~~1400
160 ~------~------+_--__;P-.H~----+_----______l1120
ro
a.
::;
~------~------~------+_------+_----______l840
Source: "Stress-Strain Curves for High-Strength Alloy Steel," Rep.

No. 732, The Cleveland Pneumatic Tool Co., 25 Feb 1955. As published
CINDASIUSAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
1995, p 4
~------~~----+_------+_------+_----______l560
~--~~+_------+_------+_------+_----______l280
700
100
80
1i
el
.~
al
.,
e
560
40
140
20
0.05
0.10
0.2% yield strength, 324 MPa (47.0 ksi); ultimate tensile

strength, 614 MPa (89.1 ksi); elongation, 45.7%.
Composition: 37Fe-35Ni-27Cr
Source: Courtesy of Special Metals Corporation
/'
gf 60
AS.056 Incoloy 803 annealed nickel alloy steel sheet

3 mm (0.118 in.) longitudinal engineering stressstrain curve (full range)
0.15
Strain
0.20
0.25
0.30
60
420

3 mm (0.118 in.) longitudinal engineering stressstrain curve (expanded range)
50
350

Composition: 37Fe-35Ni-27Cr
280 ~
:2
40
r
In
g' 30
.~
'e"
.6>
e
20
10
I
I
I
In
~
210 ~
c
.~
'c"
.6>
c
140 w
70
1/
0.004
0.002
0.006
0.008
o.oPo
Strain
100
700
80
560
~
r 60
Cl
.~
'"
.,
40
/'
.,---~

0.51 mm (0.020 in.) longitudinal engineering stressstrain curve (full range)

strength, 552 MPa (80.1 ksi); elongation 40.5%; n, 0.371.
Composition: 58Fe-21Ni-19CrO.8Si-0.03C
tU
a.
420 gf
:2
!!:!
"t
Cl
"m
280.s:
Cl
140
20
0.05
0.10
0.15
Strain
0.20
0.25
0.30
30
25
!.----

0.51 mm (0.020 in.) longitudinal engineering stressstrain curve (expanded range)
245
--
35
210

Composition: 58Fe-21Ni-19Cr-0.8Si-0.03C
175
ro
c..
:2:
140 gf
~
1i
Cl
105 -g'j
10
.0,
UJ
70
35
0.002
0.004
0.008
0.006
0.010
Strain
80
~
ui 60
Cl
e
"55
Ql
.,
40
UJ
AS.060 Incoloy A286 annealed nickel alloy steel

sheet 1 mm (0.039 in.) longitudinal engineering
stress-strain curve (full range)
700
100
/'
v-
~
560
&.
:2:
420 ui
Cl
e
"55
280 ~
"g>
UJ
140
20
0.05
0.10
0.15
Strain
0.20
0.25
0.30
Iron-base superalloy. 0.2% yield strength, 283 MPa

(41.1 ksi); ultimate tensile strength, 652 MPa (94.5 ksi);
elongation, 37.8%. Composition: Fe-25.5Ni-14.25Cr1.25Mo
I "-
40
280
I
I
~
<Ji 30
el
.~
Q)
.g, 20
e
LU
10
AS.061 Incoloy A286 annealed nickel alloy steel

sheet 1 mm (0.039 in.) longitudinal engineering
stress-strain curve (expanded range)
350
50
'"
Il..
::l;
210
Iron-base superalloy. 0.2% yield strength, 288 MPa

(41.7 ksi); ultimate tensile strength, 644 MPa (93:4 ksi);
elongation 36.5%. Composition: Fe-25.5Ni-14.25Cr1.25Mo
el
.~
140 ~
'g
LU
70
I
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.008
0.010
Strain
AS.062 Incoloy 864 annealed nickel alloy steel 0.41

mm (0.016 in.) sheet longitudinal engineering stressstrain curve (full range)
700
100
80
(
,..,
/:
.......-
---

strength, 658 MPa (95.5 ksi); elongation, 43.6%; n,
0.4435. Composition: 39Fe-21Cr-34Ni-4.2Mo
560
'"
Il..
420
'"~
UJ
el
.~
280 .~
el
LU
140
20
0.05
0.15
0.10
Strain
0.20
0.25
AS.063 Incoloy 864 annealed nickel alloy steel 0.41

mm (0.016 in.) sheet longitudinal engineering stressstrain expanded range
350
50
--
40
_ _ _ _ 1-

strength, 652 MPa (94.5 ksi); elongation 43.6%.
Composition: 39Fe-21Cr-34Ni-4.2Mo
280
'"
o...
Source: CQurtesy of Special Metals Corporation
210 ::2.
gJ
~
i
el
1:
"55
140
:g
'61
1:
70
10
0.010
0.005
o.olo
0.015
Strain
320
-
280
A-~
\~,
\
'"
240
o...
::2
r
'"~
i 200
~,
........ ~
~~
.....
......
.....
al
>
-"'-- .. --..... ..... .....
..... ........... 8:1
.....
t5
,g
w
45
....
160
Lld=-
- - /1
...... -
-- i1
I
"-'-
_. - 4:1
120
-
15
345
Effective strain
AS.064 3.3% silicon alloy steel, von Mises effective

Strain rate = 6.5/s. Tested at 700 oC (1290 F). Stressstrain curves for solid torsion specimens of 3.3% Si steel
showing effect of gage length to diameter ratio (LI ) on
flow stress at high strain rates when adiabatic heating
occurs. The flow curves are in terms of von Mises
effective stress-strain (a - E), defined by a = ~,
and E = r / V3 where 1: - r is the shear-stress/shearstrain curve obtained in torsion testing. In both solid bars
and tubular specimens, the gage length-to-diameter ratio
may have a marked effect on the actual specimen
temperature during moderate-speed r = 10-2 to 10 S-l
torsion tests because of the effects of heat conduction.
Because of this, flow curves derived from data obtained
at these rates tend to show a dependence on the length-todiameter ratio (Ll). Flow curves for large Lid specimens
tend to fall below those for small Lid ratios, in which
most of the deformation heat is dissipated into the
shoulders. Interpretation of fracture strain data from such
tests should take into account not only the nominal
(initial) test temperature, but also the temperature history
during the test.
Source: R.A. Kuhn, Shear, Torsion, and Multiaxial Testing, Mechanical
Testing and Evaluation, Vol 8, ASM Handbook, ASM International,
2000, p 191
High-Strength Steel (HS)/129
High-Strength Steel (HS)

HS.001 Various HSLA and A36 steel high-strength
low-alloy (HSLA) steel, stress-strain curves
-.---,---,------,---,---r----r-----, 980
140
Comparison of stress strain curves for alloys with

specified minimum values. Curve 1: T-l, T-l type A, T-l
type B; minimum yield strength (MYS) = 689 MPa (100
ksi). Curve 2: CON-PAC; MYS = 551 MPa (80 ksi).
Curve 3: EX-TEN 60; MYS = 413 MPa (60 ksi). Curve
4: COR-TEN, TRI-TEN, EX-TEN 50; MYS = 345 MPa
(50 ksi). Curve 5: EX-TEN 42; MYS = 289 MPa (42 ksi).
Curve 6: ASTM A36; MYS = 248 MPa (36 ksi). Modulus
of elasticity =200 GPa (29 x 106 psi)
120 f:f----+-==-+-----t.--+--t---t----i 840
Source: "High-Strength Low-Alloy Steels," U.S. Steel, Oct 1971. As

published in Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol 1, Battelle Columbus
Laboratories, 1980, p 3
~~~--+--___t--+--+_-_+-~~280
20~----+--+--___t--+--+_-_+--~140
OL---~---~-~
0.05
0.10
__-~---~-~--~O
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
Slrain, in.lin.
80
60
i'-..
70
r--
/"
50
'\
560
HS.002 A242 high-strength low-alloy (HSLA) steel

sheet, stress-strain curve (complete range)
490
USS COR-TEN A sheet. Composition: Fe-0.09C0.37Mn-0.088P. UNS K11510
420
Source: B.A. Dolega, "Investigation of Low Alloy, High Strength Steel

as a Missile Fuel Tank," Report BLR 53-56, Bell Aircraft, March 1953.
As published in Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol 3, CINDASlPurdue
350
&.
::<
280 .;
30
210
20
140
10
70
10
15
20
25
130/High-Strength Steel (HS)
60
55
50
45
I
/
40
~ 35
00 25
20
15
385
r----r'
315
280
/
/
1
USS COR-TEN A sheet. Sheet thickness = 1.778 mm

(0.070 in.). Composition: Fe-0.09C-0.37Mn-0.088P. UNS
K11510
350
Yield strength
at 0.2% offset
245
&
::a:
0 .2 % offset
Source: EA. Dolega, "Investigation of Low Alloy, High Strength Steel

as a Missile Fuel Tank," Report BLR 53-56, Bell Aircraft, March 1953.
As published in Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol 3, CINDASlPurdue
210 c
.-'"
1/
~Z30
10
HS.003 A242 high-strength low-alloy (HSLA) steel

sheet, stress-strain curves (expanded range)
420
'"~
175 00
140
105
70
1/
35
1/
2
150
HS.004 Fe-5Ni-Cr-Mo-V high-strength low-alloy

(HSLA) steel plate, stress-strain curve
1050
700
100
::a:'"
.;
a.
-"
'"
~
'"
ro
350
50
0.02
0.04
Strain, in.lin.
0.06
0.08
Plate thickness 50 mm (2 in.). Heat treatment: 899 oc

(1650 F), 1 h, water quenched, 816 oC (1500 F), 1 h,
water quenched, 566 oC (1050 F), 2 h, water quenched.
Tensile yield strength = 944 MPa (137 ksi); elastic
modulus = 203 GPa (29.5 x 106 psi). Composition: Fe0.IIC-5Ni-0.55Cr-0.47Mo-0.07V
Source: L.E Porter et al., "The Development of an HY 130(T) Steel
Weldment," Report 39.018-001, NOBS 88540, U.S. Steel Applied
Research Laboratory, 1 July 1966. As published in Aerospace Structural
Metals Handbook, Vol 1, Code 1216, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 21
HS.005 Microalloyed high-strength low-alloy (HSLA)

steel, compressive true stress-true plastic strain
curves at different strain rates
350
300
Rot roUed. Thermomechanical processing typicaUy

ineludes rough rolling, 1100-1240 oC (2012-2264 F),
and finish rolling, 810-900 oC (1490-1652 F), fast
cooling to 700 oC (1292 F), and air cooling. (a) Tested at
900 oC. (b) At 1200 oc. Composition: Fe-0.08C-1.3Mn0.3Si-0.2Ni-0.08V-0.05Nb-0.015P-0.008S
250
ro
o..
::;: 200
ui
'"~
Source: N.S. Mishra, in Hot Working Guide A Compendium of

Processing Maps, Y.V.R.K Prasad and S. Sasidhara, Ed., ASM International, 1997, P 337
i
(1)
:>
150
!:
100
50
O
O
0.1
0.2
(a)
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
True plastic strain
125
100/s
1O/s
1.0/s
0.1/s
0.01/s
0.001/s
0.1
(b)
0.2
0.3
True plastic strain
0.4
0.5
0.6
80
60
--
560
HS.006 A633 grade high-strength low-alloy

(HSLA) steel plate, stress-strain curve (complete
range)
-~
~
420
a..'"
:2
280
<Ji
<f)
12
18
15
Slrain, %
21
24
120
80
HS.007 Various high-strength structural steels,

typical stress-strain curves (full range)
840
-.........
/
~
,.--
~'\
A~
~~
1/
Lf
....-
700
~
- --........
A572
r-40
Source: "P1ate Se1ection Guide Book," Beth1ehem Stee1, Beth1ehem,

PA, 1985. As pub1ished in Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol 3, CINDAS/
140
20
100
Suitable for welded construction. Plate thickness =

19.05 mm (0.75 in.). Typical curve for 203.2 mm (8 in.)
test coupon. Yield strength = 435 MPa (63.1 ksi);
ultimate tensile strength =549 MPa (79.7 ksi); elongation
= 26.3%. Composition: Fe-0.2C-l.32Mn-0.32Si-0.03Nb.
UNS K12000
--.........
A36
560
ro
a.
:2
420 ui
'"
~
..J
280
140
20
0.04
0.08
0.12
Slrain, in.lin.
0.16
0.20
0.24
Comparison of structural steels with specified mnimum

tensile properties. Typical yield strengths: A36 carbon
steel, 248 MPa (36 ksi); A572 HSLA (grade 50),
345 MPa (50 ksi); A537, 276-414 MPa (40-60 ksi)
(depends on class and thickness); A514, 620 or 689 MPa
(90or 100 ksi) (depends on thickness)
Source: R.L. Brockenbrough and B.G. Johnston, USS Steel Design
Manual, Jan 1981. As pub1ished in Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol 3,
CINDASlPurdue University, 1994, p 5
HS.008 Various high-strength strudural steels,

typical initial stress-strain curves
840
120
A514
100
-------
,,-
80
A537
560
40
A36
Source: R.L. Brockenbrough and B.G. Johnston, USS Steel Design

Manual, Jan 1981. As published in Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol 3,
-t::=
A572
280
20
140
10
15
20
25
30
100
HS.009 ASTM A514 and A517, grade A high-strength

structural welded steel plate, typical tensile stressstrain curve
700
./
80
60
'00
-'"
<Ji
40
420
ro
o..
::;;
<Ji
280
140
ASTM A514 (high-strength plate suitable for welding);

or ASTM A517 (pressure-vessel pI ate ). Typical
composition, A514 grade A: Fe-O. 18C-0.95Mn-0.65Cr0.60Si-0.23Mo-0.lOZr. UNS K11856
560
"'
20
Comparison of structural steels with specified minimum

tensile properties. Typical yield strengths: A36 carbon
steel, 248 MPa (36 ksi); A572 HSLA (grade 50),
345 MPa (50 ksi); A537, 276--414 MPa (40-60 ksi)
(depends on class and thickness); A514, 620 or 689 MPa
(90or 100 ksi) (depends on thickness)
700
3
4
Source: "Evaluation of Great Lakes Steel Corp. Steel Alloy NAXTRA

100," Report A240, McDonnell Aircraft Corp., Dec 1963. As published
1994, p 9
120
100
80
/v--
I1/
20
6 O
ii
120
100
80
140
/
,
840
Compressive yield strength = 876 MPa (127 ksi);

modulus of elasticity in compression = 208 GPa (30.2 x
106 psi). Composition: varies with grade. UNS K11630,
K11576, K11646
560 ~
:2
~
~
420 ii
280
140
0.2
HS.Oll T-1 (ASTM A517, grades B, F, H) highstrength struclural steel pressure-vessel plate, typical
980
700
1/
'"
~
ii 60
1994, p 9
280
/
I
Source: "Evaluation of Great Lakes Steel Corp. Steel Alloy NAX1RA

100," Report A240, McDonnell Aircraft Corp., Dec 1963. As published
in Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol 3, CINDASlPurdue University,
Strain, 0.001 inJin.
140
ro
a.
1/
2
20
Test direction: left, longitudinal; right, transverse. Typical

for Grade A from either ASTM A514 (high-strength plate
suitable for welding), or ASTM A517 (pressure-vessel
plates). Typical composition, A514 grade A: Fe-0.18C0.95Mn-0.65Cr-0.60Si-0.23Mo-0.IOZr. UNS K11856
:2
40
700
560
1/
HS.010 A514 and A517, grade A high-strength

struclural steel plate, typical tensile stress-strain
curves
420 r
/
/
40
840
0.4
Strain, %
0.6
Source: DJ. Carney, U.S. Steel Corp., personal communication witb

W.J. Brown, 27 Jan 1972. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 8
HS.012 T-l (ASTM A517, grades B, F, H) highstrength structural steel pressure-vessel plate, typical
compressive tangent modulus curve

56_ _ _ _ _1.,...12_ _ _ _-,16_8_ _ _---,221120
160,--_ _ _----r
840
i20 ' - - - -
Compressive yield strength = 876 MPa (127 ksi);

modulus of elasticity in compression =208 GPa (30.2 x
106 psi). Composition: varies with grade. UNS K11630,
K11576, K11646
~
:::;:
80~----1----_+----~---1_1560 ~
00
00
Source: DJ. Carney, U.S. Steel Corp., personal communication with

WJ. Brown, 27 Jan 1972. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
8
16
24
250
200
.;
150
"'~"
!I)
100
50
v/
1400
1050
700
350
6
8
&.
:::;:
V
2
HS.013 AerMet 100 high-strength structural steel

bar, typical tensile stress-strain curve at room
temperature
1750
10
12
Bar thickness = ::;254 mm (::;10.000 in.). Test direction:

longitudinal (L) and short transverse (ST). Reat treated to
1930-2068 MPa (280-300 ksi). Ramberg-Osgood
parameters: n(L) = 6.8, n(ST) = 6.8. Composition: Fe0.23C-13.4Co-3.1Cr-1.2Mo-l1.1Ni
300
250
--
1---
--

temperature
2100
...
...........
.....
""
Test direction: longitudinal. Bar thickness = 127 mm

(5.000 in.). Based on one heat. Heat treated to 1930-2068
MPa (280-300 ksi). Composition: Fe-0.23C-13.4Co3.1 Cr-l.2Mo-ll.INi
1750
",
200
,,
1400
'"
a.
:2
1050 ~-
ii
100
700
50
350
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08 0.10
Slrain, inJin.
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18

bar, typical tensile stress-strain curve (full range) at
room temperature
2100
300
250
200
gf 150
~
ii
100
50
/
v
...--
1400
'"
a.
1050
700
8
6
l
:2
350
Bar thickness = :::;254 mm (:::;10.000 in.). Test direction:

longitudinal (L) and short transverse (ST). Heat treated to
parameters: n(L) = 15.9, n(ST) = 16.1. Composition: Fe0.23C-13.4Co-3.1Cr-l.2Mo-ll.1Ni
1750
10
--..~
300
250

bar, typical tensile stress-strain curve (fuI! range) at
room temperature
2450
350
2100
~.... Short
transverse
~t , ,
LOngitudin~
200
.;
Bar thickness = 127 mm (5.000 in.). Heat treated to

1999-2137 MPa (290--310 ksi). Based on one heat.
Composition: Fe-0.23C-13.4Co-3.1Cr-1.2Mo-l1.1Ni
1750

1400
X
rf.
:2
gi
1i 150
10501i
100
700
50
350
0.02
0.04
35
0.06
0.08
0.10
Strain. in./in.
250
200
gi 150
~
1i
50
0.14

70
105
140
100
0.12
0.16
HS.017 AerMet 100 high-strength strudural steel

bar, typical compressive stress-strain and
compressive tangent modulus curves at room
temperature
175
1400
rf.
:2
700
350
6
8
10
I
10
15
20
25
Bar thickness = :-::;254 mm (:-::;10.000 in.). Test direction:

longitudinal (L) and short transverse (ST). Heat treated to
1930--2068 MPa (280-300 ksi). Ramberg-Osgood
parameters: n(L) = 11, n(ST) = 12. Composition: Fe0.23C-13.4Co-3.1Cr-1.2Mo-l1.1Ni
1750
1050
0.18
30

70
105
140
35
.......
300
"; 200
""
!
en
150
100
50
90
70
60
I
V
2100
1---...........
Bar thickness =:S:254 mm (:S:1O.000 in.). Test direction:

10ngitudinal(L) and short transverse (ST). Heat treated to
parameters: n(L) = 9.6, n(ST) = 13. Composition: Fe0.23C-13.4Co-3.1Cr-1.2Mo-l1.1Ni
1750
1400 lE
:<
<Ji
en
2:!
1050
700
350
100
80
./
"'""-
250

bar, typical compressive stress-strain and
temperature
175
15
25
20
10
V-
......
-......
......
30
D~al
U.S.S.
Phase 80
'\
HS.019 U.S.S. Dual-phase 80 high-strength low-alloy

(HSLA) steel sheet, typical tensile stress-strain curve,
compared with other steels
700
630
Ultimate tensile strength =660 MPa (95 ksi). Yield

strength for coils = 340 MPa (50 ksi); for cut leve1ed
lengths = 390 MPa (56 ksi). Composition: Fe-O. 15C1.75Mn-0.75Si-0.025P-0.020S-0.02V. AH maximum
values except V which is the mnimum
560
SAE 980
490
---
--......
'\
SAE 950
420
::?E
f\
350
uj
(/)
40
280
30
210
20
140
10
70
15
25
10
20
Elongation in 2 in. (50 mm), %
30
Source: SA-352, Alloy Digest, Dec 1978
HS.020 e5 dual-phase high-strength low-alloy

(HSLA) steel sheet, log true flow stress-Iog true
plastic strain curve
2.85
2.80
f 2.75
::;
<Ji
"'
"o 2.70
<;:
Q)
.E
.3 2.65
./
2.60
2.55
-2.8
-2.5
/
I
Sheet thickness = 3 mm. Curve shows a double n

behavior with the transition at about 0.01 strain.
Composition: Fe-0.04C-1.28Si-1Mn-0.59Cr-OAOMo
Source: M.R. Krishnadev et al., Formability of the Next Generation of
High-Strength Low-Alloy Steels: The Effects of Low Temperatures and
Processing Conditions, Formability of Metallic Materials-2000 A.D.,
STP 753, J.R. Newby and B.A. Niemeier, Ed., ASTM, 1982, P 253
-1.3
-2.2
-1.9
-1.6
Log true plastic strain
-1.0
HS.021 High-strength low-alloy (HSLA) steel sheet,

comparison of nominal stress-strain curves for a
variety of alloys
700
650
AU specimens hot roUed 1.99-2.53 mm thick. Specimen

A: Si-Mn; yield strength (YS) = 519 MPa, strainhardening exponent (n) = 0.181. Specimen B: Si-Mn;
YS = 458 MPa, n = 0.188. Specimen E: Si-Mn (heat
treated); YS = 374 MPa, n = 0.223. Specimen F: Mn-Cr;
YS = 428 MPa, n = 0.144. Specimen G: Mn-Cr; YS =
453 MPa, n = 0.147. Specimen 1: Mn-N; YS = 439 MPa,
n = 0.154. Specimen J: Mn-N; YS = 484 MPa, n = 0.145.
Specimen X: conventional Nb; YS = 500 MPa, n = 0.126.
Specimen Z: commercial; YS = 300 MPa, n = 0.189
600
'"
550
a..
A
J
::;
:i
~
500
xG
B
I
F
~ 450
'E
o
z
400
E
Source: 1. Aoki, T. Horita, and T. Herai, Formability and Application of

New Hot-Rolled High-Strength Sheet Steels, Formability of Metallic
Materials-2000 A.D., STP 753, J.R. Newby and B.A. Niemeier, Ed.,
ASTM, 1982, p 239
350
300
250
Nominal strain, %
.4

comparison of tensile strength and elongation for a
variety of alloys
45,---------,---------,---------,----------
AU specimens hot roUed 1.99-2.53 mm thick. Specimen

40r--,,-----+---------1---------~--------~
A: Si-Mn; yield strength (YS) = 519 MPa, elongation

(e) = 37.5%. Specimen B: Si-Mn; YS = 458 MPa, e =
32.1 %. Specimen C: Mn (heat treated); YS = 333 MPa,

e = 32.5%. Specimen D: Mn; YS = 467 MPa, e = 23.6%.
Specimen E: Si-Mn; YS = 374 MPa, 34.3%. Specimen F:
Mn-Cr; YS = 428 MPa, e =37.3%. Specimen G: Mn-Cr;
YS = 453 MPa, e = 25.8%. Specimen H: Mn-Cr; YS =
395 MPa, e = 32.8%. Specimen 1: Mn-N; YS = 439 MPa,
e = 29.0%. Specimen J: Mn-N; YS = 484 MPa, e =
21.6%. Specimen X: conventional Nb; YS = 500 MPa,
e = 27.8%. Specimen Y: conventional Si-Mn; YS =
400 MPa, e = 31.5%. Specimen Z: commercial; YS =
300 MPa, e = 39.7%
35r---------+-------~~------~~--------~
:g
Cl
c:
a;
$ 30~--------+-----~--1-----~~~~------~
tE!
Dual phase steels

O Canventianal steels
2~00
500
700
600
800
Source: 1. Aoki, T. Horita, and T. Herai, Forrnability and Application of

New Hot-Rolled High-Strengtb Sheet Steels, Formability of Metallic
Materials-2000 A.D., STP 753, J.R. Newby and B.A. Niemeier, Ed.,
ASTM, 1982, P 233
Tensile strength, MPa
2.90 1_--+------1_-----+-------1--------1:-::7'1"'----.1
2.85 1_--+------I_-----+------~"'----;;7!"---::--:;",c_-I
2.80 f-----I------+ro
a..
::;;
uf 2. 75
~~""f'_=-------+=_.-c-_'__::
I/l
1i
~
2. 70
I---'C:.-+---------,t,...~-
0=
Q)
E
Ol
2.65 I----+----.P""f'------+------+------I_---:Jt"'--
..:l
2.60
!----+-----+------+------+-------,-JrL-----
2.55
I----+-------+------+------+~----I------
2.50 1-----+-------i------+---;tf'--+-------I-------1
-2.5
-2.2
-1.9
-1.6
Lag true plastic strain
-1.3
-1.0

log true flow stress-Iog true plastic strain curves
Experimental steels El, E4, E5, and E6 are compared
with a commercial grade. El is a weathering steel, the
other three are boron steels. C3 is a ferritic commercial
HSLA Arctic steel with copper used for precipitation
strengthening. Curve shows a double n behavior of the
aUoys strengthened with copper. Strengthening with
niobium produces single n behavior.
Source: M.R. Krishnadev et al., Forrnability of the Next Generation of
High-Strength Low-Alloy Steels: The Effects of Low Temperatures and
Processing Conditions, Formability of Metallic Materials-2000 A.D.,
STP 753, J.R. Newby and B.A. Niemeier, Ed., ASTM, 1982, P 259
300
L.-----~
250
.;
-'" 200
<
HS.024 200 high-strength maraging steel, true stressstrain curve
2450
350
----
l----
--
Heat treatment: 816 oC (1500 F), 1 h, air cooled, 482 oC

(900F), 3 h. Composition: Fe-18Ni-8.5Co-3.3Mo-0.2TiO.lAI
2100
1750
1400
u;
ID
1050
~ 150
~'"
Souree: "18% Niekel Maraging Steels," Data Bulletin, International

Niekel Co., Nov 1964, P 11. As published in Aerospace Structural
Metals Handbook, Vol 1, Code 1223, CINDASfUSAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 7
:i
~
g
100
700
50
350
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
True strain
320
HS.025 T-250 high-strength maraging steel bar,

temperatures
2240
75 F (24 OC)
Bar thickness = 16.5 mm (0.65 in.). Heat treatment: 85%

cold formed, 482 oC (900F), 4 h. Composition: Fe18.5Ni-3.0Mo-1.4Ti-0.1AI (Co free)
305 F (152 OC)

240
.;
-'"
<
'"
~
1680
917 F (492 oC)
'"
a.
:;
160
1120 <
'"
~
-1500 F (-816 OC)

80
560
~----~OL.4------~OL.8------~1L.2-------1L.6------~2.~
Strain, %
Souree: Personal eornmunieation from W.B. Austin, Hereules Ine.,

MeGregor, TX, 14 Nov 1989. As published in Aerospace Structural
Metals Handbook, Vol 1, Code 1228, CINDASfUSAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 14
160
1120
140
980
120
840
HS.026 18Ni (250) high-strength maraging steel

plate, monotonic and cyclic stress-strain curves
ro
a.
::;
.;
-'"
gf 100
700 Vi
!I)
1i
80
560
60
420
Test direction: longitudinal. Specimen size = 6.35 mm

(0.25 in.) diam, 18.03 mm (0.71 in.) long. Heat treatment:
austenitized 927 oC (1700 P), solution annealed 804 oC
(1480 P). Strain rate = 6.097 mm/min (0.24 in./min).
Test condition: monotonic tension, MT; monotonic
compression, MC; cyc1ic tension, CT; cyc1ic compression, Ce. Composition: Pe-18Ni-7.5Co-5Mo-Ti-AI
Source: W.B. Jones and J.e. Swearengen, Mechanical Stability of
U1trahigh Strength Steels, Mater. Sci. Eng., Vol 41 (No. 2), Dec 1979,
p 225-235. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
Vol 1, Code 1220, CINDASIUSAF CRDA Handbooks Operation,
4ooL----o~,1-----0,~2----0~,3----~0.-4----0~,5----0~,-6--~0,i80
Plastic strain, %
300
280
260
240
200
180
160
1//
11
L
11
/'"
~
,....-
v:-r:::: --~
".-
---
1960
1820
1680
ro
a.
::;
1540 Vi
VcT
1400
1260
11
1120
0,1
0,2
0,3
004
Plastic strain, %
0.5

2100
0,6
980
0,7
Test direction: longitudinal. Specimen size = 6.35 mm

(1480 P), aged 482 oC (900 P), 4 h, air cooled. Strain
rate = 6.097 mm/min (0.24 in./min). Test condition:
monotonic tension, MT; monotonic compression, MC;
cyc1ic tension, CT; cyc1ic compression, CC.
Composition: Pe-18Ni-7 .5Co-5Mo-Ti-Al
Source: W,B. Jones and J.C. Swearengen, Mechanical Stability of
U1trahigh Strength Steels, Mater. Sci. Eng" Vol 41 (No, 2), Dec 1979,
300 ,--.---,-----,---.--r---.,-----r---,-----, 2100

~-~---_+---~~~~~--+_----~--~1960
~--~~--+---~---~---+_---~--~1400
~~~----+---~---~---+_--~--~1260

Test direetion: longitudinaL Speeimen size = 6.35 mm
(1480 P), aged 482 oC (900 P), 8 h, air eooled. Strain
rate = 6.097 mmlmin (0.24 in./min). Test eondition:
monotonie tension, MT; monotonie eompression, MC;
eyclie tension, CT; eyclie eompression, Ce.
Composition: Pe-18Ni-7 .5Co-5Mo-Ti-Al
Source: W.B. Jones and J.e. Swearengen, Mechanical Stability of
Ultrabigh Strength Steels, Mater. Sci. Eng., Vol 41 (No. 2), Dec 1979,
Vol 1, Code 1220, CINDASfUSAF CRDA Handbooks Operation,
~--~----+--~---~---+----~--~1120
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.5
0.4
0.6
Plastic strain, %
300
250
200
r r-..
-I ~~
.;;
"'vi"
'"
~
HS.029 18Ni (250) high-strength maraging steel bar,

stress-strain curve (fuI! range)
2100
Consumable vaeuum are remelted. Heat treatment:

annealed 816 oC (1500 P), 30 min, air eooled, aged
482 oC (900 P), 3 h. Composition: Pe-18Ni-7.5Co-5MoTi-Al
1750
150
1400
8:.
:;
1050
li
~
100
700
50
350
0.02
0.04
0.06
Strain, in.lin.
0.08
0.10
0.1~
Source: "Vascomax 18 Percent Nickel Ultrabigh Strength Maraging

Steels," VASCO, Latrobe, PA, 1966. As published in Aerospace

tensile stress-strain curves at room and elevated
temperatures
300 r----,----r----,----r----,----r----,----,2100
Room temperature
250
Air melted. Heat treatment: annealed 816 oC (1500 F),

30 min, air eooled, aged 482 oC (900F), 3 h.
Composition: Fe-18Ni -7 .5Co-5Mo-Ti-Al
200
Source: "Vascomax 18 Percent Nicke1 Ultrahigh Strength Maraging

Stee1s," VASCO, Latrobe, PA, 1966. As published in Aerospace
8:
.;
'"~
::.:
150
1000 F (538 OC) 1050 gf
i'i
100
50
~---2~---4L----6L----8L---~lLO----1L2----1L4--~1;

temperatures
300 r----,----r----,----r----,----r----,----, 2100

annealed 816 oC (1500 F), 30 min, air eooled, aged
482 oC (900 P), 3 h. Composition: Pe-18Ni-7.5Co-5MoTi-Al
ro
o..
::.:
1050 gf
~
i'i
~---+--~~~~----+----+----+----+--~700
~~+----+----+----+----+----+--~ 350
6
8
10
12
14
Source: "Vascomax 18 Percent Nicke1 Ultrahigh Strength Maraging

Stee1s," VASCO, Latrobe, PA, 1966. As pub1ished in Aerospace
280r---~-----.-----.-----r-----.----~----'
HS.032 18Ni (250) high-strength maraging steel,

typical tensile stress-strain curves at room, low, and
1960
1680
Consumable vaeuum are remelted_ Reat treatment: mill

annealed 816 oc (1500 F), aged 482 oC (900F), 3 h,
Exposure time at test temperature = 0.5 h, Composition:
Fe-18Ni-7.5Co-5Mo-Ti-Al
1400
00 160~--~~--~----~~~~----~----~----1 1120~
::;:
-'"
<Ji
g
(J)
<Ji
'"
~
120~--~~--~~~~----~~~~~~~~~ 840 (J)
1000 "F (538 OC)
Source: A.E Hoenie, J.A. Lumm, RJ. Shelton, and RA Wallace,

"Determination of Mechanical Property Design Values for 18NiCoMo
250 and 300 Grade Maraging Steels," AFML-TR-65-197, July 1965.
1995, p 44
560
280
6
8
Slrain. 0.001 in.lin.
10
12
14
280~-----r-~-.-----'-----r-----,----,-----,1960
Room lemperalure
240 1----f-----i-----I---+-------:;;;>~~:::::::::=---__l1680
200~--~~--~----_+--~~--~~----,_--__11400

sheet, typical compressive stress-strain curves at
Consumable vaeuum are remelted. Reat treatment: mill
annealed 816 oC (1500 F), aged 482 oC (900F), 3 h.
Exposure time attest temperature = 0.5 h. Composition:
Fe-18Ni-7 .5Co-5Mo-Ti-Al
Source: AE Hoenie, J.A Lumm, RJ. Shelton, and RA. Wallace,
"Determination of Mechanical Property Design Values for 18NiCoMo
250 and 300 Grade Maraging Steels," AFML-TR-65-197, July 1965.
1995, p 48
80~----1~ ~~----+_----~----~--~----_1560
40~_.~----_+----_+----~----4_----+_--__4280
L---~2L---~4----~6-----8L---~1-0----~12----~1

typical stress-strain curves at room, low, and
300 - - - - , - - - - - , - - - - r - - - - r - - - , - - - - - - - , 2100
1----+----+-~7""_-+---I----f-----11750
1----+--~~~7""_-+-----I-------f------11400
ro
::;:
Il.
1-----+--#/,H--+-----+-----I-------f------1 1050 gf
~
(Ji
Test direetion: longitudinal. Consumable vaeuum are

remelted. Heat treatment: annealed, aged 482 oC
(900 P). Exposure time at test temperature = 0.5 h. RT,
room temperature. Ramberg-Osgood parameters:
n(-100 P) = 24, n(RT) = 26, n(300 P) = 29, n(600 P) =
26, n(800 P) = 11, n(lOOO P) = 11. Composition: Pe18Ni
f--~~+-----4------+-----+----~---~350

70
105
140
35
'-....
250
1-----~
1'\
150
(Ji
50
175
- 1-----
.;
100
20
1400
ro
i
::;:
1050
700

(900 P). Exposure time at test temperature = 0.5 h.
RT, room temperature. Ramberg-Osgood parameter:
n(RT, eompressive) = 22. Composition: Pe-18Ni
1750
Il.
1/
/
V

typical compressive stress-strain and tangent
modulus curves at room and elevated temperatures
210
2100
200
""<Ji
"'~
12
16
350
16
12
20
I
15
20
25
10
30

bar, typical tensile stress-strain curves at room and
350 r-----.-----,------~----,_----,_----,2450
300 ~----r_----+_----~=---+-----~----~2100
250
'"
200 ~----r_--_H~~--+_----+-----~----~1400&
::;;;
l'i
'"
~
en 150 ~----r_~~+_~--~1-00-0--F~(5-38--C~)~----~1050~

Annealed, aged 482 oC (900F). Exposure time at test
temperature = 0.5 h. RT, room temperature. RambergOsgood parameters: n(-100 F) = 19, n(RT) = 22,
n(300 F) = 17, n(600 F) = 17, n(800 F) = 12,
n( 1000 F) = 11. Composition: Fe-18Ni
100 ~--~~~--+_----+_----+-----~----~700
50 ~~~+_----+_----+_----+-----~----~350
L-____L -_ _ _ _
00
300
250
____
____
1'-,
,,
"
........
'
........
____
20
~O
24
......
'
l'i

temperature (fuI! range)
2100
200
____
12
16
Strain. 0.001 in.lin.
......
1750

(900F). Composition: Fe-18Ni
1400
ro
D..
l
::;;;
150
1050
100
700
50
350
en
0.02
0.04
0.06
Strain, in.lin.
0.08
0.10
0.12
35
........
300
250
.; 200
~
~
100
/
o

remelted. Reat treatment: annealed, aged 482 oC
(900 P). Exposure time at test temperature = 0.5 h.
RT, room temperature. Ramberg-Osgood parameter:
n(RT, eompressive) = 21. Composition: Pe-18Ni
2100
"\
1750
1400
lE
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, Oec 1998, p 2-103
::;;:
<Ji
en 150
300

bar, typical compressive stress-strain and tangent
modulus curves at room temperature
175
-----r----- ---
50

70
105
140
1050
700
350
12
16
I
5
20
24
10
15
20
25
30

bar, typical stress-strain curve
2100
r~
250
..........
--........
200
Consumable vaeuum are remelted. Reat treatment: milI

annealed 816 oC (1500 P), 0.5 h, air eooled, aged
482 oC (900 P), 3 h. Composition: Pe-18Ni-9Co-5MoTi-Al
1750
~ ..........
1400
...............
~
~ 150
o.'"
::;;:
1050 ~
U
100
700
50
350
0.02
0.04
0.06
Strain, in.lin.
0.08
0.10
0.12
Source: "Vascomax 18 Percent Nickel Ultra High Strength Maraging

Steels," VASCO, Latrobe, PA, 1966. As published in Aerospace
Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 1, Code 1225, CINOASIUSAF CROA
320
2240
280
1960

tensile stress-strain curves at room, low, and
Consumable vaeuum are remelted. Heat treatment: mill

annealed 816 oC (1500 F), 0.5 h, air eooled, aged
482 oC (900F), 3 h. Exposure time at test temperature
0.5 h. Composition: Fe-18Ni-9Co-5Mo-Ti-AI
240
1400
200
ro
::;;
Il.
<Ji 160
1120
IJ)
g
~
120
840
80
560
40
280
6
8
10
12
14
Source: A.F. Hoenie, J.A. Lumm, RJ. Shelton, and R.A. Wallace,
"Determination of Mechanical Property Design Values for l8Ni-Co-Mo
250 and 300 Grade Maraging Steels," AFML-TR-65-197, July 1965,
P 65. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 1,
Code 1225, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue
0
16
HS.041 18N i (300) high-strength maraging steel bar,

compressive stress-strain curves at room and
320r----,----,----,----,----,----,----,----,2240
Room temperature
~--_r----r_--_r----r_--_+~~~--_+--__11960
Consumable vaeuum are remelted. Heat treatment: mill

annealed 816 oC (1500 F), 0.5 h, air eooled, aged
482 oC (900F), 3 h. Exposure time at test temperature =
0.5 h. Composition: Fe-18Ni-9Co-5Mo-Ti-Al
r----r----t----+----~~~~~~~~~~1680
r----r----t----+~~~~_+----~~~~~1400
&.
l
::;;
1120
r----_r----~~_r----r_--_+----r_--_+--__1840
~--_r,.~r_--_r----r_--_+----r_--_+--__1560
~~~----r_--_r----r_--_+----r_--_+--__1280
~---~----~---L----~---L----L---~--~1~
Source: A.F. Hoenie, J.A. Lumm, RJ. Shelton, and R.A. Wallace,
"Determination of Mechanical Property Design Values for 18Ni-Co-Mo
250 and 300 Grade Maraging Steels," AFML-TR-65-197, July 1965,
p 65. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 1,
HS.042 17-22A(S) ultrahigh-strength steel sheet,

temperatures
12or---------,_------~,_--------,_------__,840

(0.062 in.). Heat treatment: 954 oC (1750 P), 0.25 h, oil
quenched, tempered 704 oC (1300 P), 1 h. Exposures at
temperature = 0.5-1000 h. Composition: Pe-0.3C-1.3Cr0.5Mo-0.25V UNS K14675
100~--------~--------~----~--~------__4700
I~-_+-Room
temperature
li
600F (316 oC)

80 1------1---j'-=::::;;~=:;*';=:.:-.806 F (427 OC)
400F (204 oC)
560
I
60 f_--------t-H.'hI''---------=...-=7----1-00-0-0,F-'-(5-3-8-0C--')-------j 420
en~
Source: J.R. Kattus, J.B. Preston, and H.L. Lessley, "Deterrnination of

Tensile, Compressive, Bearing, and Shear Properties of Sheet Steels at
Elevated Temperatures," WADC Technical Report 58-365, Nov 1958.
As published in Aerospace Structural M etals Handbook, Vol 1, Code
1210, CINDASIUSAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
1995, p 8
!
~
i'i
40f_-----h~f_--------f_--------f_-----------j280
20f_~~----f_--------f_--------f_-----------j140
0L---------2~--------4~--------6~------~80
HS.043 300M ultrahigh-strength steel bar, tensile

stress-strain curves at room and low temperatures
320 ,...------,------,-------,_----,------,-----__, 2240
280
f-.-----+_-----+------t__----+_------l;;;~--=--
1960
240
........----+_----_+------~--____:#'~",=-t7l_----j
1680
Bar thickness = 25.4 mm (1 in.). Heat treatment: 871C

(1600 P), 4 h, oil quenched, 316 oC (600 P), 4 + 4 h.
Composition: Pe-0.4C-l.8Ni-l.6Si-0.8Cr-0.4Mo-V
200........----+_----_+------~~~+-----_+------j1400
~'"
t)
.:
en
li
160 f-.-----+_-----+--~~t__----+_-----+---------j 1120 .;

m
~
120f-.-----+_----.l.~----t__----+_-----+---------j840
80........----+_~~_+------~----+_----_+------j560
40........--~+_----_+------~----+_----_+----__4280
Source: S.L. Pendleberry, R.E Simeng, and E.K. Walker, "Fracture

Toughness and Crack Propagation of 300M Steel," Technical Report
DS-68-18, Contract FA67-WA-1812, Lockheed-California Co., Aug
1968. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 1,
Code 1217, CINDASIUSAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue
160
.;
-'"
<Ji
120
'"~
80
40
HS.044 9Ni-4Co-O.20C ultrahigh-strength steel plate,

stress-strain curves with effect of tempering
temperatures
1400
200
I--B
1120
840
560
8:
::;<
4
6
10
1400
175
1225
150
1050
125
875
.;
-'"
HS.045 9Ni-4Co-O.20C ultrahigh-strength forged

steel bar, compressive stress-strain curves at room
'"
a.
::;<
gf 100
700 <Ji
'"~
U
75
525
50
350
25
175
Source: A.H. Rosenstein, M.R. Oross, W.O. Schreitz, and O.A. Wacker,
"Metallurgical Investigation of 9Ni-4Co-.2C Steel," Report 2678, Naval
Research and Development, July 1968. As published in Aerospace
280
200
O
O
Plate thickness = 25.4 mm (1 in.). Consumable electrode

vacuum process, carbon deoxidation (CEVM (C-deox)).
Heat treatment: 913 oc (1675 F), 1 h, air cooled, 843 oC
(1550 F), 1 h, oil quenched + tempered, 2 h, air cooled.
Tempered at: curve A, 538 and 566 oC (1000 and 1050
F); curve B, 482 oC (900F). Composition: Fe-0.20C9Ni-4Co-Cr-Mo-V
10
12
Test direction: transverse. Bar size = 57.15 x 152.4 x

213.36 mm (2.25 x 6 x 84 in.). Heat treatrnent: 899 C
(1650F), 1 h, air cooled, 816 oC (1500 F), 1 h, oil
quenched, tempered 552 oC (1025 F), 6 h, air cooled.
Composition: Fe-0.20C-9Ni-4Co-Cr-Mo-V
Source: O.L. Deel and H. Mindlin, "Engineering Data on New
Aerospace Structural Materials," AFML-TR-72-196, Vol n, Sept 1972.
1995, p 65

typical tensile stress-strain curves at room and
250 r - - - - , - - - - - , - - - - - - - - , - - - . - - - - - - , , - - - - - , 1750
~--+----4----~--_+--~~--~1400
~---+---+--+~_=~=+--_I------l1050
Test direction: longitudinal and long transverse. Plate

thickness = 25.4-101.6 mm (1.000-4.000 in.). RT, room
temperature. Exposure at temperature = 0.5 h. RambergOsgood parameters: n(RT) = 14, n(700 F) = 13,
n(900 F) =7.7. Composition: Fe-9Ni-4Co-0.20C
ui
r---7~---,r----T---+----r----1350
__~~--~----~----~-----L----~o
2
10
12
Strain, 0,001 in./in,

typical compressive stress-strain curves at room and
250 0;:-_ _3;:5~_-.:.70=___~10~5~---.:1:.;.40=---_.:.;17-=5--_=.;21 750
Test direction: longitudinal and long transverse. Plate

thckness = 25.4-101.6 mm (1.000-4.000 in.). RT, room
temperature. Exposure at temperature =0.5 h. RambergOsgood parameters: n(RT) = 15, n(700 F) = 12,
n(900 F) = 9.0. Composition: Fe-9Ni-4Co-0.20C
Room temperature
Room temperature
200 1---+-=~-=-+----+------b......".=-_I-------l1400
1050
150
ro
'00
C.
(1)
ui
(1)
"'ui"
jg
rJ)
700
100
501--~~---+---~---+--~-I~--~350
00
10
12
20
25
30
I
O
10
15
280
1960
240
-110F (-79 OC) 1680
200
1400
1120/f
::;:
'00 160
-'"
''""
~
HS.048 9Ni-4Co-O.30C ultrahigh-strength forged

steel billet, typical compressive stress-strain curves
at various temperatures
120
840
80
560
40
280
6
8
Strain. 0.001 in./in.
''""
~
Source: D.F. Bulloch, T.W. Eichenberger, and J.L. Guthrie, "Evaluation

of the Mechanical Properties of 9Ni-4Co Steel Forgings," AFML
Contract AF 33615-67-C-1724, AFML TR 68-57, The Boeing Co.,
March 1968. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
O
12
10
HS.049 9Ni-4Co-O.30C ultrahigh-strength steel hand

forging, typical compressive stress-strain and
compressive tangent modulus curves at various
temperatures
0
300 ;...---=r----=r---:,.'-------'..,.=--...:....:'---'---;:.::.-_.:..r_-=;22~1 00
Porging thickness = 76.2 mm (3.000 in.). Por all

directions. Exposure at temperature = 0.5 h. RT, room
temperature. Ramberg-Osgood parameters: n(-110 P) =
11, n(RT) = 12, n(300 P) = 12, n(500 P)= 10.
Composition: Fe-9Ni-4Co-0.30C
*--,::;;;1,......,,"--+----11750
1400
ro
a.
::;:
!--+----+........,V''I---+---=l'''''--=-+-'''''''''-+-Y..--I1050 gf
~---2~-~4~-~6--~8--1LO-~1L2-~14~~1~
12
16
20
24
Compressive tangent modulus. 106 psi
Test direction: longitudinal, long transverse, and short

transverse. Billet size = 76.2 x 228.6 x 609.6 mm (3 x 9
x 24 in.). Consumable electrode vacuum process, carbon
deoxidation (CEVM (C-deox. Heat treatment: 871927 oC (1600-1700 P), 1 h, air cooled, 621 14 oC
(1150 25F), x h min, 843 14 oC (1550 25 P),
1 h, oil quenched, -73 oC (-100 P), 2 h, 510 14 oC
(950 25 P), 2 + 2 h, air cooled. Curves based on
average of 3 heats.
28
32
300
250
200
~
'1
-111J.cl
-
--
p-
=-:z
:::::
V70 'F (21
'C)
...... ~ / 300 'F (149 ~C)
..~ .......
~............
...... " ......~

500 'F (260 .C) . . .
~
~ 150
~
.............
2100

forging, typical tensile stress-strain curves (full
range) at various temperatures
1750
Test direction: longitudinal. Forging thickness

(3,000 in,), Exposure at temperature = 0,5 h .
1400
~~
......
ii
a.
"
:2
1050
50
350
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
0.14
0.16
'X
700
0.04

ro
100
0.02
= 76,2 mm
0.18
S!rain, in./in.
300
-111J.cl
250
0
,-
200
't
f---
;::::.
--
C~
--~
!J)
~~I~"""
....... r-......"'-::~
500 'F (260 C)......
'i
"'<Ji"
70 'F (21 'C)

' ........... k300 'F (149 'C)
"X
~~~ ~
2100

1750
Test direction: long transverse. Forging thickness = 76.2

mm (3.000 in.). Exposure at temperature =0.5 h.
1400
~
:2
1050 ~
150
ii
100
700
50
350
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
S!rain, in./in.
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
300
250
200
lo"""
-I1LJ.Cl
......
--
-:::.~
....-:::
".:zp F (21C)

1750
Test direction: short transverse. Exposure at temperature

=0.5 h. Composition: Fe-9Ni-4Co-0.30C
K~O F (149 OC)
::::::Z::r-... "-

1400
-~::::::::: ........~
"
2100
500F (260 OC) ......
........,
................
~~
lE
1050
100
700
50
350
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
Strain, in./in.
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
300
2100
250
1750
Longitudinal
200
HS.053 AF141 O ultrahigh-strength steel bar, typical

tensile stress-strain curves at room temperature
Bar thickness = ::;107.95 mm (~.250 in.). RambergOsgood parameters: n(longitudinal) = 11, n(short
transverse) = 9.1. UNS K92571
~ngitudinal
1400
VShort transverse
gf 150
/
/
1i
100
50
tu
a.
::!:
1050 gf
~
700
350
6
8
10
12
14
g
::!:
300

140
168
56
84
112
28
......
250
........
'"/
200
.;
-'"
<Ji
m 150
100
50
~c
196
/Sh~ transver~
1400
~~
~
12
6
8
10
20
24
16
8
12
6
14
I
28
32
HS.055 D6A, D6AC ultrahigh-strength steel plate,

typical stress-strain curves at room and elevated
temperature
1750
r
/
200
150
Room temperature
-:J
i'
100
1400
250 "F (121 "C)
1050
/I
700
350
ro
o..
:2:
<Ji
Ij
2
gf
350
250
50
'"
o..
:2:
1050
700
.;
-'"
<Ji
Bar thickness = ::;107.95 mm (::;4.250 in.). RambergOsgood parameters: n(longitudinal) = 9.0, n(short
transverse) = 10. UNS K92571
1750
HS.054 AF141 O ultrahigh-strength steel bar, typical

compressive stress-strain and compressive tangent
22~100
10
12
D6A, air melted; D6AC, consumable electrode vacuum

melted (CVM). Heat treatment: 899 oc (1650 F), 1 h,
solution quenched, 204 oC (400F), 10 min, air cooled,
604 oC (1120 F), 4 h, air cooled. Composition: Fe0.46C-1.0Cr-1.0Mo-0.55Ni. UNS K24728
Source: Private Cornmunication, G.R. Sipple, General Motors Allison
Division with W.F. Brown, Jr., 1965. As published in Aerospace
Structural Metals Handbook, Vo11, Code 1213, CINDAS/USAF CRDA
HS.056 Transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP)

high-strength steel plate, engineering stress-strain
curves at 25 oC of alloy deformed at 450 oC and
martensite volume versus strain
300
(2100 l
250
(1750
ro
a.
5
~'"
l~
./
200
(1400 l
150
~ (1050
e
"5j
--
(J)
.g>
w
/'
\1
100
~
/"
100
(700 l
I
50
(350 l
...-....
,,/
....
"....
",
,," "
f,-----
,,"
r2
75
----1V
..............
---
2V
25
Test direction: longitudinal. Curve 1: hot forged to 9.525

mm (0.375 in.). Plate then austenitized at 1200 oC, 3 h, in
4% H atmosphere, brine quenched, and flat roUed 80% to
1.905 mm (0.075 in.) at 450 oC. Curve 2: hot forged to
2.54 mm (0.10 in.) with similar treatment and reduced to
1.905 mm (0.075 in.) (20%) at 450 oC. Test specimen
size = 3.175 x 1.905 x 25.4 mm (0.125 x 0.075 x 1 in.)
gage length. Curve IV and 2V: vol% martensite versus
strain curve for these alloys. Composition: Fe-9Cr-8Ni3Mn-3Si-4Mo-0.25C
Source: G.R. Chanani, S.D. Antolovich, and w.w. Gerberich, Fatigue
Crack Propagation in Trip Steels, Metal!. Trans., Vol 3, Oct 1972,
P 2664
",'"
",
0.2
0.1
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
Strain

high-strength steel plate, engineering stress-strain
curves at 25 oC of alloy deformed at 250 oC and
martensite volume versus strain
300
(2100l
250
(1750
ro
a.
lf\- _
200
(1400 l
:z
~ 150
~ (1050l r e
"5j
----
------
(J)
.g>
w
100
(700 l
I
50
(350 l
,,"
,"'~
100
'2
75
----1V
...."
"
"
",
"",'"
I
I
",,,/
\1
-_."",,;
!.-- ----~
0.1
0.2
",'"
...
- ---
2V
25
,,',,/
0.3
8train
0.4
0.5
0.6
Test direction: longitudinal. Curve 1: hot forged to

9.525 mm (0.375 in.). Plate then austenitized at 1200 oC,
3 h, in 4% H atmosphere, brine quenched, and flat rolled
80% to 1.905 mm (0.075 in.) at 250 oc. Curve 2: hot
forged to 2.54 mm (0.10 in.) with similar treatment and
reduced to 1.905 mm (0.075 in.) (20%) at 250 oc. Test
specimen size = 3.175 x 1.905 x 25.4 mm (0.125 x 0.075
x 1 in.) gage length. Curve IV and 2V: vol% martensite
versus strain curve for these alloys. Composition: Fe-9Cr8Ni-3Mn-3Si-4Mo-0.25C
Source: G.R. Chanani, S.D. Antolovich, and W.W. Gerberich, Fatigue
Crack Propagation in Trip Steels, Metal!. Trans., Vol 3, Oct 1972,
P 2664
HS.058 Fe-8.4Cr-8.4Ni transformation-induced

plasticity (TRIP) high-strength steel strip, stress-strain
and Hall voltage output-strain curves
TRIP steels can be used as strain sensors. (a) Roomtemperature stress-strain curves for specimens as wrought
(0%), 20, 40, 60, and 80% reduction at 450 oC warm
rolling. The magnetic properties of the material change
irreversibly as austenite to martensite transformation
occurs. (b) As the magnetic susceptibility changes
dramatically, an accurate history of the peak strain can be
derived from the Hall effect voltages shown on lower
curves. Composition: Fe-8.4Cr-8.4Ni-2.1Mn-0.26C
Source: J.S. Dunning, Characterization of TRIP Steels as Strain Monitor
Materials, Microstructural Science, Vol 25, Proc. 30th Annual Technical
Meeting of the Intemational Metallographic Society, IMS & ASM
Intemational, July 1997, p 417
oo
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
Strain, m/m
(a)
3.6
80%
3.0
>
S
-5o 1.6 f----+-+_-+.F--+--,J-----::~"--+_---+------j
ro
I
1.2 f---+-----j4--:h.?--+---f-----+_---+------j
0.05
(b)
0.10
0.15
Strain, m/m
0.20
0.25
0.30
1200,------,-----,------,------,------,------,
1000~----~----~------~-----+--~~~----~
800
ro
[l.
:2
<Ji
'"
'"
600

high-strength steel strip, true stress-strain curves
with effect of niobium content
Strip tbickness = 2 mm. After 60% rolling reduction, tests

were conducted with 0.8 mm sheet. Material was
annealed, 780 oC, 180 s, transformed, 400 oC, 400 s.
Niobium adds about 15 MPa strength/O.Ol % without
significantly changing the shape of curve. Curve 1,0%
Nb; curve 2, 0.02% Nb; curve 3, 0.04% Nb.
Composition: Fe-O. 17C-1.4Mn-1.5Si + Nb as shown
Source: K. Hulka, W. Bleck, and K. Papamantellos, Re1ationship
between Heat Treatment Conditions, Microstrncture, and Properties of
Niobiurn Microal1oyed TRIP Stee1, 41st Mechanical Working and Steel
Processing Con! Proc., Vo137, Iron & Stee1 Society, 1999, p 75
Q)
400
200
0.10
0.05
0.20
0.15
0.25
0.30
True strain
Temperature, oC
1050
160
967
883
800
717
140
.1
120
/:
:2
.;
80
"l
(])
~ 60
40
20
:7'
0.05
0.10
r
Va'"
;/
ro 100
Il..
550
633
0.15
0.20
This type of test examines transformation behavior. Note

portion of curve with negative slope indicating material
has softened. Other less dramatic slope changes exist and
indicate other transformations. Cooling rate = 0.5 oC/s.
Strain rate = 0.0003/s. Composition: steel A, Fe-0.22Cl.55Mn-1.55Si-0.035Nb-0.028AI (N, 20-40 ppm); steel
B, Fe-O. 19C-1.54Mn-1.50Si-0.024AI (N, 20-40 ppm)
Source: A.Z. Hanzaki, R. Pandi, P.D. Hadgson, and S. Yue, Continuous
Cooling Deforrnation Testing of Stee1s, Metal/. Trans. A, Vol 24A,
Dec 1993, p 2661
True strain

high-strength steel, continuous-cooling compression
true stress-strain curves
0.25
0.30
Temperature, 'C
967
883
800
717
550
633
This type of test examines transformation behavior. Note

portion of curve with negative slope indicating material
has softened. Other less dramatic slope changes exist and
indicate other transformations. Cooling rate =0.5 oC/s.
Strain rate = 0.0003/s. Composition: steel C, Fe-0.l45C1.50Mn-1.55Si-0.027Al (N, 20-40 ppm); steel D, Fe0.18C-1.50Mn-0.93Si-0.024Al (N, 20-40 ppm); steel E,
Fe-0.21C-1.50Mn-1.10Si-0.027Al (N, 20-40 ppm)
140
IL
120
g:
1/
100
:2
i
~ 80
ft
t="
:>
60
40
20
0.05
P
~
0.10
l)D
~
1\.
/c
Source: AZ. Hanzaki, R. Pandi, P.D. Hadgson, and S. Yue, Continuous

Cooling Deforrnation Testing of Steels, Metall. Trans. A, Vol 24A,
Dec 1993, p 2661
?'
0.15
True strain
0.20
0.25

high-strength steel, continuous-cooling compression
true stress-strain curves
0.30
5tainless 5teel (55)/161
Stainless Steel (SS)

200r---~r----.-----.-----r-----r----,-----,1400
- - Longitudinal
- - Transverse
SS.OOl 201 stainless steel, stress-strain curves
showing effect of cold work

Test direction: longitudinal and transverse. Composition:
Fe-17Cr-6.5Mn-4.5Ni. UNS S20 100
150~----~--~-----+-.~~----~----~--~
1050
Source: P.D. Harvey, Engineering Properties of Stee/, American Society

for Metals, 1982
875
i 100 ~----l----Il:"'~~~~-+=__-+,""",,~::I==---:-- 700 "'",10% Cold work
al
75~--~~~~~---+-----+----~----4---~525
350
~~-4-----+----4-----t---~-----+--~175
L-----2L---~4----~6----~8-----1~0----~12~--~1;
SS.002 201 stainless steel sheet, tensile and
450

400
350
4-:'"'
",.'
Q'
300
/ ' ...
h'
tY,/
t,/'
,
ro
~ 250
ui
'"
~ 200
rn
50
'
...
--- ---
VLT
..-'-'LC
v.'
/
Six tests were made in each orientation on cold-rolled

specimens. Curves: LT, longitudinal tensile; LC,
longitudinal compressive; TT, transverse tensile; TC:
transverse compressive. Elastic modulus: LT, 195.7 GPa;
TT, 196.7 GPa; LC, 189.7 GPa; TC, 197.0 GPa. Yield
strength (0.2%): LT, 359.6 MPa; TT, 383.1 MPa; LC,
295.8 MPa; TC, 380.2 MPa. Ultimate tensile strength: LT,
745 MPa; TI, 730 MPa. Composition: Fe-17Cr-6.5Mn4.5Ni. UNS S20100
Source: P. Van Der Merwe and G.J Van Den Berg, The Advantages of
Using Cr-Mn Steels Instead of Cr-Ni Steels in Cold-Formed Design,
High Manganese High Nitrogen Austenitic Stee/s, R.A. Lula, Ed., Conf.
Proc., 10-15 Oct 1987 (Cincinnati, OH) and 2-4 Nov 1992 (Chicago,
IL), ASM Intemational, 1992, p 129
~,
150
100
TI .......,.".
?r:pi'"~
T~
/'
1/
Strain x 0.001
162/Stainless Steel (SS)
200
180
160
140
./
120
A ~ /f
le
1260
1120
~1
980
840
60
40
V:I
f
700 ,
'"~
20
0.2
f
f
f
f
140
0.8
0.6
Strain, in./in.
(2 in. gage)
1.0
1.2
1.4
3 ______
400
./
350
,/
~ 250
~ 200
(/)
b/--
150
50
r-
/'
:i
100
/
/ / -----
al
1/
Source: E.R. Cunningham, Cold Forming Stainless Steels and Other

Specialty Grades, Source Book on Cold Forming, American Society for
Metals, 1975, p 126
280
450
300
Comparison of true stress-strain for coiled strips of

ferritic (434) and austenitic (201, 301) alloys. Higher
work-hardening rates of austenitic grades indicate
improved deep-drawing capability. Localized reduction,
necking, is retarded. Vertical dashed lines are the points
of maximum uniform strain, aboye which the localized
deformation takes place. The load corresponding to this
point is the maximum load .
420
I
f
f
f
0.4
560
f
f
f
f
f
f
al
a.
:2
4~4
80
SS.003 201, 301, 434 stainless steel sheet, stressstrain curves used in case study
1400
----
...!-~
1/
Strain x 0.001
SS.004 201-1, 201-2, 301, 304 stainless steel

sheet, compressive stress-strain curves for various
annealed alloys
Test direction: longitudinal. Curve 1, types 201-1, 301,
304. Curve 2, type 201-2. Curve 3, type 205. lnitial
elastic modulus = 193 GPa, all curves. Longitudinal
compressive yield strength: type 201-1, 185 MPa; type
201-2,280 MPa; type 205, 405 MPa; type 301, 185 MPa;
type 304, 185 MPa
Using Cr-Mn Steels Instead of Cr-Ni Steels in Cold-Formed Design,
High Manganese High Nitrogen Austenitic Steels, KA. Lula, Ed., Conf.
Prac., 10-15 Oct 1987 (Cincinnati, OH) and 2-4 Nov 1992 (Chicago,
IL), ASM Intemational, 1992, p 130
Stainless Steel (SS)/163
55.005 202 (UN5 520200) annealed stainless

steel bar, stress-strain curves at room and
low temperatures
300r---~--'--r-r~--'----r-.-'-r---r---'--r-,,2100
200~------------+--------------r--~~7-----~
Bar diameter = 6.426 mm (0.253 in.). Composition: Fe18Cr-8.75Mn-5Ni. UNS S20200
100~------~--~~~----------~----~-------1700
ro
gf 80
560 gf
Souree: CJ. Gunter and R.P. Reed, "Meehanieal Properties of Four

Austenitie Stainless Steels at Temperatures between 300 and 20 K,"
National Bureau of Standards, Cryogenie Engineering Laboratory, 1960.
As published in Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol 2, CINDASIUSAF
CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1994, p 51
80F (27 OC) 420
60
~F-~~------+---~---------r------------~280
~L-----------+--------------r------------~210
0.1
Strain, in.lin.
80
Iitudina~t----V
Lon
70
1//
560
SS.006 21-6-9 annealed stainless steel,

490
Test direction: longitudinal and transverse. Composition:

Fe-Iow C-20.25Cr-9Mn-6.5Ni-0.28N. UNS S21900
420
Souree: "Armeo 21-6-9 Stainless Steel," Produet Data Broehure S-26e,

Armeo Steel Corp., Baltimore, MD, Apri11969. As published in
Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1314, CINDAS/
USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 18
,/ Transverse
60
)~'
50
30
20
10
350
/
V
ro
[L
::;
280 ui
Ul
en
210
140
70
80
--II
-----k::::
70
50
/t V -
30
10
SS.007 21-6-9 annealed stainless steel sheet, stressstrain curves at room and elevated temperatures
490
Test direction: longitudinal. Composition: Fe-20.25Cr9Mn-6.5Ni-O.28N. UNS S21900
420
Source: O. Deel, P. Ruff, and H. Mindlin, "Engineering Data on New

Aerospace Structural Materials;' AFML TR-73-1l4, AD:762305,
Battelle Columbus Laboratories, Columbus, OH, June 1973. As
published in Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol 2, CINDASIUSAF CRDA
Room temperature
/'
60
20
560
350
- 700 0,F (371C)

900F (482 OC)
280
400
ro
(204 OC)
o..
:2
<Ji
210
140
70
8
6
10
SS.008 21-6-9 annealed stainless steel sheet, stressstrain curves at room and elevated temperatures
70,------,------,------,------,-------,-----,490
Room temperature
Test direction: transverse. Composition: Fe-20.25Cr9Mn-6.5Ni-0.28N. UNS S21900
60~-----+~----+------+------1-------~----~420
50~----~----~------~----_+------+_----~350
400F (204 OC)

.;
40
""
_-..-_ 700F (371C)

I_ _- - - - 900 (482 OC)
(J)
:2
<Ji
.......~+------+------+-----f___--~ 280 &
f.----+-+~
gf
210 l
30
20f___~~_r---+_-----+------i-----~------~140
10~~--_r------+------+------~----~------~70
L------2L-----~4------~6------~8------1~0----~1~
Source: O. Deel, P. Ruff, and H. Mindlin, "Engineering Data on New

Aerospace Structural Materials," AFML TR-73-114, AD:762305,
Battelle Columbus Laboratories, Columbus, OH, June 1973. As
published in Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol 2, CINDASIUSAF CRDA
Slainless Sleel (SS)/165
225
200
175
150
SS.009 21-6-9 stainless steel, stress-strain curves at

room and low temperatures
1750
250
/'
//
x -42 F (-26b OC)

1575
\
/"'l
Composition: Pe-20.25Cr-9Mn-6.5Ni-0.28N. UNS

S21900
-320 1F (-196 OC)
...-
1400
1225
f/
1050",
o..
:2
875
.----
100
75
50
/"
Room temperature
"'
~-
<Ji
700
1*
Source: M.B. Kasen, R.E. Schramm, and D.T. Read, "Semi-Annual

Report of Materials Research in Support of Super Conducting
Machinery," ARPA Order-2569, AD-B063554, National Bureau of
Standards, Cryogenics Division, Boulder, CO, Oct 1976. As published
in Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol 2, CINDAS/USAF CRDA
525
350
175
25
0.1
0.3
0.2
0.5
0.4
0.6
0.7
Strain
250
;.
200
150
~
~-'2L <-l.e)
,-
-~
-107F (-77 OC)
1050",
...........
--- ---
o..
:2
-T' ~
\
<Ji
"Room temperature
50
'"
700
350
10
20
Specimens annealed 1050 oC (1922 P), 2 h. Hydrogen

charged 573 oC (1063 P), 14 days, 69 MPa (10 ksi) H2
Strain rate =0.00045/s. Composition: Pe-low C-20.25Cr9Mn-6.5Ni-0.28N. UNS S21904
1400
~ --ro
IY'
," ~
100
I" V
<Ji
'"~
---- H, charged
l'
SS.010 21-6-9 stainless steel plate, stress-strain

behavior of uncharged and hydrogen-charged alloys
at room and low temperatures
1750
-1_ _ 1unCha1rged
30
40
50
Strain, %
60
70
80
90
Source: J .H. Holbrook and AJ. West, The Effect of Temperature and
Strain Rate on the Tensile Properties of Hydrogen-Charged 304L,
21-6-9, and JBK 75, Proc. Hydrogen Effects in Metals, 26-31 Aug 1980
(Moran, WY), TMS/AIME, 1981, P 655-663. As published in
180
1260
SS.Oll 301 stainless steel sheet and strip, stressstrain curves at different tempers
160
1120
Test direction: longitudinal and transverse. Curves:

LT, longitudinal tensile; LC, longitudinal compressive;
TT, transverse tensile; TC: transverse compressive.
Composition: Fe-18Cr-8Ni. UNS S30100
140
Y,
hard
120
'00
-'"
<Ji
'"~
Ci
980
840
100
Y. hard
TI
700
g
t\l
<Ji
(/)
80
560 C/)
~
60
420
Annealed
Le
Souree: M. Watter and R.A. Lineoln, "Strength of Stainless Steel

Struetural Members as Funetion of Design," Allegheny Ludlum Steel
Corp., 1950. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
Vo12, Code 1301, CINDASfUSAF CRDA Handbooks Operation,
280
140
o
SS.012 301 stainless steel sheet, stress-strain curves

at different tempers
280,------,------,--, .------,-------,---,1960
Test direction: longitudinal and transverse. Sheet and

strip cold roUed to fuU hard and extra-hard tempers.
Curves: LT, longitudinal tensile; LC, longitudinal
compressive; TT, transverse tensile; TC: transverse
compressive. Composition: Fe-18Cr-8Ni. UNS S30100
~----~------~--~1680
~----~------~_?~1400
~ 160~----~~~--~~-4
~----~----~~---;1120~
:2
<Ji
C/)120~-----H~~--~--~
~----~~~~~---;840
~--~~------+-~560
~~---r------+-~280
L -_ _ _ _-L______
4
8
L-~o
o
Ci
Souree: "High Strength Cold Rolled Stainless Steels," Data Sheet,

Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corp., 1958. As published in Aerospace
SS.013 301 stainless steel sheet, tensile stress-strain

curves at various temperatures
2oor-------~------,-------,_------_r------_,1400
Average of longitudinal and transverse. Top: 0.508 mm

(0.020 in.) sheet full hard, 40% reduction. Bottom:
0.813 mm (0.032 in.) sheet full hard, stress relief 427 oC
(800F), 8 h. Composition: Fe-18Cr-8Ni. UNS S30100
160~------+-------4-------~-----7~------~1120
400F (204 oC
Source: "High Strength Cold Rolled Stainless Steels;' Data Sheet,

600 F (316 oC)
40r---__~~~~~~------_r------_r------_1280
~------~------~-------L-------L
______
~O
r-------~------,_------,_------_r------~1400
840
c..
'"
00
-'"
,;
:2
'"
~
,;
'"
560
4
6
en
28o,---------,---------,---------,---------,196o

curves at various temperatures and exposure times
60% cold-reduced sheet, 1.27 mm (0.050 in.) thick.
200~--------~--------~~~~~--~~~~--~1400
I----------+---------~
Source: M.M. Lemcoe and A. Trevim, Jr., "Detennination of the Effects

of Elevated Temperature Materials Properties of Several High
Temperature Alloys," ASD-TDR-61-529, June 1962. As published in
560
40~~~~--+_--------+_--------_r--------~280
0~--------~4----------~8----------1L2--------~1~

curves at room and low temperatures
280,---------,----------,---------,---------, 1960
-420 F (-251C)
Extra hard cold-rolled sheet, 1.524 mm (0.060 in.) thick.

1680
200~--------+-------~~--~~--~--~--~~
1400
~160~--------+---~--~~~------~--------~ 1120~
:2
'"
IJ)
ro120~--------~~------_r--------_i--------~
840
80~----~~~--------~--------~------~
560
40~-h~----~--------~--------~------~
280
OL---------L---------L---------~------~
12
0
16
Source: L.P. Rue, J.E. Campbell, and W.F. Sirnmons, "The Evaluation
and the Effects of Very Low Temperatures on the Properties of Aircraft
and Missile Metals," WADD-TR-60-254, Feb 1960. As published in

2240
320
Average of longitudinal and transverse. Top: sheet extra

hard, 65% reduction. Bottom: extra hard, stress relief
399 oc (750 P), 8 h. Composition: Pe-18Cr-8Ni. UNS
S30100
Room temperature
1680
240
ro
.;;
-'"
vi
en 160
c..
:;
1120
:Z
~
560
80
1200 'F (649 'C)
2240
320
Room temperature
1680
240
ro
c..
:;
vi
en 160
1120
:Z
1000 'F (538 'C) 560
80
1200 'F (649 'C)
00
4
6
Stran, 0.001 n./n.
O
10
Source: "High Strength Cold Rolled Stainless Steels," Data Sheet,

24or-------,-------~------~------~------~1680
1120
160
1
2
3
54
u)
U)
160
ro
u)
u)
U)
~
en
3
.;
4
5
""u)
'"~
1680
240
1120
(a)
4
6
""u)
u)
'" '"~
10
1120
.;
:;;;
_ _ _ _ _ _L __ _ _ _~~_ _ _ _~_ _ _ _ _ _~_ _ _ _ _ _~O
ro
o..
560
u)
'"
~
1
2
80
ro
o..
:;;;
560
80
1
2
160
1120
1680
240
o..
:;;; ~
U)
560
80
240r-------~------,_------_r------_,------_.1680
ro
o..
:;;;
u)
CJ)
560
80
en
~------L-----~------~------~------~O
(b)
4
6
10
55.017 301 stainless steel sheet, compressive stress-strain curves at room and elevated temperatures
(a) Full hard sheet. Top: longitudinal; bottom: transverse. (b) Full hard sheet, stress relief 427 oC (800F), 8 h. Top: longitudinal;
bottom: transverse. Curve 1, room temperature; curve 2, 204 oC (400F); curve 3, 316 oC (600F); curve 4,427 oC (800F);
curve 5, 538 oC (1000 F). Composition: Fe-18Cr-8Ni. UNS S30100
Source: "High Strength Cold Rolled Stainless Steels," Data Sheet, Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corp., 1958. As published in Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol 2,
CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1994, p 30
,.----,-----,-----------,----,1680
2 4 o , . - - - - , . - - - - , . - - - - - , - - - - - - - - - - - - - , 1680
.;
1120
160
'"
a.
-"
::;
ui
en
ui
en
560
80
en
1120
.;
ui
en
ui
en
560
O~--~----L---~------L----~O
~---L----L--_~
3 2 0 . . . - - - - - , . - - - - - , - - - - - , - - - - - - - - - - - , 2240
.;
'"
g 160
1120:
en
80
560
~---2L----4L---~6~--~8---~1~
_ _ _~_ _ _~O
1680
240
a.
-"
320 , . - - - - , - - - - , - - - - - , - - - - - - - - - - - , 2240
1680
240
'"
a.
::;
-"
'"
a.
::;
1120 ui
g 160
en
~
80
560
~---2L---~4~--~6---~8---~1~
(b)
SS.018 301 stainless steel sheet, compressive stress-strain curves at room and elevated temperatures
(a) Extra hard sheet. Top: longitudinal; bottom: transverse. (b) Extra hard sheet, stress relief 399 oC (750 P), 8 h.
Top: longitudinal; bottom: transverse. Curve 1, room temperature; curve 2, 204 oC (400 P); curve 3, 316 oC (600 P); curve 4,
427 oC (800 P); curve 5, 538 oC (1000 OP). Composition: Pe-18Cr-8Ni. UNS S30100
Source: "High Strength Cold Rolled Stainless Steels." Data Sheet, Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corp., 1958. As published in Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol 2,
CINDAS/USAF CROA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1994, p 30
240
/ V/
200
;/ /:V
160
~
gf 120
en
80
40
VV/
J
Vl'
V/ V
/ V/
/
;/
1680
SS.019 301 stainless steel sheet, room-temperature

tensile stress-strain curves with varying amounts of
cold work prior to stress-relief annealing
1400
Test direction: longitudinal. Curve 1: 50% cold reduction

(CR), 399 OC (750 P), 1 h, air cooled. Curve 2: 60% CR,
399 OC (750 P), 1 h, AC. Curve 3: 70% CR, 399 OC
(750 P), 1 h, AC. Composition of heat: Pe-O.l1C17.9Cr-6.72Ni-0.56Mn-0.27Si. UNS S30100
1120
ti!
o..
:2
840 '"
Source: "Data Sheet 14-10256-301," Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corp.,

Pittsburgh, PA. As published in Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol 2,
1994, p 28
560
280
2oo.-----,------,-----,------,-----,------,14oo
~----+------*----~------~----~r__,-i1120
SS.020 301 stainless steel sheet, elevatedtemperature tensile stress-strain curves with
different stress-relief annealing
Test direction: longitudinal. Curves on left, 65% cold
reduction (CR), 482 oC (900 P), 2 h, air cooled (AC).
Curves on right, 65% CR, 399 oC (750 P), 2 h, AC.
Composition of heat: Pe-0.11 C-17 .25Cr-7.00Ni-0.57Mn0.50Si. UNS S30100
Source: "Data Sheet 19-101656-301," Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corp.,
Pittsburgh, PA. As published in Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol 2,
1994, p 29
~.w~+-----~----~--~--T_----~-----i280
~----+------L----~~----~----~----~O
55.021 301 %-hard stainless steel sheet, typical

tensile and compressive stress-strain curves
14or-------,-------,-------,-~~--_r------~980
Test direction: longitudinal and transverse. Half-hard

sheet in as-roUed condition shows its anisotropic
behavior. Curves: LT, longitudinal tensile; LC,
longitudinal compressive; TI, transverse tensile; TC:
transverse compressive. Composition: Fe-18Cr-8Ni. UNS
S30100
120~----~-+_------~---~~7F~~--_r------_4840
100~------+_------~~~--~--~~_r------_4700
80 ~------_I_--_U_,1'----+7?-----+------+------- 560
:2
~
~
Source: Technical Blue Sheet, www.alleghenyludlum.com. Allegheny

Ludlum Steel Corp., 2002, P 3
Woo
~~
40~--~~~------~-------~------_r------_1280
20~~----~------~-------~------_r------_1140
55.022 301 %-hard stainless steel sheet, typical

140,-------,-------,------,-------,-------, 980
TI
LT
120~------+_------~--~~~~~~_+------_4
840
100~------+_----~~L-----+------_+------_4
700
80~------+_...~--~------~------_+------~
560 ~
:2
gf
ui
(J)
~ 60r-----~F_------+_------~------_r------_1 420
40~--~--+_------+-------~------_r------_1280
~~----+-------4-------+------+------~140
~~-----~2------~4------~6~------8L-----~1~
Test direction: longitudinal and transverse. Stress relief

538 oC (1000 F), 2 h. A more isotropic nature and
improved load-carrying ability is noted. This is especially
true if longitudinal compression controls the designo
Curves: LT, longitudinal tensile; LC, longitudinal
compressive; TI, transverse tensile; TC: transverse
compressive. Composition: Fe-18Cr-8Ni. UNS S30100
Source: Technical Blue Sheet, www.alleghenyludlum.com. Allegheny
Ludlum Steel Corp., 2002, P 3
174/5tainless 5teel (SS)
SS.023 301 %-hard stainless steel sheet, typical

1400
200
Test direction: longitudinal (L) and long transverse (LT).

Ramberg-Osgood parameters: n(L) = 4.5; n(LT) = 5.9.
1120
160
LOn[~~
Long transverse
120
'ji
.:.:;
(/i
'"~
80
40
V
~
840 ro
a.
::2:
ui
560
~
U
280
10
12
SS.024 301 %-hard slainless sleel sheet, typical

modulus curves
200 0; -_ _..:,35-=--_ _,70-=--_ _1..,..0_5_ _ _1,40_ _ _17,5_ _-21

. 9400

160~---~~~_4------+------+------r-----~1120
840 ro
a.
120
'ji
.:.:;
::2:
ui
ui
(J)
'"~
U
560
80
10
I
15
25
20
6
30
LOngit~
90
/'
""!Ji
Ul
~
60
30

840
120
.;
SS.025 301 1,4-hard stainless steel sheet, typical

1050
150
~ng transverse
630
'"
420
o..'"
:2
!Ji
210
6
8
10
12
SS.026 301 1,4-hard stainless steel sheet, typical

modulus curves
15oor----~3r5----_,70----~1T05~--~14rO~--~17r5----~21~050

~----~--~~------+-----~----~~--~840

630
'00
""!Ji
o..'"
:2
!Ji
Ul
'"~
i
420
10
o
12
20
25
30
I
O
10
I
15

1400
200
.;

1750
250
.,..V
150
1050",
Lo"'fl~
"'c"
!/)
O-
::;
c
!/)
ngitudinal
Ci5
100
50
700
/
2
Ci5
350
10
6
8
12

modulus curves
250 or-_ _,35_ _ _7To_ _ _

1or5_ _ _1--4_o_ _ _1T75_ _--..,21~750
200
1-----t----'''-+---t----t------t--::7''~----i

Ramberg-Osgood parameters: n(L) = 3.5; n(LT) =4.7.
1400
1050
150
'"
O-
::;
c
!/)
c
!/)
700
100
o
12
4
I
10
15
25
20
6
30
160 , - - - , - - - - . . , - - - - - , - - - - - - , - - - - - - , - - - - , 1120
SS.029 301 annealed stainless steel sheet, stressstrain curves at various temperatures
140
~----~------Y-~---r--~--~----_+----~980
120
~----4_--~~~~--~~--~--~~~--__1840

(0.020 in.). Specimen size = 5.08 x 30.48 mm (0.20 x
1.20 in.). Strain rate =0.062/min. Annealed 600 oc
(1112 F), 30 min, grain size = 34 !lm. Composition: Fe18Cr-8Ni. UNS S30100
86F (30 OC)
104F (40 OC)
----1
122 F (50 oC)
100
700
ro
.;
o..
O<:
ui
U)
::2;
80
560
60
420
40
280
20
140
ui
U)
en
20
Source: A. Rosen, R. Jago, and T. Kjer, Tensile Properties of Metastable

Stainless Steels, J. Mater. Sci., Vol 7, 1972, P 870--876. As published in
40
60
80
100
120
Strain, %
SS.030 301 annealed stainless steel sheet,

compressive stress-strain curves at elevated
temperatures
50r-------,--------r--------r-------,-------~350
Sheet thickness = 1.6 mm (0.063 in.). Composition: Fe18Cr-8Ni. UNS S30100
40~------~-------~------~~------~------~280
400F (204 OC)
600 F (316 OC)

~----~~~~~~c--------~------4_------~210
&.
::2;
gf
~
~~~--4_------_+--------~------4_------~140 00
ri------+-------~------~-------r-------170
0~------~2--------~4--------6L-------~8------~1~
Strain,
0.001 in.lin.
Source: D.E. Miller, "Determination of!he Tensile, Compressive and

Bearing Properties of Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Structural Sheet
Materials at Elevated Temperatures," AF TR No. 6517, Pt V, Armour
Research Foundation, Dec 1957. As published in Aerospace Structural
Metals Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1301, CINDAS/USAF CRDA
250
1750
200
1400
150
800 F (427 OC)
'iii
.l<
1050
55.031 301 full hard stainless steel sheet, typical

temperatures
Test direction: longitudinal. 0.5 h exposure to elevated
temperatures. Ramberg-Osgood parameters: n(room
temperature) = 4.4; n(400 P) = 3.4; n(600 P) = 4.6;
n(800 P) = 4.2; n(lOOO P) = 4.3. Composition: Pe18Cr-8Ni. UNS S30100
'"
11.
:2
<Ji
1000 F (538 OC)

100
ui
(J)
700
en
50~--~~---r----+-----~---+-----r--~350
0~--~2-----4L---~6-----8L---~10-----1L2--~1!
250
1750
200
1400
150
1050
'iii
-"

temperatures
Test direction: long transverse. 0.5 h exposure to e1evated
temperature) = 5.4; n(400 P) = 4.8; n(600 P) = 4.3;
n(800 P) = 5.3; n(1000 P) = 4.6. Composition: Pe18Cr-8Ni. UNS S30100
'"
11.
:2
<Ji
ui
i'i5
!
700
100
50 1-------:~~----~----+-------1-----_t_----____l 350

250 o.-----_ _--,35_ _ _7-ro_ _ _1T"o5_ _ _

14r-o_ _ _1--r7_5_ _---,21~750
Test direction: longitudinal. 0.5 h exposure to elevated

temperature) = 5.3; n(400 F) = 4.8; n(600 F) = 5.2;
n(800 F) = 5.4; n(lOOO F) = 5.7. Composition: Fe18Cr-8Ni. UNS S30100
200~----~-----+------+-----~----~----~1400
-00
1050
150

tU
[L
""ui
:2
ui
'"~
'"
;
700
100
o
12
I
10
15
20
25
30
2500r----3r5---70---1,0-5--1T40---17,5--2,1rO---,241750

Test direction: long transverse. 0.5 h exposure to elevated
temperatures. RT, room temperature. Ramberg-Osgood
parameters: n(RT) = 7.7; n(400 F) = 8.2; n(600 F) =
6.7; n(800 F) = 5.8; n(1000 F) = 6.7. Composition: Fe18Cr-8Ni. UNS S30100
10
12
o
14
25
30
35
Hi
I
15
I
20
SS.035 301 stainless steel strip, true tensile stressstrain curves
200r----r--~-_,---_r---,----,---,----,1400
Ultim~te stres~ = 185 k~i (1276 ~pa)
-.... _/
180f___--+---+_---t---+----+----t~--+--__I1260
160
f___--+---+_---t---+---+V..,./<r---t---+--__112o
140r---+-~-+----t--_+_74-~-+--+_-__I--~980
Stress a~ maximum load
/
Modulus of strain hardening
=107 kSI (738 MPa)
120
/ . - (slope)
=107 ksi (738 MPa)
840
.\ /
8:
:::
~ 100 r---+--+_--;.z-;
,.,+-----.--I---+--+_-__I--~ 700 ui
00
JlV
II
80r---+~~+_-~--_+_---+----+---+-~560
00
<l/y"
60r.-~~--+_--rf___--_+_--+--__I--_+_-__I420
!t/'Vield strength
I
= 49 ksi (338 MPa)1
4d'
Source: E.R. Cunningham. Cold Forming Stainless Steels and Other

Specialty Grades. Sourcebook on Cold Forming, American Society of
Metals, 1975, p 124
280
II
Graph provides useful data for evaluating stretch-forming

operations. Yield strength is the stress at which specimen
shows deviation from linear proportionality of stress and
strain. Stress at maximum load is the stress at the highest
load sustained by the specimen. Maximum uniform strain
is the maximum value before uniform deformation ceases
and necking begins; this is the strain at point of
maximum load. Modulus of strain hardening is the slope
of plastic region of true stress-strain curve. Ultimate
stress is the stress at rupture. Composition: Pe-18Cr-8Ni.
UNS S30100
2O~--+--+_---+-f___-_+_--+--__I----+--__1140
I
I Uniforf strain 0.56 in.~in.
I L_ _ _ _L __ _- L__
L -_ _- L____L -__L
'1
O
O
~L----L--~O
0.4
0.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
1.2
1.4
1.6
Strain, in.lin.
500
. / -321 'F
450
400
I
L
350
~
300
~ 250
'"2
'"
f--
! /
200
150
100
50
(~196 'c)
21008:
-112 'F (-80 I'C)
:::
~
'"
1400 ~
1750
32F (O lC)
/'
1050
700
350
20
Annealed 1093 oC (2000 P), 1 h, grain size = 31 .tm,

strain rate =0.025/min. Composition: Pe-18Cr-9Ni. UNS
S30200
2450
/ / / v..--- ~
/, ~
10
3150
2800
..- 77 F (25 OC)
SS.036 302 annealed stainless steel extruded bar,

true stress-strain curves at room and low
temperatures
3500
30
True strain, %
40
Source: S.N. Monteiro and H. Fonseca, The Effect of Phase

Transformation on the Tensile Fractnre of Austenitic Stainless Steel,
Proc. Fourth Int. Con! Fracture, University of Waterloo, Ontario,
Canada, June 1977, p 135-140. As published in Aerospace Structural
/
280
240
200
r
en 160
en
80
-4J3 F (-253
od)
Bar diameter = 19.05 mm (0.75 in.). Composition: Fe18Cr-9Ni + S. UNS S30300
1960
1680
-320 F (-196 OC)
/ / h
/ //
120
SS.037 303 annealed stainless steel bar, stress-strain

2240
320
1400
'"
c..
::;;
1120
\ -110 F (-79 oC)
Source: K.A Warren and R.P. Reed, Tensile and Impact Properties of
Selected Materials from 20 to 300K, Monograph 63, National Bureau of
Standards, 28 June 1963. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Vo12, Code 1302, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks
840
rwt~ ~
Room temperature
560
40
280
,
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Strain, in./in.
60
V
50
40
'00
-'"
r
en 30
~
'i5
20
b --
43d F (221 OC)

ii reactor pile
4 30 F (221
/
420
SS.038 304 annealed stainless steel bar, typical

stress-strain curves at room temperature and 221C
(430F) inside and outside of reactor pile
350
Bar diameter = 25.4 mm (1 in.). Ultimate strength =

612 MPa (88.8 ksi); yield strength = 295 MPa (42.8 ksi);
elongation (in 4D) = 57.2%. Composition: Fe-19Cr9.25Ni. UNS S30400
Source: c.A. Schwanbeck, "Effect of Nuclear Radiation on Materials at
ocl
outside of reacor pile
Room
temp~rature
280
&.
::;;
210 r
140
10
70
4
6
Cryogenic Temperatures," NASA CR-54881, Lockheed-Georgia Co.,

Jan 1965. As published in Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol 2, CINDAS/
55.039 304 stainless steel wire, stress-strain curves

at 767 oC (302F) showing effect of nitrogen
content
7o.---------,---------,---------,---------~490
60~--------+_--------+_--------~--------~420
50~--------+---------~~----~~--------~350
40
'i
~--------+_---7"-____,7"'+_--------_t_--------~
280
00
00
~
(/)
210 c;
30
20~----R--+---------+----------t---------~140
Wire diameter = 0.635 mm (0.025 in.). Heat treatment:

annealed 1010 oC (1850 P), 20 min, water quenched,
nitrided at 538 oC (1000 P) and homogenize annealed
1010 oC (1850 P), 71 h, water quenched, carbide
reso1ution annealed 1093 oC (2000 P), 15 min, water
quenched. Composition: 18.65Cr-1O.5Ni-0.05C-1.44Mn0.66Si-0.02P-0.008S-bal Pe-N as shown. UNS S30400
Source: B.N. Ferry and J.F. Eckel, The Effect of Nitrogen on AISI Type
304 Stainless Steel Proportional Limit and Work Hardening Rate at
302F, J. Mater., Vol 5 (No. 1), March 1970. As published in Structural
Alloys Handbook, Vol 2, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation,
10~~------+---------+---------~--------~70
L---------~--------~--------~--------~O
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
Strain, %
55.040 304 stainless steel tube, compressive stressstrain curves at elevated temperatures
1400
200
400 oC
160
-,
1120
120
'i
~
r
!I)
fE
c;
80
Strain rate = O.Olls. Composition: Pe-19Cr-9.25Ni.

Dimensions in inset given in inches (1 in. = 25.4 mm).
UNS S30400
/..
I(
/'
V-
....
840
----1
40
i
'"fE
c;
1--0.100-
560
i
i
i
0.300
i ! ...LI
280
~
0.200
1
0.1
0.2
0.3
Strain, in.lin.
0.4
0.5
Source: M. Young et al., "Studies on lhe Warm Working Characteristics

of Alloys," AMMRC CTR 72-27, Arrny Materials and Mechanics
Research Center, Dec 1972, AD 758912. As published in Structural
55.041 304 stainless steel, general, full-range stressstrain curves at room and elevated temperatures
700
100
Curves shown to failure. Composition: Fe-19Cr-9.25Ni.

UNS S30400
Room temperature
560
80
Source: Bettis Plant Materials Manual, Westinghouse Electric Corp.,

Standards Engineering Section, May 1957. Aspublished in Aerospace
Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1303, CINDASIUSAF CROA
600F (316 OC)

.;
420
60
l1l
c..
"'<"
:2
<
~'"
(J)
280
40
'"
~
400F (204 OC)
140
20
ooL-------L-------~------~-------L-------JO
0.2
0.4
0.6
Strain, in.lin.
0.8
60
420
55.042 304 stainless steel, general, expanded-range

temperatures
50
350
Composition: Fe-19Cr-9.25Ni. UNS S30400
Room tempera tu re
40
.;
"'<"
'"
~
1.0
30
(J)
20
10
280
l1l
400F (201 OC)

:.-600 F
(31~ OC)
c..
:2
210 <
800F (427 OC)
140
70
Source: Bettis Plant Materials Manual, Westinghouse Electric Corp.,

Standards Engineering Section, May 1957. As published in Aerospace
Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1303, CINOASIUSAF CROA
8
12
400
200
70F (21C)
55.043 304 annealed stainless steel bar, true stressstrain curves at room and elevated temperatures
2800
100
40
V
~
1---
100 .001
--
1400
o (42 oC)
Source: J.B. Conway, "Evaluation of Plastic Fatigue Properties of HeatResistantAlloys," GEMP-740, General Electric Co., Dec 1969. As
1995, p 13
700 '"
o..
:2
<Ji
Ul
V1200 F (649 OC)
,.....- V
Bar diameter = 15.875 mm (0.625 in.). Composition: Fe19Cr-9.25Ni. UNS S30400
~ ~o
v :/
-----V V
~
;;~
...-...-
20
./
I I I
ol (81l OC)
-do
420 ~
al
280
1-
140
0.01
0.1
70
1.0
True strain
260
.....-cr
240
220
21C (70F).....-a
200
180
P max ,
~ 160
gf 140
~
120
1-
100
rY"
./
,/1"
80
.,t:!'
/...:::
/~ ~
~-
20
-----.Pmax
0.3
1400
1260
840 1
al
2
700 1-
......
P~ax
'~
.~
i.
'"
560
420
'\ 650 oC (1200 O)
....
0.-0-0.
280
8~6 oc (1500 F)
140
"C
0.5
1680
1540
430 oc (806F)
430 oC
004
:2
980 gf
816 oC
0.2
1820
1120~
/'
656 oc
"- P max
0.1
.....--
VL ~ ...-40
60
...........: -o....o-Q....
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
104
Total true strain
55.044 304 annealed stainless steel bar, true stress-strain curves al room and elevated temperatures
Bar diameter = 6.35 mm (0.25 in.). Data were collected at constant axial true strain rates of 0.004 (open data points) and 0.00004
(solid data points). The curves for the higher strain rates are aboye the other curve at 650 and 816 oC (1202 and 1580 F), while
the reverse is true for 430 oC (806F). Contrary to what is expected for true stress-strain curves, these have a maximum point.
This is believed to be due to the formation of internal voids that reduce the actual area under stress. For this reason the lines are
dashed as they approach the fracture point. P max is the point of maximum load. Composition: Fe-19Cr-9.25Ni. UNS S30400
Source: lB. Conway, RH. Stentz, and J.T. Berling, "Fatigue, Tensile, and Relaxation Behavior of Stainless Steels," Technical Infonnation Center, USAEC,
1975, P 213
100
21
90
..",.-
80
70
~
r 60
I1
'"
c: 50
.~
al
f- r--
., 40
c:
w
30
20
560
.f. G.
~~
-.
1\,
-.......
0.2
0.3
0.6
0.5
0.7
0.8
Engineering strain
0.9
o
1.0
al
c:
c:
'0,
140
"''''
0.4
'"c:
70
"'....'o
0.1
210
ct ".0."Q. -o 816 oC (1500 F
816 oC
'"~
280
:\
420
.~
R.
650 oC
a.
:2:
350
~',
1--...
C\l
",
""""- 0.'-0.
~
490
'.
".
""
- -)
O' .Q.
650 oC (1200 F)
10
430 oC (806F)
Ik
630
----
ob (70F)
/ ./
700
/\
1.1
1.5
"
2.9
3.0
SS.045 304 annealed stainless steel bar, engineering stress-strain curves at room and elevated temperatures
(solid data points). Same data was used as for the true stress-strain curve. The curves for the higher strain rates are aboye the
other curve at 650 and 816 oC (1202 and 1580 F), while the reverse is true for 430 oC (806F). The strain rate effect is more
pronounced for the higher temperatures. The lines are dashed as they approach the fracture point. Composition: Fe-19Cr-9.25Ni.
UNS S30400
Source: J.B. Conway, R.H. Stentz, and J.T. Berling, "Fatigue, Tensile, and Relaxation Behavior of Stainless Steels," Technical Information Center, USAEC,
1975, P 216
520
480
440
400
/ V
J/' /
360
._ 320
YV
li 280
~J"
~ 240
r~ V
::J
!: 200
,1
160
I~
1*'"
80 ~
120
V
.",.-
./"
..V
...
/'"
/'
-32~ F (-1 96 OC)

1
-452 F (-269 6)
/'
......
, / -240F. (-151C)
1
y-
3360
2800
",.,.
.r' ~om temperature
2240
1960~
r
1680 ~
ro
1400
1120
840
560
40
280
O
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
True strain
Bar diameter = 12.7 mm (0.500 in.). Composition: Fe19Cr-9.25Ni. UNS S30400
3080
,../ -105F (-76 OC) 2520
1.....
SS.046 304 stainless steel bar, true stress-strain

3640
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
Source: T.S. DeSisto and EL. Carr, "Low Temperature Mechanical

Properties of 300 Series Stainless Steels and Titanium," WAL TR 323,
4/1, Dec 1961. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
1200r----r----~---,----,_--_,----,_----r_--~
-80 oC
1000~--_+----~----~--~~~~----+_--_4----~
55.047 304 stainless steel sheet, true stress-strain

Strain rate = 0.015/s. Composition: Fe-19Cr-9.25Ni. UNS
S30400
Source: G.L. Huang, D.K. Matlock, and G. Krauss, Martensite
Formation, Strain Rate Sensitivity, and Deformation Behavior of
Type 304 Stain1ess Stee1 Sheet, Metal!. Trans. A, Vo120A, 1989. As
published in G. Krauss, Steeis: Heat Treatment Processing and
Principies, 1990, p 369
200~--_+----~----~--_+----~----+_--_4----~
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Engineering strain
0.6
0.7
0.8
400
55.048 304 stainless steel sheet, tensile and

350
24 to 35 tests were made in each orientation on coldroUed specimens. Curves: LT, longitudinal tension; TT,
transverse tension; LC, longitudinal compression; and
TC, transverse compression. Elastic modulus: LT,
199.8 GPa; TT, 197.3 GPa; LC, 208.1 GPa; TC,
205.1 GPa. Yield strength (0.2%): LT, 290.3 MPa; TT,
290.0 MPa; LC, 295.7 MPa; TC, 308.0 MPa. Ultimate
tensile strength: LT, 676 MPa; TT, 651 MPa.
......-:;:t'
~
.../;(;~
TS
250
ro
a.
:2
c 200
'"
~
150
100
50
_. --- ------.:...-..: ~
--...::;;:::
300
/
V
j"
,/
TI
...-
/'LC
Using Cr-Mn Stee1s Instead of Cr-Ni Stee1s in Co1d-Formed Design,
High Manganese High Nitrogen Austenitic Steeis, RA. Lula, Ed., Conf.
Proc., 10-15 Oct 1987 (Cincinnati, OH) and 2-4 Nov 1992 (Chicago,
IL), ASM Intemationa1, 1992, p 129
Strain x 0.001
.....-
100
ui
'"
~
60
80
~
SS.049 304 annealed stainless steel bar,

840
120
"
Bar diameter = 12.7 mm (0.5 in.). Specimen: 9.525 mm

(3/8 in.) diam threaded ends, 3.175 mm (0.125 in.) square
cross section of 38.1 mm (1.5 in.) gage length tested at
strain rate of 0.001ls. Composition: Fe-19Cr-9.25Ni.
UNS S30400
700
560
8:
::;
1\\
40
420
ui
!rn
Souree: P.C. Johnson, et al., "Basic Parameters of Metal Behavior under

High Rate Forming," Report No. WAL TR 111.2/20-3, Arthur D. Little
Ine., Mareh 1962, AD 418727. As published in StructuralAlloys Handbook, Vol 2, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue
280
20
140
20
10
30
40
50
60
Strain, %
25
Elastil
strain
20
15
'00
.><
ui
'"~
Ci
Il'
10 f
./
/
......
... ...
.........
-....----
10 h
-ros;; r-~5h
175
SS.050 304 annealed stainless steel, isochronous

stress-strain curves at 538 oC (1000 F)
140
Souree: "Isoehronous Stress-Strain Curves for 2YCr-1Mo, Type 304304H, and Type 316-316H Steels," TR 2012-Part 1, prepared for U.S.
Atomie Energy Commission, Contraet No. AT(04-3)-781, Braun Projeet
4122-W, United Nuclear Projeet 2351, 16 Oet 1970. As published in
----
105
ui
70
.-
"
35
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
Strain, %
2.5
3.0
3.5
.,
o..
::;
4.0
'"
~
25
Elastil
strain
1(fh
20
.c;;
15
'"~
'i
10
/'
~
~
/'
V~
f1'// -------""
;'
;'
------
175

140
Souree: "Isoehronous Stress-Strain Curves for 2Y4Cr-1Mo, Type 304304H, and Type 316-316H Steels," TR 2012-Part 1, prepared for U.S.
Atomie Energy Commission, Contraet No. AT(04-3)-781, Braun Project
4122-W, United Nuclear Projeet 2351, 16 Oet 1970. As published in
Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1303, CINDASI
~~
105 ro
a.
:2
r
'"~
5 x 1Cfh
70
...---
'i
....
5 I
35
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
Strain, %
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0

175
25
Elaslie
strain

140
20
.c;;
15
'"~
'i
10
V ------------ft -- --/
105 ro
a.
:2
r
104 h
'"~
r70
1(fh
V--
5 x 1cr h
35
;'
1tY h
--
'"
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
Strain, %
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
'i
Souree: "Isoehronous Stress-Strain Curves for 2Y4Cr-1Mo, Type 304304H, and Type 316-316H Steels," TR 2012-Part 1, prepared for U.S.
Atomie Energy Commission, Contraet No. AT(04-3)-781, Braun Projeet
4122-W, United Nuclear Project 2351, 16 Oet 1970. As published in
Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vo12, Code 1303, CINDASI
15o.-----r-----r-----r-----r-----~
55.053 304 hot-rolled solution-annealed stainless

steel plate, stress-strain curves at room temperature
(a) and 500 oC (b) for shock-strengthened material
,--,------, 1050
700
100
(ti
[L
::;;:
gf 75
525 ui
'"~
i5
50
350
25 I - - - - - t - - - - - t -
175
Source: M. Kangilaski and A.A. Bauer, "Mechanical Properties of

Shock-Strengthened Austenitic Stainless Steel," BMI-1909, Battelle
Columbus Laboratories, June 1971; M. Kangilaski et al., Elevated
Temperature Mechanical Properties of Shock-Strengthened Austenitic
Stainless Steel, Metall. Trans., Vol 2, Sept 1971. As published in
Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol 2, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks
0L-----1~0-----2~0-----L-----L-----LJ
Strain, %
(a)
700
100
80
-'"
ui
'"~
i5
40
560
~\5
60 ji'
";
"
3\
4 ~
/~
1(/,/
--------',
-----
420
::;;:
gf
~
280 i5
20
140
10
20
30
Strain, %
(ti
[L
40
50
Plate thickness = 12.7 mm (0.5 in.). Curve 1: unshocked.

Curve 2: as-shocked at 320 kbar. Curve 3: shocked at
320 kbar, annealed 100 h at 650 oC. Curve 4, shocked at
320 kbar, annealed 1 h at 750 oC. Curve 5: shocked at
320 kbar, annealed 1 h at 800 oC. Curve 6: shocked at
320 kbar, annealed 1 h at 900 oC. Composition: 18.20Cr9 .60Ni-0.06C-1.45Mn-0.60Si-0.024P-0.0 18S-0.18MoO.17Cu-bal Fe-N as shown. Dimensions in schematic are
given in inches (1 in. =25.4 mm). UNS S30400
SS.054 304L annealed stainless steel bar, stress-strain

curves for room and low temperatures
280r---------,----------,---------,---------.1960
-423 F (-253 OC)
Bar diameter = 19.05 mm (0.750 in.). Composition: Felow C-19Cr-IONi. UNS S30403
240~--------~----~---r---------4----------41680
Source: "Cryogenic Materials Data Handbook," ML-TRD-64-280,

Martin Co., Denver, CO, Aug 1964. As published in Aerospace
Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1303, CINDASruSAF CRDA
200~--------4-~~~L-~~------~--------~1400
~ 160r-------~~+_-------r_r------~--------~1120~
::;;
1i5 120
840
0L-------~OL.2---------0L.4---------0~.6--------~0.f
Strain. in./in.
120
840
100
700
--o- ~
Ultimate tensile strength
80
'"
~
Sheet thickness = 1.60 mm (0.063 in.). Composition: Fe25Cr-20.5Ni. UNS S31000
.o---<
560
IV
~
::;;
.;
""<Ji
SS.055 310 annealed stainless steel sheet, effect of

strain rate on mechanical properties
420 <Ji
60
40
Tensile yield strengt~ ~
(f)
280
140
20
0.1
Strain rateo S
-1
10
10
Source: R.G. Davies and C.L. Magee, The Effect of Strain-Rate upon
tbe Tensile Deformation of Metals, J. Eng. Mater. Technol., Apri11975,
p 151. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vo12,
Code 1305, CINDASruSAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue
55.056 310 annealed stainless steel bar, stress-strain

200,-----,----,-----,-----,-----,----,-----, 1400
180~--~-----+~~
1260
160f---+7
1120
1401---F~~
980
Bar diameter = 19.05 mm (0.75 in.). Shaded area

indicates serrated -452 P (-269 oC) curve.
Composition: Pe-25Cr-20.5Ni. UNS S31000
840
gca
700
g
(/J
(Jj
en
Source: CJ. Guntner and R.P. Reed, The Effect of Expemental

Vaab1es Inc1uding the Martensitic Transformation on the LowTemperature Mechanical Properties of Austenitic Stain1ess Stee1s,
Trans. ASM, Vo155, 1962. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1305, CINOAS/USAF CROA Handbooks
560
420
280
0.1
0.3
0.2
0.4
0.5
140
0.7
0.6
Strain, in./in.
40
36
32
28
rJ)
CI)
c7> 20
6qO 'F (316 'C)
12
196
ca
1000 'F (538 ' C ) - 168

1200 'F (649
I
140 ~
112
1600 'F (871 'C)
1800 'F (982 ' C ) - 84

56
,(.,
2doo 'F (1093 'C)

28
2200 'F (1204 'C)
g
gf
'Gl
1400 'F (760 'C)
...'/
f/
224
8qO 'F (427 'C)
~~
16
Sheet thickness = 1.575 mm (0.062 in.). Test conditions:

resistance heated at 93 C/s (200 p/s). Strain rate =
0.00 lis. Composition: Pe-25Cr-20.5Ni. UNS S31000
252
I/~
ui
75'F(24'C)------ 280
V-
/L
~ 24
55.057 310 annealed stainless steel sheet, stressstrain curves at room and elevated temperatures
308
44
Souree: A.S. Rabensteine, "Meehanieal Properties of 310,316 and 317L

Stain1ess Stee1 Sheet Alloys at E1evated Temperatures," Contraet
Number AF33(657)-8706, Projeet 281, The Marquardt Corp., Van Nuys,
CA, Oee 1962. As pub1ished in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
Vol 2, Code 1305, CINOAS/USAF CROA Handbooks Operation,
280
1960
280
240
1680
240 1-
1:1 Biaxial
(::ipee NO. BS 26)
200
1400
j~
.; 160
"'<Ji"
en
120
1120 ~
:;;
<Ji
~
VJ
840 ii
80
40
/(1
.; 160
"'<Ji"
1:1 Bila,
(Spee No. BS 20)
1680
1400
17
2:1 Biaxial
(Spee No. BS 32)
1120 ~
1(/
VJ
:;;
<Ji
VJ
~
840 en
ii 120
560
80
560
280
40
280
Room teTperature
Room teTperature
o
2
Nominal principal strain, %
280
1960
::L./
1:1 Biaxlal
(Spee No. BS 24)
240
2:1 Biaxial
(Spee No. BS 12)
200
VJ
en
(b)
280
"'<Ji"
(a)
.; 160
........
13.0
Uniaxial
(Spee No. USL 5)
//V?
200
2:1 Biaxial
(Spee No. BS 7)
Uniaxial
(Spee No. USL 2)
!/
'/
1960
::;;-
........
7.0
Uniaxial
(Spee No. USL 3)
1680
240
1400
200
1120 ~
:;;
<Ji
1:1 Biaxial
(Spee No. BS 18)
({t?"
120
1680
Uniaxial
(Spee No. USL 7)
1400
/r
.; 160
1120 ~
"'<Ji"
VJ
~
~
840 en en 120
VJ
1960
2:1 Biaxial
(Spee No. BS 31)
:;;
<Ji
840 ii
11
80
560
80
560
40
280
40
280
1I
-105 F (-76 OC)

00
I
2
(-253 OC)
(e)
-423
(d)
55.058 310 stainless steel, typical stress-strain curves for uniaxial and biaxial stress at room and low temperatures
Test direction: longitudinal. Composition: Fe-25Cr-20.5Ni. UNS S31000
Source: s.w. McClaren and C.R. Foreman, "Cryogenic Design Data for Materials Subjected to Uniaxial and Multiaxial Stress Field," AFML-TR-65-140, May
1965. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1305, CINDAS/USAF CROA Handbooks Operation, Ptlrdue University, 1995, p 23
45
~ ~2% bffse! yield
40
RT
Lo! 2 /
35
//
V
J
//
ff/
30
]j 25
r
~ 20
15
V--
3
2
RT
Lo! 1
r
(f)
140 (/)
~
1400 F (760 OC)

Lo! 1
105
1600 F (871 OC)

Lo! 2 I
70
245
-,
1800 F (982 OC)

Lo! 1 I
234
S!rain, 0.001 in.lin.
35
63
.....J---r-0.2% Offse! yi~ld
I
I
I
V
r?
V
Bar diameter = 19.05 mm (Y.. in.). Test section diameter =

12.827 mm (0.505 in.). Difference between two 10ts is
shown. RT, room temperature~ Composition 10t 1:
17.81Cr-13.17Ni-2.23Mo-1.54Mn-0.56Si-0.042C-0.027P0.017S. Composition 10t 2: 16.60Cr-12.15Ni-1.80Mo1.58Mn-0.46Si-0.090C-0.028P-0.013S. UNS S31600
ro
O
(a)
280
175 ~
V~~
SS.059 316 stainless steel bar, stress-strain curves at

210
10
315
56
~OF(9820C)
49
Lo! 1 and 2
average
42
2000 F (1093 OC)
---
Lo! 1 a~d 2
average
ro
35 ~
r
(f)
28 (/)
~
2200 F (1204 OC)

I
Lo! 21
21
2300 F (1260 OC)
Lot2
14
234
Source: T.W. Gibbs and H.W. Wyatt, Short Time Properties ofType 316
Stain1ess Stee1 at Very High Temperatures, Paper No. 60-WA-ll, Trans.
ASME, J. Basic Eng., 1960. As published in Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol 2, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue
1 0 0 , . - - - - - - - , - - - - - , - - - - - - - - - - - - , 700
100
560
80
420 ro
n.
60
700
'i
'"vi
<fJ
<fJ
<fJ
280
ti
40
140
10
8lrain x 0.001
(a)
15
80
5
420
vi
t:
280 ti
Monotonic
(0.004/5)
140
I
15
10
8lrain x 0.001
(b)
560
80,------,-----,---------------,560
420
60
280
40
ti
(0.004/s)
140
20
0L----~5------~10~----1L5-----~2~
8lrain x 0.001
vi
<fJ
420
,----. ---,
'i
'":Ii
40
ti
ro
n.
~
ro
n.
(e)
II
20
~
~
---
--- o
60
:Ii
20
'"vi
vi
(0.004/5)
'i
Monotonic
./
560
ro
n.
~
280
vi
rn
~
ti
20
Monolonic
(0.004/s)
140
0L-----~5----~10-----1L5-----~2~
8lrain x 0.001
(d)
SS.060 316 stainless steel bar, monotonic and cyclic stress-strain curves at room and elevated temperatures
Bar diameter = 15.875 mm (5/8 in.). Hot roUed, annealed 1066 oc (1950 P), 1 h. Incremental steps: Solid line, annealed; dashed
line, aged 1000 h at test temperature. Constant amplitude continuous cycling: open circle, annealed; solid circle, aged at 538 oC
(1000 P); solid diamond, aged at 649 oC (1200 P). Strain rate for cyclic curves 1-5, 7-9 = 0.004/s; for curves 6 and 10, strain
rate = 0.00004/s. (a) 21C (70 P). (b) 427 oC (800 P). (c) 566 oC (1050 P). (d) 649 oC (1200 P). Composition:17.30Cr13.30Ni-2.33Mo-1.72Mn-0.40Si-0.06C-0.012P-0.007S-0.065Cu-O.003Ti. Dimensions in schematic given in inches
(l in. = 25.4 mm). UNS S31600
Source: D.A. Keller, "Progress on LMFBR Cladding, Structural and Component Material Studies During July 1971 through June 1972," BMI-I928, Final
Report, Task 32, Battelle Columbus, July 1972. As published in Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol 2, CINDASIUSAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue
35
30
25
iii 20
-"
ui
15
~/
10
500 OF (260 OC)
1000
--
rt
210
l.,.----
&
In
ro
'/
Sheet thickness = 3.175 mm (0.125 in.). Composition:

17.17Cr-12.96Ni-2.15Mo-l.7Mn-0.2Si-0.03C. UNS
S31600
(25 OC)
175
-
77
SS.061 316 stainless steel sheet, typical stress-strain

245
140
o~ (538 OC)
&
:2
105
Source: T.W. Gibbs, w. Kyros, and C.L. Theberge, "Development of a

Resistance Heating Facility for the Determination of Tensile Properties
of Aircraft and Missile Alloys," RaD. TM-63-8, Avco Corp., Feb 1963.
As published in Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol 2, CINDASfUSAF
::i
~
1400 F (760 lC)
f.o-
70
1600 F (871C)
f-"
T""
I
.........
1800
35
'C)
50
40
30
.--
.--
350
SS.062 316 wrought stainless steel bar, typical stressstrain curves at room and elevated temperatures
280
Source: L.J. Fritz and W.P. Koster, "Tensile and Creep Rupture
Properties of (16) Uncoated and (2) Coated Engineering Alloys at
Elevated Temperatures," NASA Cr-135138, Metcut Research
Associates, lnc., Jan 1977. As published in Structural Alloys Handbook,
Vol 2, CINDASfUSAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue
Composition: Fe-18Cr-13Ni-Mo. UNS S31600
70F (21C)
210
a.'"
:2
ui
::i
In
-- ---
1100 F (593 OC)
(Jl
..--
20
I
,,
I
10
......... ,-- ~/'
,
,,
/'
1--,....~-
~-
1300 F (704 OC)
-- ~;O-;;tF
~-~
ro
140
(816 OC)
/'
I
70
o
60
50
~~~ ~\OD
li
f
8
....
350
D
D
280
l= ~
<ll
00
D
~Cb
40
~ 30
>00
,.,.... D
a.'"
if
SS.063 316 annealed stainless steel bar, true stressstrain curves for irradiated and unirradiated samples
420
::lE
tJi
210 ~
<ll
20 ;::r
140
~
70
o
o
o
0.10
Source: J.B. Conway, J.T. Berling, and R.H. Stentz, "New Correlations
Involving the Low-Cycle Fatigue and Short-Term Tensile Behavior of
Irradiated and Unirradiated 304 and 316 Stainless Steel," GEMP 726,
General Electric Co., Dec 1969. N70-25351. As published in Structural
10
0.05
True axial strain rate = 4 x 1O-5/s. Test temperature = 649

oC (1200 F). Closed data points: unirradiated speeimens
in duplieate tests. Open circles and squares: unirradiated
speeimens. Open diamond: irradiated speeimen 4 x 1018
n/em2, E> 1 MeV at 70 oC in the ORR eore faeility.
Composition: Fe-17.3Cr-13.1Ni-2.33Mo-1.72Mn-004Se0.065Cu-0.06C-0.012Al. UNS S31600
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
True strain
440
lA / / '
W ?P
~ 240
<ll
80
/"
li
/V/
IffV
'/:V
2800
-196 OC
.......
f1#,
~ 280
120
3080
Fd
320
-269C
,....-o
360
160
400
~ 200
SS.064 316 stainless steel plate, true stress-strain

curves at room and low temperatures for base and
weld metal
3360
480
,--o
2520
2240
-105 oC
'"
1960~
tJi
1680 ~
,-u
1400 ~
Vo ----24C
1-
1120
840
560
/'
40
280
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
True strain
1.0
1.2
1.4
Plate thickness = 15.9 mm (5/8 in.). Squares: base metal

data. Circles: weld metal data. Speeimen diameter =
60401 mm (0.252 in.). Composition: 16.64Cr-12.84Ni2.69Mo-1.91Mn-0045Si-0.068C-0.026P-0.012S. UNS
S31600
Source: T.S. DeSisto, "Low Temperature Mechanical Properties of Base
and Weld Deposits of Selected Austenitic Stainless Steels," AMRA TR
63-08, Metals and Ceramics Research Agency, U.S. Army Materials
Research Agency, July 1963, AD 416119. As published in Structural
35~----.------,------,------,------~----~
SS.065 316 stainless steel sheet, stress versus plastic

strain curves for elevated temperatures with effect of
annealing and cold working
245
210
Sheet thickness = 1.47 mm (0.058 in.). Plastic strain

resulting from constant stress for 2 min at elevated
temperature. Composition: Fe-18Cr-13Ni-Mo. UNS
S31600
175
.;
1600 F (871C)
2o1----..4---+----f-::::;l...-q-.,..---r'---'-_i 140
-'"
<Ji
00
rf
::;
<Ji
'"~
151-~~~~~. .~~--f---_r---r---_i 105 jj
Source: T.w. Gibbs and Wyatt, H.W., "Short-Time Tensile Properties of

Type 316 Stainless Steel at Very High Temperatures," ASME Paper
No. 60-WA-Il. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
1800 F (982 OC)

70
5~--_i----+_---+----
...
Annealed
5% cold worked
10% cold worked
35
0~-----2~----~4------~6------~8------1~0----~1l
Plastic strain, %
90
~
80
A ~~
70
60
rI
~ 50
<Ji
'"~
jj 40
30
..n
,-,.
~~
~
630
SS.066 316 annealed stainless steel wire, effect of

vacuum on stress-strain curves at room temperature
560
Wire diameter =0.457 mm (0.018 in.). Strain rate =

0.0001ls. Composition: Fe-18Cr-13Ni-Mo. UNS S31600
490
~ VF
420
it1'
'"
350 ~
li
280 ~
00
210
20
o
~
4 x 10 Pa (3 x 1()"7 torr) (vacuum)

101 kPa (760 torr) (air)
10
140
70
10
12 14
Strain x 0.01
16
18
20
22
Source: I.R. Kramer and S.D. Podlaseck, "Effect of Low Pressures on

!he Mechanical Behavior of Metals," Martin Marietta Corp., Oct 1963,
AD 424 292. As published in Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol 2,
1994, p 33
40
35
30
25
15
10
----
~4JC)
245
Source: T.W. Gibbs and H.W. Wyatt, "Short-Time Tensile Properties of

No. 60-WA-ll. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
210
175
/
1V- 1I
11-
al
o..
::;;
--
140
1400 F (760 OC)
u)
(J)
ro
1600 F (871 C)_ 105
1800 F (982 C)_ 70
SS.067 316 annealed stainless steel bar, stress-strain

280
2000F(1093C) ___ 35
2200 F (1204 OC)
I~
2300 F (1260 OC)
11
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
Slrain, %
560,----,----,----,-----,----,----,----,----.3920
SS.068 316 mili annealed stainless steel bar,

complete true stress-strain curves for room and
low temperatures
480~--_+----+_--~----~----+_--_+----~--~3360
Bar diameter = 12.7 mm (0.5 in.). Composition: Fe-18Cr13Ni-Mo. UNS S31600

Properties of 300 Series Stainless Stee1s and Titanium," WAL TR 323,
4/1, Watertown Arsenal Laboratories, Dec 1961. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1307, CINDAS/USAF
160~~~~--+-~~----~----+----+-----r--~1120
80~--_+----+_--~----~----+_--_+----~--~560
OL-__-L____L -_ _-L____L -_ _- L__

O
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
~L----L--~O
True strain, in.lin.
1.4
1.6
220
J:J"
200
180
160
Pmaxz:;;
140
gf 120
"li
Ol
::J
100
80
",
---
- Pmax
VPma\
980
840 <Ji
"
'l'.P max
0.4
(J)
700 "li
Ol
::J
\,650 oC (1200 F)
........
0.3
:2:
't
430C
"<l.
0.5
:>"-0.0.
560
0.6
816 oC
0.7
280
..o
0.8
0.9
420
\:~ 816 0q (1500 F)I
..... .
.
ro
o.
\ 430 oC (806F)
0:\
..o-~
20
0.2
1400
od (70F)
1120
/J.
0.1
1540
.-------- .. -0 O~O
1260
.o-
/P max
~~ ~:-.'
/~ ~ /Pmax 650 oC
40
60
"""-21
0' . .
140
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
Total true strain
SS.069 316 annealed stainless steel bar, true stress-strain curves at room and elevated temperatures
(solid data points). The curves for the higher strain rates are aboye the other curve at 650 and 816 oC (1202 and 1580 F), while
the reverse is true for 430 oC (806F). Contrary to what is expected for true stress-strain curves, these have a maximum point.
This is believed to be due to the formation of internal voids that reduce the actual area under stress. For this reason the lines are
dashed as they approach the fracture point. P max is the point of maximum load. Composition: Fe-18Cr-13Ni-Mo. UNS S3l600
Source: J.B. Conway, R.H. Stentz, and J.T. Berling, "Fatigne, Tensile, and Relaxation Behavior of Stainless Steels," Technical Information Center, USAEC,
1975, P 214
100
21
80
~
'" 60
Cl
c:
.~
Q)
., 40
c:
tu
20
VV
v:
rI
.A'
,b
700
(70 'F)
...-o-
'--
'""""--- r---
...---
.... ~ io-a..
650 'C 1200 'F)
r---.,
t--- t--I-)
"<
'o
r-.:,.
-e...
(1l
:o.
.<>.~.
)p--650 'C
Cl
c:
"f5
""
280 ''
~
... .~.~?~~..la .......
"
"'b\
.... ()o ..
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
140
...o ...... "'().....
...................
''O
r." lo
0.2
c:
tu
1>,
816 'C (1500 'F)
11
en
(1\
"
","
o..
420 ::;;:en
1
'<t
IJ .
0.1
560
430 'C (806 'F)
0.9
1.0
1.4
1.5
" ......o
v
2.4
2.5
Engineering strain
(solid data points). Same data was used as for the true stress-strain curve. The curves for the higher strain rates are aboye the other
curve at 650 and 816 oc (1202 and 1580 P), while the reverse is true for 430 oc (806 P). The strain rate effect is more
pronounced for the higher temperatures. The lines are dashed as they approach the fracture point. Composition: Pe-18Cr-13Ni-Mo.
UNS S31600
Source: J.B. Conway, R.R. Stentz, and J.T. Berling, "Fatigue, Tensile, and Relaxation Behavior of Stainless Steels," Technical Information Center, USAEC,
1975, P 216
24o,------,------,------,------,-------,------,168o
200~-----+------+-----~--~--4-------~-----11400
160~-----+------+---~-+------4-~~--~----41120
SS.071 316 annealed stainless steel sheet, true stressstrain curves at room and low temperatures
Sheet thickness = 0.762 mm (0.03 in.). Annealed 1049 oC
(1920 P), 0.25 h, water quenched, grain size = 100 ..Lm,
gage section = 6.35 x 0.762 x 25.4 mm (0.25 x 0.03 x
1.0 in.), strain rate = 0.004/min. Composition: Pe-18Cr13Ni-Mo. UNS S31600
Source: V. Seetharaman and R. Krishnan, Influence of the Martensitic
Transformation on the Deformation Behavior of an AISI 316 Stainless
Stee1 at Low Temperatures, J. Mater. Sci., Vol 16 (No. 2), Feb 1981,
p 523-530. As pub1ished in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
Vol 2, Code 1307, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Randbooks Operation,
80~~---+.~----~--~~------4-----~~----~560
40~-=~-+------~-----+------4-------~----~280
0L------1LO------2~0------3~0------~40-------5LO----~600
True plastic strain, %
40
-- --
SS.072 316 annealed slainless sleel wroughl,

isochronous slress-slrain curves al elevaled
lemperalures
280
~ooo
h
- . _. 10,000 h
_._-- 100,000 h
- - 500,000h
Left: 538 oC (1000 P). Middle: 593 oC (1100 P). Right:

649 oC (1200 P). Composition: Pe-18Cr-13Ni-Mo. UNS
S31600
210
30
........
/
",,""
, /
. ,
1
/""
V
il/
;/
,
10
/.'
/.'1 /
. "
:, 1
Strain, %
40
"..'"
"..
"..""
--' -
l/'
//
V
2
.",,'
/'
/ ,1
. 1
1
/'
-'~
/.,
l /'
Strain, %
",'"
--~
70
//
-'~
",'
11
'"
a.
:2
140 ui
Ul
40
2
Strain, %
SS.073 316 annealed slainless sleel bar, cyclic and

monolonic slress-slrain curves in air al 627 oC
(1160F)
140,-----,------,------,------,------,------,980
120r------+------+-----~------~--~--F------1840
100r------+------~~--~-,~--~------r------1700
"C;
8:.
-'<-
80 -------++-----:;,r-----f-------\-------I-----_j 560 :2
a)
rn
~w
~~
~
(/)
40--~~~----_4~~~4_----_+------+_----_j280
~-----+------+-~---1------~------~----~140
0~----~0~.5~----1~.0~----~1.~5----~2.~0------2L.5----~3.~
Strain range, %
Source: "Isochronous Stress-Strain Curves for 2Y4Cr-1Mo, Type 304304H, and Type 316-316H Steels," Technical Report 2012-Part 1,
United Nuclear Corp., Sept 1970. As published in Aerospace Structural
Specimen reduced section 7.4 mm (0.29 in.) diam X

12.7 mm (0.50 in.) long. Solution annealed 699 oC
(1920 P). Cyc1ic test: triangular strain wave form,
R = -1, strain rate = 4%/min. Composition: Pe-18Cr13Ni-Mo. UNS S31600
Source: D.S. Wood, J. Wynn, A.B. Baldwin, and P. O'Riordan, Sorne
Creep Fatigue Properties of Type 316 Steel at 625 C, Fatigue Eng.
Mater. Struct., Vol 3, No. 1, 1980, P 39-57. As published in Aerospace
Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1307, CINDASIUSAF CRDA
100
- . _.
- - --
SS.074 316 annealed and cold-worked stainless

steel sheet, stress-strain curves for room and
700
1o
75 F (24 C)
1400 F (760 OC)
1600 F (871C)
1800 F (982 OC)
80
.!

(0.058 in.). Specimens vacuum annealed, 1093 oC
(2000 F), 15 min, plus 5% and 10% cold worked.
560
10% cold work
5% coldwork
60
V-
<
(/)
~
1i5
40
..--
I
I
20
1
1
1"-
....... ..... ...
1/: ....
1/ .......
.... ;:..:: ('
V-
oO
f--
0.2
0.4
:2
/
I
_./ .~.-'
/.'
I
--
/.
" --
_.- .-- -
0.4
0.6
0.2
Strain, %
0.4
0.6
0.8
./
/~ r::::V
100
~ 80
<
(/)
/ rf
<1l
40
140
SS.075 316L stainless steel pi ate, true roomtemperature stress-strain curves showing effects
of grain size
980
120
1-
280
~
~
V
221lmJ
/lllm
/
165 1lm
840
ro
o..
560 :2
<
420 ~
!:
280
140
20
10
60 kg (11 O lb) laboratory heat containing 0.11 % N,

annealed 999-1199 OC (1830-2190 P), water quenched.
Strain rate = 0.06/min. Composition: Fe-18Cr-13Ni-Molow C. UNS S31603
700
Source: T.W. Gibbs and H.W. Wyatt, "Short-Time Tensile Properties of

No. 60-WA-ll. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
Strain, %
140
2 60
&.
./
0.2
Strain, %
420
1//
1 - - 1-
i--
Annealed
/'
15
20
True strain, %
25
30
35
40
Source: L.-A. Norstrom, Influence of Grain Size on Flow Stress in an

Austenitic Stainless Steel, Scand. J. Metall., Vol 6 (No. 4), 1977,
P 145-150. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
Vo12, Code 1307, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation,
Stainless Steel (SS)1203
.;
50
350
40
280
210
30
SS.076 321 annealed stainless steel sheet, tensile

temperatures
Sheet thickness = 1.60 mm (0.063 in.). 0.5-100 h exposure.
Composition: Fe-18Cr-lONi-Ti. UNS S32100
al
o..
:;
-'>!
ui
Source: D.E. Miller, "Detenmnation of the Physical Properties of

Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Structural Sheet Materials at Elevated
Ternperatures," AFfR 6517, Pt 4, Dec 1954. As published in Aerospace
ui
VI
VI
Ci
140
20
10r-~--~-------+-----~------~------r-----~70
L------L------~----~------~
______ _____"O
~
3
4
100
-"
80 'F (27 'C)

80
.;
60
-'>!
ui
'"~
Ci
40

complete tensile stress-strain curves at room
700
V
/'
f;::-
---
-~
400 'F (204 'C)
r-
.--
420
" 800 'F (427 'C)
l'
280 Ci
20
140
0.16
0.24
Strain, inJin.
al
o..
:;
............ 1200 'F (649 'C)
0.08
Sheet thickness = 1.016 mm (0.040 in.). 0.5 h exposure.

Strain rate = 0.003/s. Composition: Fe-18Cr-lONi-Ti.
UNS S32100
560
"-
0.32
0.40
Source: H.E. Dedrnan, EJ. Wheelahan, and J.R. Kattus, "Tensile

Properties of Aircraft-Structural Metals at Various Rates of Loading
after Rapid Heating," WADC TR58-440, Part 1, Nov 1958. As published
in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 2,

70 r-------r-------,-------.--------,------~490
Sheet thickness = 1.27 mm (0.050 in.). Annealed 1066 oC

(1950 F), air cooled. Composition: Fe-18Cr-lONi-Ti.
UNS S32100
~------+-------~~~--~~~----+_------~420
60
50
.;
-'"
<Ji
en
~----_,q-~----~------~--------+_------~280 ~
40
::;;:
70F (21C)
Source: E.H. Schmidt and E.F. Green, "Fatigue Properties of Sheet, Bar
and Cast Metallic Materials for Cryogenic Applications," Rocketdyne
R-7564, Aug 1968. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1308, CINDASIUSAF CRDA Handbooks
<Ji
L--~~~~--~~h=====::j:=======r==~--_J 210 i~
i 30
20 ~~----1--------+--------~------+_------~140
~------+-------~------~--------+_------~70
10
L -______L -_ _ _ _
______
______
______
~O
10
280
240
.;
-'"
C/)
120
80
1680
~-320 F (-196 OC)
j V
160
z
g
/ /
200
1/ /
V
IvuuL V~
1120~
::;;:
~ \-110 F (-79 oC)
\
Room temperature
<Ji
en
840
"
560
280
40
0.2
Bar diameter = 19.05 mm (0.75 in.). Composition: Fe18Cr-10Ni-Ti. UNS S32100
1400
0.1
55.079 321 annealed stainless steel bar,

complete tensile stress-strain curves at room
and low temperatures
1960
___ -42~ F (-253 0b
0.3
Strain, in./in.
0.4
0.5
0.6
ffl
Source: T.F. Durham, R.M. McClintock, and R.P. Reed, "Cryogenic

Materials Data Handbook," U.S. Dept. of Cornmerce, 1960. As
published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 2,

350
50
40
Sheet thickness =1.60 mm (0.063 in.). 0.5-100 h exposure.

Composition: Fe-18Cr-lONi-Ti. UNS S32100
280
400F (204 OC)

600F (316 OC)
800 F (427 OC)
1000 F (538 OC)
210
30
<ti
Il.
:2
ui
ui
tn
Source: D.E. Miller, "Detennination of the Physical Properties of

Temperatures," AFTR 6517, Pt 4, Dec 1954. As published in Aerospace
tn
(f)
140
20
10~+-------+---------~--------~--------~70
oOL---------~2--------~4----------6L-------~80
90
-4230Fl-2530C~ ~
80
~ ~OF (-196 OC)
70
60
50
ui
tn
!!?
'i5 40
30
20
10
630

560
Sheet thickness = 1.27 mm (0.050 in.). Composition: Fe18Cr-12Ni-Nb (Nb stabilized). UNS S34700
490
420
<ti
350 ~
70F (21C)
V-
280 (f)
~
210
140
70
4
6
Source: E.E Green and E.H. Schmidt, "Fatigue Properties of Metallic

Materials for Cryogenic Applications," R-7564, Rocketdyne, Aug 1968.
1309, CINDASIUSAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue

4o,-------,--------.-------,--------,-------,28o
I----------j<--..~--_+------=__i.........=--_=__
_r_==--_='"'" 210
&
::2
g
~
Source: "Short-Time High Temperature Data," No. BLR 53-195, Bell

Aircraft Corp., 16 July 1954. As published in Aerospace Structural
201------+---8-+-------_+--------I--------+---------j 140
ro
<Ji
ro
101--~----~------_+------~--------+_------~70
0L-------~-------2L-------~3--------~4------~50
SS.083 347 annealed stainless steel bar, complete

engineering tensile stress-strain curves at room and
low temperatures
280r------,------,------,------,------,------, 1960
-423 'F (-253 'C)
2401------_+------~_F--_+------r_----_+----~
1680
2001-------+----~~~~_+------~--~_+----~
1400
-250 'F (-157 OC)
'w
Composition: Fe-18Cr-12Ni-Nb (Nb stabilized). UNS

S34700
1601-------+-t~~~-----+------~----_+----~ 1120~
-'"
::2
<Ji
840
560
401-------+------~-----+------r------+----~
0.1
0.2
0.3
Strain, in.lin.
0.4
0.5
280
0.6
i'"
Source: K.A Warren and R.P. Reed, Tensile and Impact Properties of
SS.084 347 stainless steel, general, complete

engineering tensile stress-strain curves at room
700
100
Room temperature
.;
Compositon: Fe-18Cr-12Ni-Nb (Nb stabilized). UNS

S34700
560
80
420
60
'"
c..
-"
<Ji
(f)
;;
400F (204 OC)
Source: Properties of AISI Type 347 and 348 Stainless Steel, Bettis
Plant Materials Manual, Westinghouse, May 1957. As published
CINDASfUSAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue
<Ji
(f)
1i5
280
40
(f)
20~--------~---------~~--------~--------~140
ooL---------o~.2---------0~.4----------0.L6--------~0.R
Strain, in./in.
SS.085 347 mili annealed stainless steel bar,

complete true tensile stress-strain curves at room
550r-----,-----,-----,-----,-----,-----,---~3850
500~----~----+-----~~L-+-----+-----+---~3500
Bar diameter = 12.7 mm (0.5 in.). Composition: Fe-18Cr12Ni-Nb (Nb stabi1ized). UNS S34700
450r-----t_----t_---~----+_----+_----+_--~3150
400r-----~-----t_~--t_----+_~~~
2450
'"
c..
;;
2100
<Ji
(f)
~
1750 ~
1400
1050
700
50r---~~--~-----t----_+----~----~--~
350
0L-----OL.2-----0L.4~---OL.6-----0~.8-----1~.0----~----~ 0
1.2
True strain, in./in.
1.4

Properties of 300 Series Stainless Steels and Titanium," WAL TR 323,
4/1, Watertown Arsenal Laboratories, Dec 1961. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1309, CINDASfUSAF
60
420
55.086 347 annealed stainless steel sheet,

350
280
ro
o:2
'00
-'"
ui
Source: D.E. Miller, "Detennination of the Physical Properties of

Temperatures," AFTR 6517, Pt 4, Dec 1954. As published in Aerospace
210 ui
<Jl
<Jl
Ci
20
140
10
70
L-------~------~2------~3------~k-----~50
55.087347 stainless steel pi ate, complete

true tensile stress-strain curves at room
450,------,------,------,------,------,------, 3150
/ -452 F (-269 OC)
400~----~------~--~~------~----~------1
2800
2450
2100
ro
Il.
1750 ~
<Jl
'"
1400
1050
h.~~~-----+------~----~----_4----__1700
~-T---+-
347 weld metal~
347 parent meta~
e 0.252 in.
O
350
0L------OL.2------0L.4------0L.6------0L.8------1L.0----~1.f
Plate thickness = 15.875 mm (5/8 in.). Comparison of

parent metal (solid line) and weld metal (dashed line).
Butt welded with type 347 coated stick electrodes and
annealed after welding. Composition: Fe-18Cr-12Ni-Nb
(Nb stabilized). UNS S34700
Source: T.S. DeSisto, "Low Temperature Mechanical Properties of Base
and Weld Deposits of Selected Austenitic Stainless Steels," AMRA TR
63-08, United States Army Materials Research Agency, July 1963.
1995, p 21
120
O~
430
100
Pmax
r~
80
~
c
ti)
~ 60
Ol
40
20
tt
~
~
?
~
(B06 F)
C\
,,
,,
,
"'"
I~ ~
"-
, In
,,
560
i:.
:2
c
\I
420 ~
t
Ol
~
816 oC (1500 F)
280
-.() --,o
\0
~
P
\
b
'~
"
700
\
\
650C
- ...
~
P max
~q
~--.r
.;.;
'-
~
PJ430C
650 oC (1200 F)
P max
/::::-0
840
~-,
816C
11"
-....,
140
max
0.12
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
Total true strain
55.088 348 annealed stainless steel bar, true stress-strain curves at room and elevated temperatures
(solid data points). The curves for the higher strain rates are aboye the other curve at 650 and 816 oC (1202 and 1580 P), while
the reverse is true for 430 oC (806 P). Contrary to what is expected for true stress-strain curves, these have a maximum point.
This is believed to be due to the formation of internal voids that reduce the actual area under stress. Por this reason the lines are
dashed as they approach the fl'acture point. Proa. is the point of maximum load. Composition: Pe-18Cr-12Ni-Nb(Nb stabilized, Ta
and Co restricted). UNS S34800
1975, P 215
80
560
70
.... r-
60
l
I!
-A~
ro-
430 oC
----a
.a
~=-
7'
It
~~
\
816 oC (1500 F)
350 :2
i'. . .'U
~
280 :;
.'b
c:
~'tt
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.9
1.2
1.4
'g>
UJ
b
140
-.
r-
0.8
c:
210
A~
816 oC
0.7
0.6
(j)
1.6
--- ....... o
70
;..
0.2
0.1
.~
"'7'
10
ro
O-
!--o-
aa
420
-1---
"
I~
650 oC (1200 F)
20
490
430 oC (806 F)
1.8
2.0
2.2
Engineering strain
(solid data points). Same data was used as for the true stress-strain curve. The curves for the higher strain rates are aboye the
other curve at 650 and 816 oC (1202 and 1580 F), while the reverse is true for 430 oC (806F). The strain rate effect is more
pronounced for the higher temperatures. The lines are dashed as they approach the fracture point. Composition: Fe-18Cr-12NiNb(Nb stabilized, Ta and Co restricted). UNS S34800
1975, P 217
300
2100
SS.090 Metastable austenitic stainless steel sheet,

engineering stress-strain curves showing effect of
varying carbon content at room temperature
250
1750
Sheet thickness = 1.27 mm (0.050 in.). After 80%

reduction in thickness at 450 oC. Crosshead speed 0.04
in./min. Composition: Fe-9Cr-8Ni-3Mn with 0.2-0.5C
1400
Source: D. Fahr, Stress and Strain-Induced Formation of Martensite and

lts Effects on Strength and Ductility of Metastable Austenitic Stainless
Steels, Metal!. Trans. A, July 1971, P 1887
~C
," -,
200
'00
-'"
0j4C/
~~-rc ~3C
~
V
J
ro
o-
!
:2
<Ji
<J)
150
1050
'i
rn
100
700
50
350
10
20
Strain, %
30
SS.091 Metastable austenitic stainless steel, roomtemperature engineering stress-strain curves
300 ,---------,----------.---------,----------,21oo
250
Effect of different rolling temperatures is shown. Reduction in thickness = 80%. Composition: 9Cr-8Ni-lMnO.4C-bal Fe
200 ~----_7~1---------_+--------~--------~1400
Source: D. Fahr, Stress and Strain-Induced Forrnation of Martensite and

Its Effects on Strength and Ductility of Metastable Austenitic Stainless
Steels, Metal!. Trans. A, July 1971, P 1889-1890
'"
.;
a.
-""
UJ
:2
150 r---------1---------_+--------~--------~1050~
~
en
100 ~--------4_--------_+--------~----------1700
50 ~--------4_--------_+--------~._--------1350
OL---------~10-----------2LO--------~3LO--------~4~
O
Strain, %
2100
250
1750
(\
200
.;
-""
r
UJ
!'!
ii
300
150
100
180%
1400
6O
%
.....--
i--
'"
a.
40%
:2
1050
'-h 20%
700
50
350
10
Effect of varying reductions in thickness (and roHing

times) at 450 oc rolling temperature is shown for a
relatively unstable aHoyo Crosshead speed = 0.04 in./min.
Composition: 9Cr-8Ni-2Mn-0.2C-bal Fe
20
Strain, %
30

Steels, Metall. Trans. A, July 1971, P 1889-1890
55.093 Metastable austenitic stainless steel, roomtemperature engineering stress-strain curves
300 ,---------,----------,---------,---------,2100
Effect of varying reductions in thickness (and rolling

times) at 450 oC rolling temperature is shown for a
relatively unstable alloy. Crosshead speed = 0.04 in./min.
Composition: 9Cr-8Ni-2Mn-0.2C-bal Fe
~--------+-------~~~~----~--------~1750
250
200 ~------~4-----~_r~------~~~------~1400
20%
~
",-
~'"
ro
o..
::;;

150 ~--------~~~----~~~-----4----------;1050~
(/)
100 ~----~~~--------~---------4----------;700
50 ~--------~--------~---------4----------;350
O
O
20
10
30
Strain, %
h
1/
ji
200
'00
'"
150
1750
Um.mp,red
1400
ro
o..
::;;
1050
1(1
700
50
350
100
Effect of annealing 450 oC, 80 min, on partially

transformed (M s > room temperature) alloy (alloy 681113). 60% reduction in thickness at 450 oc. Crosshead
speed = 0.04 in./min. Composition: 9Cr-8Ni-2Mn-0.1Cbal Fe
Tempered
250
"'ui"
55.094 Metastable austenitic stainless steel, roomtemperature engineering stress-strain curves
2100
300
10
20
Strain, %
30

/'"'
250
;v
.
-'"
'"
~
/ '/
200
(/)
2100
300
~ 2 Mn
........
1750
Effect of varying manganese content after 80% reduction

in thickness, 450 oc. Crosshead speed 0.04 in./min.
Composition: 9Cr-8Ni-lMn-0.3C-bal Fe
1400

~3Mn
8:.
::2
150 - '
1050 ~
ii
ii
100
700
50
350
10
20
30
Slrain, %
300
250
f'\.
200
~/
//
L~ ~
.
-'"
2100
~1Mn
2 Mn
3Mn
1750
Effect of varying manganese content after 80% reduction

in thickness, 450 oc. Crosshead speed 0.04 in./min
Composition: 9Cr-8Ni-lMn-OAC-bal Fe
1400

ro
o..
::2
'" 150
1050 ~
(/)
ii
ii
100
700
50
1--.
350
10
20
Slrain, %
30
SS.097 S24000 (Nitronic 33) and S30400 (304)

stainless steel bar, typical engineering tensile stressstrain curves. UNS S24000, S30400
490
70
S24000
60
(Nitronic 33)
50
0.2% offset
yield strength
420
Test direction: longitudinal. Modulus of elasticity for

Nitronic 33 = 199 OPa (28.8 x 106 psi) at room
temperature. USN S24000, S30400
CI)
280 ~
:::;:
(Type 304)
ui
~'"
Source: Product Data, S-53b, Arrnco Steel Corp., 1977
I
S30400
40
.;
-'"
350
ui
30
210
20
140
10
70
00
120
3
4
Ultimate t~nsile
strenglh
110
'"~
en
SS.098 UNS S21800 (Nitronic 60) stainless steel rod,

room-temperature engineering stress-strain curves
840
770
In steel tension. Rod diameter = 9.525 mm (3/8 in.).

100
700
90
630
80
.~/
&
:,.'1f/
",0
__ 70
g
i 60
~/
en
20
."", Proportional /
limil
/
/
V
yield slrength
490 (L
'"
:::;:
420 ui
350
II
30
~---
.....-/ 0.2% offset
V'
40
10
560
o?5
50
280
,/
210
140
70
/
2
Ultimate tensile strength = 765 MPa (111 ksi). 0.2%

yield strength = 483 MPa (70 ksi). Modulus of elasticity
= 181 OPa (26.2 x 106 psi). Elongation = 69%. Reduction
of area = 71 %. Developed with class B extensometer.
Composition: Fe-17Cr-8.5Ni-8Mn-4Si. UNS S21800
3
4
CI)
Source: Steel Company Technical Literature, Arrnco. As published in

Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol 2, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks
2oor-.----~----,_----,_----._----_,----_r----_,1400
Sheet thickness = 1.6 mm (0.063 in.). Treatment: 982 oC

(1800 F), 30 min, oil quenched, 371C (700F), 1 h, air
cooled. Composition: Fe-12Cr-lowC. UNS S41000
160~----+---~+-----1-----~----~----_+----~1120
75F (24 OC)

I
800F (427 OC)
120 ~----~----r_~~~~_1----~----_+----_1840
o..'"
00
"'.;"
::;;
.;
1000 F (538 OC)
'"
~
80

Source: W.W. Gerberich, H.E. Martens, and RA. Boundy, "Tensile

Properties of Five Low-Alloy and Stainless Steels under High-HeatingRate and Constant-Temperature Conditions," Technical Report No. 32222, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, June 1962. As published in Aerospace
~----+_~~+_~~-~----~----~----_+----_1560 ~
40~--+.~----+_----1_----~----~----_+----~280
.J--+--t-----r 1200 F (649 OC)
L-----~
____
____
_____ L_ _ _ __ L_ _ _ _
10
____
12
~O
14
SS.100 410 stainless steel bar, true stress-strain

280r-------,---------.------~--------r_----__,1960
-320F (-196 OC)
Bar diameter = 19.05 mm (0.750 in.). Treatment: 982 oC

(1800 F), 1 h, oil quenched, 427 oC (800F), 4 h, air
cooled. Composition: Fe-12Cr-lowC. UNS S41000
1680
o..'"
00
"'.;"
'"~
::;;
.;
'"
CI)
CI)
::l
~
1400
1600~-------0~.2------~OL.4-------0~.6--------0L.8------~1.d120
Source: R Chait and V. Weiss, "Isothermal True Stress-Strain Curves of

Body Centered Metals," Report No. MET. E. 1081-0666, Syracuse
University Research Institute, June 1966; see also R Chait,
"Deformation and Fracture of High Strength BCC Polycrystalline
Alloys," Ph.D. thesis, Syracuse University, 1967, available from
University of Michigan, Order No. 68-5451. As published in Aerospace
SS.101 410 stainless steel bar, stress-strain curves at

2450
350
20 K
~K
250
.;
200
""'vi
<J)
~
C/)
150
Bar diameter = 19.05 mm (0.750 in.). Treatment: 982 oC

(1800 P), 1 h, oil quenched + tempered 371C (700 P),
4 h, air cooled, to 42 HRC hardness. Composition: Pe12.2Cr-0.12C-0.5Mn-0.2Si-0.02P-0.01S. UNS S41000
2100
300
1750
---- ----=:::::: ~
1400
vi
<J)
~95K
1050 'i5
Room temperatl~
100
700
50
350
0.04
8:
:2
0.08
0.12
Strain, in./in.
0.16
0.20

1400
200
Test direction: longitudinal. Sheet thickness = l.575 mm

(0.062 in.). Treatment: 982 oC (1800 P), 15 min, oil
quenched, 482 oC (900 P), 3 h. Composition: Pe-130'0.35C. UNS S42000
1120
160
Room temperature
400F (294 OC)
800F (417 oC)
)1,-1000 h
.;
840
120
ro
o..
:2
""'uf
<J)
uf
<J)
560
80
40~--~~~---4------+------+------r-----~280
L-----~----~------~----~----~1~0----~1~
Source: K.A. Warren and R.P. Reed, Tnsile and Impaet Properties of
Seleeted Materials from 20 to 300K, Monograph 63, National Bureau of
Standards, June 1963. As published in Struetural Alloys Handbook, Vol
2, CINDASlPurdue University, 1995, p 22
'i5
Source: J.R. Kattus, J.B. Preston, and H.L. Lessley, "Detennination of

Elevated Temperatures," WADC TR 58-365, ASTIA Document No.
206075, Southern Research Institute, Nov 1958. As published in
Aerospaee Struetural Metals Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1402, CINDASI
55.103 420 stainless steel sheet, compressive stress

strain curves at room and elevated temperatures
2oor------r------~----_,------,_------r_----~1400

quenched, 482 oC (900 P), 3 h. Composition: Pe-13Cr0.35C. UNS S42000
160~-----+------+-----~~~~~------r_----~1120
120~----~------+.~-,~------~------r-----~MO
&.
:2
ui
If)
~
80~-----+--~~~~~~~~--~------r_----~560
Source: J.R. Kattus, J.B. Preston, and R.L. Lessley, "Determination of

206075, Southem Research Institute, Nov 1958. As published in
USAF CRDA Randbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 9
__ - 100 h
: - - 1000 h
40~--~~------+_----~------~------r_----__1280
L------L------~----~
______
______
10
____
_"O
12
200,---------,----------,----------,----------,1400
160~--------_r--------~----------+_--------__11120
Room temperature
55.104 422 stainless steel sheet, tensile stressstrain

quenched, 538 oC (1000 P), 2 h. Composition: Pe-12Cr0.23C-IMo-l W-0.8Ni-0.25Y. UNS S42200
Source: J.R. Kattus, J.B. Preston, and R.L. Lessley, "Determination of
Tensile, Compressive, Bearing and Shear Properties of Sheet Steels at
Elevated Temperatures," WADC TR 58-365, AS TIA Document No.
206075, Southem Research Institute, Nov 1958. As published in
USAF CRDA Randbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 10
r-----~~-r--------~----------+_--------__1280
~------~2~------~4~------~6--------~80
SS.105 422 stainless steel sheet, compressive stressstrain curves at room and elevated temperatures
1400
200
Room temperature
160
1120
840
120

(0.062 in.). Treatment: 1038 oC (1900 F), 15 min, oil
quenched, 538 oC (1000 F), 2 h. Composition: Fe-12Cr0.23C-IMo-l W-0.8Ni-0.25Y. UNS S42200
'"
a.
'00
.l<
en
:2
r
(J)
Ci
Ci
r
~
560
80
Source: J.R. Kattus, J.B. Preston, and H.L. Lessley, "Determination of

Tensile, Compressive, Bearing and Shear Properties of Sheet Steels at
206075, Southern Research Institute, Nov 1958. As published in
Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1403, ClNDASI
40~--~~r-------+-------~-------r------~280
0~------~2--------4L-------~6~------~8------~1~
SS.106 AFC-77 stainless steel sheet, tensile stressstrain curves at room and elevated temperatures
225,-----,,------,-----,,------,------,-----,1575
200~----~------~----~------~~=
1400
Test direction: L, longitudinal; T, transverse. Sheet

thickness = 2.54 mm (0.10 in.). Tempered at 371C
(700F). Treatment: 1038 oC (1900 F), 15 min in
protective atmosphere, oil quenched, -73 oC (-100F),
30 min, 371C (700 F), 2 + 2 h. Composition: Fe14.5Cr-13.5Co-5Mo-0.5V-0.15C. UNS S65770
1225
150~----1-----_+--~~~~~~
1050
'"
g 125 ~----~------IIh~--~------~----_+----____j 875
00
00
(JJ
700 ~
Ci 100
75~----~~~--~----~------~----_+----____j525
50~--~~------~----_+------r_----_+----____j350
25~"--~------~----_r------~----_r----____j175
~-----2L------4L------6L------L------L-----~1l
Source: O.L. Deel and W.S. Hyler, "Engineering Data on Newly

Developed Structural Materials," Technical Report AFML-TR-67-418,
April 1968, P 145. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
SS.107 AFC-77 stainless steel sheet, tensile stressstrain curves at room and elevated temperatures
225,-----,------,------,------,-----,------,1575
200~----~-----4------+-----~~_
1400
175~----~----~------~77L-_r----~r_~)
1225
Test direction: L, longitudinal; T, transverse. Sheet

thickness = 2.54 mm (0.10 in.). Tempered at 593 oC
(1100 P). Treatment: 1038 oC (1900 P), 15 min in
protective atmosphere, oil quenched, -73 oC (-100 P),
30 min, 593 oC (1100 P), 2 + 2 h. Composition: Pe14.5Cr-13.5Co-5Mo-0.5V-0.15C. UNS S65770
150~----~----_4--~~~~--~----~r_~~1050
al
~125~----~----~~~--+------r------r------875~
m
w
m100
molen

Developed Structural Materials," Technical Report AFML-TR -67 -418,
April 1968, P 160. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
75~----~~~_4------+_----~------r_--__4525
50~--~~----_+------+------r----~----~350
~,,~-~-----+------+-----~----~----~175
L-----~2------~4------~6------8L-----~10----~1;
225,-----,------,------,------,-----,------,1575
SS.108 AFC-77 stainless steel sheet, compressive

temperatures
200~----~----_+------+__.~~~--~--~~1400
150~-----r----_+_,~~+------r----~----~1050
al
~125r------4-----~~----~----~----_4----~875~
~~
m100
700
75~----~~--_+------+_----~----~----~525
50~--~~----_+------+_----~----~----~350
~~---r-----4------+_-----r----~----~175
0~-----~2------~4------~6------8L-----~1-0----~1;
Sirain, 0.001 inJin.
Ien
Test direction: longitudinal and long transverse. Sheet

thickness = 2.54 mm (0.10 in.). Tempered at 371C
(700 0F). Treatment: 1038 oC (1900 P), 15 min in
protective atmosphere, oil quenched, -73 oC (-100 P),
30 min, 371C (700 P), 2 + 2 h. Composition: Fe14.5Cr-13.5Co-5Mo-0.5V-0.15C. UNS S65770
Developed Structural Materials," Technical Report AFML-TR-67-418,
April 1968, P 147. As published in Aerospace Structural M etals
275
250
~OO F (316 OC)
/#
200
~~
175
//
150
'"
IJ)
ID
&5 125
100
75
50
25
1750
/" ~Td,
225
SS.109 AFC-77 stainless steel sheet, compressive

temperatures
1925
70F (21C)
Land T
1575
TL
~800~F(427oe)
1400
f100 F (!538 OC)

Land T
1225
ro
1050 ~
'"
Ci
IJ)
875
700
Test direction: L, longitudinal; LT, long transverse. Sheet

thickness = 2.54 mm (0.10 in.). Tempered at 593 oC
(1100 F). Treatment: 1038 oC (1900 F), 15 min in
protective atmosphere, oil quenched, -73 oC (-100F),
30 min, 593 oC (1100 F), 2 + 2 h. Composition: Fe14.5Cr-13.5Co-5Mo-0.5V-0.15C. UNS S65770
Developed Strnctural Materials." Technical Report AFML-TR -67 -418,
April1968, P 162. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
525
350
175
10
240r-----~-----.------,_----_.------r_----~1680
SS.110 13-8 PH Mo stainless steel bar, stress-strain

curves with effect of aged condition
H 1000
H950
200~----4-----~------+-~~~~--
1400
Bar diameter = 19.05 mm (0.75 in.). Composition: Fe13Cr-8Ni-2Mo. UNS S13800
1120
Source: P.W. Johnson, Ir., Arrnco Steel Corp., Baltimore, MD, personal
cornrnunication with c.l. Hickey, Ir., Feb 1973. As published in
Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vo12, Code 1510, CINDASI
USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
1995, p 15
ro
:2
c..
gf 120
840",
IJ)
Ci
80
560
40
280
~----~2L-----~4------~6------~8------1LO----~1;
Strain, 0.001 in./n.
320
55.111 13-8 PH Mo stainless sleel bar, lrue stressslrain curves with effecl of heal lrealment
2240
240
1680
3
2
.;
--'"
'"
D..
::;:
<Ji
<Ji
IJ)
IJ)
1120 ~
ii 160
IJ)
Q)
Q)
::;
80
Test direction: transverse. Strain rate = 0.OO4/rnin. Heat

treatment: curve 1,899 oc (1650 P), 0.5 h; curve 2,
899 oc (1650 P), 0.5 h, 599 oc (1110 P), 4 h; curve 3,
899 oc (1650 P), 0.5 h, 449 oc (840 P), 4 h; curve 4,
899 oc (1650 P), 0.5 h, 527 oC (980 P), 4 h.
Composition: Pe-13Cr-8Ni-2Mo. UNS S13800
Souree: V. Seethararnan, M. Sundarararnan, and R. Krisknan,
Preeipitation Hardening in a PH 13-8Mo Stainless Steel, Mater. Sci.
Eng., Vol 47 (No. 1), Jan 1981, p 1-11. As published in Aerospace
560
L -________L -_________L __ _ _ _ _ _
0.01
0.02
________
0.03
~O
0.04
True plastic strain
240,-----,------,------,------,------,------,1680
Room temperature
200~----~------~----~----~~~
1400
~
&.
::;:
gf 120 1-------+--------1-r--H;C--_+_----____/_------+_----------I 840 gf
en
1000 F (538 OC)

80~----~~~~~----_+_----_+------+_----~560
401----~~-------1------_+_----____/_------+_----_1280
0~~-----2~-----4L------~6L-----~8------~10~--~1l
en
55.112 13-8 PH Mo H1000 slainless sleel bar, slressstrain curves al room and elevaled temperalures
Bar diameter = 19.05 mm (0.75 in.). Aging treatment:
538 oC (1000 P), 4 h, air cooled. Composition: Pe-13Cr8Ni-2Mo. UNS S13800
Souree: P.W. Johnson, Jr., Armeo Steel Corp., Baltimore, MD, personal
eornmunieation with C.I. Hiekey, Jr., Feb 1973. As published in
55.113 13-8 PH Mo H 1000 stainless steel bar, stressstrain curves at room and low temperatures
320,-----,---------,----------,---------,2240
Bar diameter = 19.05 mm (0.75 in.). Aging treatment:

538 oC (1000 F), 4 h, air cooled. Data represent one test
from one heat, according to Arrnco Data Bulletin S-24,
1984. Composition: Fe-13Cr-8Ni-2Mo. UNS S13800
-320 F (-196 OC)

2401------+-------+--__~-~~~~~--I1680
-150 F (-101 OC)
8:.
Room temperature
:2
gf 160 1------+------/-++->'---+------+------11120 gf
~
eommunieation with C.I. Hiekey, Jr., Feb 1973. As published in
w
~
00
801----~~+-----~-----+----~560
0~--------~4--------~8----------1~2--------~1;
200
160
80
40
5S.114 13-8 PH Mo Hl000 stainless steel bar,
1680
240
V--
1400
Bar size = 50.8 x 152.4 mm (2 x 6 in.). Aging treatment:

538 oC (1000 F), 4 h, air cooled. Composition: Fe-13Cr8Ni-2Mo. UNS S13800
1120
eommunieation with C.I. Hickey, Jr., Feb 1973. As published in
<Il
a.
:2
840 ID
cii
(J)
560
280
12
SS.115 13-8 PH Mo H1000 stainless steel forging,

225 r-----,_----~------,_----,_----~----_.1575
200 ~----~----_+------~~~~~--_+----~1400
175
Test direction: longitudinal. Forging size = 101.6 x 127

mm (4 x 5 in.). Aging treatment: 538 oC (1000 F), 4 h,
air cooled. Composition: Fe-13Cr-8Ni-2Mo. UNS
S 13800
1225
150
.;
-'"
al
125 ~----~----_+~~~r_----~~--~~--~875~
<Ji
<Ji
UJ
UJ
100 ~----~--~~~~--~----~----_T----~700:
(J)

Aerospace Structural Materials," AFML-TR-72-196, Vol 2, Sept 1972.
1995, p 23
75 ~-----~~~_+------~----~----_T----~525
~---7~~--_+------~----4_----_+----~350
~~L--4_----_+------~----4_----_+----~175
L-----~2L-----~4------~6------8L-----~10~--~1f
250
200
.;
150
V ----
<Ji
UJ

c..
o
UJ
!
700
350
al
:;
/
2
1400
1050
100
Test direction: longitudinal. Bar thickness = 19.05-50.8

mm (0.750-2.000 in.). Aging treatment: 538 oC (1000
F), 4 h, air cooled. Ramberg-Osgood parameter: n = 17.
Composition: Fe-13Cr-8Ni-2Mo. UNS S13800
f.---
JI
-'"
50
SS.116 13-8 PH Mo Hl000 stainless steel bar, typical

tensile stress-strain curve at room temperature
1750
6
10
12
250

70
105
140
35
'-....
200
-----
./'
150
'"~
100
-r----V--
V
I
'00
-"
<Ji
50
r---
SS.117 13-8 PH Mo H1000 stainless steel bar, typical

175

mm (0.875-2.000 in.). Aging treatment: 538 oC (1000
F), 4 h, air cooled. Ramberg-Osgood parameter: n = 17.
Composition: Fe-13Cr-8Ni-2Mo. UNS S13800
1400

1050
ro
c..
2
<Ji
'"
700
350
10
12
25
15
20
10
30
240
- '" ",
r' 1 - -
200
r--
180
--,...
220
160
......
',~
'.
"
,-
'\,\
g
gj" 120
~
.....
H950
1120
1'-,
"
H1100
"x
H1050
980 ro
c..
2
840 gj"
~
700 C
80
560
60
420
40
280
20
140
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
Strain, in./in.
Test direction: longitudinal. Based on one heat. Composition: Fe-13Cr-8Ni-2Mo. UNS S13800
1260
H1000
100
1400
....
"" "'~"
._ 140
1540
"
....
SS.118 13-8 PH Mo stainless steel bar, typical tensile

stress-strain curves (fuI! range) at room temperature
for various heat treat conditions
1680
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
240
210
Transverse
180
150
.l<
ui
120
30
Test direction: longitudinal and transverse. Sheet

thickness = 1.27 mm (0.050 in.). SRH aging treatment:
927 C (1700 F), 1 h, -73 oC (-100F), 8 h, 566 oC
(1050 F), 1 h, air coo1ed. Composition: Fe-14Cr-8Ni2.5Mo-Al. UNS S14800
1050
'"
o..
::;
840 ui
'"
~
420
210
6
8
10
12
14
200
SS.120 15-5 PH stainless steel bar, typical tensile

stress-strain curves at room temperature for various
heat treat conditions
1400
H925
H1025
.;
Source: "Fatigue Evaluation of PHI4-8Mo (SRH1050) AHoy," Arrnco

Steel Corp., Advanced Materials Div., 17 Sept 1969. As published in
630
/
)v
60
1470
00ngitudina,
jV
90
SS.119 14-8 PH Mo SRH1050 stainless steel sheet,

1260
//
.;
Ul
p-
1680
160
1120
120
840
Test direction: longitudinal. Bar thickness = 25.4--31.75

mm (1.000-1.250 in.). Ramberg-Osgood parameters:
n(H925) = 13, n(H1025) = 24, n(Hll00) = 22, n(H1150)
= 9.0, n(H1150M) = 7.8. Composition: Fe-15Cr-5Ni-4Cu.
UNS S15500
'"
o..
::;
.l<
ui
ui
Ul
Ul
80
560
40r---~~-----+------r-----4------+----~280
6
8
10
en
SS.121 15-5 PH stainless steel bar, typical

200 0.-_ _..,.35_ _ _7,0_ _---,10,5_ _ _1,4_0_ _ _1,75_ _ _2-,1 Q400
H1025
H1025
160 1----==",....;::---+-----11----:.0.....,,==----+----+----1 1120
.;
120
Test direction: long transverse. Bar thickness = 38.0139.7 mm (1.500-5.500 in.). Ramberg-Osgood
parameters: n(H1025) =20, n(H1150) =7.8. Composition: Fe-15Cr-5Ni-4Cu. UNS S15500
840 ro
a.
-'"
:2
ui
!/)
ui"
!/)
Ci
560
80
401---+--+----+-----1----+----+--~280
10
12
20
25
30
175
21Q400
I
O
10
15
SS.122 15-5 PH H1025 stainless steel bar, typical

modulus curves at various temperatures
200
35
70
105
140
Test direction: longitudinal. Bar thickness = 38.0142.24 mm (1.500-5.600 in.). 0.5 h exposure. RambergOsgood parameters: n(room temperature) = 22, n(400 F)
= 18, n(700 F) = 12, n(900 F) = 11. Composition: Fe15Cr-5Ni-4Cu. UNS S15500
Room temperature
1601---....:::..'""'=:----+---1----:.0--=--+----+-----11120
.;
840 ro
120
a.
:2
-'"
ui"
ui"
!/)
!/)
560
80
40~-~~---+----I---+---rr~~~280
I
5
10
15
20
25
30
Ci
SS.123 15-5 PH Hl025 stainless steel plate, typical

tensile and compressive stress-strain and
compressive tangent modulus curves

200 or-_ _-r35_ _ _7To_ _ _
1or5_ _ _1-r4_o_ _ _1T75_ _----,21~400
f---+-=-......==----::;~
Test direction: L, longitudinal; LT, long transverse. Plate

thickness = 38.0-139.7 mm (1.500-5.500 in.). RambergOsgood parameters: n(L, tension) = 23, n(LT, tension) =
23, n(L, compression) = 20, n(LT, compression) = 21.
Composition: Pe-15Cr-5Ni-4Cu. UNS S15500
___~::.p..c__--+----11120
840
.;
-'"
ro
o..
:2
c
en
c
en
Ci
560
Ci
r--~+---+----r_--+---+--_H280
I
5
10
15
20
25
30

O
35
70
105
140
175
210
200 , - - - - - - r - - - - - - , - - - - , . - - - - - - r - - - - - - , - - - - - - - , 1400
160 - - - - + - - - - - + - - - - t - - - + - - - - - + - - - - I 1 1 2 0
.-;~~~~f~e:::;~7~'0~0~OF
(371 ;C)
_
900F (482
OC)
c
en
Cf)
80
40r--.w~---+-----r_--~--++-+~-H280
00
L
O
6
8
10
1i
I
5
10
15
20
25
Test direction: longitudinal. 0.5 h exposure. RambergOsgood parameters: n(room temperature) = 8.5, n(400 P)
= 14, n(700 P) = 12, n(900 P) = 10. Composition: Pe15Cr-5Ni-4Cu. UNS S15500
Room temperature
120 r----=-----f"~--'-'--'--t'...="-'---'71-""''_:::;;__400 F (204 C)
.;
I
I
-'"

modulus curves at various temperatures
30
SS.125 15-5 PH H935 stainless steel casting, typical


r -_____
4r2____-,84______1,2_6_____1,6_8_____2,1_o____~25i400
Casting thickness = 12.7-47.625 mm (0.500-1.875 in.).

0.5 h exposure. Ramberg-Osgood parameters: n(tension)
= 12, n(compression) = 12. Composition: Fe-15Cr-5Ni4Cu. UNS S15500
r------r----~-=~~~~--~------~----_41120

840 ro
a.
.;
-'"
<Ji
:2:
<Ji
'"~
'"~
560
~--~~----_4------~----_4----_4H-----_4280
o
12
4
I
O
12
18
30
24
36
SS.126 15-7 PH RH950 stainless steel sheet, stressstrain curves at room and low temperatures
320 r---------,---------,----------,---------,2240
280

Fe-15Cr-7Ni-2.5Mo. UNS S15700
r---------~--------~~~--_.~~~~~~1960
-320F (-196 OC)
240
200
.;
-'"
<Ji
'"
~
r---------~--~_7~~~-------T--------_41400
ro
:2:
a.
160
r---------~L,~L---~---------T--------_41120 ~
UJ
120
~------~~~------~---------+--------_4840
80
~--~~~~------~~------~--------_4560
40
~~~----+_--------~---------+--------_4280
0 ~--------~4--------~8----------1L2--------~1~
0
Source: L.P. Rice, J.E. Campbell, and W.F. Simmons, "The Evaluation
of the Effects of Very Low Temperatures on the Properties of Aircraft
and Missile Metals," WADD TR 60-254, Feb 1960, p 40. As published
in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1503, CINDAS/
5lainless 5leel (55)/229
.;
200
1400
160
1120
120
840
80
560
-'"
c
en
~
SS.127 15-7 PH RH950 stainless steel sheet,

isochronous stress-strain curves at various
temperatures
Sheet thickness = 1.27 mm (0.050 in.). Composition: Fe15Cr-7Ni-2.5Mo. UNS S15700
ro
c..
:2
c
en
~
ro
40~~---+--+---4---~--+-~~~~----~--~280
L -_ _ _ _-L______L -_ _ _ _-L______
____
__
~O
ro
Source: "Armco 17-7 PH and PH 15-7Mo," Armco Steel Corp.,

July 1968, P 37. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
240
1680
SS.128 15-7 PH RH950 (a) and TH1050 (b) stainless

steel sheet, typical tensile stress-strain curves at
200
1400
Sheet thickness = 1.27 mm (0.050 in.). RT, room

temperature. Composition: Fe-15Cr-7Ni-2.5Mo. UNS
S15700
160
1120
ro
a.
'00
"'<Ji"
'"~
:2
840 <Ji
120
'"
~
80
560
40
280
2
(a)
4
6
240
1680
200
1400
160
1120
120
:2
840 <Ji
ro
a.
'00
"'<Ji"
'"
~
'"~
CIl
80
560
40
280
2
(b)
4
6
10
Source: Armco Precipitation Hardening Stainless Steel Technical

Manual, Arrnco Steel Corp., I March 1958. As published in Aerospace
300
RT
250
2100
55.129 15-7 PH RH950 (a) and TH1050 (b) stainless

steel sheet, typical compressive stress-strain curves
at room and elevated temperatures
1750
Sheet thickness = 1.27 mm (0.050 in.). RT, room

temperature. Composition: Fe-15Cr-7Ni-2.5Mo. UNS
S15700
200
1400
150
1050 gf
'"
a.
~
<Ji
tn
:2
~
100
700
50
350
(a)
300,-----,------,------,-----,------,-----, 2100
250r_----~----_+------r_----~----_+----~
1750
RT
1400
'"
a.
:2
1050 gf
~
700
350
2
(b)
10
Source: "Armco 17-7 PH and PH 15-7Mo," Armco Steel Corp.,

July 1968, P 29. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1503, CINDASfUSAF CRDA Handbooks
SS.130 15-7 PH TH1050 stainless steel sheet, typical

temperatures for various exposure times
200 - - - - - - - , - - - - - - - - - - - , , - - - - - - - , - - - - - - - - - - - , 1400
RT
RT
Sheet thiekness = 1.27 mm (0.050 in.). RT, room

temperature. Exposure times: (a) 30 min, (b) 10 h,
(e) 100 h, and (d) 1000 h. Composition: Fe-15Cr-7Ni2.5Mo. UNS S15700
"-:--+---,4-----11120
840
'"
o..
:2
~
vi
vi
'"
'"
~
1i
560
I__-I-I-+----+-----j
I__~-_+_---+-----j
280
'------'------'------' ' - - - - - ' - - - - - ' - - - - - - ' O

12 O
4
8
12
8
4'
Stram, 0.001 in.lin.
Strain, 0.001 in.lin:
(a)
(b)
200
1400
RT
RT
.'d~"------l
1120
I-----thr---+-+-----i I__----+l--I---+-----j 840
~
~
1i
~'"
~
~
80
I__--Ihf+--~""'--+-----j
I__---H+--:J-""'-_+-----j 560
1000 F (538 OC)
1__~-+-----+-------j1__~--_+_----_+---~280
L---~4---~8---1~2 ~0---~4---~8------'1P

(e)
(d)
1i
Source: M.M. Lemcoe and A. Trevino, Jr., "Determination of the Effect

of Elevated Temperature Materials Properties of Several High Temperature Alloys," ASD TDR-61-529, June 1962, p 194-197. As published in
USAF CROA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 11
55.131 15-7 PH TH1050 stainless steel sheet,

1750
250
Room temperature
.;
200
1400
150
1050
Test direction: longitudinal. 0.5 h exposure. RambergOsgood parameters: n(room temperature) = 8.3,
n(200 P) = 6.6, n(400 P) = 7.5, n(600 P) = 5.5,
n(800 P) = 4.7, n(lOOO P) = 6.6. Composition: Pe15Cr-7Ni-2.5Mo. UNS Sl5700
'"
a.
-'"
:2
<Ji
<Ji
en
en
100
700
1000 F (538 OC)
50~--~~~--~-----+----~------~----4350
L-----~----~-----L----~------~--~O
10
12
55.132 15-7 PH TH1050 stainless steel sheet, typical

elevaled temperatures
250.-----,-----,------,-----,------,-----.1750
Room temperature
0.5 h exposure. Ramberg-Osgood parameters: n(room

temperature) = 9.3, n(200 P) = 10, n(400 P) = 11,
n(600 P) = 14, n(800 P) = 12, n(1000 P) = 6.3.
Composition: Pe-15Cr-7Ni-2.5Mo. UNS S15700
~----+-----~-----+--~~~~~~--__41400
1050
.;
ro
a.
-'"
:2
<Ji
en
<Ji
en
700
r_--~~----~-----+----~------r_--~350
L-----~----~-----L----~
______
6
8
10
__
~O
12
i'i

compressive tangent modulus curves at room and

35
70
105
140
175
o
25or-----,------r-----,------,------r-----.

temperature) = 9.3, n(200 F) = 10, n(400 F) = 11,
n(600 F) = 14, n(800 F) = 12,.n(lOOO F) = 6.3.
Composition: Fe-15Cr-7Ni-2.5Mo. UNS S15700
.;
150
..lo<
vi
VI
$
100 ~----1_----_+-----=~----~----~~~rlH700
50~----1_----_+------~----~--_r_+r-+_HH350
0L-----~5------1~0------1~5----~20----~2~5L-~~3~
/' ----
180
160
/ /
120
V V
~
~ 100
L / /
80
/'
/ / L
60
20
V-/
140
40
SS.134 17-4 PH stainless steel bar, stress-strain

curves for various heat treat conditions
1400
200
/ / /
/ V /
H900
i--
1260
980
~-
840
'"
[L
::2;
700
560
420
140
r- 2-4
Source: W.J. Lanning, "Torsion Properties of 17-4PH and 15-5PH

Stainless Steel Bars," Advanced Materials Div., Arrnco Steel Corp.,
16 March 1972. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
1120
280
Composition: Fe-17Cr-4Ni-4Cu. UNS S17400
H1050
vi
VI
SS.135 17-4 PH stainless steel bar, typical stressstrain curves for various heat treat conditions
1400
200

n(H900) = 11, n(H1025) = 24, n(HI150) = 13. Composition: Fe-17Cr-4Ni-4Cu. UNS S17400
1120
160
840
120
'"
'00
-'"
o..
:2
<Ji
<Ji
'"~
'"
~
'i5
560
80
40~--~~----~----~------+-----~----~280
SS.136 17-4 PH stainless steel bar, typical

2ooor-----~35~--~7TO----~10~5----~1T40~--~17r5----~21~400
H1025
Test direction: longitudinal. Bar thickness: 25.4-114.3

n(H1025) = 22, n(H1150) = 13. Composition: Fe-17Cr4Ni-4Cu. UNS S17400
H1025
840
'00
-'"
'"
o..
:2
<Ji
<Ji
'"~
In
'i5
560
~--~4------+----~------+-----~-----4280
10
20
25
I
o
I
10
15
30
'i5

temperatures
2oo,------,------,------,------,------,----__,14oo
1225
175~----_r------~----_r--~=-r_--
Test direction: longitudinal. Composition: Fe-17Cr-4Ni4Cu. UNS S 17400

125~----~------~L,~~------r_----_r----~875
11
900F (482 OC)
'"
~ 100~----_r----~~~~_r------r_----_r----_4700 ~
~
w
Source: O.L. Deel and H. Mindlin, "Engineering Data on New Aerospace Structural Materials," AFML-TR-72-196, Vol 1, Battelle
Columbus Laboratories, Sept 1972. As published in Aerospace
~
w
75~----_r-T.~~~----_r------r_----_r----_4525
50~--~Mf,~----~----~------r_----_r----~350
25~~~-r------~-----r------r------r-----4175
0L------2L------4L------6L------8~----~1~0----~1f
200
r------r------r------r------,-~---,----__,1400
175 f--~~t__~-.J__--+_----c~~::::::===t_--_11225
SS.138 17-4 PH H900 stainless steel bar,

Aerospace Structural Materials," AFML-TR-72-196, Vol 1, Battelle
Columbus Laboratories, Sept 1972. As published in Aerospace
150
125
.
""gi 100
~
(f)
75
50
~--~~------~----~------r_----_r----~350
25 ~~~~------~----_r------r_----_r----~175
O~-----L------4L------6L------8L-----~1LO----~1l
2
O
200
1400
160
1120
120
00
-"
Il)
(J)
80
40
55.139 17-4 PH H 1000 stainless steel casting,

typical tensile stress-strain curve at room
temperature
Casting thickness =9.525-76.2 mm (0.375-3.000 in.).
Ramberg-Osgood parameter: n = 16. Composition: Fe17Cr-4Ni-4Cu. UNS S17400
840
&.
::;
e:!
560
'i
280
10
200
35
"-..
160
120
00
-"
Il)
'i
80
40

70
105
140
//
55.140 17-4 PH H1000 stainless steel casting, typical

175
---
1120
r--- ~
.......
840
560
10
12
20
25
30
I
5
10
15
en
o..
::;
e:!
280
Casting thickness = 9.525-76.2 mm (0.375-3.000 in.).

Ramberg-Osgood parameter: n = 13. Composition: Fe17Cr-4Ni-4Cu. UNS S17400
'i
320
I
280
.J
-423
240
"'r"
i'"
- r--
--
....V-
160
1960
"""" -100F (-73 C)
75F (24 C)
:2
1120 gf
!'-
~
840
80
560
40
280
0.12
0.08
0.04
books Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 11
1400
.............
120
Souree: K.A. Warren and R.P. Reed, Tensile and Impact Properties of
Selected Materials from 20 to 300 K, Monograph 63, National Bureau
of Standards, 28 June 1963. As published in Aerospace Structural
Metals Handbook, Vo12, Code 1501, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Hand-
1680
....... ,,320F (-196 C)
'0;
SS.141 17-4 PH H1100 stainless steel bar, complete

(-253 C)
200
2240
0.16
0.20
Strain, in.lin.
)/
280
240
'jj
'"
~
..".~-.-
. ., . .,,''''''''
120
/.
80
I.
V~
1400
'"
:2
1120 gf
~
Ii
840
280
~--
8
6
Curve 1,5.08 mm (0.200 in.) diam, condition A; curve 2,

2.032 mm (0.080 in.) diam, condition C; curve 3, 2.032
mm (0.080 in.) diam, condition CH900. Composition: Fe17Cr-7Ni-1Al. UNS Sl7700
1680
560
1960
a.
160
40
V/
/;'
200
"'r"
SS.142 17-7 PH stainless steel spring wire, tensile

stress-strain curves at room temperature for various
2240
320
10
Souree: "Armeo 17-7 PH Preeipitation-Hardening Stainless Steel, Bar,

Rod and Wire," Bulletin No. S-2ge, Armeo Stainless Steel Div., April
J/
l'
240
j ~-
200
.; 160
!en 120
80
,;;;;
11
- - - Longitudinal
- - TrnSverse
12
/
V
(b)
200
.; 160
"'"
280
12
/'*
~ /
r/
/'
55.144 17-7 PH stainless steel sheet, typical

compressive stress-strain curves for heat
treat condition RH950 (a) and TH1050 (b)
120
1/
- - - Longitudinal
- - TrnSverse
12
560
280
/
O
4
(b)

thickness = 1.27 mm (0.050 in.). Tested at room
temperature. Composition: Fe-17Cr-7Ni-1Al. UNS
S 17700
1400
840
I
/
1680
1120 ti.
::2
1/
40
1960
240
80
1120 ti.
::2
Source: ''Armco 17-7 H and PH 15-7Mo," Armco Steel Corp., 1966.

As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 2,
Code 1502, CINDAS/USAF CROA Handbooks Operation, Purdue
560
280
en
1400

thickness = 1.27 mm (0.050 in.). Composition: Fe-17Cr7Ni-IAl. UNS SI7700
840
1680
I ---
{'
"'ui"
40
55.143 17-7 PH stainless steel sheet, typical tensile

stress-strain curves for heat treat condition RH950
(a) and TH1050 (b)
1960
280
12
Source: "Armco 17-7 H and PH 15-7Mo," Armco Steel Corp., 1966.

Code 1502, CINOAS/USAF CROA Handbooks Operation, Purdue
320
Room JmperatuJ
280
I
1//
IV
200
.;
-'"
vi
1960
/V
240
In
SS.145 17-7 PH CH900 stainless steel sheet, tensile

temperatures under conditions of rapid heating,
rapid loading, and short time at temperature
2240
160
120
800 'F (427 'C)
'"
o..
:2
1120 gf
"al
840
1/ --
40
1400
1000 'F (538 'C)
PI
80
Sheet thickness = 1.016 mm (0.040 in.). Strain rate =

O.l/s. Heated to test temperature in 10 s and held for 10 s
prior to test. Composition: Fe-17Cr-7Ni-1Al. UNS
S 17700
1680
1200 'F (649 'C)
Souree: J.R. Kattus, "Tensile and Creep Ruptnre Properties of Struetural

Alloys under Conditions of Rapid Heating, Rapid Loading, and Short
Times at Temperatnre," Southern Researeh Institute Report 3962-867-2-1
to International Niekel Co., 10 April 1959. As published in Aerospace
560
280
12
16
20
24
Strain, in.lin.
SS.146 17-7 PH RH950 stainless steel sheet, tensile

stress-strain curves at various temperatures
24or-------~-------.------_,------_,------__,1680
Sheet thickness = 1.27 mm (0.050 in.). Curve 1: room

temperature; curve 2: 93 oC (200F); curve 3: 204 oC
(400 F); curve 4: 316 oC (600F); curve 5: 427 oC
(800 F); curve 6: 482 oC (900F); curve 7: 538 oC
(1000 F). Composition: Fe-17Cr-7Ni-1Al. UNS Sl7700
~------+_------~-------+------_4--~~~1400
'"
o..
:2
840 vi
~--~.~~------+_------4_------_r--------280
Souree: Armco Precipitation Hardening Stainless Steels Technical Data

Manual, Armeo Steel Corp., I Nov 1957. As published in Aerospace
240 , - - - - , - - - - , . - - - - - , - - - - , - - - - - , 1680
SS.147 17-7 PH RH950 stainless steel sheet,

200 ~------~----~-4---~~~~~----~----~1400
600F (316 OC)

(0.062 in.). Composition: Fe-17Cr-7Ni-lAl. UNS S 17700
160 ~------~-f-----4----.~_4------~~----~1120
.;
-'"
ui
'"
'"
120 ~------~-------4-+-----_4~------~----~840
Ci
o..
:2
ui
Ci
80
40
~~----+_~L---~--+---_4--~----~----~280
L-----~L_
_____
~~
_____ L_ _ _ _ _ __ L_ _ _ _
~O
Source: J.R. Kattus, lB. Preston, and H.L. Lessley, "Determination of

Elevated Temperatures," WADC Technical Report 58-365, Nov 1958.
1995, p 24
55.148 17-7 PH RH950 stainless steel sheet,

isochronous stress-strain curves
1400
200
160
1120
Sheet thiekness = 1.27 mm (0.050 in.). (a) 316 oC

(600 P). (b) 427 oC (800 P). (e) 371 oC (700 P).
(d) 482 oC (900 P). Composition: Pe-17Cr-7Ni-lAl.
UNS Sl7700
840
Source: Armco Precipitation Hardening Stainless Steels Technical Data

Manual, Arrnco Steel Corp., 1 Nov 1957. As published in Aerospace
1000 h
.;
120
'"
Q.
~
-'"
vi
vi
"'~
li5
560
80
jg"'
en
oL-----~4------~8------1~20L-----~4------~8---"0
(a)
(b)
120.-------....-.,-,----,-,,-------, .----------r------,----,840
.;
80
560
'"
Q.
~
-'"
vi
vi
"'~
li5
40
280
o 0L-----~4------~8----~1::'2 0L------.1.--------L----' O
4
8
(e)
(d) Strain, 0.001 in.lin.
jg"'
en
200
.;
SS.149 17-7 PH TH1050 stainless steel sheet,

1750
250
0.5 h exposure. Ramberg-Osgood parameters n(room

temperature) = 12, n(200 F) = 8.3, n(400 F) = 9.0,
n(600 F)= 12, n(800 F) = 8.3, n(900 F) = 8.0,
n(lOOO F) = 7.7. Composition: Fe-17Cr-7Ni-1Al. UNS
S 17700
1400
Room temperature
150
800 [' (427 C)
"".;

.;
<J)
<J)
900F (482 OC)
100
700
1000 F (538 OC)

350
50
~----~2------4L------~6----~8------1~0----~1f
250

typical compressive stress-strain curves at room
1750
Room temperature

temperature) = 9.3, n(200 F) = 11, n(400 F) = 9.3,
n(600 F) = 11, n(800 F) = 8.3, n(900 F) = 9.3.
Composition: Fe-17Cr-7Ni-1Al. UNS S 17700
200
150
1050 al
D..
::;
.;
.;
<J)
<J)
i
100
700
~----~------r-----r-----+----~350
Strain, 0.001 n.lin.
10
250 or-_ _--35_ _ _7To_ _ _1,o5_ _--,14_o_ _ _1,.7.:..5_ _-=,21~750

200 1----.<::-+--'-~....,,~:...:-.~+-'::--c:=-~+--_+-----l1400

temperature) =9.3, n(200 P) = 11, n(400 P) =9.3,
n(600 P) = 11, n(800 P) = 8.3, n(900 P) =9.3.
Composition: Pe-17Cr-7Ni-lAl. UNS S 17700

.;
1050
150
c..'"
::;
"""<Ji
ui
rn
~
rn
Ci
700
100
501---~---+---~--~--+~-~~350
0L---~5----~10-----1L5---~2~0-~~25--L-LJJ3~
6
280 .-------,-------,-------,------,--------, 1960
1_---~1_---1----1----~~--41680
1400
801-----1--
401---~
~--_4---_4---~---~280
6
4
SS.152 17-7 PH TH1050 stainless steel sheet, tensile

RT, room temperature. Sheet thickness = 2.032 mm
(0.080 in.) for low temperatures (below RT), 1.27 mm
(0.050 in.) for RT and above. Curve 1: -253 oC
(-423 P); curve 2: -196 oC (-320 P); curve 3: -79 oC
(-110 P); curve 4: RT; curve 5: 93 oC (200 P); curve 6:
204 oC (400 P); curve 7: 316 oC (600 P); curve 8:
427 oC (800 P); curve 9: 482 oC (900 P); curve 10:
538 oC (1000 P). Composition: Pe-17Cr-7Ni-lAl. UNS
S 17700
Source: Armco Precipitation Hardening Stainless Steels Technical Data
Manual, Arroco Steel Carp., 1 Nov 1957 andA.L. McGee, J.E. Campbell, R.L. Carlson, and G.K. Manning, "The Mechanical Properties of
Certain Aircraft StructuraJ Metals at Very Low Temperatures," WADC
TR 58-386, Nov 1958. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1502, CINDASIUSAF CRDA Handbaaks
I~
180
160
Room
1120

temperatures
980
Strain rate 0.0002/s. Composition: Fe-17Cr-7Ni-lAl.

UNS Sl7700
1260
t~mperatulre
500F (260 OC)
...-
140
/V
1/
120
.;
-'" 100
ui
--
'1
'"
840
80
1000 F (538 OC)
60
420
280
20
1500 F (816 C ) _ 140
y--
2000
10
180
160
140
'1
1/ /
~ 100
.;
80
60
15
20
25
Strain, in.lin.
V __---
o~ (1093 ,b
30
35
500 F
(~60 C ) -
1120
Strain rate 0.002/s. Composition: Fe-17Cr-7Ni-lAl. UNS

S 17700
980
840
1000 'F (538 'C)
V--
'"
700 ~
g
560 (/)
~
'/
420
40
280
1500 'F (816 OC)
20

temperatures
1260
Room temperature
(/V
120
'"
560 (/)
~
40
O
O
'"
m
700 ~
2000 F
h093 'C)
16
24
Source: A.c. Wilhelm and J.R. Kattus, "Determination of tbe Mechanical Properties of Aircraft Structural Materials at Very High Temperatures after Rapid Heating," Part 3, ''The Effects of Simultaneous
Heating and Loading on tbe Tensile Properties of Typical Structural
Alloys," WADC TR 57-647, Part 3, Nov 1960. As published in
Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1502, ClNDAS/
32
140
Source: A.C. Wilhelm and J.R. Kattus, "Determination of tbe Mechanical Properties of Aircraft Structural Materials at Very High Temperatures after Rapid Heating," Part 3, "The Effects of Simultaneous
Heating and Loading on tbe Tensile Properties of Typical Structural
Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1502, ClNDAS/
. / 1-"""
//
140
100
80
60
40
20
500 'F (260 'C)
l/
120
980
Strain rate 0.02/s. Composition: Fe-17Cr-7Ni-1Al. UNS

S 17700
Room temperature
160
.;
.:.:
ui
!/)
1120

temperatures
1260
180
/'""'
840
,"-1000 'F (538 'C)
:i
560 jg
I
I
'"
700 ~
Source: A.C. Wilhelm and J.R. Kattus, "Determination of the Mechanical Properties of Aircraft Structural Materials at Very High Temperatures after Rapid Heating," Part 3, "The Effects of Simultaneous
Heating and Loading on the Tensile Properties of Typical Structural
Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1502, CINDAS!
420
1500 'F (816 'C)
...-
2000 'F (1093 'c)

5
10
15
20
25
30
280
140
35
Strain, in./in.
180
1260
160
1120
140
980
120
840
Specimens simultaneously loaded at strain rate of

0.0002/s and heated at rate shown. Composition: Fe17Cr-7Ni-1Al. UNS Sl7700
'"
700 ~
~ 100
ui
!/)

stress-strain curves with effect of various heating
rates
ui
!/)
80
560 jg
60
420
40
280
20
140
O
O
10
15
20
Strain, in./in.
25
30
35
40
Source: A.C. Wilhelm and J.R. Kattus, "Determination of the Mechanical Properties of Aircraft Structural Materials at Very High Temperatures after Rapid Heating," Part 3, ''The Effects of Simultaneous
180
Heating1rate,
160
.......... 840
lO
~ 100
700
I
I
ui
'"~
Specimens simultaneously loaded at strain rate of 0.002/s

and heated at rate shown. Composition: Fe-17Cr-7NiIAl. UNS SI7700
980
120
Ci
1120
20 (11)
140

rates
1260
F/~ (OC/s)
80
ui
560 (J)
~'"
60
420
40
Source: A.e. Wilhelm and J.R. Kattus, "Determination of the Mechanical Properties of Aircraft Structural Materials at Very High Temperatures after Rapid Heating," Part 3, "The Effects of Simultaneous
Heating and Loading on the Tensi1e Properties of Typical Structural
20
00
10
15
20
25
30
35
0
40
Strain, in./in.
160,----,----,----r----,----r----,----r----,1120
Heating rate, F/s (OC/s)
~--~----~---+----+---_+----+---_+--~980
1-+---"""'"1840
~~~----~--_+----+---~~--~~~--~420
~--_+----~~~~---_+----+_--~L---~--~140
20
Strain, in./in.
25

rates
Specimens simultaneously loaded at strain rate of 0.02/s
and heated at rate shown. Composition: Fe-17Cr-7NiIAl. UNS SI7700
Source: A.C. Wilhelm and J.R. Kattus, "Determination of the Mechanical Properties of Aircraft Structural Materials at Very High Temperatures after Rapid Heating;' Part 3, "The Effects of Simultaneous
240 ,..---,----,..-----r---,----------r----,168o
F (24 C)+---~---l1400
200 QF (~3 OC)
400F (204 OC)
600 'oF (316 OC)
1120
160 ~-~-_+___j,r-----i'___t_--,V"""'_t___"_::____1'_700 F (371C)
200
~--+----+----+--75
Compressive
yield strength ' "
800F (427 OC)
~
ui
IJ)
120
rn
80

(0.050 in.). Specimens loaded at strain rate of 0.002/rnin.
Composition: Fe-17Cr-7Ni-lAl. UNS S 17700
Saurce: B.A. Stein, "Campressive Stress-strain curves Praperties af
17-7 PH and AM 350 Stainless-Steel Sheet at Elevated Temperatures,"
NACA TN 4074, 19 Aug 1957. As published in Aerospace Structural
Metals Handbook, Val 2, Cade 1502, CINDAS/USAF CROA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 24

, . - - - - - . - - - - - - - , - - - - , r - - - - - . - - - - - - , - - - - , 1120
Sheet thickness = 1.27 mm (0.050 in.). (a) 316 oC (600

P). (b) 427 oC (800F). (e) 371C (700F). (d) 538 oC
(1000 P). Composition: Pe-17Cr-7Ni-lAl. UNS SI7700
tIl
D..
1___-~ru-1I___--___\-___\ I___--+h~--f-'-"'~
560
::a:
gf
~
1---1----f------\----1 f---H'-------j-----+----1 280
' - -_ _----'_ _ _---1 _ _- ' L _ _ _--'-_ _ _-'-----"
4
8
O
(b)
4
8
120,------,----------, r - - - - , - - - - - . - - - - , 840
560
.;
tIl
D..
.><
::a:
'"
~
en
'"
280
'--_ _----'L-_ _----'._---'
4
s:
L -_ _ _- ' -_ _ _-'-_...J
O
(d)
4
8
Source: Annco Precipitation Hardening Stainless Steels Technical Data

Manual, Annco Steel Corp., 1 Nov 1957. As published in Aerospace
SS.161 AM-350 annealed stainless steel sheet, tensile

and compressive stress-strain curves at room and
8o,-------,-------,-------,-------,-------,56o

(0.064 in.). Solid curves, tension; dashed curves,
compression. Composition: Fe-17Cr-4Ni-3Mo. UNS
S35000
.... 80 'F (27 'C)

60~----~*-----~+_~----+-------~------~420
:g
400 'F (204 'C)
gf 40 ~-rI-----_t_:#"--_____:;._tE...--600 'F (316 'C)---+-------l280

f!!
800 "F (427 'C)

1000 'F (538 'C)
1200 'F (649 'C)
Ci5
~
ui
_~
Source: R.O. Hennng and A.W. Brisbane, "MechancaI Propertes of

AM-350 Potomac A, Potomac M and Vascojet 1000 Steel Alloys n the
Annealed Condtion," ASD-TDR-63-116, May 1963. As pubJshed in
USAF CRDA Handbooks Operaton, Purdue University, 1995, p 11
(J)
20~-~~+-+--~~~--~----+----~140
Strain x 0.001
SS.162 AM-350 double aged stainless steel sheet,

200,-------,-------,-------,-------,-------,1400
Room temperature
400 'F (204 'C)

600 'F (316 ~C)

Fe-17Cr-4Ni-3Mo. UNS S35000
160 ~------+_------+-----~+--~-\-t.....,~~..., 1120
840
120
'00
a.'"
:2
-'"
ui
ui
(1)
'"
~
560
80
40~---A~~------+-------1--------r------~280
0~------~2------~4------~6------~8~----~1~
Source: "Room and Elevated Temperature Tensle and Compressive

Properties of Type AM-350," Data sheet 86-11457-350, Allegheny
Ludlum Steel Corp., 1958. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Operaton, Purdue University, 1995, p 14
SS.163 AM-350 double aged stainless steel sheet,

temperatures
2oor-------~------~------,_------_.~----_,1400
ROOm temperature

Pe-17Cr-4Ni-3Mo. UNS S35000
1601-------+-------+---------'---+------'---\---:;;;74-------::::J 1120
840
120
'"
o.
::!:
r
Ul
Source: "Room and Elevated Temperature Tensile and Compressive

Properties of Type AM-350;' Data sheet 86-11457-350, Allegheny
Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1504, CINDASIUSAF CROA Handbooks
Ul
Ci5
560
80
40~--_7.~}_-------~------~------~------~280
0L-------2L-------4~----~6------~8------~1~
Strain,
0.001 inJin.
240
200
80 'F (27 'C)
1680
SS.164 AM-350 20% CRT stainless steel sheet,

tensile stress-strain curves at room and various
temperatures
1400
CRT: annealed to condition H, cold roUed 20%, 3 h,

tempered 441C (825 P), 3 h. Composition: Pe-17Cr4Ni-3Mo. UNS S35000
650 'F (343 'C)
160
1120
.;
-'"
Source: Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1504,

CINDASIUSAF CROA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
'"
o.
::!:
r 120
840 Ulr
Ul
Ci5
Ci5
80
560
40
280
0.04
0.08
Strain, %
0.12
o
0.16
1995, P 12
1680
SS.165 AM-350 30% CRT stainless steel sheet,

tensile stress-strain curves at room and various
temperatures
200
1400
CRT: annealed to condition H, cold roUed 30%, 3 h,

tempered 441C (825F), 3 h. Composition: Fe-17Cr4Ni-3Mo. UNS S35OO0
160
1120

1995, P 12
240
-110F (-79 OC)
80F (27 OC)
'"
a.
'00
.l<
:2
840 ui
gf 120
'"~
80
560
40
280
o
o
0.04
0.08
Strain, %
0.12
0.16
SS.166 AM-350 SCT850 stainless steel sheet, tensile

temperatures
200,-------,-------,-------,-------,-------,1400
160~------+-------+-------~~~
1120
120
840
Sheet thickness = 1.067 mm (0.042 in.). SCT, subcooled

and tempered. Composition: Fe-17Cr-4Ni-3Mo. UNS
S35000
'"
Il.
~
ui
:2
ui
rn
'"~
'"
560
80
40~--~~+_------+_------~------~------~280

Properties ofType AM-350," Data sheet 86-11457-350, Allegheny
SS.167 AM-350 SCT850 stainless steel sheet, typical

temperatures
250 ~----'-----r---'-----'-----r----, 1750
0.5 h exposure. SCT, subcooled and tempered. RambergOsgood parameters: n(room temperature) = 10, n(400F)
= 7.0, n(600 F) = 7.5, n(800 F) = 6.5. Composition: Fe17Cr-4Ni-3Mo. UNS S35000
2oo1------+----+---+-----+----+-----1 1400
1------+----+--~r--~~=---+~-~1050
al
o..
:;:
.,;
IJ)
1------+--~~~~-+-----+----+-----1700
ro
r---.~---+----+-----+----+-----1350
~---L
__
_ _ _L -_ __ L_ _
__
~O
12
SS.168 AM-350 SCT850 stainless steel sheet, typical

05=----_-..;.,14;..:0_ _ _1:..;.7.::..5_ _.=,21~ 750

250 0r----.--..:;3.::..5_ _ _7.:.,:0=----.__---.:.1-r:
0.5 h exposure. SCT, subcooled and tempered. RambergOsgood parameters: n(room temperature) = 9.3, n(400
F) = 6.2, n(600 F) = 6.8, n(800 F) = 6.2. Composition:
Fe-17Cr-4Ni-3Mo. UNS S35000
Room temperature
200 I---.:...:.=.:..r~::.==-=r----+_---,---+--=_----r-'--------l 1400

150
.,;
.,;
IJ)
IJ)
100
700
50r--~~---+---r---~---+~-+_1350
10
O
12
20
25
30
I
10
15
55.169 AM-350 5CT850 stainless steel sheet, tensile

280 ,--------,-------,-------,-------,-------,196o
240
Sheet thickness = 1.626 mm (0.064 in.). SCT850:

annealed to condition L, subcooled -73 oC (-100 P),
3 h, tempered 441-468 oC (825-875 P), 3 h.
~------~------~------~----~r-----~1680
200
.;
160
1120~
120
840
'"
~
80
560
40
280
::;:
"'<Ji"
~'"
(J)
<Ji
00
Source: R.L. McOee, J.E. Campbell, R.L. Carlson, and O.K. Manning,
"The Mechanical Properties of Certain Structural Metals at Very Low
Temperature," WADC-TR 58-386, June 1958. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1504, CINDAS/USAF
10
240 ,--------,-------,-------,-------,---------, 1680
55.170 AM-350 5CT850 stainless steel sheet,

200~------~------~------~------r---~~1400
Sheet thickness = 1.067 mm (0.042 in.). Treatment

SCT850: annealed to condition L, subcooled -73 oC
(-100 P), 3 h, tempered 441-468 oC (825-875 P), 3 h.
Properties of Type AM-350," Data sheet 86-11457-350, Allegheny
~------r_~~L-r_------r-------r-----~560
~---A~~------~------r-------r-----~280
4
SS.171 AM-350 SCT850 stainless steel sheet,

temperatures
200 ,---,-----,-----, r----r-----r----, r---,--,-------, 1400
f---+--I-+-~--lI----+-+--+-----,-1Hl
Sheet thiekness = 1.016-1.651 mm (0.040-0.065 in.).

SCT850: annealed to eondition L, subeooled -73 oC
(-100F), 3 h, tempered 441-468 oC (825-875 F), 3 h.
(a) 316 oC (600F); (b) 371C (700 F); (e) 427 oC
(800F). Composition: Fe-17Cr-4Ni-3Mo. UNS S35000
f---+----j---j1120
840
.;
'"
11..
-'"
::;
r
'"
~
'"
~
560
I-JL--f--+---/ f--+---+---+----II-JOL--f--+---I 280
Slrain, 0.001 in.lin. (b) Slrain, 0.001 in.lin. (e) Slrain, 0.001 in.lin.
Source: "Creep Data AM-350 and AM-355 Alloys," Data Sheet 119121658S ... ;' Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corp. As published in Aerospace
Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1504, CINDAS/USAF CRoA
240
1680
SS.l72 AM-355 CRT stainless steel sheet, tensile

temperatures
200
1400
160
1120
Test direction: (a) longitudinal and (b) transverse. Sheet

thickness = 1.422 mm (0.056 in.). CRT: cold roUed and
tempered. hardness = 50-51 HRC. (a) longitudinal
(b) transverse. Composition: Fe-15.5Cr-4.5Ni-3Mo. UNS
S35500
<O
.;
'"gf
~
a.
:::;
840 .;
120
$'"
Cf)
80
560
40
280
(a)
6
8
10
0
12
240
1680
200
1400
160
1120
<O
a.
.;
'"
:::;
840 .;
120
'"
~
80
560
40
280
lb)
6
0
12
Source: Data sheet 121-12159-355, Allegheny Ludlum, 1959. As

publshed in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 2,
2 4 o . - - - - - - - - , . - - - - - - , - - - - - - - r - - - - - - , 1680
55.173 AM-355 CRT stainless steel sheet,

200~----~------_+-~~--r~---~1400

(0.056 in.). CRT: cold roUed and tempered. Hardness =
50-51 HRC. Specimen size =68.58 x 15.875 x
1.422 mm (2.7 x 0.625 x 0.056 in.); gage length =
38.1 mm (1.5 in.). Composition: Fe-15.5Cr-4.5Ni-3Mo.
UNS S35500
160 ~----~--~'--7F__?"'------+-----~ 1120

80~---~~~-----_+------~-----~560
40~~~-_4--------_+------~----~280
0L-----~4--------~8-----1~2---~1~
SS.174 AM-355 SCCRT stainless steel sheet, tensile

temperatures
320 ,------r-----,------,------,------,------.224o
280
~----~------~----~----~----~~~~~1960

thickness =0.457 mm (0.018 in.). SCCRT: subcooled,
cold roUed, tempered. RT, room temperature. Composition: Fe-15.5Cr-4.5Ni-3Mo. UNS S35500
-I7''----''#--~----__:I1680
240
200
'"
.;
"'r"
fJ)
o..
:2
.~_-,1120 ~
160
120
80
40
(a)
2240
320
Room temperature
280
1960
240
1680
200
1400
tU
o..
:2
~
r 160
1120 gf
fJ)
840
80
40
2
(b)

Properties of SCCRT AM-355," Data sheet 114-82158-355, Allegheny
320
55.175 AM-355 5CCRT stainless steel sheet,

2240
Room temperature
1960

thickness = 0.457 mm (0.018 in.). SCCRT: subcooled,
cold roUed, tempered. RT, room temperature. Composition: Fe-15.5Cr-4.5Ni-3Mo. UNS S35500
1680
200
1400
<ti
.;
-'"
ui
c..
::;
1120
'"
gf
~
C/)
Ci
120
840
560
280
(a)
6
8
10
320
2240
Room temperature
.;
-'"
ui
'"~
280
1960
240
1680
200
1400
<ti
c..
::;
160
1120 ui
en
~
Ci
Ci
120
840
80
560
40
280
O
O
(b)
6
8
10
1i

Properties of SCCRT AM-355," Data sheet 114-82158-355, Allegheny
Ludlum Steel Corp., 1958. As publisbed in Aerospace Structural Metals
SS.176 AM-355 SeT stainless steel sheet,
1400
200
isochronous tensile stress-strain curves at

various temperatures
I '/
160
120
/fj ~
y 1 - 1000 h
SCT: subeooled and tempered. (a) 316 oC (600F).

(b) 371C (700 F). (e) 427 oC (800F). Composition:
Fe-15.5Cr-4.5Ni-3Mo. UNS S35500
1120
<Ji
840 ro
a.
11
'f1-100h
/
1000 h
:2
Source: "Creep Data AM-350 and AM-355 Alloys," Data sheet 119121658-5, Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corp., 1959. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1505, CINDASfUSAF
<Ji
Ul
Ul
1i
80
40
1/
11
f.-10h
560
1i
100 h
I
1000 h
,/
280
12
4
8
12 O
4
8
12 O
4
8
(a)
(b)
(e)
SS.l77 AM-355 XH stainless steel sheet, tensile

temperatures
360r----,----,----,----,----,----,----,---, 2520
320~--~~--r---~----r----r~~r----r--~
2240
Test direetion: transverse. Sheet thiekness =0.203 mm

(0.008 in.). Heat treatment: mill solution treated and
water quenehed, tempered 399 oC (750 F), 5 mino
Hardness = 54 HRC. Composition: Fe-15.5Cr-4.5Ni3Mo. UNS S35500
1960
1680
~ 200~--~----r----h~~~~-r----r----r--~
<Ji
ro
1400g
<Ji
Ul
1120 ~
1i
840
560
280
8
10
6
14
16

Code 1505, CINDASfUSAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue
140r-.------------,------,-~~--~----_
980
120~------+_------1~~~~~-- 400F
840
(204 OC)
100~------+_--~~~-------r------_r------_i
80~------+_-+,~--1--------r--_=
SS.178 AM-362 stainless steel bar, tensile stressstrain curves at room and elevated temperatures
(1500 F), 1 h, air cooled, 566 oC (1050 F), 2 h.
Composition: Fe-15Cr-7Ni-0.88Ti. UNS S36200
700
___r------_i 560 ~
:::;
!
00
Source: "Properties of AM 362 Maraging Stainless Steel," Sheet-I9711763-362, Allegheny-Ludlum Steel Co., Research Data Center,
Nov 1963. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
!Ji
ti)
60~------~~~--1--------r------_r------_i
!!1
420 'i5
40~--~~+_------1-------~------~------_1
280
140
0
10
120
100
80
40
20
SS.179 AM-363 stainless steel strip, tensile stressstrain curve at room temperature
840
/
V
/v----
Composition: Fe(0.04C)-11.5Cr-4Ni-0.3Ti
700
560
<lI
C.
:::;
420
!Ji
E
00
280
140
Source: "AM-363 Strip for Strnctural Applications," Preliminary Data

Sheet, Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corp., 11 Feb 1963. As published in
Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook. Vol 2, Code 1409, CINDAS/
4
200
160
120
.;
"'.;"
'"~
80
40
v ---
SS.180 Custom 450 H900 stainless steel bar, typical

1400
Test direction: longitudinal and long transverse. Bar

thickness = 25.4-304.8 mm (1.000-12.000 in.).
Ramberg-Osgood parameter: n = 16. Composition: Fe15Cr-6Ni-1.5Cu-l.1Ti-(Nb> 8C). UNS S45000
1120
840 ro
a.
:2
.;
560
280
10
12
160
.;
120
"'.;"
'"
80
40
SS.181 Custom 450 Hl050 stainless steel bar, typical

1400
200
1120
~-
840 ro
a.
/
/
:2
j
560
280

thickness = 25.4-304.8 mm (1.000-12.000 in.).
Ramberg-Osgood parameter: n = 26. Composition: Fe15Cr-6Ni-1.5Cu-l.1Ti-(Nb> 8C). UNS S45000
10
12
300
~
<Ji
'" 200
~
Q)
100
SS.182 Custom 455 annealed stainless steel bar, true

2800
400
-- ---------=====
,r
-----
----
Heat treatment: annealed 816 oC (1500 P), 1 h, water

quenched; (solid curve): + aged 482 oC (900 P), 4 h, air
cooled; (dashed curve): + aged 510 oC (950 P), 4 h, air
cooled. Composition: Pe-(low C)-12Cr-8Ni-2Cu-l.l Ti(Nb + Ta). UNS S45500
2100
al
a.
:;;
<Ji
1400 ~
O
I
I
I
Q)
11
Source: Private communication with N.B. Schmidt, Carpenter

Technology Corp., Reading, PA, 8 Jan 1974, and impublished data
sheets. As published in Aerospace Structural MetalslHandbook, Vol 2,
700
I
I
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
True slrain, In(-\IA)
SS.183 Custom 455 annealed stainless steel bar,

typical stress-strain curves at room and elevated
temperature
2240
320
280
1960
Test direction: longitudinal. Bar diameter = 19.05 mm

(0.75 in.). Heat treatment: annealed plus aged 510 oC
(950 P), 4 h, air cooled. Composition: Pe-(low C)-12Cr8Ni-2Cu-l.lTi-(Nb + Ta). UNS S45500
Room temperature
240
]
gf
~
160
Ci
120
80
40
"
400F (204 OC)
---~--/
200
..--600F (316 0Q1.
V-- rsOo F (427 OC)
/'
1400
:;;
1120
840
560
280
gf
Ci
1680
10
12
Source: O.L. Deel and H. Mindlin, "Engineering Data on New Aerospace Structural Materials," Technical Report AFML-TR-71-249,
Battelle Columbus Laboratories, Dec 1971. As published in Aerospace
SS.184 Custom 455 annealed stainless steel bar,

typical compressive stress-strain and compressive
tangent modulus curves at room and elevated
temperatures
10,-------.:2::.,4 960
28o o;------:,.35'------7,.:o--..:..10r:5_ _1.:..,4..:,.0_---.:1-,-75'----_.::.2r:
240
I-----t---+---="""'-...==:----f--,~-+---+_---j
1680

(0.75 in.). Heat treatment: annealed plus aged 510 oC
(950F), 4 h, air cooled. RT, room temperature.
Composition: Fe-(low C)-12Cr-8Ni-2Cu-1.lTi-(Nb + Ta).
UNS S45500
200 ~-~.........=-+==:::::i=n..c::t~....:::::~:;;;;=-I+---I1400
'00
160 1-----t---+--=-.t;:H------:;"c-+_--+--1I-+__++_---j 1120 &.
m1W
MO
Source: O.L. Deel and H. Mindlin, "Engineering Data on New Aerospace Structural Materials," Technical Report AFML-TR-71-249,
Battelle Columbus Laboratories, Dec 1971. As published in Aerospace
801-----t~~-+---r--+_--r+--1I-+__+I---__j560
401---.~---+--~--~-~+-~--j+----j280
~_~
__
_ _- L_ _- L_
_L~~~L-_~O
10
12
14
25
30
35
Strain, 0,001 inJin,
10
15
20
250
200
150
~
o
'"
100
50
v--
---
1400
a.
~
'"
700
350

thickness = 25.4-152.4 mm (1.000-6.000 in.). RambergOsgood parameter: n = 22. Composition: Fe-(low C)12Cr-8Ni-2Cu-1.lTi-(Nb + Ta). UNS S45500
1050 ro
SS.185 Custom 455 H950 stainless steel bar, typical

1750
6
10
200
V(
150
~
ui
!I)
---
f-
6
8
10
950F (510C)
1000 01" (538 OC)
200
I
1050 F (566 OC)
160
1680
55.187 Fe-17Cr-7Ni-Ti stainless steel sheet, typical

tensile stress-strain curves at room temperature for
different aging temperatures
1400

Fe-17Cr-7Ni-Ti. UNS S17600
1120
al
.;
!I)
350
240
""ui
al
c..
::.
700
1400

thickness = 25.4-152.4 mm (1.000-6.000 in.). RambergOsgood parameter: n = 25. Composition: Fe-(low C)12Cr-8Ni-2Cu-l.lTi-(Nb + Ta). UNS S45500
1050
100
50
55.186 Custom 455 Hl000 stainless steel bar, typical

stress-strain curve at room temperature
1750
250
c..
::.
120
840 ui
!I)
ro
80
560
40
280
00
8
12
16
Source: Contributions to the Metallurgy of Steel: High Temperature

High Strength Alloys, AISI, Feb 1963, p 88. As published in Aerospace
240 r------,------,------,------,------,------,1680
55.188 Fe-17Cr-7Ni-Ti stainless steel sheet,

200 ~----~------~----~----~~----~----~1400

thickness = 1.626 mm (0.064 in.). Heat treatment:
Solution annealed plus aged 538 oC (1000 F), 0.5 h.
Composition: Fe-17Cr-7Ni-Ti. UNS S17600
160 ~----~------~----~--~~~----~----~1120
Cornpressive Stress-Strain Curves Properties of Sorne High-Strength
Sheet Alloys at Elevated Ternperatures," NACA TN 3315, Nov 1954,
.;
~
<Ji
'"
120
80
40
10
1400.------r-----,------,------,------r-----~
55.189 Al 2205 stainless steel, true stress-strain

Strain rate = 0.0167/s. Composition: Fe-22Cr-5.5Ni-3MoN. UNS S31803
Source: c.L. Beech, "Effect of Ternperature and Strain Rate on lhe
Mechanical Properties and Deformation Behavior of a Duplex Stainless
Steel," M.S. thesis, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, ca, 1989. As
published in G. Krauss, Steels: Heat Treatment Processing and
PrincipIes, 1990, p 394
400~----~------+-----_+------~----~~----~
200~----~----_4------+_----_+------+_----~
OL-____-L____ ______ ____ ______L __ _ _ _

O
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
True strain
~
SS.190 XM-27 stainless steel, typical tensile

properties at elevated temperatures
Test temperature. 'C
8018
93
204
316
427
538
649
760
871
98%60
jJ .... o '\o
o
70
...
''O
... .o ....c
490
UTS
;'
60
50
.;
-'"
~
o,
40
r:::
420
~ .......,..
0.2% YS
30
,,
,,
350
280
1\\
~
210
140
l\\~
10
70
160
140
120
100
/
1/
"#.
.Q
80
ii
el
r:::
60
40
\..s
20
200
400
600
800
1000
/
1200
Test temperature. 'F
r:::
\~\
20
oO
Short-time tests on high-chromium ferritic samples show

pronounced decrease in strength with increasing
temperature aboye 538 oC (1000 F). Increase in strength
at 427-538 oC (800--1000 F) is due to precipitation
hardening, which goes with the 475 oC (885F)
embrittlement phenomenon typical of high-chromium
ferritic stainless steels. UTS, ultimate tensile strength;
YS, yield strength. UNS S44627
1400
1600
1800
Source: F.K. Kies and C.D. Swartz, High Temperature Properties of

High Purity Ferritic Stainless Steel, J. Test. Eva/., Vol 2 (No. 2), 1974,
P 118-124. As published in E-Brite Alloy Product Data, Allegheny
Ludlum Steel Corp., 1980, p 14
70
.--
60
50
'00 40
'"gf
SS.191 409 stainless steel sheet, room temperature

longitudinal stress-strain
490
"""-
420
\\
350
280 ~
~
i 30
210
20
140
10
70
0.05
0.10
0.20
0.15
0.25
0.30
f
i
Sheet thickness = 1.499 mm (0.059 in.). Tests were run

per ASTM Standard E 8. Standard flat samples 2 x
12.7 mm (0.5 in.) wide. Data shown are typical and
should not be construed as maximum or minimum values
for specification or for final designo Data on any
particular piece of material may vary from those shown ..
UNS S40900
Source: Courtesy Allegheny Ludlum in private cornmunication,
March 2002
0.35
Strain, in.lin.
60
50
-""\
",.--
420
350
280 ~
'00 40
'"
f
i
SS.192 439 stainless steel sheet, room temperature

longitudinal stress-strain
490
70
r
ti)
~
30
210 i
20
140
10
70
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
Strain, in.lin.
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
Sheet thickness = 1.549 mm (0.061 in.). Tests were run

per ASTM Standard E-8. Standard flat samples 2 x 12.7
mm (0.5 in.) wide. Data shown are typical and should not
be construed as maximum or minimum values for
specification or for final designo Data on any particular
piece of material may vary from those shown. UNS
S43035
Source: Courtesy Allegheny Ludlum in private cornmunication,
March 2002
Tool Steel (TS)/269
Tool Steel (TS)

140o,------------,------------,-----------,
1400,------------.------------,-----------,
A2
D2
1200~-----------~------------~----------4
1200~----------~------------r-~~~~--~
1000~-----------~------------~~~--~--4
: .............................................................. .
.................
_~~
o" .............................................................
ca
800
/f
:!\. . . . ..
600
800
~
~
~ 600~~.:-,1~/'----------r-----------~----------~
:i
1000 ,...................
/'"
400~-----------~~--------~r-----------~
400~+---------~------------r-----------~
200~----------~------------r------------
200~~--------~------------~----------~
o ./
o
0L------------0.L.1----------~0~.2----------~0.3
0.1
True strain
1400r------------,~--------_.------------.
01
M2
1200~---T--~~~~-~-~~~~..~
...~
...~~
...-.. ~----------~
. .....
1000
i /
1000
~ 800~~~1J'~---------~------------~----------~
~
1200~----------~----------~----------~
..........................
f:
0.3
(b)
1400r------------~----------_,~----------,
/f
0.2
True strain
(a)
....... .................................
............
/f
(\..../
__
~ 800~:~--==~~~~--~~~==~==---------1
600~-----------~------------~----------~
.~
600~----------~----------~~--------~
~
400H-----------~~----------~----------~
400~----------~----------~~--------~
200ij------------~------------~----------~
200~----------~----------~~--------~
OL----------~OL.1----------~0~.2----------~0.3
True strain
(e)
0.1
(d)
0.2
0.3
True strain
1400r------------,------------,-----------,
W1
1200~-----------+------------r-~--------~
..... ...............: ....
o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
/f
1000
--.......
00"
____ -
~ 800f.!~r~~-------r------------r-----------~
f 600~i+~-----------r------------~----------~
Q)
400~----------~------------~----------~
200H-----------~------------~----------~
0~----------~OL.1----------~OL.2----------~0.3
(e)
True strain
TS.OOl Tool steel, uniaxial compressive true stress-strain curves

Solid curves, quasi-static strain rate ~O.OOlls; dashed curves, dynamic strain rate = 2000/s. Quasi-static tests used a servohydraulic machine. High-rate tests used a compression split Hopkins pressure bar. Specimens were 4-6 mm diam, 8-12 mm long.
Compositions: A2 (UNS T30102), Fe-1C-5.1Cr-1.15Mo-0.3V; D2 (UNS T30402), Fe-1.5C-12Cr-0.95Mo; M2 (UNS T11302),
Fe-1.0C-0.27Mn-0.3Si-4.1Cr-5Mo-6.12W-1.98V; 01 (UNS T31501), Fe-0.92C-1.2Mn-0.5Cr-0.5W; W1 (UNS T72301), Fe1.1 C-0.25Mn-0.25Si.
Source: G. Subhash, Dynamic Indentation Testing, Mechanical Testing and Evaluation, Vol 8, ASM Handbook, 2000, p 525
270/Tool 5teel (T5)
1S.002 D2 high-carbon high-chromium cold-work

tool steel, torsional stress-strain curves with effed of
tempering temperature
4or------------r----------~~----------_.400
Specimens air cooled 10 10 oc and then tempered: curve

1,175 oC, 60.6 HRC; curve 2, 290 oC, 58.2 HRC; curve
3,400 oC, 57.3 HRC. Typical composition: Fe-2.1C12.5Cr-0.3Ni. UNS T30402
30~------~--_+------------~----------__4300
20 I----f--------+------------+----------___i 200
Source: Teledyne VASCO data. As published in G.A. Roberts,

G. Krauss, and RL. Kennedy, Tool Steels, 5th ed., ASM Intemational,
1998, p 213
10~~---------+------------~------------4100
200
100
Deformation, degrees
308
1S.003 D3 high-carbon high-chromium cold-work

tool steel, torsional stress-strain curves with effed of
40r------------,~----------_r----------__.400
Specimens quenched in oil at 970 oC to maximum hardness and then tempered: curve 1, 175 oC, 64.5 HRC;
curve 2, 290 oC, 60.5 HRC; curve 3, 400 oC, 59 HRC.
Typical composition: Fe-1.6C-13Cr-0.75Mo-0.3Y. UNS
T30403
301------~~~-+------------+----------___i300
z
~
20 I----f--------+------------+-------------j 200
~
~
10~L----------+------------~----------~100
200
100
308
Source: Teledyne VASCO data. As published in G.A. Roberts, G.

Krauss, and RL. Kennedy, Tool Steels, 5th ed., ASM Intemational,
1998, p 213
Tool Steel (TS)/271
T5.004 H-11 Mod chromium hot-work tool sfeel bar,

true tensile and compressive stress-strain curves
2520
360
320
2240
ro
:::
'00
!l.
.><
.,!Ji
.,!Ji
CIl
:J
CIl
:J
.=
.=
280
1960
Bar diameter = 51 mm (0.2 in.) for tension, 80458 mm

(0.333 in.) for compression. Heat treatment: 1010 oC
(1850 P), 2 h, oil quenched, triple tempered, 566 OC
(1050 P), 1 h, air cooled. Data points: triangle, compression using special machine for alignment and Teflon
lubricant; circle, tensile with intermittent die drawing to
eliminate necking; square, tensile with data corrected for
necking. Composition: Pe-004C-5Cr-l.3Mo-0.5V. UNS
T20821
Source: R. Chait, Factors Influencing the Strength Differential in High
Strength Steels, Metal/. Trans., Vol 3, Feb 1972, p 365-371. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 1, Code 1218,
1995, p 22
240 L-_ _---L_ _- L_ _--L_ _- ' -_ _'--_---Lc:--_--:-' 1680

O
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
True strain
500
400
------
Compressio~..-'
/P
,,/
~-
2800
...c
)--":fension
}/
300
gf
~
1
CIl
200
100
T5.005 H-11 Mod chromium hot-work tool steel bar,

true tensile and compressive stress-strain curves
3500
2100
.,!Ji
CIl
1400 ~
700
&.
:::
10
15
True strain x 0.001
20
Bar diameter 51 mm (0.2 in.). Specimen machined from

ausformed 15.748 mm (0.62 in.) diam bar. Consumable
electrode vacuum melted bar hot worked at 1093 OC
(2000 P) from 63.5-38.1 mm (2.5-1.5 in.) diam, air
cooled, double annealed 704 oC (1300 P), 3 h, 649 oC
(1200 P), 2 h, 1038 oC (1900 P), 1 h, air cooled to
566 oC (1050 P), roUed to 83% plastic deformation at
566 oC (1050 P), oil quenched, double tempered, 538 oC
(1000 P), 2 h to 60 HRC. Data points: triangle, compression; circle, tension. Ultimate strength = 2570 MPa
(373 ksi); tensile yield strength = 2026 MPa (294 ksi);
reduction in area = 33%. Composition: Pe-004C-5Cr1.3Mo-0.5V. UNS T20821
Source: J.E. Matheny, Jr., "Low Cycle Fatigue Properties of the
Ausformed Steel," University of Illinois, T & A.M. Report No. 308, Feb
University, 1995, P 22
272/Tool Steel (TS)
320
-3200F(-19~
280
~-110OF(-79oe)
240
200
.;
""ui
(J)
160
120
80
40
/
V
Room
t~mperature
2240
TS.006 H-ll Mod chromium hot-work tool steel
1960
sheet, tensile stress-strain curves at room and low

temperatures
Preheated 788 oC (1450 P), 20-30 min, 1010 oC

(1850 P), 20 min, air cooled, triple tempered, 524 oC
(975 P), 1 h (each). After second temper, sheet ground
to 1.524 mm (0.060 in.) to remove decarburization.
Composition: Pe-OAC-5Cr-l.3Mo-0.5Y. UNS T20821
1680
1400
ro
a.
:2
1120
~
840
Source: L.P. Rice, J.E. Cambell, and W.F. Simmons, "Evaluation of the
Effects ofVery Low Temperature on Properties of Aircraf! and Missile
Metals," WADD TR 60-214, Feb 1960. As published in Aerospace
560
280
12
TS.007 H-ll Mod chromium hot-work tool steel,
240 ,-------,-------,--------,-------,-------,1680
200

temperatures
Reat treated to 50 RRC; ultimate tensile strength = 1791

MPa (260 ksi). Composition: Pe-OAC-5Cr-l.3Mo-0.5Y.
UNS T20821
~------+-------~----~-+~~--~~--~~1400
500, 650 F (260, 343 e)

800F (427 e)
900F (482 e)
160 ~------+--------I------,,L~--z~.-L;.7"!""'-------I1120
it.
.;
""ui
(J)
:::;
120 ~------+-----~A-~~~~------~----~~840 ui
en
i5
80 ~------+-~~~~~~---+------~--------I560
40
~--,f~~~~---I--------+------~--------I280
0 ~------~2------~4--------L6------~8------~1~
0
Source: "Vascojet 1000 for Ultra High Strength Structural

Requirements," Vanadium Alloys Steel Co., 1959. As published in
Tool Steel (TS)/273
8o,-------------,------------,-------------,56o
1S.008 H-ll Mod chromium hot-work (annealed)

tool steel sheet, tensile stress-strain curves at room
Room temperature
400F (204 OC)

600 F, (316 oC)
800 'F (427 OC)

Pe-0.4C-5Cr-1.3Mo-0.5V. UNS T20821
60~------~--~~--~~----_+-------------1420
tu
g 40 1-----I---I---I-",L--l-----------___1----------------1 280
Source: R.G. Henning and A.W. Brisbane. "Mechanical Properties of

AM 350, Potomac A, Potomac M, and Vasco Jet-l000 Stee1 Alloys in
the Annealed Condition," ASD TDR-63-116, May 1963. As published in
Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Voll, Code 1218, CINDAS!
,,;
1200 F (649 'C)

20~~+_--_.~___1~----------_+-------------1140
4
Stwain, 0.001 in.lin.
320
1S.009 H-ll Mod chromium hot-work tool steel
2240
sheet, tensile stress-strain curves at room and

Room temperature
240
600 'F (316 OC)
1680
800 'F (427 OC)

.;
"',,;"
ti)
tu
c..
::;:
1000 'F (538 OC)

160
1120
~
80
560
0L-------4L-------8L-------1~2------~16~----~2~
Sheet thickness = 2.286 mm (0.090 in.). Heat treated to

ultimate tensile strength of 1929 MPa (280 ksi): 1010 oc
(1850 P), 30 min, air cooled, 538 oC (1000 P), 2 x 3 h,
552 oC (1025 P), 2 x 3 h. Composition: Pe-0.4C-5CrI.3Mo-0.5V. UNS T20821
Source: "AISI H 11 or Potomac A," Data Sheet, Allegheny Ludlum
Steel Corp., Sept 1959. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
274/1001 Steel (TS)
360
320
f/~
280
2240
:::--'-'-110 F (-79 OC)
240

tensile stress-strain curves at room and low
temperatures
2520
/;-423 F (-253 oC)

-320F (-196 oC)
t:--

1010 oC (1850 P), 1 h, air cooled, tempered twice 552
oC (1025 P), 0.75 h, air cooled. Composition: Pe-004C5Cr-1.3Mo-0.5Y. UNS T20821
1960
70F (21C)
1680
ro
200
1400 ~
~
1i 160
~'"
<Ji
<Ji
1120
120
840
80
560
40
280
0.04
0.16
0.12
0.08
Source: K.A. Warren and R.P. Reed, Tensile and Impact Properties of
of Standards, 28 lune 1963. As published in Aerospace Structural
Strain, in./in.
280
1960

effect of strain rate on tensile yield strength at room
and elevated temperature
270
' 1 1890
Bar diameter = 2504 mm (1 in.). Reat treatment: 1010 oC

(1850 P), 1 h, air cooled, tempered twice 566 oC
(1050 P), 1 h, air cooled. Composition: Pe-004C-5Cr1.3Mo-0.5Y. UNS T20821
260
Room temperature
}~
1
ffi
1
~
1820
:2
~
1750
g>
~
"O
16801
~
.;
e
600F (316 OC)

230
1610
1540
220
10
10
0.1
Elastic strain rate, in./in./s
1470
10
Source: D.P. Kendall, and T.E. Davidson, "The Effect of Strain Rate on
Yielding of High Strength Steels," Report WVT 6618, Watervliet
Arsenal, May 1966; D.P. Kendall, "The Effect of Strain Rate and
Temperature on Yielding in Steels," Report WVT 7061, Watervliet
Arsenal, Nov 1970. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Tool 5teel (15)/275
T5.012 H-11 Mod chromium hot-work (annealed)

tool steel sheet, compressive stress-strain curves at
8o.---------,---------,----------r---------,56o

Fe-0.4C-5Cr-1.3Mo-0.5Y. UNS T20821
60~--------+---------+_--~~--~--~----~420
Room temperature
I
400F (201C)
600 F (316 OC)
800F (427 OC)
1000 F (538 OC)
g
gf 40
ca
f-----_'-7"F-:;..-:,....-~------'-+_--------_+_--------__l 280 ui
Source: R.G. Henning and A.W. Brisbane, "Mechanical Properties of

AM 350, Potomac A, Potomac M, and Vasco Jet-1000 Steel AIloys in
the Annealed Condition," ASD TDR -63-116, May 1963. As published
in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 1, Code 1218, CINDASIUSAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
1995, p 33
40f-------t------~~~-----l
T5.013 L-type low-alloy special-purpose tool steel,

torsional stress-strain curves with effect of tempering
temperature
f-------t---------l400
2
Specimens quenched in oil at 815 oC and then tempered:

curve 1, 150 oC; curve 2, 175 oC; curve 3, 230 oc. (a) Ltype with vanadium. (b) Without vanadium
E
m
m
E- 20 ~+----~------j--------j I--+-----+------__j 200 E-
r+------~------~-----__j
Hr------r-----~100
o 0L.-.-----10'-0-------20'-0------30--'0 o
(a)
100
(b) Deformation, degrees

G. Krauss, and R.L. Keimedy, Tool Steels, 5th ed., ASM International,
1998, p 154
276/1001 5teel (15)
T5.014 L6 low-alloy special-purpose tool steel,

torsional stress-strain curves with effect of tempering
temperature
4or--------,---------,---------,--------~400
1--------t-----2
Specimens quenched in oil at 790 oC and then: curve 1,

no tempering, 62.3 HRC; curve 2, tempered at 190 oC,
58.1 HRC. Composition: Fe-0.70C-0.55Mn-0.85Cr1.40Ni-0.25Mo. UNS T61206
30r------.~~-------+---------+--------~300
Z
gi 20 1-----~--_I--------__+------_+----___1200 gi
~

G. Krauss, and R.L. Kennedy, Tool Steels, 5th ed., ASM International,
1998, p 163
10~----_I------+-----+----~100
100
200
300
T5.015 1.1 % carbon W-type water-hardening tool

steel, torsional stress-strain curves with effect of
300
,..- ... 3
'iij
"a. 200
~
i
ID
.o
::
/:2
4
_5
Brine quenched 788 oC (1450 F) and tempered at:

curve 1, as quenched; curve 2, 100 oC (212F); curve 3,
150 oC (300 F); curve 4, 175 oC (350F); curve 5,
205 oC (400 F); curve 6,260 oC (500F); curve 7,
315 oC (600 F), curve 8, 370 oC (700F), curve 9,
425 oC (800 F). The toughness of the tool steel is measured in the torsion test as deformation in radians versus
the stress in the extreme fibers. 0.4 radian s is about 23.
,..--- 6
~
V
/'
8
Source: G.A. Roberts, G. Krauss, and R.L. Kennedy, Tool Steels, 5th
ed., ASM International, 1998, p 137
:J
.~
100
./"
:2
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
Deformation in radians
2.0
2.4
2.8
Nonferrous Metals
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Cast Aluminum (CA)1279
Cast Aluminum (CA)

CA.001 124EG-T5 aluminum permanent mold
casting, tensile stress-strain curves, monotonic and
cyclic
1000
Gerrnan casting material, Al-Si12-Cu-Ni-Mg with T5

tempero Tested at room temperature. Reference ASTM E
466 for cyclic force-controlled constant-amplitude fatigue
test practices.
800
ro
600
a.
Source: John Deere Materials Data, Deere & CO., Moline, IL, p Bl3
::;
<Ji
'"
400
... V
200
~~
--
...--
Monotonic _.. ----- ...... -_ .. ........ -............

............ ........-- ........--
.'
l&
.' .. .....'
.,.
10
12
14
16
18
20
Strain x 0.001
70
~Isand
490
CA.002 201.0-T6 aluminum casting, tensile stressstrain curves, various casting processes
420
Effect of casting process. Reat treatment: 2 h at

504-521 oC (940-970 P), 14 h at 529 oC (985 P), water
quench, 24 h at room temperature, plus 20 h at 154 oC
(310 P), air cooled. Average mechanical properties for
permanent mold castings: ultimate tensile strength,
450 MPa (65.2 ksi); tensile yield strength, 402 MPa
(58.3 ksi). Average mechanical properties for sand
castings: ultimate tensile strength, 394 MPa (57.1 ksi);
tensile yield strength, 372 MPa (53.9 ksi). Average
mechanical properties for insulated mold castings:
ultimate tensile strength, 359 MPa (52.1 ksi); tensile yield
strength, 349 MPa (50.6 ksi). UNS A02010
permanLt
60
/,
lP~
50
40
<Ji
~
(fl
30
20
10
Insulated
/
V
350
140
70
6
10
12
Source: "Mechanical Properties of Premium Aluminum Casting Alloys

with Various Cooling Rates," Olin Corp., Jan 1973. As published in Cast
Aluminum Section, Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol 3, CINDAS/
Purdue University, 1994, p 24, 67
280/Cast Aluminum (CA)
490
CA.003 201.0-T6 aluminum casting, compressive

stress-strain curves, various casting processes
420
Effect of casting process. Heat treatment, 2 h at

504-521 oC (940-970 F), 14 h at 529 oC (985F), water
(310 F), air cooled. Average compressive yield strength:
permanent mold castings, 433 MPa (62.8 ksi); sand
castings, 396 MPa (57.5 ksi); insulated mold castings,
382 MPa (55.4 ksi). UNS A02010
70
--i; ~
permanJnt
60
50
.; 40
-"
:i
~
30
20
10
50
'-.......
"::
350
280
f
:2
:i
210

Aluminum Section, Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol 3, CINDASI
140
6
8

28
42
56
1---
--
~ t:--
-"
<Ji
C/)
Insulated
- -
.; 40
'"
~
70
14
60
~-
10
12

tangent modulus curves, various casting processes
70
Permanent
Sand
~ F===::::

504-521 oC (940-970 F), 14 h at 529 oC (985F),
water quench, 24 h at room temperature, plus 20 h at
154 oC (310 F), air cooled. UNS A02010
420
--
350
280
f
:2
<Ji
30
210
20
140
10
70
4
6
8
10
6
12
'"

Aluminum Section, Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol 3, CINDASI
Cast Aluminum (CA)/281
70
60
50
.; 40
-'"
i
~
en 30
20
10
------
permaneJ
CA.005 201.0-T7 aluminum casting, tensile stressstrain curves, various casting processes
420
Effect of casting process. Reat treatment, 2 h at

504-521 oc (940-970 P), 14 h at 529 oC (985 P), water
Sand
Insul~
350
..---
280 ~
:2
210
490
~'"
140

Aluminum Section, Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol 3,
CINDAS!Purdue University, 1994, p 24, 67
70
10
12
70
--:;::::~
60
50
.; 40
-'"
'"
~'"
en 30
20
10
perman~nt
:::::-----r
Sand
~ted
490

420
Effect of casting process. Reat treatment, 2 h at

504-521 oC (940-970 P), 14 h at 529 oC (985 P), water
(370 P), air cooled. Average compressive yield strength:
377 MPa (54.7 ksi). UNS A02010
350
l'
280 ~
:2
210
140
70
6
8
10
12
~'"

with Various Cooling Rates," Olin corp., Jan 1973. As published in Cast
Aluminum Section, Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol 3, CINDAS!
14
60
50

28
42
56
"---~
'00 40
-'"

70
----- --Permanenl
~nd
r.--,.
Insulaled
Effect of casting process is illustrated. Heat treatment, 2 h

at 504-521 oC (940-970 P), 14 h at 529 oC (985 P),
water quench, 24 h at room temperature, plus 5 h at
188 oC (370 P), air cooled. UNS A02010
420
350
8:
280
:2
,,;
,,;
~
rJ)
30
210
20
140
10
70

10
12
Permanenl
40
280
~
;...-
30
'00
-"
,,;
'"
~
20
10
CA.008 201.0-T43 aluminum casting, tensile stressslrain curves, various casting processes
350
50
Sand
~ ~:ed
210
:2
140
70
'"
Il.
6
8
10
12

504-521 oC (940-970 P), 14 h at 529 oC (985 P), water
quench, 24 h at room temperature, plus 0.5 h at 154 oC
Aluminum Section, Strurtural Alloys Handbook, Vol 3, CINDAS/
Perman~
40
30
'"
U)
ro
20
10

350
50
/
V
t r:::::
F- Sand
I-";;;Iated
1-:=
280
210
'"
a.
::;
'"
140

504-521 oC (940-970 F), 14 h at 529 oC (985F), water
quench, 24 h at room temperature, plus 0.5 h at 154 oC
(310 F), air cooled. Average compressive yield strength:
238 MPa (34.5 ksi). UNS A02010
70
10
50
40
14
30
'"
70
"-
-----
Effect of casting process is illustrated. Heat treatment, 2 h

at 504-521 oC (940-970 F), 14 h at 529 oC (985F),
water quench, 24 h at room temperature, plus 0.5 h at
154 oC (310 F), air cooled. UNS A02010
Permanent
Sand
210
::;
20
140
10
70
I
4
6
8
10
6
'"
a.
Insulated
U)

84
350
280
~~
~
.;
.:.:

28
42
56
~'"

80
60
20
CA.Oll A201.0-T7 aluminum casting, typical tensile

stress-strain curve
560
/
1/
2
v-- -
420
ro
a.
::;
Designated area, at room temperature. Ramberg-Osgood

parameter, n(tension) = 14. S basis design properties
(originally presented in ksi) for strength class 1 and 2,
designated area within casting: ultimate tensile strength,
414 MPa (60 ksi); tensile yield strength, 345 MPa
(50 ksi); compressive yie1d strength, 352 MPa (51 ksi).
UNSA12010
280 r
en
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, Dec 1998, p 3-463, 3-465
140
10
CA.012 242.0-T5 aluminum permanent mold

cyclic
1200
1000
Cyclic
800
ro
o..
::;
r 600
ti)
U5
400
200
V
2
/-4
V
...............
......... ...........
Monotonic
10
12
Strain x 0.001
AI-Cu-Ni-Mg system. Tested at room temperature.

Reference ASTM E 466 for cyclic force-controlled
constant-amplitude fatigue test practices. UNS A02420
Source: John Deere Materials Data, Deere & Co., Moline, IL, p C13
............ ..........
................ .............
14
16
18
20
CA.OH A332.0-T5 (PC) aluminum permanent mold

cyclic
1200
1000
Al-Si-Ni-Mg system. Tested at room temperature.

Reference ASTM E 466 for cyc1ic force-controlled
constant-amplitude fatigue test practices. UNS A13320
replaced by UNS A03360
800
ro
o..
Source: John Deere Materials Data. Deere & Co., Moline, IL, p D14
r 600
CI)
~
400
Cyclic
200
~:::-.... .
M~~otonic
/-" ......
/,#
10
12
14
16
18
20
Strain x 0.001
CA.014 E332.0-T5 aluminum permanent mold

cyclic
1200
1000
Al-Si-Ni-Mg system. Tested at room temperature.

Reference ASTM E 466 for cyc1ic force-controlled
constant-amplitude fatigue test practices.
800
Source: John Deere Materials Data, Deere & Co., Moline, IL, p Fl3
ro
o..
r 600
CI)
~
en
400
Cyclic
200
vv-/'
I ~f.,---..........................
..-- M~~~tonic
."
10
12
Strain x 0.001
14
16
18
20
1200
1000
800
l1.
::;
g 600
<Ji
(J)
400
v.----'
200
Tested at room temperature. Reference ASTM E 466 for

cyc1ic force-controlled constant-amplitude fatigue test
practices. UNS A63320 replaced by UNS A03320
Source: John Deere Materials Data, Deere & Co., Moline, IL, p Al4
...........
Monotonic
_.......... ....... --- ...........
............. .-.. -.. - .......... -
........
CA.015 F332.0-T5 (SR) aluminum permanent mold

casting, fensile sfress-sfrain curves, monotonic and
cyclic
10
12
Strain x 0.001
14
16
18
20
1200r---~--~--.---.---.---~---r---.---,--~
800~--+---+---+---+---+-~+---~--~---r---
ro
a.
::;
<Ji
rJ)
600~--~--+---+---+---+---4---4---~--~--~
ro
400~--~--~--+---+---+---4---4---~---r--~
200
/'"
oV
O
:'::~: --_ ...... _.. -.. --- ----_ .... oo-, - -. Monotonic
8
10
12
Strain x 0.001
14
16
18
20
CA.016 354.0-T5 aluminum permanent mold

casting, fensile sfress-strain curves, monofonic and
cyclic
354.0-T5 casting material, Al-Si-Cu-Mg system. Tested at

room temperature. Reference ASTM E 466 for cyclic
force-controlled constant-amplitude fatigue test practices.
UNSA03540
Source: John Deere Materials Data, courtesy of Deere & Co., Moline,
IL, p E12
50
40
L---
1---
--
.; 30
lO
n.
::;
<Ji
Q)
1-
Specimen size: 6.25 mm (0.250 in.) diam, 31.75 mm

(1.25 in.) gage length. UNS A33550
280
210
"'<Ji"
'"
~
CA.017 C355.0-T61 aluminum casting, tensile

uniaxial true stress-strain curve
350
20
140
10
70
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
True strain
0.50
0.60
0.70
E
(J)
Source: J. Mattavi, "Low Cycle Fatigue Behavior Under Biaxia1 Strain

Distribution," TP-67 -16-T, Hamilton Standard, Sept 1967. As published
in Cast A1uminum Section, Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol 3,
30
25
CA.018 356.0-T6 aluminum casting, tensile stress

strain curves at several temperatures
245
35
80F 27 oC)
,--
'\
210
300F [149 oC)

175
"""'\
450F [232 oC
140
20
ro
o..
Effect of strain rate and temperature. Strain rate is 1.0 S-l.

Hold times at given temperatures: 1800 s (top); 10 s
(bottom). Material was solution heat treated at 540 oC
(1000 F), water quenched, and aged at 154 oC (310 F)
for 3 h. UNS A03560
:2
10
--
Ir
105 c
IJ)
~
i
70
600F [316 oC)
--~
35
o
30
25
20
/'
rr
210
1
50 0 F [266 oC)
T T
175
--x 4do F [20~ oC)
140
ro
o..
:2
'
105 IJ)
c
600F [316 oC
10
70
35
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
Strain, in./in.
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
Source: H.E. Dedman, EJ. Wheelan, and E.J. Kattus, "Tensile

after Rapid Heating," WADC TR-58-440, Southem Research Institute,
Part 1, Nov 1958. As published in Cast Aluminum Section, Structural
30
300'~ (149 ,)
25
20
I
I{
175
450 'F (232 'c)
Source: R.E. Dedman, E.J. Wheelan, and EJ. Kattus, "Tensile

after Rapid Reating," WADC TR-58-440, Southern Research Institute,
70
600 'F 316'C)
5 /'
35
30
20
Effect of strain rate and temperature. Strain rate is 0.01

S-l. Ho1d times at given temperatures: 1800 s (top); 10 s
(bottom). Material was solution heat treated at 540 oC
(1000 P), water quenched, and aged at 154 oC (310 P)
for 3 h. UNS A03560
140
10
25
CA.019 356.0-T6 aluminum casting, tensile stress

strain curves at several temperatures
210
210
~
f/
3JO'F .(1 d9'C)
175
~ 450 'F (232 'c)
140
'"
Il.
:::
105
600'F (316'C)
10
70
35
0.02
0.03
0.04
U5
/'
0.01
(1)
0.05
Strain, in./in.
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
25
CA.020 356.0-16 aluminum casting, tensile stressstrain curves at several temperatures
210
30
80F J7 OC)
'T
//
Yr- ~
175
X 300 T(149t
20
140
lo
Io
450 F (232 C)
a.
::;
105 ui
'"~
Effect of strain rate and temperature. Strain rate is

0.00005 S-l. RoId times at given temperatures: 1800 s
(top); 10 s (bottom). Material was soIution heat treated at
540 oC (1000 P), water quenched, and aged at 154 oC
(310F) for 3 h. UNS A03560
U
10
----
o
30
25
20
~
ui
~ 15
300
35
~3161)
o
210
175
(149 OC)
140
450F (232 oC
a.
::;
105 ui
'"
(IJ
10
Source: H.E. Dedman, EJ. Wheelan, and EJ. Kattus, "Tensile

after Rapid Heating," WADC TR-58-440, Southem Research Institute,
70
- --0.01
0.02
0.03
70
35
160~ F (31r OC)

0.04
0.05
Strain, in./in.
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
Cast Aluminum (CA)1291
70
60
./
50
'00 40
""r
E
en 30
20 K
420
Chill cast aluminum. Hardness, 41 HRB. UNS A03560
280
Room temperature
210
20
140
10
70
0.06
0.09
0.12
;:;
r
0.03
Source: K.A. Warren and R.P. Reed, Tensile and Impact Properties of
of Standards, June 1963. As published in Structural Alloys Handbook,
Vol 3, CINDASlPurdue University, 1994, p 70
76K
195 K
~~
CA.021 356.0-T6 aluminum casting, tensile stressstrain curves at low temperature
350
t-----
490
0.15
Strain, in.lin.
CA.022 A356-T6 aluminum cast cylinder, monotonic

tensile stress-strain curve
300
250
/; ~
200
.--
......
Near-net-shape casting formed by pouring molten alloy,

704 oC (1300 F) into investment molds at room
temperature (X), 538 oC (1000 F) (Y), and 982 oC
(1800 F) (Z). Three different cooling rates create
different microstructures. Curves are results from one
laboratory. Property values are average s from seven labs
as part of a round-robin test programo Young's modulus,
GPa (psi x 106), X, 70 (10.1), Y, 70 (10.1), Z, 71 (10.3);
yield strength 0.2% MPa (ksi), X, 229 (33.3), Y, 224
(32.5), Z, 217 (31.5); ultimate strength MPa (ksi), X, 283
(41.1), Y, 266 (38.6), Z, 252 (36.6); strain hardening
exponent (n), X, 0.083, Y, 0.087, Z, 0.091; strain
hardening coefficient K, MPa (ksi), X, 388 (56.4), Y, 397
(57.6), Z, 382 (55.4). UNS A13560
ro
:::;
o..
gf
~:: f:-':
,
150
1/
~
100
V
50 ~
1/
5
10
15
Strain x 0.001
20
25
30
Source: Fatigue and Fracture Toughness of A356-T6 Cast Aluminum

Alloy, R.1. Stephens, Ed., SP-760, Society of Automotive Engineers,
1988.
50
350
40
280
CA.023 A356.0-T6 aluminum casting, tensile stressstrain curves, various casting processes
~ermanent
30
20
10
~
V
\sand
210
\
ti!
c..
Insulated
::;
g
140

Purdue University, 1994, p 24,66
70
10
Effect of molding process. Reat treatment, 12 h at 538 oC

(1000 P), water quench, 12-24 h delay at room
temperature, 3 h at 154 oC (310 P), and air cooled.
Average mechanical properties for permanent mold
mechanical properties for sand castings: ultimate tensile
strength, 253 MPa (36.7 ksi); tensile yield strength,
223 MPa (32.3 ksi). Average mechanical properties for
insulated mold castings: ultimate tensile strength,
(29.8 ksi). UNS A13560
12
40
30
'00
~
'"
~
20
10
CA.024 A356.0-T6 aluminum casting, compressive

350
50
----~---
280
f- Permanent
f- Sand
Insulated
210
V--
gf
140
70
6
rf.
::;

Average compressive yield strength: permanent mold
castings, 219 MPa (31.7 ksi); sand castings, 245 MPa
(35.6 ksi); insulated mold castings, 192 MPa (27.9 ksi).
UNSA13560
10
12

Aluminum Section, Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol 3, ClNDAS/
50
14

56
28
42

70
280
40
30
~
<Ji
'"
~
en
20
Effect of molding process. Heat treatment, 12 h at 538 oC

temperature, ,3 h at 154 oC (310 P), and air cooled. UNS
A13560
~"-...
1---;::
"'" 1----~-......
210
--.!:.ermanent
~ulated
--
:--
::i:
r-
<Ji

Alurninum Section, Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol 3, CINDAS/
r--
140
ro
r70
10
10
Compressi\le tangent modulus, 106 psi
50
14

28
42
56
CA.026 A356.0-T6P aluminum casting, typical

tensile and compressive stress-strain and tangent
modulus curves
70
280
40
Compression \
.;
'<~
30
-'"
<Ji
'"
~
en
20
10
v:
210
Tension
V1---1---
"\
140
70
ro
c..
::i:

10
Tested at room temperature. Ramberg-Osgood parameters,

n(tension) = 10, n(compression) = 9.2. In the temper
designation, T6P, P indicates a difference in the standard
procedure or difference in the minimum tensile requirements as compared to the Aluminum Association's limits.
S basis values for A356.0-T6P per AMS 4218: Ultimate
tensile strength, 220 MPa (32 ksi); tensile and compressive yield strength, 152 MPa (22 ksi). UNS A13560
294/Cast Alurninurn (CA)
350
50
40
30
v---
280
210
.;
.l<
CA.027 A356.0-T6P aluminum casting, fuI! range

,f
::;;;
<Ji
<Jj
<Ji
<Jj
140
20
o
o
0.02
0.06
0.04
Strain, in.lin.
0.08
CA.028 A357.0-T6 aluminum cast plate, tensile

420
60
50
('
..---
1-- 0.001
in.lin.
280
I
V
ca
O-
::;;;
210 <Ji
<Jj
(J)
140
70
Sand cast plate thickness: 6.35 mm (0.25 in.). The full

range strain is given in % (top curve) and the expanded
range strain is in 0.001 in./in. (bottom curve).
Composition: Al-7.0Si-0.6Mg-0.ITe-Be. UNS A13570
350
/'
40
10
70
10
20
Tested at room temperature. X indicates fracture. In the

temper designation T6P, P indicates a difference in the
standard procedure or difference in the minimum tensile
requirements as compared to the Aluminum Association's
limits. S basis values for A356.0-T6P per AMS 4218:
ultimate tensile strength, 220 MPa (32 ksi); tensile and
compressive yield strength, 152 MPa (22 ksi). UNS
A13560
Strain, % and 0.001 in.lin.
10
Source: "Deve1opment: Premium Alloy Castings of Alloy A357.0-T6,"

A1coa, Pittsburgh, PA, 1971. As pub1ished in Aerospace Structural
Metals Handbook, Vo15, Code 3109, CINDAS/USAF CRDA
40
30
00
..><
u)
'"~
20
10
1280
210
~-
6
8
10
O
12
350
40
280
.L-~
30
'"~
20
140
50
00
Class 2 alloy casting, designated area, at room

temperature. Ramberg-Osgood parameter, n(tension) =
16. S basis design properties (originally presented in ksi)
for strength class 2, designated area within casting:
ultimate tensile strength, 345 MPa (50 ksi); tensile and
compressive yield strength, 276 MPa (40 ksi). UNS
A13570
70
..><
u)
&.
:2
IV
10
CA.029 A357.0-T6 aluminum casting, typical tensile

stress-strain curve
350
50
? ----
+--
Permanent
Sand
210
-
6
8
ro
o.
Insulated
:2
gf
~
140
70
CA.030 A357.0-T6 aluminum casting, tensile stressstrain curves, various casting processes
10
O
12
en
Effe:ct of molding process. Reat treatment, 12 h at 538 oC

(1000 F), water quench, 12-24 h delay at room
temperature, 5 h at 177 oC (350F), and air cooled.
Average mechanical properties for permanent mold
mechanical properties for sand castings: ultimate tensile
strength, 268 MPa (38.9 ksi); tensile yield strength,
229 MPa (33.2 ksi). Average mechanical properties for
insulated mold castings: ultimate tensile strength,
(26.10 ksi). UNS A13570
Source: "Mechanica1 Properties of Premium A1uminum Casting Alloys
with Various Coo1ing Rates," 01in Corp., Jan 1973. As published in Cast
350
50

Permanent \.
40
280
~->::::::f-
~ ~~sulated
Sand
30
<Ji
'"~
<
20
10
50
40
30
'00
'"
a.
:2
<Ji
140

Aluminum Section, Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol 3,
CINDAS/Purdue University, 1994, p 24, 66
70
210
Ir

(1000 P), water quench, 12-24 h del ay at room
Average compressive yield strength: permanent mold
castings, 256 MPa (37.2 ksi); sand castings, 240 MPa
(34.8 ksi); insulated mold castings, 232 MPa (33.7 ksi).
UNS A13570
14
6
8

28
42
56
10
12

70

temperature, 5 h at 177 oC (350 P), and air cooled. UNS
A13570
280
~r---
_ _ Permanent
r-::::::::: ~
-'"
<Ji
'~"
<
210
F==:::
:2
<Ji
ro1--
CJ)
20
140
10
70
'"
a.
4
6
8
10
12

60
420
50
40
20
10
I
1/
---
r-
140
70
o
4
6
8
10
40
30
v-~
CA.034 D357.0-T6 aluminum casting, typical tensile

stress-strain curve
280
210
1/
""!Ji
1/)
Ci5
20
10
12
350
50
.;
Source: "Development: PremiumAlloy Castings of Alloy A357.0-T6,"

Aleoa, Pittsburgh, PA, 1971. As published in Aerospace Structural
Metals Handbook, Vo15, Code 3109, CINDASIUSAF CRDA
280
Sand cast plate thickness: 6.35 mm (0.25 in.).

Composition: AI-7.0Si-0.6Mg-0.ITe-Be. UNS A13570
350
/
V
CA.033 A357.0-T6 aluminum cast plate, compressive

stress-strain curve
IJ..
:2
140
70
ro
Designated area, at room temperature. Ramberg-Osgood

parameter, n(tension) = 16. B basis design properties
(originally presented in ksi) for designated area within
casting: ultimate tensile strength, 338 MPa (49 ksi);
tensile and compressive yield strength, 285 MPa (41 ksi).
UNSA43570
6
8
10
~
Ci5
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Wrought Aluminum (WA)1299
Wrought Aluminum (WA)

WA.OO1 Heat-treafable aluminum alloys, true stressstrain curves
560
~------~--------~~~---+--r-------~420
X2020-T6, 2014-T4, 2024-T36, 2024-T86, 6061-0,

6061-T4, 6061-T6, 6063-T6, 7075-0, 7075-T6, 7079-T6,
7178-T6
~------~--------+----+---+--~--~~-1140
~-7~--~--------+----+---+--+-------~70
8L--------L--------L---~---L--L-------~56
0.01
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08 0.1
0.2
98
14
./
12
10
/'
I~ ~
84
T~"""
.,...o- )-"U'"
70
Nominal
IV
,
,\
.ryC'
O
O
"\
.,.....o-" >--'"
Yield strength
I
I
I
28
14
0.04 0.08 0.12 0.16 0.20 0.24 0.28 0.32 0.36 0.40 0.44
Slrain, in./in.
0.4 0.8
1.2 1.6 2.0 2.4 2.8
WA.002 1060-0 aluminum alloy rod, tensile stressstrain curves

The upper row of strain values on the abscissa applies to
both the complete true curve and the complete nominal
curve. The lower row of strain values applies to the
expanded portion of the curves; this expanded portion is
essentially identical for both the true and nominal curves.
Test specimen diam, 12.7 mm (0.5 in.). Gage length:
203.2 mm (8 in.). Nominal tensile strength, 67.2 MPa
(9.75 ksi). True tensile strength, 86.2 MPa (12.5 ksi).
Nominal yield strength (0.2% offset), 21 MPa (3.0 ksi).
Elongation (in 50.8 mm, or 2 in.), 42.7%. Reduction of
area, 91 %. True strain at maximum load, 24.8%. A loglog plot of the stress-strain curve would yield a slope (n)
of 0.22 in the area of uniform plastic deformation.
UNSA91060
Souree: Alcoa, A1uminum Research Laboralory, New Kensinglon, PA,
Oel1951
300/Wrought Aluminum (WA)
14
12
/~
10
r 8
'"
IL
I
o
18
0.04
0.08
0.4
0.8
0.16
0.20
Strain, in./in.
2.0
1.2
1.6
'"
Q)
42 ~
e
~
28
2.4
2.8
'\.
.,/'
I
1o
0.32
3.2
126
WA.004 1060-H18 aluminum alloy rod, tensile

112

203.2 mm (8 in.). Nominal tensile strength, 119 MPa
(17.2 ksi). True tensile strength, 121 MPa (17.5 ksi).
area, 79%. True strain at maximum load, 2.0%. A log-log
plot of the stress-strain curve would yield a slope (n) of
0.02 in the area of uniform plastic deformation. UNS
A91060
~~
strength 98
84
ro
Il.
70
\
'"~
56 .l!!
\
\
11
0.28
.;
,,
,
,,
42
28
14
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.4
0.8
1.2
0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07

Strain, in./in.
1.6
2.0
2.4
2.8
0.08
0.09

(10.6 ksi). True tensile strength, 87.6 MPa (12.7 ksi).
Elongation (in 50.8 mm, or 2 in.), 31.1 %. Reduction of
area, 90%. True strain at maximum load, 18.0%. A loglog plot of the stress-strain curve would yield a slope (n)
of 0.14 in the area of uniform plastic deformation. UNS
A91060
Source: Alcoa, Aluminum Research Laboratory, New Kensington, PA,
July 1954
14
0.24
-..., ~o~inal
::l
56 :2
r
Yield
strength
0.12
""_10
ro
Il.
.;
~1\
\
.,...~
70
\
\
\
12
.l!!
.;
e
Nominal
"'"'
14
84
16
~ f.--
.l!!
.;
e
WA.003 1 060-H12 aluminum alloy rod, tensile

98
0.10
e
~
Source: A1coa, Aluminum Research Laboratory, New Kensington, PA,

July 1954
Wrought Aluminum (WA)/301
16
14
/
~~
12
c
8
~
.;
<=
!!1 6
98

area, 88%. True strain at maximum load, 20.0%. A loglog plot of the stress-strain curve would yield a slope (n)
UNSA91100
Nominal
'"\
84
70 a.
'"
:2
..l<
~
1i)
.....--
/,
10
.;
U)
112
:i
56 ~
~
.;
<=
42 !!1
..k,
Yield strength
28
V
o
Souree: Aleoa, Aluminum Researeh Laboratory, New Kensington, PA,

luly 1954
14
I
I
1
0.04
0.08
0.4
0.8
0.112
0.16
0.20
Strain, in.lin.
1.2
1.6
2.0
0.24
0.28
0.32
2.4
20
WA.006 11 00-H12 aluminum alloy rod, tensile

140
Nominal
~,
.1l ~
15
r-tr
,,
strength
105
,,
a.'"
:2
0.01
~
.;
<=
\
\
!!1
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
())
70 11;
:i
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
Strain, in.lin.
0.06
0.07
0.08
35

Nominal yild strength (0.2% offset), 99.3 MPa (14.4
ksi). Elongation (in 50.8 mm, or 2 in.), 8.5%. Reduction
of area, 76%. True strain at maximum load, 3.4%. A loglog plot of the stress-strain curve would yield a slope (n)
UNSA91100
Source: Aleoa, Aluminum Researeh Laboratory, New Kensington, PA,
luly 1954
0.09
20
f
15
.T - -
Nominal
~~
slrenglh
cl
I
I
\
\
\
\
0.02
0.01
105
\
\
\
\
\
I
35
I
I
I
I
I
I
1 o
0.07
0.06
WA.007 11 OO-H16 aluminum alloy rod, tensile

140
____True
0.03
0.04
Slrain, in.lin.
0.05

Nominal yield strength (0.2% offset), 122.7 MPa
(17.8 ksi). Elongation (in 50.8 mm, or 2 in.), 6.8%.
Reduction of area, 79%. True strain at maximum load,
1.7%. A log-log plot of the stress-strain curve would
yield a slope (n) of 0.02 in the area of uniform plastic
deformation. UNS A91100
July 1954
Slrain. 0.001 in.lin.
WA.008 11 OO-H18 aluminum alloy rod, tensile

210
30
--
True
25
p-
~ 20
c
.~
15
10
/
V
175
Nominal
/~ ~dSlrenglh
gf
~
"'"
1/
0.01
en
a..
140 :;
1i
~
105 .~
\
\
\
\
\
70
\
\
\
\
35
\
\
\
)..
0.02
2
0.04
0.03
Slrain. in.lin.
0.05
5
0.06
O
0.07

0.06 in the area of uniform plastic deformation.
UNSA91100
July 1954
20
1-::::::::
L ~d
strength
15
1/
140
Nominal
True_
"'~\
105
1\
\
\
\
I
0.01
35
I
I
I
2
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
Strain, in.lin.
345
0.07
0.08

UNSA91100
July 1954
1
0.02

0.09
WA.Ol0 2014-T6 aluminum alloy, ciad 2014-T6,
Temperature, oc
801r8________,93~_______2,0-4--------3T16--------,42ko
room-temperature tensile properties
Effect of exposure to elevated temperature. Composition:

Al-4.5Cu-lMn-lSi-O.5Mg. UNS A92014
~
u.~
ro
c..
::;;:
60 ~--------+_--~~L-+---~~--~--------~420
u.z
,5
~e
~
..
el
1i
.$
ro
E
40 ~--------+_---------''II-----T-------~--''r_----~ 280
::l
0.5 h
o 100 h
1000 h
20
L---------L---------~--------~--------~140
80 ,---------,---------,---------,---------,540
420
60
ro
c..
::;;:
u.1':'
u.1':'
.c
c,
e
280
40
.c
g,
~
1i
1i
"C
ID
"C
>=
140
20
OL---------L---------~--------~--------~O
1"1 l ;P--E I
O
OO
200
400
Temperature, F
600
800
Source: Metallic Materials & Elements for Flight Vehicle Structures,

MIL-HDBK-5, Dept. of Defense, FSC 1500, Aug 1962. As published
in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3201, CINDAS!
WA.011 2014-16 aluminum alloy, ciad 2014-16, bar,

8o,-------r-------,-------,-------,-------,56o
-320F (-196 OC)
Tested at various temperatures. Bar diameter: 19.05 mm

(0.75 in.). Composition: AI-4.5Cu-1Mn-1Si-0.5Mg.
UNSA92014
70r---~--+-----r------_+--------~~--~490
Exposure:
- - - Yo h
..,. - --100F (-73 OC)
- - - 10 min
""
Room Temperature
60~------~------+-----~+-~--~~~~~420
50~------+--------h~~~-+~~~~~------4350
m
Q.
::2
: 40
Source: "Phase II-Cryogenic Properties of 2014-T6 and A-286,"

Bell Aerosystems Co., BLR61-35(M) Rev. A, 29 June 1962. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3201,
1---------+----~L.L------:~....,~:::==-I---------l280 ~
~
30r-------r-~~~t-------+_------+-----__1210
500F (260 OC)

20r-----~~~~~-+-------_+--------r-----~140
10~~~=i--==~~-------t-----_i------~70
600 F(316 OC)

OL-------L-------~-------L-------L-----~O
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.008
0.010
Strain, in.lin.
50
WA.012 2014-16 aluminum alloy, ciad 2014-16,

isochronous tensile stress-strain curves
350
Shorttime
,.
40
""
----...... ........ ---
""
Tested at 205 oC (400F). Composition: AI-4.5Cu-1MnISi-0.5Mg. UNS A92014

280
1h
10 h
30
210
'00
Q.
""uien
~ 20
::2
ui
en
100 h
140
1000 h
10
70
0~----------~0-.0~0-4-----------0-.0~0-8----------~0.of2
Strain, in.lin.
Source: P.M. Howell and G.W. Stickley, "Isochronous Stress-Strain

Curves for Several Heat-Treated Wrought Aluminum Alloys at 300
and 400 F," Aleoa Research Laboratories, 29 Apri11958. As published
80
Rolled
60
t~3
20
in. (76 mm)
WA.013 2014-T6 aluminum alloy, dad 2014-T6,

rolled bar, rod, and extrusions, tensile and
560
b~r, rod, and shapes
-- '=-- -
:.--
r, thickness. Composition: Al-4.5Cu-lMn-lSi-0.5Mg.

UNSA92014
420
'"
o..
:2
280 '"
140
- - - Tension
- - Compression
80,-------,-------,--------,-------,-------,560
Extrusion
0.500 in. (12.7 mm)

Area ~ 25 in? (161 cm 2)
t>
60~------+-------~----~~~~--~------~420
t= 0.125-0.499 in.
(3.175-12.675 mm)
g
gf 40
~
I--------+-----~'+---------+------__t------__I
'"
280 '"
w
W
20~----_7~------~-------+------~------~140
0~-----~2-----~4~------~6-----~8------~1~
Source: Metallic Materials & Elements for Flight Vehicle Structures,

MIL-HDBK-5, Dept of Defense, FSC 1500, Aug 1962. As published
in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vo13, Code 3201, CINDAS/
WA.014 2014-T6 aluminum alloy, ciad 2014-T6,

rolled and drawn rod, effect of exposure to elevated
temperature on tensile properties
Temperature, oC
150
95
205
20
"'"~ ""
~~ '"
Exposure time
30 min
... 96 h
10,000 h
._ 60
'"
c..
:2
::J
420 lJ..:5
Ol
~
280
'~
"'-----
80
315
--......
""-
260
S
140
560
420 c..
'"
:2
~ " "~
~ """
"
:5
g> 40
"O
a;
>=
20
'--o
20
.~
c
....-'
Ol
C
fi ~oo
200
300
400
_.....
500
Exposure temperature, F
%l
600
700
Tested at room temperature. Composition: Al-4.5CulMn-lSi-O.5Mg. UNS A92014

Source: Report on the Elevated Temperature Properties of Aluminum
and Magnesium Alloy, STP 291, ASTM, Oc! 1960. As published
Temperature,
oc

forged rod, effect of exposure to elevated
80r1_5________,95__________
2or5_________3,1_5________-,42~60
~
-=-
Tested at room temperature. Composition: Al-4.5CulMn-lSi-O.5Mg. UNS A92014
ro
60 f-----------I------\---,-''-;t---------'''rl----------l 420
~
-=-
~
e
~
e
~ 40
280 ~
Exposure time
.30 min
A 100 h
1000 h
010,000 h
20L---------~---------L--------~--------~140
80
560
60
420
ro
a..
:;;
-=-
-=-
~
.s::
C,
e
'E,
280
40
"O
"O
Ci
Ci
;;:
;;:
140
20
0L---------L---------L---------L-------~0
80
560
40
280
E
E
~
.~
N
.~
e
o
1iiOl
e
o
1_
[jJ
200
... ~
./-:
400
V
600
?
o
800
Source: Report on the Elevated Temperature Properties of Aluminum

and Magnesium Alloy, STP 291, ASTM, Oct 1960. As published
in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vo13, Code 3201, CINDAS!

sheet, effect of exposure and test temperature on
compressive yield strength
Test temperature, oC
80~15
________~95__________
20~5_________3,1_5________-,42~60
Thickness: 1.626 mm (0.064 in.). Composition: Al4.5Cu-1Mn-1Si-0.5Mg. UNS A920l4
60 1-----------''''''-=''------+------\--------1420 ~
Source: D.E. Miller, "Determining Physical Properties of Ferrous and

Non-Ferrous Structural Sheet Materials at Elevated Temperatures:'
AFTR 6517, Pt 3, Dec 1953. As published in Aerospace Structural
Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3201, CINDASlPurdue University,
1995, p 22
Exposure
1/2 h
o 100 h
A 1000 h
200
.----
80
60
400
Tes! temperature, F
~-r-
808
600

sheet, uniaxial and biaxial stress-strain curves
560
x
Biaxial2:1
Uniaxial
~ 13.5%
Test direction: longitudinal. Typical for sheet thickness

3.18 mm (0.125 in.). Composition: AI-4.5Cu-1Mn-1Si0.5Mg. UNS A92014
x
420
Biaxial1:1
i
-;
280
."
e
..
-;
e
E
o
20
140
4
6
Source: E.L. Terry and S.W. McClaren, "Biaxial Stress and Strain
Data on High Strength Alloys for Design of Pressurized Components,"
ASD-TDR-62-401, Chance-Vought Corp., 1962. As published in

sheet, tensile stress-strain curves
7o.---.---,----r---r---.---,---,----r---r-~490
Room
Temperature
Tested at room and elevated temperatures. Sheet thickness: 1.626 mm (0.064 in.). Composition: Al-4.5Cu-lMnlSi-0.5Mg. UNS A92014
60~--+_--~--~---r---+--~--~_=~~--r-~420
350
00 40 ~--+_--~--~+-~~-+---+---t---~-1-~ 280
rf.
"""
:2
~~
i 30
Source: D.E. Miller, "Deterrnining Physical Properties of Ferrous

and N on-Ferrous Structural Sheet Materials at Elevated Temperatures,"
Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3201, CINDAS/Purdue University,
1995, p 19
210 i
500F (260 OC)

10r-~~~~~+--r+---+---+--+_--+_--+_~
600F (316 OC)
70
0~0---L---L2---L3---L4---L5---L6---L7---L8---L9--~1~
560

sheet, compressive stress-strain curves
490
Tested at room and elevated temperatures (1/2 hour at

temperature). Sheet thickness: 1.626 mm (0.064 in.).
Composition: Al-4.5Cu-lMn-lSi-0.5Mg. UNS A92014
Room
temperature
420
350
'"
:i
o..
40 ~-+_-+_-~--/-*--7I"'-----+-~---t---t--~ 280
:2
ui
U)
~
210
500F (260 OC)
140
Strain, in./in.
Source: D.E. Miller, "Deterrnining Physical Properties of Ferrous and

Non-Ferrous Structural Sheet Materials at Elevated Temperatures,"
Metals Handbook, Vo13, Code 3201, CINDAS/Purdue University,
1995, p 22
100~--------r---------r---------~--------'
700
80~--------~--------~--------+_------__1
560

sheet, short-time total strain curves
Tested at 150-315 oC (300-600 P). Therrnal expansion

included. Sheet thickness: 1.016 mm (0.040 in.).
Composition: AI-4.5Cu-1Mn-1Si-0.5Mg. UNS A92014
300F (149 0C) ______-+_______-+______- j 420
60
..
40
0.27%
280
400F (204 oC)
500 F (260 OC)
~ 20~---------~1----------+--~~~-+--------1
~
'"
l.A. Van Echo, W.F. Wirth, and W.F. Simmons, "Short-Time Creep
Properties of Structnral Sheet Materials for Aircraft & Missiles," AFTR
6731, Pt II1, May 1955. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3201, CINDASlPnrdue University, 1995, p 25
Jl.
::;;
140
r
CI)
C/l
10~--------~--------~~~---+_------__1
70
8~--------~--------+_--~~~+_------__1
56
Total strain
2%
o 3%
... 5%
v 7%
42
28
10
4~-----~--------~--------~--------J
10-2
10-3
10- 1
Time, h
80
----
560
WA.021 2014-T4 aluminum alloy rod, tensile stressstrain curves
490

YS, yield strength. Test specimen diam, 19.05 mm
(0.75 in.). Gage length: 203.2 mm (8 in.). Nominal tensile strength, 448 MPa (65.0 ksi). True tensile strength,
517 MPa (75.0 ksi). Nominal yield strength (0.2% offset),
302 MPa (43.8 ksi). Elongation (in 50.8 mm, or 2 in.),
16.8%. Reduction of area, 32%. True strain at maximum
load, 14.1 %. A log-log plot of the stress-strain curve
would yield a slope (n) of 0.21 in the area of uniforrn
plastic deforrnation. UNS A92014
True
70
~
/
'
f,.-<>./
60
~ 50
r
CI)
'"
~ 40
.!!1
'00
e
~ 30
'/
~
Nominal
420
I
I
I
I
I
I
~~
Yield strength
I
I
20
I
I
I
I
I
I
10
350
r
CI)
280 ~CI)
.!!1
'00
e
210 ~
140
70
I
I
1
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
Slrain, in.lin.
10
0.12
0.14
0.16
&
::;;
O
0.18
Sonrce: Alcoa, Aluminum Research Laboratory, New Kensington, PA,

June 1953
--
80
70
60
gj
--~
30
10
l:
280 ~
(J)
~
'00
e
210 ~
140
70

July 1954
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
Strain, in.lin.
4
6
8
(a)
0.12
10
12
560
70
60
.~
50
~ 40
~
'00
30
20
10
-~ ~
Nominal
l:
())
I
V
o
490
.r...-of' ~
~---420
Yield strength
350 rf.
:2
<Ji"
'"
280 ~
ti)
'00
e
210 ~
140
70
0.02
0.04
0.06
Strain, in.lin.
0.08
Strain, 0.001 in.Jin.

(b)
0.10
80
gj

YS, yield strength. Test direction: (a) longitudinal; (b)
transverse. Test specimen thickness, 15.9 mm (5/8 in.).
Gage 1ength: 203.2 mm (8 in.). Nominal tensi1e strength,
473 MPa (68.6 ksi). True tensi1e strength, 514 MPa
(74.6 ksi). Nominal yield strength (0.2% offset), 436 MPa
yield a slope (n) of 0.08 in the area of uniform plastic
deformaton. UNS A92014
:2
11
I
V
490
350 rf.
'00
WA.022 2014-T6 aluminum alloy plate, tensile

420
Yield strength
'"
I!!
t 40
20
1/
50
<Ji
~
Nominal
560
0.10
0.12
10
12

700
100
80
Tested at room temperature. Typical for sheet thickness

1..016-6.325 mm (.0 ..04.0-.0.249 in.). Ramberg-Osgood
parameter: n(longitudinal, tension) = 27; n(long transverse, tension) = 2.0. UNS A92.o14
560
Longitudinal
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998
..1
60
~
ui
'"
~
ro
40
20
V
2
Long
tr~nsverse
420
CIl
Il..
:2
!!:!
280
ro
140
10
12
14

28
42
56
80
-- /' --V
V
60
""r
~'"
ro
40
20
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudinal. Typical for thickness :::::76.2.0 mm (:::::3 ..0.0.0 in.).
Ramberg-Osgood parameter: n(L, tension) = 31;
n(L, compression) = 25. UNS A92014
560
Longitudinal, compression
'0;
WA.024 2014-T6 aluminum alloy rolled bar, rod,

and shapes, tensile and compressive stress-strain and
70
:. :::'---:-ongitudinal, co~pression
r--
Longitudinal, tension
420
CIl
Il..
:2
<Ji
1'\
8
6
10
6
280
140
12
ro
14

28
42
56
80
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudinal. Typical for extrusion thickness 3.175-12.675 mm
(0.125-0.499 in.). Ramberg-Osgood parameter: n(L,
tension) = 23; n(L, compression) = 15. UNS A92014
560
L, compression
"-.....r--
60
';
-'"
","
'"~
i'i
40
20
WA.025 2014-T6 aluminum alloy extrusion, tensile

and compressive stress-strain and compressive
70
V
2
L, compression
---b::
r----
Source: MIL"HDBK"5H, 1 Dec 1998

420
L, tension
!""----
ro
a.
::;;
~
280 i'i
140
6
8
10
4
12
90
630
WA.026 2014-T6 aluminum alloy forging, tensile

stress-strain curves (full range)
80
560
Tested at room temperature. Typical. UNS A92014
Longitudinal
70
60
.-+
--
Long transverse
420
50
ro
350 ~
40
280 ]
30
210
20
140
10
70
<Ji
'"
Source: MILBDBK"5H, 1 Dec 1998
490
uf
en
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
Strain, in./in.
0.10
0.12
0.14

14
28
42
56
70
84
8or------r-----,------.------.------~----_,560
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudinal; LT, long transverse. Typical for extrusion thickness
::;;12.675 mm (::;;0.499 in.). Ramberg-Osgood parameter:
n(L, tension) =29; n(LT, tension) = 17; n(L, compression)
= 29; n(LT, compression) = 32. UNS A92014
Source: MILHDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998
g
~
::i:
40 f------t-------Ff------+------+------+-__I-----j 280
uf
Ci
20f---~A_----__I------+------+------+-__I-----j140
L-----~2------~4------~6------~8------1~0--~~1~

6
80

560
Tested at room temperature. Typical for plate thickness

6.35-50.80 mm (0.250-2.000 in.). Ramberg-Osgood
parameter: n(longitudinal, tension) = 30; n(long transverse, tension) = 19. UNS A92014
LOngitudin~1"""
Long transverse
60
20

ro
o..
::i:
280
V
2
420
140
6
10
uf
WA.029 2014-T651 aluminum alloy plate,

modulus curves
8oFo----~1r4----~28~----~42~----~56L---~T_----~M560
LT, compression
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudinal;

LT, long transverse. Typical for plate thickness 6.35-50.80
mm (0.250-2.000 in.). Ramberg-Osgood parameter: n(L,
compression) = 15; n(LT, compression) = 18.
UNSA92014
20~----~----_1------+_----_+------+__+--~140
0L-----~2------~4------~6------~8------1~0--L-~1;

6
r- --
80
70
f.---
60
LOngit~n~_ t---
.,-Long transverse
560
WA.030 2014-T651X aluminum alloy extrusion,

tensile stress-strain curve (full range)
490
Tested at room temperature. Typical for extrusion thickness 12.70-19.025 mm (0.500-0.749 in.). UNS A92014
420
50
350
gf 40
280
30
210
20
140
10
70
'"
[L
::;
~
m
'"
~
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
Strain, in./in.
0.10
0.12
0.14

490
70
Longitudinal
60
-==- --"'x'
. . . . . . .....
Long transverse :---
50
350
'00 40
280
'"!Ji
:::;
!Ji
ro
420
30
210
20
140
10
70
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
ro~
0.14
Strain, in.lin.
WA.032 2014-T652 aluminum alloy hand forging,

14
28
42
56
70
84
8or-----.------,------~----~----~-------560
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudinal; LT, long transverse; ST, short transverse. Typical for
forging thickness 50.825-76.20 mm (2.001-3.000 in.).
Ramberg-Osgood parameter: n(L, tension) = 18; n(LT,
tension) = 18; n(ST, tension) = 13; n(L, compression) =
17; n(LT, compression) = 18; n(ST, compression) = 22.
UNSA92014
:i
~
&.
:::;
40 I------f----Hr----t_--_+--__I-+-__J 280
:i
ro~
00
201---~--_+---t_--_+--__I-+-__J140
"---------'2-----...L4------.L6------8L------110---'------'120
6
WA.033 2017-T4 aluminum alloy rolled and drawn

rod, tensile stress-strain curves
80
True
70
./
60
]1 50
tl
40
'c;;
e
30
20
10
./"
0.04
50
0.06
--
0.08 0.10
Strain, in./in.
0.12
0.14
l'
/f
O
O
280
210
Nominal
'c;;
e
~ 40
/
V
Yield strength
350
Aleoa, Aluminum Research Laboratory, New Kensington, PA

140
0.02
ID
10
420
I
I
I
I
I
I
70
ui
U)
20
/
f
Yield strenglh
I
I
I
0.16
630
WA.034 X2020-T6 aluminum alloy extruded bar,

560

490
420
I
I
a..
:2
350 ui
U)
t
280 ~
U)
e
~
210
140
0.18
70
0.02

(0.5 in.). Gage 1ength: 203.2 mm (8 in.). Nominal tensile
strength, 459 MPa (66.5 ksi). True tensile strength,
load, 14.8%. UNS A92017
I
I
30
'\
~ 60
tl
490
Nominal
,....o-,....o-
I
I
I
I
I
I
Tru.:..-
70
H-
90
80
l.--
~~....o-
560
0.04
0.06
0.08
Slrain, in.lin.
6
8
4
0.10
0.12
10
12
Source: Aleoa, Aluminum Research Laboratory, New Kensington, PA
WA.035 2024-T3 and 2024-T4 aluminum alloy, ciad

2024, rolled bar, extrusion, and sheet, complete
700
100
1
"\ 118 in. (3.175 mm) thick extrusion, T4 condition
80
.;
60
-"
ui
'"~
40
~
V
Test direction: longitudinal. Composition: AI-4.5Cu1.5Mg-O.6Mn. UNS A92024
560
' \ Sheet, T3 condition
420
Rolled bar, T4 condition
rf.
Souree: AJ. MeEvily, Jr., W. Illig, and R.F. Rardrath, "Statie Strength
of Aluminum-Alloy Speeimens Containing Fatigue Craeks," NACA
TN3816, Oet 1956. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3203, CINDASlPurdue University, 1995, p 15
:2
ui
280
20
140
2.5
7.1>
10
12.5
Strain, %
15
17.5
20
WA.036 2024-T3 aluminum alloy, true-stress, truestrain curves
100.-------------,-------------,--------------,700
Composition: AI-4.5Cu-I.5Mg-O.6Mn. UNS A92024

50
350
.;
<ti
a.
:2
-'"
ui
ui
'"
'"
Q)
:::J
t=
Souree: G.W. Brown and R. Ikegami, The Fatigue of Aluminum Alloys

Subjeeted to Random Loading, Exp. Mech., Vol lO, Aug 1970,
Vol 3, Code 3203, CINDASlPurdue University, 1995, p 16
20
140
Q)
1-
10~----------~------------_+------------_170
5L---L---~--~---_L---~--~--~--
10- 3
10- 2
10- 1
___ L_ __J35
1
70
60
~~
50
40
"'g"
1!
1i 30
20
10
Short transverse
'/
420
Composition: Al-4.5Cu-l.5Mg-O.6Mn. UNS A92024
350
Source: D.J. Brownhill et al., "Mechanical Properties, Including

Fracture Toughness and Fatigue, COITosion Characteristics and FatigueCrack Propagation Rates of Stress-Relieved Aluminum Hand Forgings,"
AFML-TR-70-1O, Aleoa Research Laboratories, Feb 1970. As published
280 rf.
::2:
<Ji
210 1i
140
70
WA.037 2024-T852 aluminum alloy hand forgings,

490
Lon~itudinal
____
___ Tran~verse
6
8
10
12
WA.038 2024-T6 and 2024-T852 aluminum alloy

forgings, effects of heat treatment on tensile
properties
70 r-------,--------,-------,-------,--------, 490
'iu __-+---
Test direction: short transverse. Composition: Al-4.5Cu1.5Mg-O.6Mn. UNS A92024
65~--~~~------~------~~~--~~----~455
:::
~ 60 1-------,;9--------__/-------_j_------___1I---------1 420 =-
~
00
~
55~------+_------__/-------_j_------___1---------1385
50L-------~------~-------~------~L-----~350
1--;--~
4
6
Cold reduction, %
10
Source: J.H. Hull and SJ. Erwin, How Deformation Affects the
Mechanical Properties of Aluminum Forgings, Met. Eng. Quart.,
Vol 12, Nov 1972, P 1-6. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Exposure temperature,
oc
8o-r15---------,95----------2or5---------3,1-5--------4~2~60
WA.039 2024-T4 aluminum alloy, effects of exposure

to elevated temperature on tensile properties
Tested at room temperature. Composition: Al-4.5Cu1.6Mg-O.6Mn. UNS A92024

Source: "2024-T4 Products," AJeoa Research Laboratory Data Sheet,
Sept 1957. As pub1ished in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
Vol 3, Code 3203, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1995, p 16
y"
0100 h
'" 1000 h
20L---------~---------L--------~--------~140
60,---------,----------,---------,----------420
OL---------L---------L---------L-------~O
n bbJ:::
O
200
400
600
I
800
Exposure lemperalure,
95
'00
""'- 60
" \
o,
Ci
Tested at room temperature. Composition: AI-4.5Cu1.5Mg-O.6Mn. UNS A92024
E 40
Tesled al room lemperalure
1/2 h
0100 h
.1000 h
8:
420
o,
'"
Ci
al
280 1i
......... i'- ___o
20
:::?!_
~
.c
\\
:5
WA.040 2024-T81 aluminum alloy, effecls of

exposure to elevated temperature on tensile
properties
315
.\ ~
\
~
.c
oc
205
:5
140
80r----------.----------.-----------~----~--_,560
60
420
'"
c..
'00
:::?!
"'"
.--:ce
!:!:.
.c
.c
g> 40
280
g>
~
Ci
Ci
"O
"O
a;
a;
:;:
:;:
20
140
O~--------~----------~----------L----------"O
1:"----1"-~I""
J;J;~---o---__
-~ I
O
200
400
Exposure lemperalure, F
600
800
Source: "2024-T81," Aleoa Research Laboratory Data Sheet, July 1957.

3203, CINDASlPurdue University, 1995, p 17
Exposure temperature,
95
oc
205
WA.041 2024-T86 aluminum alloy, effeds of

exposure to elevated temperature on tensile
properties
315
....
~
~ 60~--------1--------1~+------*~----------1420 ~
~
~
~
e
~
W
~
.~ 40
280 ~
Tested at ro9m temperature
Y:. h
O 100 h
... 1000 h
2oL---------~----------~--------~--------~140
80,---------,----------,---------,----------,560
420
60
o..'"
:2
>-
>-
g> 40
~
280
g>
~
"O
"O
:;:
:;:
Cii
Cii
140
20
0L---------L---------L---------L-------~0
flL----'
O
L--..-l.L~---p~--~I
200
400
600
800
Tested at room temperature. Composition: Al-4.5Cu1.5Mg-O.6Mn. UNS A92024

Source: "2024-T86," Aleoa Research Laboratory Data Sheet, July 1957.
3203, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1995, p 17
80
LO~git~al
70
60
50
00
"'ui"
rn
~
40
1Short transverse
20
490
Composition: AI-4.5Cu-l.5Mg-0.6Mn. UNS A92024
420
350
o..'"
Source: DJ. Brownhill et al., "Mechanical Properties, Inc1uding

Fracture Toughness and Fatigue, Corrosion Characteristics and FatigueCrack Propagation Rates of Stress-Relieved Aluminum Hand Forgings,"
AFML-TR-70-1O, Aleoa Research Laboratories, Feb 1970. As published
;:;
280 ui
Ci.
30
WA.042 2024-T852 aluminum allay hand fargings,

campressive stress-strain curves
Transverse
Ci.
10
/
V
560
210
140
70
6
8
10
12
WA.043 2024-T3, 2024-T6, 2024-T81, and 2024-T86

aluminum allay sheet and plate, tensile stress-strain
curves
80r---r---r-~---,---,---,---,---.---.---.---,560
T86
70
490
Tested at various temperatures; 30 min exposure. RT,

room temperature; 93 oC (200 P); 100 oC (212 P);
150 oC (300 P); 205 oC (400 P); 260 oC (500 P);
315 oC (600 P); 363 oC (685 P). Composition: AI4.5Cu-l.5Mg-0.6Mn. UNS A92024
60
50
350
l1.
;:;
280 ui
30
210
20
140
10
70
Source: "Tensile Stress-Strain Curves for 2024," Alcoa Research

Laboratories Data Sheets, Oct and May 1957. As published in
WA.044 2024-T4 aluminum alloy bar and extrusions,

60 . - - - - - , - - - - - - - r - - - - - , - - - - - , - - - - - - , 4 2 0
Room temperature
Tested at various temperatures. Extrusion dimensions:

6.35 X 38.1 mm (0.25 x 1.5 in.). Composition: AI-4.5Cu1.5Mg-0.6Mn. UNS A92024
50 I-----t----+------:;;>"""-::;t;.--'F 200F (93 oC)
350
300 F (149 oC)

400F (204 OC)
Source: S.A. Gordon, R. Simon, and W.P. Achbach, "MaterialsProperty-Design Criteria for Metals," WADC TR 55-150, Pt 4,
Oct 1956. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
Vo13, Code 3203, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1995, p 19
40
.;
""ui
<f)
30
20
1-----,#7~---r---~----+___---~140
600F (316 oC)

10~~~~+_---~---~----t_---~70
0L----~2-------4L-------~6--------~8------~1~
70
60
50
'00
""ui
40
---r------
./
r;
.,.
te~perature
..--
r-
Room
WA.045 2024-T4 aluminum alloy sheet, complete

Tested at various temperatures. Test direction: transverse.

Thickness: 1.626 mm (0.064 in.). Composition: AI4.5Cu-l.5Mg-0.6Mn. UNS A92024
420
300F (149 oC)
400F (206 oC)
t--
490
--!---...
350
280
g:
;;
~O
F(260 OC)
i
~
210
30
20
140
10
70
0.02
0.04
0.06
Strain, in.lin.
0.08
0.10
0.12
Source: "Correlation of Infonnation Available on the Fabrication of

Aluminum Alloys, Section IV," Case Institute Final Report to Nat. Def.
Res. Comm., 15 Sept 1944. As published in Aerospace Structural
1995, p 19
WA.046 2024-T3, 2024-T4, and 2024-T351

aluminum alloy sheet and plate, effects of
Temperature, C
-15
-130
100-240
~
~~
...
.... ;::: ......
.::-
--... -
95
205
315
Tested at -195 to 370 oC (-320 to 700F) after 10,000 h

exposure. Composition: Al-4.5Cu-l.5Mg-lMn.
UNSA92024
Ftu
~~
...
.... 1-1==
Ft y
Source: "Aluminum Standards and Data," The Aluminum Association,

6th ed., March 1979. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
~~
,~
'~
Sheet, T3
'" Plata, T4 and T352
'~
120
.
~I)O
-200
-.- / '
200
Temperatura, F
400
/
600
800
WA.047 2024-T6 aluminum alloy, isochronous

stress-strain curves in tension
6or------r-----,------,-----~------r_----,420
Shorttime
---
........
Tested at 150 oC (300 P) (top) and 205 oC (400 P)

(bottom). Composition: Al-4.5Cu-l.5Mg-IMn.
UNSA92024
50~----~----_i----~~~~----~~--__t~~~350
;'
;'
40r------r----~+_~~-T--~~~~~~------~280
gf 30 1---------++-----/----J,L---F--+....."------+--------1-------l210
~
:2
<Ji
00
10r-~~-+------+_-----+------~----~------~70
6
8
10
0
12
420
60
350
50
Short time
... ........ ----
40
;'
280
;'
'c;;
-'"
<Ji
w
Jl
al
a.
;'
:2
;'
30
210 <Ji
w
(/)
100 h
140
20
1000 h
70
10
O
O
6
10
12
Source: "Isochronous Stress-Strain Curves for Several Heat-Treated

Wrought Aluminum Alloys at 300 and 400 F," Aleoa Research
Laboratories, 29 April 1958. As published in Aerospace Structural
1995, p 24
60
--
WA.0482024-T81 aluminum alloy, isochronous

420
50
350
40
280
Tested at 150 oC (300 P) (top) and 205 oC (400 P)

(bottom). Composition: Al-4.5Cu-l.5Mg-lMn.
UNSA92024
ro
.c;;
Q.
::;
-'"
gf 30
210 t
(/)
'i5
(f)
140
20
10~~~~----~r-----~----~------+-----~70
10
Strain, 0.001 in.lin .
60
.------,------,-~--_r----~r_----,420
--
50~-----+_----~------+_----_+------~~--4350
Short
,,time .,/
.,/
~----~----~~----~~--~------+---~~280
6
10

Wrought Aluminum Alloys at 300 and 400 F," Alcoa Research
1995, p 25

490
70
--
60
Tested at 150 oC (300F) (top) and 205 oC (400F)

(bottom). Composition: AI-4.5Cu-l.5Mg-lMn.
UNS A92024
420
350
50
280 f
::;;
'00 40
'"r
'"~
U5 30
210
20
140
10
70
O
O
10
'"~
U5
12
70
490
60
420
50
350
280 f
::;;
'00 40
'"r
'"
~
(J)
30
210
20
140
10
70
6
8
10
12
'"~
U5

Wrought Aluminum Alloys at 300 and 400 F," Alcoa Research
1995, P 25
80
True
70
60
~
<Ji
'"~
50
~ 40
e
/'
V
L,..--o-"
--
,...,.... v
v
~
-o-'
o..
vi
~~"oOO"
Yield strength
280 'iij
J!1
e
210
140
10

YS, yield strength. Test specimen thickness, 12.7 mm
(0.5 in.). Gage length: 44.45 mm (1.75 in.). Nominal tensile strength, 464 MPa (67.3 ksi). True tensile strength,
load, 16.3%. A log-log plot of the stress-strain curve
would yield a slope (n) of 0.21 in the area of uniform
plastic deformation. UNS A92024
350 :2
20
490
420
30
WA.050 2024-13, aluminum alloy plate, tensile

Nominal
560
70
0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12
Souree: Alcoa, Aluminum Researeh Laboratory, New Kensington, PA,

Aug 1954
0.14 0.16 0.180.20 0.22
Strain, in.lin.
2
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
8oor------~14~----2~8~----~4~2----~5T6~--~7TO~--~8~4 560
60r-----~----~,-----1_----~------+_----~420
L, tension
LT, compression
--l---,~-I
LT, tension
::----I--L, c~mpression
20r-----~----~------4_----_+------+_~--_4140
6
8
10
Strain, 0.001 in.lin~
6
4
WA.051 2024-13 aluminum alloy sheet, tensile and

modulus curves
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudinal; LT, long transverse. Typical for sheet thickness
~6.325 mm (~0.249 in.). Ramberg-Osgood parameter:
n(L, tension) = 50; n(LT, tension) = 12; n(L, compression) = 15; n(LT, compression) = 11. UNS A92024
Souree: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dee 1998
WA.052 2024-T3 aluminum alloy sheet, tensile and

modulus curves
14
28
42
56
70
84
80.-----,------,------,------,------,-----,560
parameter: n(L, tension) = 50; n(LT, tension) = 15; n(L,
UNSA92024
60~----~----~------~-----+------~----~420
LT, compression
--+--:::::I:t:::::='" I
L, compression
g 40 L~~~==::=:j~~~;;:~~~~L~~ite~n:s~io~n~ 280 :-ro
gj
!l..
~
w
m
w
20~----~----~------~-----+------~----~140
\
\
,
I
I
10
6
8
6
4
WA.053 2024-T351 aluminum alloy, ciad 2024T351, plate, tensile and compressive stress-strain and
14
28
42
56
70
84
r------r-----,------,------,------r-----~420
280
40
ro
.;
!l..
-'"
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudinal; LT, long transverse. Typical for plate thickness
parameter: n(L, tension) = 42; n(LT, tension) = 9.0; n(L,
compression) = 9.0; n(LT, compression) = 12.
UNS A92024
~
30
210 .;
f/)
~
en
20
140
10~~--~----~------+_----_+------~_r--~70

6

modulus curves
14
28
42
56
70
84
,------r-----,------,------,------,------,42o
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L,

longitudinal; LT, long transverse. Typical for extrusion
thickness 6.35-19.02 mm (0.250-0.749 in.). RambergOsgood parameter: n(L, compression) = 16; n(LT, compression) = 17. UNS A92024
280
'i
ro
eL.
!Ji
210 !Ji
.><
~'"
'"~
UJ
Ci
140
L------2L-----~4~----~6------~8------1~0--~~1~

6
90
630
WA.055 2024-T36 aluminum alloy extruded plate,

80
560
Upper curve test direction, longitudinal; lower curve test

direction, transverse. The upper row of strain values on
the abscissa applies to both the complete true curve and
the complete nominal curve. The lower row of strain values applies to the expanded portion of the curves; this
expanded portion is essentially identical for both the true
and nominal curves. YS, yield strength. Test specimen
thickness, 12.7 mm (0.5 in.). Gage length: 44.45 mm
(1.75 in.). Nominal longitudinal values: Tensile strength,
496 MPa (72.0 ksi). True tensile strength, 546 MPa
yield a slope (n) of 0.10 in the area of uniforrn plastic
deforrnation. UNS A92024
70
60
490
l..--o-"
t,.-o"""
<Ji 50
420
I
I
'~"
1
~ 40
30
/
V
_L
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
0.02
0.04
&.
:::;
350 ","
ti)
I
I
!!!
10
Yield strength
20
I
I
0.06
0.08
Strain, in.lin.
280 ~
ti)
c:::
~
210
140
70
Source: Alcoa, Aluminum Research Laboratory, New Kensington, PA
0.10
0.12
0.14
10
12
14
630
90
80
..........: ~
/
!
60
.;
""
r.J-
<Ji 50
V"
!,..o-o-<>""
..ro.
~
.; 40
30
O
O
O
:::;
350 <Ji
I
I
280 ~
!!!
I
I
I
V
ca
O-
c:::
420
Yield strength I
'"~
490
-'"
10
560
70
20
~
210
I
I
I
140
I
I
I
70
I
I
1
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
Strain, in.lin.
6
8
0.10
0.12
0.14
10
12
14
14

28
42
56
50
40
20
10
---"'" ? K ---1/
L, compression
__
70
WA.056 2024-T4 aluminum alloy rolled bar, rod,

and shapes, tensile and compressive stress-strain and
L, tension
350
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudinal. Typical for thickness ::;;139.70 mm (::;;5.500 in.).
Ramberg-Osgood parameter: n(L, tension) = 50; n(L,
compression) = 10. UNS A92024
280
1--- L, compression
:2
210 <Ji
f\
(f)
140
70
6
8
6
4
10

plate, tensile and compressive stress-strain and

O
14
28
42
56
70
84
50r------,------r-----,------,------,------,350
L and LT, compression
__,,::::::::::::=F~ L, tension
LT, tension
UNSA92024
40r------r----~~~~~----_4------1_----~280
.;
30
210
a.'"
"'<Ji"
:2
!J)
<Ji
!J)
20
140
10r--f---r----~-------~-----+------+r-----470
O~----~-----L----~------~-----U----~o
6
8
10
6
12
WA.058 2024-T42 aluminum altoy extrusion,

modulus curves
14
28
42
56
70
84
6or-----,-----~----_,~--~T_----~----~420
:2:38.10 mm (:2:1.500 in.). Ramberg-Osgood parameter:
n(L, compression) = 32; n(LT, compression) = 19.
UNSA92024
350
280
40

ro
00
-'"
o..
::;
gf 30
210 ui
Ul
2!
en
1i5
20
140
10
70
10

6
WA.059 2024-T42 aluminum altoy, ciad 2024-T42,

sheet, compressive stress-strain and compressive
60 o
14
28
42
56
70
84
420
50
350
40
280

parameter: n(longitudinal, compression) = 17; n(long
transverse, compression) = 17. TensiIe yield strength: Iongitudinal, 324 MPa (47 ksi); long transverse, 317 MPa
(46 ksi). UNS A92024
ro
o..
::;
00
-'"
210 o
gf 30
'"
~
2!
1i5
20
140
10
70

6
10
o
12
Temperature, 'C
-15
100
40
150
205
260
315
370
425
WA.060 2024-T62 aluminum alloy (all products),

effect of temperature on ultimate tensile strength
Up to 10,000 h exposure. UNS A92024

ooL----1Loo----2~00----3~0-0----4~0-0---5~OLO----60LO----70LO--~800
Temperature, F
Temperature, 'C
-15
40
95
150
205
260
315
370
425
100r---~~~~---'----'-----'----r----r---~
WA.061 2024-T62 aluminum alloy (all products),

effect of temperature on tensile yield strength

0L----10LO----2~00----3~O-O---4~O-O---5~O-O----60LO----70LO--~800
Temperature, F
WA.062 2024-T62 aluminum alloy plate, tensile and

modulus curves
8oor-----,14r---~2,8~----4~2~--~5T6----~7rO----~84560
UNS A92024
60
tension 420
I~::--':~f::::~~~~~~~~~~~Lr'
LT, tension
&
:;
gj' 40 j---------+------Ht'-------+------+------ft------j 280 '"

~
~
00
20~----~----~------+_----_+------~----~140
-15
-::.:: 100
40
!:S.c
ii
10
8
6
6
4
Temperature,
95
Ol
c:
~
.;
150
80
c:
260
315
370
425
Yoh
2h
100 h
60
1000 h
Ol
c:
"fa
Cll
-"
~
40
Cll
a.
E
.$
E
o
20
Cll
Ol
J!l
c:
Cll
Il.
o
o
100
200
300
400
WA.063 2024-T81, 2024-T851, 2024-T851O, and

2024-T8511 aluminum alloy (all products), effect of
temperature on bearing ultimate strength
Up to 1000 h exposure. UNS A92024
10 h
.$
''*
oc
205
500
Temperature, F
600
700
800
--r-...... ~
WA.064 2024-T81, 2024-T851, 2024-T851O, and

2024-T8511 aluminum alloy (all products), effect of
temperature on bearing yield strength
Temperature, oC
-15
100
40
95
150
205
\\
260
315
370
425
Up to 1000 h exposure. UNS A92024

Y:zh
2h
10 h
100 h
1000 h
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
Temperature, F

8or-.-----,-----,------,------,------,-----~560
parameter: n(L, tension) = 22, n(LT, tension) = 18.
UNSA92024
60~--~~~~~~~-.~~~_4~~--+_~~~420
~
gf 40
8:.
::a:
~~~-t--~~---Tlr___~~-+-~~__t~~~+_~~~ 280 ui
ro~
20~~~~~~~~~~-+---~_4~~~+_~~~140
0~----~2~----~4~----~6------~8------1~0----~1;

modulus curves

100
14
28
42
84
70
56
80
----...
-'\
/
60
..><
r
rJ)
g
(f)
40
20

6.350-25.40 mm (0.250-l.000 in.). Ramberg-Osgood
parameter: n(L and LT, compression) = 17. UNS A92024
560
~;::::v/~
.;
700
420
<ti
o..
::;
280
1
(f)
140
10
6
8
6
90
80
12
630
WA.067 2024-T851 aluminum alloy sheet, tensile

560

6.350-38.075 mm (0.250-l.499 in.). UNS A92024
490
Longitudinal
70
60
.;
..><
r-
--C;g
tr~nsverse~
....
I'-"x
420
<ti
350 ~
50
r
rJ)
:i
Ci5 40
280
30
210
20
140
10
70
O
O
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
Strain, in./in.
0.10
0.12
0.14
(f)
80
70
]l 50
ui
U>
Q)
~ 40
~
.;
c:
30
20
10
I
V
O
O
210 ~
140
70
0.10
0.1~
10
12
560
f--",,-
""1
ominal
-'"
ui
U>
Q)
~ 40
~
.;
c:
30
0.06
0.08
Strain, inJin.
468
:/
.; 50
~
.;
c:
0.04
:
I
I
I
0.02
r-
00
:i
280
350 ~
::lE
I
I
I
I
I
60
10
Test directions: upper curve, longitudinal; lower curve,

transverse. The upper row of strain values on the abscissa
applies to both the complete true curve and the complete
nominal curve. The lower row of strain values applies to
the expanded portion of the curves; this expanded portion
is essentially identical for both the true and nominal
curves. YS, yield strength. Test specimen thickness,
12.7 mm (0.5 in.). Gage length: 44.45 mm (1.75 in.).
Nominal tensile strength, 517 MPa (75.0 ksi). True tensile strength, 534 MPa (77.5 ksi). Nominal yield strength
(0.2% offset), 493 MPa (71.5 ksi). Elongation (in
50.8 mm, or 2 in.), 5.1 %. Reduction of area, 17% (top),
11 % (bottom). True strain at maximum load, 3.6%. A
log-log plot of the stress-strain curve would yield a slope
(n) of 0.06 in the area of uniform plastic deformation.
UNSA92024
I
I
Tr~
20
J1
80
490
420
70
,/
WA.068 2024-T86 aluminum alloy extruded plate,

tensile stress strain curves
Yield
strength
60
560
,rr
490
Yield
strength
420
350 ~
::lE
I
I
I
ui
U>
280 ~
I
I
~
.;
c:
U>
210 ~
I
I
I
I
I
I
140
70
I
I
1
0.02
2
0.04
0.06
0.08
Strain, inJin.
468
0.10
0.1~
10
12
Temperature, oc
-15
40
95
150
205
260
315
370
425
100r---~----'----'----'----'----'-----r---,
WA.0692024-T861 aluminum alloy sheet, effect of

temperature on tensile ultimate strength

'hh
10 h
100 h
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
Temperature, F
Temperature, oC
1001~5~~4~0__~9T5__~1T50~__2TO~5___2,6_0___3,1_5___3,7_0__-.425
WA.070 2024-T861 aluminum alloy sheet, effect of

temperature on tensile yield strength

100
200
300
400
500
Temperature, F
600
700
800
WA.071 2024-13 (top) and 2024-136 (bottom)

aluminum alloy, dad sheet, tensile and compressive
60~-------'-------'--------r-------r-------,420
40
~-------+-------~~~--~----~-+--~--~280 ~
Il..
::;;;
ui
'"
~
20
~----~~-------r------_r------_+------~140
--Tension
- - - - Compression
O~------~------~-------L-------L------~O
8o,-------,-------,--------,-------,-------,56o
~
~
!!? 40
~------+__----___,I''-r------_r------_+------~
280
~
::;;;
~
~
20~-----74_------4_------_r------_+------~140
~------L-------L---
____L __ _ _ _~_ _ _ _ _ _~O
10
Test direction: L, longitudinal; T, transverse. Composition: AI-4.5Cu-I.5Mg-O.6Mn. UNS A92024

Source: LJ. Klinger and G. Sachs, Dependence of the Stress-Strain
Curves of Cold Worked Metals upon the Testing Direction, J. Aer. Sci.,
Vol 15, 1948, p 151. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3204, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1995, p 3
420
60
~
_'IJ
_....0........
..--:-
--
...
-o
.00.063 in.
"'0.081 in.
"'0.091 in.
-0.125 in.
Source: LJ. Klinger and G. Sachs, Dependence of lhe Stress-Strain

Curves of Cold Worked Metals upon lhe Testing Direction, J. Aer. Sci.,
Vol 15, 1948, P 151. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3204, 1995, CINDASlPurdue University, p 4
(1.60 mm)
(2.06 mm)
(2.31 mm)
(3.18 mm)
30
210
60
420 ro
o..
:::;;
....... - Str~tching in 16ngitudinal d1irection

o Stretching in transverse direction
~
~
el
el
-0---
~ 50
;;;
"O
..P- ....
ID
':;;'
........ .JJ
al
.~ 40
...
'"c.~

sheet, effect of stretching on tensile (top) and
compressive (bottom) yield strengths
--
..;--
350 ~
J...
...
"O
ID
':;;'
280'
~
c.
30
3
Stretch, %
210
80.--------.-------,-------~------_.------_,
560
WA.073 2024-T81 (top) and 2024-T86 (botlom)

aluminum alloy, dad 2024-T81 and 2024-T86, sheet,
tensile stress strain curves
RT
Tested at room and elevated temperature, 30 mino RT,

room temperature. Sheet thickness 1.626 mm (0.064 in.).
Composition: AI-4.5Cu-I.5Mg-0.6Mn. UNS A92024
420
200F (93 OC)
<O
a.
:2
~ 40~------+-----_.~~----~------~------~ 280 c
'"
ro
(f)
20~----_.~~----~-------~------~------~
140
80
560
RT
60
420
<O
a.
~
~ 40
:2
280 c
'"~
ro
20
140
Source: D.E. Miller, "Determination of Physical Properties of Ferrous

and Nonferrous Structural Sheet Materials at Elevated Temperatures,"
WADC AF TR No. 6517, Pt. 3, June 1954. As published in Aerospace
Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3204, CINDAS/Purdue
.;

350
50
40
280
30
210
Tested at room and elevated temperatures 30 mino exposure at elevated temperature. Sheet thickness: 1.626 mm
(0.064 in.). Composition: Al-4.5Cu-1.5Mg-0.6Mn.
UNSA92024
C\l
Cl.
::;;
.><
ui
ti)
'"
ti)
~
140
20
10~--~~~4---------~--------~--------~70
700'F (371 'C)
oOL---------~2----------4~--------~6--------~80
Strain,
0.001 in.lin.

and Nonferrous Structural Sheet Materials at Elevated Temperatures,"
WADC AF TR No. 6517, Pt. 1, Supo 1, Feb 1953. As published in
WA.075 2024-n aluminum alloy, dad 2024-n,

sheet, effect of exposure and test temperature on
tensile properties
Temperalure, oc
80r15~ ________9~5__________
20,5_________3,1_5________-,42~60
Sheet thickness: 1.626 mm (0.064 in.). Composition: A14.5Cu-1.5Mg-0.6Mn. UNS A92024

60 ~--~~~r;--------+---------+-------~420
00
"'"
....::.
:E
!:S""
!:S""
::
rf.
40 ~--------~--------~+_--~----_+--------__1280
~g
'"
00
::
00
~
~
::
Ji'"
"*E
5 20 ~--------~----------+_~~----~~------__11405
Y2h
o 100 h
A 1000 h
Y2h
O ~------~---------L---------L------~O
60 r---------r---------r---------~------__,420
!?40
D..
'"
:E
~--------~---=~~--+_--------_+--------__1280!?
:g,
t:
t:
..,
"t
:!2
Qi
.;;'
~
<1>
.;;'
00 20
~--------~--------~~------~~----------1140~
'"t:
t:
!!1
!!1
OL---------~--------L---------L-------~O
Temperalure, F
Source: Strength data: D.D. Doerr, "Deterrnination of Physical

Properties of Ferrous and Nonferrous Structural Sheet Materials at
Elevated Temperatures," WADC AF TR No. 6517, PI. 1, Sup. 1, Feb
1953. Elongation data: D.E. Miller, "Deterrnination of Physical
Properties of Ferrous and Nonferrous Structural Sheet Materials at
Elevated Temperatures," WADC AF TR No. 6517, PI. 3, lune 1954. As
CINDASlPurdue University, 1995, p 4. As published in Aerospace
Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3204, CINDASlPurdue
U niversity, 1995, P 4

7o.------,------~----_,------~------~----~490
Room temperature
Test direction: longitudinal. Typical for plate thickness

76.2 mm (3 in.). Composition: AI-3.3Cu-1.5Mg-0.4Mn.
UNSA92048
60~----~----~------+---~~----~~----~420
.;
40 1-----___+-------J'Ifc,tL---_+-----_I_---___j-----_I 280
~
~
00
~
U 30
00
~~~~
Source: O.L. Deel, P.E. Ruff, and H. Mindlin, "Engineering Data on

New Aerospace Structural Materials," Data Sheet F33615-72-C-1280,
Technical Report AFML-TR-73-114, Battelle Memorial Institute,
Columbus, OH, June 1973. As published in Aerospace Structural
1995, p 2
00
210
20~----~~--~------+_----_+------~----_I140
101--I.~---+-----+-----+-----I-------j------I70
oo~------L------L----~------~-----L----~O
10
12

70.------,------,------,------,------,------,490
Room temperature
Test direction: transverse. Typical for plate thickness

76.2 mm (3 in.). Composition: AI-3.3Cu-1.5Mg-0.4Mn.
UNSA92048
60~----~----~------+_--~~~~~~~--_I420
350
.;
40
.......-----+------.JI--/----_+------+------~----_I
280
~
~
00
~~~~
U 30
~
210 U
20.......----~&L--~------+_----_+------+-----~140
10.......~~~----~~----+------+------+-----~70
~-----L2------~4------~6------~8~----~1LO----~1~

New Aerospace Structural Materials," Data Sheet F33615-72-C-1280,
Technical Report AFML-TR-73-114, Battelle Memorial Institute,
Columbus, OH, June 1973. As published in Aerospace Structural
1995, p 3

7o,-----,------,------,------,------,------, 490
RT
Test direction: transverse. RT, room temperature. Typical

for pI ate thickness 76.2 mm (3 in.). Composition: AI3.3Cu-1.5Mg-04_Mn. UNS A92048
420
.;;
50~----_+------~~~~~~~_r-
350
40
280
I__-----+-----h~'----__+---__b~~-I__---_I
-'"
<Ji
'"~
ro
::;

New Aerospace Structural Metals," Data Sheet F33615-72-C-1280,
Technical Report AFML-TR -73-114, Battelle Memorial Institute, June
Code 3223, CINDASlPurdue University, 1995, p 4
<Ji
30~----+~~~~--~-----r---~--~ 210
20~----~~---1------~-----+------+-----~
'"
ro~
140
10~~~_+----~----~-----_r------~----_170
L - _ _ _ _- L_ _ _ _ _ _
____
______
_ _ _ _ _ _L __ _ _ _
10
~O
12

70,-------,------,------,------,-------,------,490
RT
Test direction: longitudinal. RT, room temperature.

Typical for plate thickness 76.2 mm (3 in.). Composition:
AI-3.3Cu-1.5Mg-04.Mn. UNS A92048
60~----_+-----~----~--_=~~-----~----_1420
350
~ 40~----_+----.H~----~-----_r-----~----~280~
<Ji
~
en
::;
500 'F (260 'C)

30
210
20~----~---~------~----__+------+_----_4140
10r-~~_+-----+_----__+-----~-----~----~70
L------~-----L--
__
______
6
8
____- L____
10
~O
12
ro

New Aerospace Structural Metals," Data Sheet F33615-72-C-1280,
Technical ReportAFML-TR-73-1l4, Battelle Memorial Institute, June

700
100

parameter, n(longitudinal, tension) = 14; n(45, tension) =
18; n(long transverse, tension) = 12. UNS A92090
560
80

420
60
'00
-'"
uf
ro
::;;:
[L
uf
"'
~
"'
~
(/)
280
40
20~--__4------4------+------+------r-----~140
L-----~-----L----~------~----~----~1~
14

28
42
56
WA.081 2090-T83 aluminum alloy sheet,

modulus curves
72

parameter, n(longitudinal, compression) = 20; n(45,
compression) = 30; n(1ong transverse, compression) = 19.
UNS A92090
420
60
'00
-'"
uf

ro
::;;:
[L
uf
"'~
"'
~
(/)
'i
280
40
20~--~~-----4------~-----T------T----r~140
4
6
70
60
50
r 40
.~
30
20
10
350
ro
a..
280 ::!:
Q)
210 '
<::
140
70
TypicaI for plate thickness 101.6 mm (4 in.).

Long transverse- 420
t
.!!1
--==
LOngitu~inal

490
10
12
14
Source: R.M. Hart, "Aluminum Alloy 2124 Plate," Aluminum Company

of America, Aleoa TechnicaI Center, l April 1982. As published in
80
70
60
,/
/
V
00
"":
50
(IJ
'i
.~ 40
.....-
E 30
20
10
Long transverse
490
Typical for plate thickness 101.6 mm (4 in.).

Composition: Al-4.4Cu-O.5Mg-O.6Mn. UNS A92124
420
R.M. Hart, "Aluminum Alloy 2124 Plate," Aluminum Company of

America, Alcoa Technical Center, 1 Apri11982. As published in
8:
350 ::;
rJ
280
210
140
70
.2:
(IJ
g-
/
1/

LonQitudina!....
I
(
(IJ
(IJ
[!!
a.
560
10
12
14
Temperature,
-15
80
38
~ 70
Fiu
!:S"''"
'I y
"C
"""'<
60
.,
'>,
"C
c:
os
50
!:S"'"
.l!l
os
E
5""
1000 h exposure. Test direction: longitudinal. Plate thickness: 50.8 mm (2 in.). Composition: AI-4.4Cu-1.5Mg0.6Mn. UNS A92124
\\
\\
Oi
173
c:
.l!l
2~60
149
""C
tc:
40
30
R.R. Cervay, "Temperature Effect on the Mechanical Properties of

Aluminum Alloy 2124-T851," University of Dayton Research Institute,
AFML-TR-75-208, 1975. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Vo13, Code 3221, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1995, p 17
!:S"'"
280
210
RA
-O
e
v
100
WA.084 2124-T851 aluminum alloy plate, effect of

elevated temperatures on retained roomtemperature tensile properties
oC
93
200
o
300
400
,
5

8o.------r-----.------,------.------~----~560

parameter, n(longitudinal, tension) = 22; n(long transverse, tension) = 16; n(short transverse, tension) = 13.
UNSA92124
li
~
~
::;;
40 I-------+------A------+-~--_+------+_----_I 280 ui
~
20~----~----_4------+-~--_+------~----~140
L-----~2------~----~------L-----~----~1~

modulus curves
80,-----,------,------,------.------,-----,560

parameter, n(longitudinal, compression) = 14; n(long
transverse, compression) = 19; n(short transverse, compression) = 17. UNS A92124
~
li
<ti
40 ~----+_----_A------+_~--_+------t___t_--_j 280 ~
~
ro
~
ro
20~----~----_4------+_~--_+------t__+--~140
Tested at room and elevated temperatures. 100 h exposure. Composition: AI-6.3Cu-0.3Mn-0. 18Zr-0. lOV0.06Ti. UNS A92219
280
40
.;
WA.087 2219-T6 aluminum alloy forged rod, tensile

350
50
210
30
<ti
o..
:;;
..1<
ui
W.P. Achbach, RJ. Favor, and W.S. Hyler, "Material-Property-Design

Criteria for Metals," WADC TR 55-150, Part VI, Oct 1955. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3205,
ui
'"~
ro
140
20
'"
~
10~--~~--+---------~--------~---------170
L---------~------~--------~--------~O

100,-------,-------,-------,,-------,-------,700
---
Tested at low temperatures. Sheet thickness: 2.540 mm

(0.100 in.). Composition: AI-6.3Cu-0.3Mn-0. 18Zr-0. lOV0.06Ti. UNS A92219
-423 'F (-253 'C)
80~----~~~----~-------4-------~-------1560
_---1-......=-'-k-320 'F (-196 'C)
60
<ti
o..
:;;
ui
'"
~
en
40
Hr------+-------+_------~------~------~280
20~------+-------+_------~------~------~140
- - Longitudinal
- - - Transverse
OL------~------~------~L-------L-----~O
0.04
0.08
0.12
Strain, in./in.
0.16
0.20
P.R. Schwartzberg et al., Cryogenic Materials Data Handbook, MILTDR-64-280, Aug 1964, and Progress Report No. 1, Feb 1965. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3205,
120
840
100
700
:"..
~~
80
/-
--~ r--.-....
F
--
~ ~-
-423
.......

(0.100 in.). Composition: Al-6.3Cu-0.3Mn-0. 18Zr-0. lOV0.06Ti. UNS A92219
(-253 OC)
-320F (-196 OC)
560
ro
Il.
-110F (-79 OC)
ER. Schwartzberg et al., Cryogenic Materials Data Handbook, MILTDR-64-280, Aug 1964, and Progress Report No. 1, Feb 1965. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3205,
:2
420 ui
RT
"'~
i5
280
40
140
20
- - Longitudinal
- - -1 Transverse
0.04
0.08
0.16
0.12
0.20
Strain, in./in.
100
80

840
120
~
P
~-
~~ .:r=
---
--
-~~"
-423
-.....
"'
- -:~'

(0.100 in.). Composition: Al-6.3Cu-0.3Mn-0.18Zr-0.lOV0.06Ti. UNS A92219
560
ER. Schwartzberg et al., Cryogenic Materials Data Handbook, MILTDR-64-280, Aug 1964, and Progress Report No. 1, Feb 1965. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3205,
(-253 OC)
-320F (-196 OC)
ro
Il.
-110F (-79 OC)
:2
420 ui
RT
700
"'
~
280
40
140
20
- - Longitudinal
- - - Transverse
1
0.04
0.08
0.12
Strain, in./in.
0.16
0.20
WA.091 2219-T62 aluminum alloy sheet and plate,

5oor-----~1r4----_,28------,42------5,6------7T2----__.M350
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudinal; LT, long transverse. Typical for sheet and plate thickness 3.175.:...50.80 mm (0.125-2.000 in.). RambergOsgood parameter, n(L and LT, tension) = 13; n(L and
LT, compression) = 16. UNS A92219
40~-----P~--~~~~~~--~------+------i280
.;
210
30
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-174
'"
a.
::;;
..><:
!/)
!/)
rn
140
20
ro
10~-+---~----~------~----~------+--+---170

Compressive tangent modulus, 1
rf psi
70
60
50
.; 40
..><:
--
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: longitudinal

and long transverse. Typical for sheet and plate thickness
3.175-50.80 mm (0.125-2.00 in.). UNS A92219
420
... ....
350
280
gf
8:
::;;
gf
ro

490
30
210
20
140
10
70
0.02
0.04
0.06
Strain, in.lin.
0.08
0.10
0.12
ro~
70
60
50
...... Long
:.---
""' .........
,,~
~ransverse
WA.093 2219-T81 aluminum alloy sheet and 2219T851 aluminum alloy pi ate, tensile stress-strain
curves (full range)
490
420
Tested at room temperature. Typical for sheet and plate

thickness 1.016-63.50 mm (0.040-2.50 in.).
UNS A92219
LOngitudinal\ X
350
280
40
:2
ui
(J)
ui
'i5 30
210
20
140
10
70
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
Strain, in./in.
WA.094 2219-T81 aluminum alloy sheet and 2219T851 aluminum alloy plate, tensile and compressive
stress-strain and compressive tangent modulus
curves
800~____,1r4____~28~____4,2______5T6______7~2____-.8\60
L and LT, tension
ro
gf 40 1----+---~---+---_+----_p...A__-___l 280 gf
~
ru
00
~--~--~---+----+---+--r-~140
~----~2L-----~4------~6----~~8------1LO--L-~1P

Compressive tangent modulus, 1
d' psi
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudinal; LT, long transverse. Typical for sheet and plate thickness 1.016-63.50 mm (0.040-2.500 in.). RambergOsgood parameter, n(L and LT, tension) = 20; n(L,
UNSA92219

560
80
60
Longitudinal
Long \ransverse"
Short transverse "'"
V
V
420
/1.
:2
280 ui
Ul
!!!
20
Tested at room temperature. Typical for forging thickness

UNSA92219
140
10
14

56
28
42

modulus curves
72
60
Ramberg-Osgood parameter, n(L, compression) = 20;
n(LT, compression) = 19; n(ST, compression) = 17. UNS
A92219
420
LTand ST
~ ~dLT
~L
/1.
:2
20
I
V
2
~~
280 ui
140
6
8
10
80
70
Short transverse
60
50
,...
) ~ ~
Long transverse
560

tensile stress-strain curVes (full range)
490
Tested at room temperature. Typical forging thickness for

152.4-203.2 mm (6.001-8.000 in.). UNS A92219
420
Longitudinal
--
350
ro
CI..
:::;
280 vi
30
210
20
140
10
70
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
Strain, inJin.

800~____~14r-____,28~____4,2______5T6______7~0____-.8~60
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudinal; LT, long transverse. Typical for sheet and plate thickness 3.175-25.40 mm (0.125-1.000 in.). RambergOsgood parameter, n(L and LT, tension) = 14; n(L and
LT, compression) = 14. UNS A92219
ro
~
gf 40
I-------+---~-Ht------+-~--__+----~~..___--_j 280
~
gf
m
~
20~----~--~~------+-~---+------~-r--~140

6
80
70
60
Long transverse
-- ---:. ~
Longitudin;;-
/'
560

tensile stress-strain curves (full range)
490
Tested at room temperature. Typical for sheet and plate

thickness 3.175-25.40 mm (0.125-1.000 in.).
UNSA92219
420
50
350
ca
a.
::2:
280 VJ
ui
!!!
C
30
210
20
140
10
70
0.04
0.02
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
Strain, inJin.
80
70
60
50
v-:;- ~
,---
560

490

40.64-101.6 mm (1.600-4.000 in.). UNS A92219
420
Long transverse
"Short transverse
350
ca
a.
]
gf 40
::2:
280 VJui
!!!
(f)
C
30
210
20
140
10
70
0.02
0.04
0.06
Strain, inJin.
0.08
Temperature, oc
-18
38
149
204
260
316
371
427
100r---~~--T----'----'---~----'-----r---,

temperature on ultimate tensile strength
Typical strength at temperature after various exposures up

to 10,000 h. UNS A92519
0L-__-L____L -__ ____J -_ __ J_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

O
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
~
__
800
Temperature, F
Temperature, oC
.1.8.~~3~8~__9~3~__1~4~9__~2~0~4__~2~6~0__~31r6__~37,1____
427
100 r

temperature on tensile yield strength curves
Typical strength at temperature after various exposures.

UNSA92519
OL-__- L____L -__~____J -_ __ J_ _ _ _~_ _~~--~

O
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
Temperature, F
WA.103 2618 aluminum alloy ciad sheet, tensile

stress-strain curves at elevated temperatures
60 r------,------,-----,------,------r-----, 420
Test direction: transverse. Heat treatment: 530 oC

(986F), 1 h, water quenched, flattened, and aged,
200 oC (392F), 2 h, 1 h soak. Composition: AI-25Cu1.5Mg-1.2Ni-1.0Fe-0.2Si-0.1Ti. UNS A92618
350
ca
Source: "Hiduminium Elevated Temperature Alloys," High Duty Alloys

Ltd., 1956, As published in Aerostructural Metals Handbook, Vol 3,
gf 30 f-------I-----IJ~fh?--_+_--___+---+_--__l 210 gf
20f----~~L--~--_+_--___+---+_--__l140
10~~~-~--___+---+_---+---+_--~70
L------2L.---~4~----~6------~8------1~0~--~1f
WA.104 2618-T61 aluminum alloy hand-forged

billets, tensile stress-strain curves
60 r------,------,-------,-------,-------, 420
40r-----+----+_~~~7F~---+---__l280
Tested at elevated temperatures. Typical for several handforged billets: 76.2 x 165.1 mm (3 x 6Yo in.), 101.6 x
203.2 mm (4 x 8 in.), and 203.2 x 279.4 mm (8 x 11 in.).
Composition: AI-2.5Cu-l.5Mg-1.2Ni-l.0Fe-0.2Si-0.l Ti.
UNSA92618
~
&.
~
gf 30 J-----+----.H++_----_+_------I-------/21 O ui
Source: J.A. Lurnm, "Mechanical Properties of 2618 Aluminum Alloy,"

Technical Report AFML-TR-66-238, North American Aviation, Inc.,
July 1966. As published in Aerostructural Metals Handbook, Vol 3,
Code 3213, CINDASfPurdue University, 1995, p 6
50f------+_---_+_---~-~~~---__l350
(J)
20J----~~---+_---_+_---~---~140
10r-~Y_-+----+_---~---~---~70
WA.l05 2618-T61 aluminum alloy forging, tensile

properties at various temperatures
Temperature, oC
-240
100
-129
-18
93
204
316
427
700
Typical. Composition: AI-2.5Cu-1.5Mg-1.2Ni-1.0FeO.2Si-O.ITi. UNS A92618
.",
'-
Source: Aluminum Standards and Data, 1968-69, The Alummum

Association, 1st ed., April1968. As published in Aerostructural Metal,
~
---......
F
ty
""
~l\
I~ ~
o
120
E
E 80
.
.~
N
.S
e 40
O
15O>
/
V
280
.!E
.;
e
'*
140 E
'"5
j]
~oo
-200
200
Temperature, F
400
600
':!:!
800
Temperature.
oc
WA.106 2618-T61 aluminum alloy forged bar, effect

of elevated temperatures and exposure time on
tensile properties
-18
93
204
316
427
8o,---------,---------_,----------,----------,56o
Exposure
Composition: Al-2.5Cu-1.5Mg-l.2Ni-l.0Fe-O.2Si-O.l Ti.

UNSA92618
.30 min
... 100 h
~ 60~--------~~------~----------4_--------~420~
--"
~
~ 40 ~--------_+_--------_41____",_____------4_--------~ 280 t
_
~
20r---------+----------+---~~~.r--------_1140
Ok-------~L--------~--------~--------~O
60~---------_.--------_,----------,----------,420
OL---------~---------L---------L--------~O
120r---------~--------_.--------_r--------_,
E
ffi~
80r----------+---------~----~~~4_--_+----~
~;
<uN
e.5
.~g
e 5 40 ~--------_+_-----,~'__7'y------____~4_+------~
~~
:JO>
~c
'" o
0::0;
0L---------2~0-0--------4~OLO---------6LOO--------~800
Temperature. F
Source: R.H. Voorhees and J.W. Freeman, Report on the ElevatedTemperature Properties of Aluminum and Magnesium Alloys, STP 291,
ASTM, 1960. As published in Aerostructural Metals Handbook, Vol 3,
WA.107 2618-T61 aluminum alloy hand-forged

billets, compressive stress-strain curves
60 r-------r-------,-------,-------,------, 420
RT
I
50 1------+-----+---~~~~32i F (163 OC)
Tested at elevated temperature. Typical for several handforged billets: 76.2 x 165.1 mm (3 x 612 in.), 101.6 x
203.2 mm (4 x 8 in.), and 203.2 x 279.4 mm (8 x 11 in.).
Composition: AI-2.5Cu-l.5Mg-l.2Ni-l.OFe-0.2Si-0.l Ti.
UNSA92618
350
400F (204 OC)
:li
C/)~
~
:2
30 1-------11--f-H'-----1-------1--------1--------I210
ui
Source: J.A. Lumm, "Mechanical Properties of 2618 Aluminum Alloy,"

Technical Report AFML-TR-66-238, North American Aviation, Inc.,
July 1966. As published in Aerostructural Metals Handbook, Vol 3,
Code 3213, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1995, p 9
~
201-----~~----+_-----+_-----+_----~140
10I---.~-+_----+_----+_-----+_---~70
Strain,
0.001 in./in.
WA.108 2618-T61 aluminum alloy forged bar,

80r-----,14~--~2~8'---------4r2----~56~----7~0~--~8\60
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: longitudinal.

Typical for forged bar thickness 25.40 mm (1.000 in.).
Ramberg-Osgood parameter, n(longitudinal, tension) =
13; n(longitudinal, compression) = 13. UNS A92618
Tension and compression

60~----+------+------1-----~~~_+----~420
:2
:li
40 I-----+-----A---+_---+"""'-o;;;;:---+---~ 280 :f
~
w
C/)
201------fr----+----1-----~----+-+---I140
8
6
Compressive tangent modulus,
106 psi
80
560
WA.109 2618-T61 aluminum alloy forged bar,

70
490

Typical for forged bar thickness 25.40 mm (1.000 in.).
UNSA92618
---
J---
60
50
420

350
ti.
:2
280 ui
30
210
20
140
10
70
0.02
0.04
0.06
Strain. in.lin.
20
18
16
14
~ 12
ui
rn
~
u; 10
~
.;
c:
8
6
./
v---
1-"'"
J~
0.08
--
0.10
0.12
126
112
Nominal
\~
I
I
I
I
YS
~
P
V
0.0
98
tU
84
a.
:2
c
70
rn
Q)
56
I
~I
I
I
I
I
I
1
0.04
0.08
0.4
0.8
0.12
0.16
Strain. in.lin.
1.2
1.6
140
.-
42
28
lBc:
~

(0.5 in.). Gage length: 203.2 mm (8 in.). Nominal tensile
27.2%. Reduction of area, 71 %. True strain at maximum
would yield a slope of (n) of 0.24 in the area of uniform
Source: Alcoa, A1uminum Research Laboratory, New Kensington, PA
14
0.20
0.24
0.28
2.0
2.4
2.8
WA.lll 3003-H12 aluminum alloy rod, tensile

25,-------,-------,-------,--------,------,175
True
ro
';
-"
ui
105 ~
","
'"~
'"~
.!Q
.!Q
';
e
70
\
\
I
I
35
';
e

essential1y identical for both the true and nominal curves.
strength, l38 MPa (20.0 ksi). True tensi1e strength,
142 MPa (20.6 ksi). Nominal yie1d strength (0.2% offset),
wou1d yield a slope of (n) of 0.06 in the area of uniform
July 1954
~------L-------L-----~------~------~O
0.04
0.02
0.06
0.08
0.10
Strain, in./in.
25,-------,-------,-------,-------,-------,175
True
.;
-"
ui
WA.l12 3003-H14 aluminum alloy rod, tensile

essential1y identical for both the true and nominal curves.
YS, yie1d strength. Test specimen diam, 12.7 mm
4.5%. Reduction of area, 54%. True strain at mamum
would yie1d a slope of (n) of 0.05 in the area of uniform
15
'"
.!Q
.;
e
~ 10
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
Strain, in./in.

245
35
True_
30
...
25
';
-'"
uf 20
IJ)
.!!1
'~ 15
10
~/ ~ 175
'\
ro
a.
140 ::2.
\
:z
\
\
al
105 'jj
210
/'
.... ....
"
I
I
I
~
70
I
I
I
I
I
I
.1.
0,01
0,02
0,03
Strain, inJin,

July 1954
35
0,04
0,05
25

175
';
-'" 15
uf
IJ)
True_
-1-::::::::::::
Nominal
/:0
20
1
.!!1
';
"
\
\
35
I
I
I
I
J.
0,02
0,04
0,06
Strain, inJin,
ro
105 ~
I
I
I
I
I
70
I
I
I
I
I
140
",
~ 10

0,08
0,10
i
.!!1
';
"
~

July 1954
35
245
30
25
V-
~-
Nominal
210
\..
175
ro
a.
140~
V'
j
10
CI)
105
~
c:
70
~~
rJ)

July 1954
35
_A
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
0.14

expanded portion of the curves; this expanded porton is
essentially dentical for both the true and nominal curves.
load, 13.1 %. A log-log plot of the stress-strain curve
0.16
Strain, in./in.
40
.......~ ,..-
35
~
30
~ 25
....
20
c:
~ 15
10
oO
210
175 ~
::;
gf
140 ~
rJ)
.!!1
.;
105
70
35
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
Strain, in./in.

essentially dentical for both the true and nominal curves.
YS
11
0.01
245
'f'O'"""
.!!1
.;

CI)
280
<Ji
rJ)
t5
--
Nomin1al
0.07
0.08

July 1954
45
-~
40
cP'
35
1-::.:::'--- >-
30
.c;;
-'"
..........
YS
"
i
~ 20
I/l
c:
10
I
V
O
O
I 70
I 35
Source: Aleoa, Aluminum Research Laboratory, New Kensington, PA,

July 1954
245
210
'"
[L
::2:
I/l
I
I
vr
15

280
175 ui
1/
I/l

NOmiL,
..
ui 25
--
315
I
I
140 ~
I/l
c:
105
I
I
I
I
J.
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
Strain, in./in.
--=::
40
~~
~ 30
ui
..Q1
.c;;
c:

350
50
20
10
b:::==>Ir4s
...
NoJinal
280
\
\
\
\
210
!/
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
ui
i
.c;;
140 ~
..Q1
70
I
I
I
I
.l
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
Strain, in./in.
6
8
0.05
0.06
g'"

Source: Aleoa, Aluminum Research Laboratory, New Kensington, PA,
July 1954
o
0.07
35
245
30
/~
.,.....
25
10
-18
100
38
80
::J
i!! "#. 60
s:
-Ol
'" e
c.
E ,,'"
'"
'" ;;t40
93
-......
0.08 0.10 0.12

Strain, in.lin.
456
316
'\~
;\1\
1\l\
g~
'"
a.
0.16
"O
~ ~
0.14
Temperature, oC
204
260
149
o~
175
0.06
'\
\
I
I
0.04
al
~
>-""-"
Y>-' ~
.3
f/
~::J
~e
210
Nominal
If
0.02
/ v
20
I
I
I
I
I
I
70
I
I
I
I
35
I
I
I
.1.
O
0.18 0.20
100
200
400
500
Temperature, F
300

71.0 MPa (10.3 ksi). Elongation (in 50.8 mm, or 2 in.),
plastic deformaton. UNS A95052
July 1952
10
371
427
WA.120 5052-0 aluminum alloy, all products, effect

of elevated temperature on tensile properties
Strength at temperature after exposure up to 10,000 h.

UNSA95052
~v
....... F
e
al
600
tu
700
800
40
35
30
gj
20
.!!!
'00
e
~ 15
I
V
O
Nominal
YS

245

210
\
\
V
I
V
175
1
I
I
r
UJ
140 ~
.!!!
'00
105 ~
I
I
I
I
I
I
70
J.
0.01
0.02
2
38
0.03
0.04 0.05 0.06

Strain, in./in.
345
6
Temperature, oC
149
204
260
0.07
0.08
0.09
371
427
316
:,
~80r----+-~--+---~~~~--~1~0~,O~00~h~----+----4
1000 h
100 h
1/2-10 h
.2l
60r_--~----+_---+----~~_4----~----r_--~
~
~
:::l
"'
~40r---~----+----+-~--4---~~--~----r---~
.2l
ID
WA.122 5052-H34 aluminum alloy sheet and plate,

effect of elevated temperature on ultimate tensile
strength

UNSA95052
!:S""
:5
I
I
1oor----,----~~-,----_r----r_--~~--,_--~
.!!!
.~
:2
35
-18
~
V--
280
... ,
~\
-'"
10
'00 25
ti
~
;,---
20r_--~----+_---+----+_--_4--~~~--r_--~
o>
.l9
e
al
a.
0L----1~00----2~0-0---3~0-0---4~0-0---5-0LO----60LO----7LOO--~800
Temperature, F
Temperature, oC
-18
100
38
93
149
'#
~
u.-
:; 80
204
~
~
C,
e
"O
ID
0;;, 60
..9l
00
e
.$
260
316
371
427
10,0001h
1000 h
1/2 -100 h
WA.123 5052-H34 aluminum alloy sheet and

plate, effect of elevated temperature on tensile
yield strength
Strength at temperature after exposure up to 10,000 ho

UNSA95052
:::
1\
40
E
.$
E
o
2
'5
20
ID
'"""
ID
Il..
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
316
371
427
Temperature, F
Temperature, oc
-18
100
38
93
149
204
260
~~~
~:::
':S"
,s
10 h
100~/
1000 h ~
10,000
g' 80
~
<J)
h/
..9l
00
e
.$
Strength at temperature after exposure up to 10,000 h,

as indicatedo UNS A95052
l~
~ 60
E
:;
""
:::
ro
~ 40
E
.$
E
O
~ 20
Ol
.l'l
e
~ID
Il..
100
200
300
400
500
Temperature, F
WA.124 5052-H34 aluminum alloy sheet and

plate, effect of elevated temperature on ultimate
tensile strength
600
700
800
WA.125 5052-H34 aluminum alloy sheet and plate,

effect of elevated temperature tensile yield strength
1001~8~_~3r8__~9~3~~~~~__~~___3_1r6____
37r1__-.427
Strength at temperature after exposure up to 10,000 h,

as indicated, UNS A95052
-";..,
1.1.:'"
80 I - - - - - I - - - - f - -
C,
e
-O
1/2 hlL..,A'1,\-----I-\-\~_+----+_--__I
10 h
100 h
1000 h
10,000 h
a;
.~ 601___--_+----+---_+-----~~~--+__I_----r_--~
.22
.~
.$
~
~~401------+-----+----+----~--~~~~~--~---i
E
.$
E
O
20~---+----+---~----~--~r_--_r----T_--~
<J)
C>
.lE
e
<J)
a.
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
Temperature, "F

350
50
~ 1-
40
L-::::::: ~ :---
Nlminal
280
\
\
\
\
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
1/
10
al
210 ~
1
.22
'00
140 ~
70
I
I
I
I
.l
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
Strain, inJin.
0.06
0.07

curve, The lower row of strain values applies to the
essentially identical for both the true and nominal curves,
YS, yield strength, Test specimen diam, 12,7 mm
(0,5 in,), Gage length: 203.2 mm (8 in,), Nominal tensile
strength, 301 MPa (43,6 ksi), True tensile strength,
317 MPa (46,0 ksi). Nominal yield strength (0,2% offset),
259 MPa (37.5 ksi), Elongation (in 50,8 mm, or 2 in,),
7,5%, Reduction of area, 49%, True strain at maximum
would yield a slope of (n) of 0,12 in the area of uniform
July 1954
O
0.08
Temperature, oC
-18
100
38
93
316
371
427
WA.127 5052-H38 aluminum alloy, all products,

effect of temperature on ultimate tensile strength
N\~
1/2h
10,000h
1\
60
=
~
260

UNSA95052
V
V
204
~r\
00
e
-*l
149
40
.l!l
e
'O 20
'~
'"'"
:
'"
a.
'"
.l9
e
100
200
300
400
500
F'=--
600
700
800
316
371
427
Temperature, F
Temperature, oC
-18
100
38
93
-......
149
204
260
~1\

UNSA95052
1/2 h
10,000 h
l\
100
200
300

effect of temperature on tensile yield strength
400
500
Temperature, F
i'-
600
700
800
Temperature, oC
-18
100
38
93
149
204
260
316
371
427
"~
100~ ~ ~
~~~
:E
Exposure up to 10,000 h. UNS A95052

Source: MIL-HDBK-5H. 1 Dec 1998, p 3-218
1000 h
100 ~ (;
g> 80
.,
~
WA.129 5052-H38, aluminum alloy, all products,

effect of exposure at elevated temperatures on
room-temperature ultimate tensile strength
10~/
1/2 h
.$
ro
E
~.
:; 60
.$
";
c::
.$
~
.a
~c.
40
E
.$
20
E
c::
~
CIl
a.
o
o
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
316
371
427
Temperature, F
Temperature, oc
-18
100
38
93
149
204
~~
10,000~
1000~~
100:~
10 h
1/2 h
260
t\' ,
\\
Exposure up to 10,000 h. UNS A95052
\
~\
"~
100
200
300
400
500
Temperature, F

room-temperature tensile yield strength
600
700
800
25
14

28
42
56

modulus curves
70

and long transverse. Typical. Ramberg-Osgoodparameter,
n(longitudinal and long transverse, tension) =50;
n(longitudinal and long transverse, compression) = 50.
UNS A95083
TensiJ and comptssion
20
r'--- .,--
140
---""1'\
15
105
I
I
00
"'vi"
(fJ
~
10
vi
(fJ
~
(J)
70
35
8
10
6
6
25
I
20
15
00
"'vi"
(fJ
1i
10
o..'"
:2
1/
14

28
42
56
~,.l oompLoo ~
r:---1---r---
12
WA.132 5083-0 aluminum alloy plate, tensile and

. modulus curves
70

and long transverse. Typical. Ramberg-Osgood parameter,
n(longitudinal and long transverse, tension) = 21;
UNSA95083
"d
140
I
I
105
&.
:2
vi
(fJ
~
(J)
70
35
1/
2
10
8
6
6
12
350
50
40
30
'iii
----
- - - ...
ii5
20

Typical. UNS A95083
280
)(
210
ro
a.
""ui
'"~
WA.133 5083-0 aluminum alloy plate, tensile stressstrain curve (full range)
::;
140
70
10
0.04
0.08
0.12
0.16
0.20
0.24
Strain, in./in.

modulus curves
25
14
28
42
56
70

n(longitudinal and long transverse, tension) = 27; n(longitudinal and long transverse, compression) = 27.
UNSA95086
140
20
I~~ression
15
""ui
'"
~
10
105
'iii
---"'r\
::;
",.
'"~
70
35
1/
2
10
6
8
Compressive tangent mOdulus,
106 psi

ro
a.
12
ii5
25
14

28
42
56
_\ Tension and compression

20
"''"
~
1i
10
105
"''"
~
70
1\
6
8
10
6
40
30
"'"
",-
'"
1i
20
1i
35
12
WA.136 5086-0 aluminum alloy 5086-0 sheet,

350
50
.;

<ti
!L

n(longitudinal and long transverse, tension) = 5.0; n(longitudinal and long transverse, compression) = 5.0.
UNSA95086
140
V~
"....-
\v
I
15
WA.135 5086-0 aluminum alloy plate and extrusion,

70
/'

Typical. UNS A95086
280
'""
210
<ti
!L
"'
'"
~
140
70
10
0.04
0.08
0.12
Strain, in.lin.
0.16
0.20
0.24
en
WA.137 5086-Hl12 aluminum alloy plate, tensile

Compressive tangent modulus. GPa
25r-----,1r4-----,28--.----,42------5,6------7TO------,~175
parameter, n(L, tension) = 18; n(LT, tension) = 10; n(L,
UNSA95086
LT. tension and compression
105
<ti
a.
'i
-'"
:2
ui
ui
'"~
'"
:i
70
:i
~~---+-----~------~-----+------~~--~35
L -_ _ _ _
_ _ _ _-L____
______L -_ _ _ __ L L __ _
6
8
10
~O
12
6
WA.138 5086-H32 aluminum alloy sheet, tensile
50
'14
28
42
56
70

3.175 mm (0.125 in.). Ramberg-Osgood parameter, n(longitudinal, tension) = 28; n(long transverse, tension) = 10.
UNSA95086
280
40

_ _ _ Longitudinal. tension
/ ' .....--
30
'i
-'"
ui
'"~
:i
20
10
/
V
Long transverse. tension
210
'r
i
~
140 :i
70
<ti
a.
:2

10
WA.139 5086-H32 aluminum alloy sheet,

modulus curves
5oor-----~14------,28------4~2------5,6------7~0----~8~50

3.175 mm (0.125 in.). Ramberg-Osgood pararneter, n(longitudinal, compression) = 8.0; n(long transverse, compression) = 10. UNS A95086
40r-----~--~-4------+-----~------r_----~280
Long transverse, compression
Source: MIL"HDBK"5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-231
210 ro
Q.
30
'00
-"
:2
''""
''""
~
140
1i
20
10~-+--~-----4------+------+------+4----~70
L-----~----~------~----~------~----~O
50
40
30
'00
-"
8
10
6
LO"'~
rI
12
--------
--;.~;!:::"",

3.175 mm (0.125 in.). Based on one lot. UNS A95086
280
210
","
'"
~
20
140
10
70
0.04
0.08
0.12
Strain, in.lin.
0.16
0.20

350
0.24
Source: MIL"HDBK"5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-231
ro
Q.
:2
;;
30
""ui
'"
20
10
Tested at room temperature. Typical. Ramberg-Osgood

parameter, n(longitudinal, tension) = 24; n(long transverse, tension) = 9.3. UNS A95086
280
40

350
50
/
V
v-:: ,-
/ < n g transverse, tenson
210
::2
lZ
140
70
6
Strain,
10
12
0.001 inJin.
WA.142 5086-H34 aluminum alloy sheet,

modulus curves
5oor-----~1~4----~28------~42------5~6------7TO----~8\50

parameter, n(longitudinal, compression) = 8.6; n(long
transverse, compression) = 12. UNS A95086
Long transverse, compression
40-~~------------~~~~~--t-----280
30 r------r~~~~~--~~~_+------+_----_1210
<ti
o..
""ui
::2
'"
20
r-----~----~r-----_r----_1----~~----_41401
10r--+---r----~------_r----_1------~r_--_470
~-----2~----~4------~6------~8------1~0-L--~1~

Compressive tangent mOdulus,
106 psi
40
.;

350
50
-7
l----
-- .....
--

Typical. UNS A95086
280
210
30
'"
O-
"'<Jien"
:2:
<Ji
en
!!!
20
140
10
70
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
70
84
Strain, in./in.
WA.144 5086-H36 aluminum alloy sheet, tensile and

modulus curves
14
28
42
56
5o.------,-----,~----,------T----~T-----~350
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudinal; LT, long transverse. Typical. Ramberg-Osgood
compression) = 8.0; n(LT, compression) = 15. UNS
A95086
.;
210
30
'"
O-
:2:
"'<Ji"
en
<Ji
en
Ul
jg
!!!
140
20
10~-f--~----~------4------+------~~--~70

6
10
WA.145 X5090-H36 aluminum alloy sheet, effect of

temperature on tensile properties after 30 min at
test temperature
Temperature, oc
38
-18
70
93
---.,
60
50
149
"~
420
"-
~ ,,~
'00
-'"
'"~
U5
40
'\
30
350
280
210
20
140
40
280
o
!e.
.S 20
C\I
~
el
e
Ir-""
100
200
Temperature, F
300
ro
c..
:2
c
rJ)
"EE
.~
Test direction: longitudinal. F;u, ultimate tensile strength;

F;y, tensile yield strength. Composition: Al-7Mg-O.2CrO.005B-O.005Be
140
U5
Source: "Properties and Characteristics of Aluminum Alloy X5090, a

High-Strength Work Hardening Sheet Material," Technical Information
Report MRL-71-TIR-5, Metals Research Laboratory, Olin Corporation,
11 Oct 1971. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
WA.146 X5090-H38 aluminum alloy sheet, stressstrain curves at various temperatures
7or------,------~----~------,_----~r_----~490
Test direction: longitudinal (top); long transverse

(bottom). Composition: AI-7Mg-O.2Cr-O.005B-O.005Be
60r-----~------+_----_+~~~~----~~~--~420
50~----_+------+7L---_+~----~----~------~350
'jj
40
~----_+--__1--H'----_+------+__----~------~
280
w
~
00
(J)
~
~
325 'F (163 'C)
30
210 (jj
20~--~LV'--~--+------+------+------~------~140
400 'F (204 'C)

10~~~~~~--+------+------+------~------~70
o~-----L----~------~-----L------L-----~O
70
490
60~----_+------+_----_+------+__----~------~420
75 'F (24 'C)

350
'jj
40 I-----+------?-+--_+------.::J...~--~------~ 280
(J)
~
~
00
00
00
00
30
210 (jj
400 'F (204 'C)
101--h~~~---4------+------+------r-----~70
0~-----2L------L4------~6------~8------~1-0----~120
Strain. 0,001 inJin,

Aerospace Structural Materials," Technical Report AFML-TR-71-249,
Battelle Memorial Institute, Dec 1971. As published in Aerospace
Temperature,
oc
WA.147 X5090-H38 aluminum alloy sheet, effect of

temperature on tensile properties after 20 min at
test temperature
80~18_________3~8________-.93__________
14~9________~20!60
F tu , ultimate tensile strength; F ty , tensile yield strength.

Composition: Al-7Mg-O.2Cr-O.005B-O.005Be
70~------~~~~------4----------+----------1490
Source: 0.1. Deel and H. Mindlin, "Engineering Data on New

60~-----~'-+---------~~------~---------1420
L ___ _
-'...........
.... __ !!'_-
-- " ,
~ 50~--------~--------~~~~,--~~+----------1350~
"
,........
~~
::;
r
~
'"
'~~
30~--------+---------~--------~~--~~~210
20~--------+---------~--------~----~~~140
Longi\udinal
... Long transverse
10L----------
--------~--------~------~70
L1
80r----------r----------,----------~--------_.560
60
420
;f<
E
E
o
ro
!!?
a.
::;
280 r
.5 40
N
'"
-~
c:
-2
ro
'"c:
o
:
20
140
0~-------~1~00~--------2~0~0---------30LO--------~408
Temperature, F
WA.148 X5090-H38 aluminum alloy sheet,

compressive stress-strain curves at various
temperatures
8or------.------~----_,------~------r_----_,560
70~----~----~------4_----_+------+_----~490
Test direction: longitudinal (top); long transverse

(bottom). Composition: AI-7Mg-O.2Cr-O.005B-O.005Be
60~----~----_+----_0------~~~1=~--~420

Aerospace Structural Materials," Technical ReportAFML-TR-71-249,
50~-----+------+_--~~------~------~----~350
10~_A~~----_4------+_----_+------+_----~70
OL------L----~------~----~------~----~O
80,------,------,------,------,-------,-----,560
70~----_+------+------+------+_--~~~----~490
50~-----+------+-~L--+------+---~~F-----~350
gf 40 ~----_+----~+_--~4------+_----___11_----~ 280
210
201_--~~~~~------+-----_+------+_----~140
10~_A~~----_4------+_----_+------+_----~70
0~-----L2------~4------~6------~8-------1LO----~1f
~
!Ji
45
40
35
30
]
,;; 25
CIl
10
5
\.
ip
WA.149 5154-0 alurninum alloy rod, tensile stressstrain curves
280

YS, yield strength. Nominal size: 19 mm (3/4 in.) diam.
Test specimen diam, 12.7 mm (1/2 in.). Gage length: .
area, 66%. True strain at maximum load, 16.6%. A loglog plot of the stress-strain curve would yield a slope of
UNSA95154
210
&.
~
~~
175 ,;;
CIl
1i
YS
140
CIl
c:
~
105
I
V
315
245
15
Nominal
\
\
20
c:
~
...
/V
T~ t..---
0.04
0.08
0.12
0.16
70
35
.i.
0.20
Strain. in.lin.
2
Strain.
0.001 in.lin.
WA.150 5454-0 aluminum alloy sheet, plate, and

extrusion, tensile and compressive stress-strain and
2oo.-----~1r4------2,8----~42~----,56~----7~0~--~M140

n(longitudinal and long transverse, tension) = 16; n(longitudinal and long transverse, compression) =9.6.
UNSA95454
+------+------+------1105

ro
.;
-'"
,;;
CIl
a.
10
70
,;;
CIl
en
5~~--~----~------4-----_+------~~--~35


350
50
40
..~
I
-o-...
'\
280
1\
-<)
I
I
I
I
10
ro
210 ~
"'
'"l'!
'li
..9!
'c;;
140 ~

essentialIy identical for both the true and nominal curves.
203.2 mm (8 in.). UNS A95454
I
I
I
I
70
I
I
1
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
10
12
Strain. in.lin.
468
WA.152 5454-H32 aluminum alloy plate, tensile

350
50

parameter, n(longitudinal, tension) = 7.5; n(long transverse, tension) = 6.8. UNS A95454
280
40
........- ~
~
30
'c;;
Long transverse
210
"''"
l'!
en
20
/
1/
:2
:i
~
140
70
6
ro
11.
;/
10
~ Longitud1inal
10
12

Typical. Ramberg-Osgood parameter, n(longitudinal,
tension) = 10. UNS A95454
280
40
30
~
<Ji
rJ)
~
20
10

stress-strain curve
350
50
210
c..'"
:2
gf
~
140 1i5
70
10
12
WA.154 5454-H34 aluminum alloy sheet, tensile and

modulus curves
50r----1r4---,28-----,42-----5,6~----7TO----~8\50
compression) = 8.1; n(LT, compression) = 9.8.
UNSA95454
/-----++T-'-:=?::=:~~+-----+--__+--_l280
210
'00
-'"
c..'"
:2
<Ji
rJ)
<Ji
rJ)
1i5
140
r--r--r--~-----~--~---+1~-_470
~---~2~----~4---~6------~8-----1~0~--~1~

1i5
6or-------r-------~------._------~------~

420
350
\\
\
\
\
\
\
280
C\l
eL
~
'"
'"
.J!1
.;
210 ~
e
140
10~_.~--+-------~------4_------~--~--~70
0.02
O
0.06
0.04
Strain, in./in.
6
4
0.08
0.18
10
The upper row of strain values on the abscissa apples to

203.2 mm (8 in.). UNS A95454
WA.156 5456-0 aluminum alloy, effect of low and

elevated temperature on tensile properties
Temperature, oc
702r4-o-------------T18-------------2~0-5------------__,42~90
F ro' ultimate tensile strength; F ty ' tensile yield strength.

Composition: Al-5.1Mg-O.8Mn-O.lOCr. UNS A95456
60~~----------+-------------~------------~420
Source: Alcoa Aluminum Handbook, Aluminum Company of American,

50r---~--------T_-------------_r------------~350
ro
~ 40r-------------+_-------~----~------------~280 ~
~
i 30
210 i
20~------------+---------~.-~r-----------~140
10r-------------T_------------~--~~~----~70
o '---.--------'--------'-----------' O
160.-------------,-------------,-------------__,
<F.
o
~80r-------------+--------------~~~---------4
e
iii
~OO
400
Temperature, F
800
Temperature, 'C
1oor-----2T4-o----------1,29----------,1~8--------~9~00
WA.157 5456-H321 aluminum alloy sheet, effect of

low and room temperature on tensile properties
F tu' ultimate tensile strength; F ty, tensile yield
strength. Sheet thickness: 3l.7 mm (l/8 in.).

Composition: Al-5.1Mg-O.8Mn-O.lOCr. UNS A95456
801----~~r-------~--------4_----
560
~
~
~60~--_+--------~~----~~~~~
~
(f)
401----t-----~-+--~~
__~~
280
Longitudinal
O Transverse
20L----L---------L--------~--------~140
t:t~
-400
-200
Temperature, 'F
200
Source: J.E. Campbell, "Review of Current Data on the Tensile

Properties of Metals at Very Low Temperarures," DMIC Report 148,
Batelle Memorial Instirute, 14 Feb 1961. As published in Aerospace
.
WA.158 5456-H311 aluminum alloy extrusion,

350
50
JOnQitudinal
- - Transverse
280
40
f/
-'"
Ul
10
Source: Metallic Materials and Elements for Flight Vehicle Structures,

MIL-HDBK-5, Aug 1962. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Vo13, Code 3303, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1995, p 6
----::-:
30
'ji
20
Tested at room temperature. Composition: Al-51.MgO.8Mn-O.lOCr. UNS A95456
210
",,"
ro
a..
::;
c
!
140
/
1/
CI)
70
12
50
WA.159 5456-H311 aluminum alloy extrusion,

350
J,OnQitudinal
- - Transverse
40
280
/'
30
//
-"
Ul
10
Source: Metal/ic Materials and Elements for Flight Vehicle Structures,

MIL-HDBK-5, Aug 1962. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
....--- -
1//
'ji
20
Tested at room temperature. Composition: Al-51.MgO.8Mn-O.l0Cr. UNS A95456
---
210
gf
~
140
1/
&.
::;
70
8
WA.160 5456-0 aluminum aJ/oy plate, tensile stressstrain curves
490
70
V-- True
60
50
~
r
~'"
~
30
20
10
.o-<'"
\
\
I
(J)
.~
Nominal
~~
40
420
I!
.nO ~
YS
1
0.08
0.12
0.16
0.20
'"~
<Il
210
I
I
I
I
140
70
I
1
0.04
.,
o280 :2
350

expanded portion ofthe curves; this expanded portion is
YS, yield strength. Nominal thickness: 19 mm (0.750 in.)
diam. Test specimen diam, 12.7 mm (1/2 in.). Gage
length: 50.8 mm (2 in.). Nominal tensile strength,
yield a slope of (n) of 0.22 in the area of uniform plastic
0.24
Strain, in./in.
12
WA.161 5456-0 aluminum aJ/oy sheet and

plate, tensile and compressive stress-strain and
25
14
Tension1and
28
--
20
15
-'"
r
'"
~
10
56
70
compr~ssion'---..
'---~
1/
'ji
42
140
105
I
I

UNSA95456
.,
o-
:2
<Ji
'"~
70
35
11
2
10
8
6
6
4
12
(j)
--
WA.162 5456-0 aluminum alloy extrusion, tensile

25
20
15
~
<Ji
'"
10
14
""I
28
42
56
70
K
v
1----
140
1----
I
I

UNSA95456

105
ro
o..
<Ji
~'"
70
en
35
10
12

WA.163 5456-Hl11 aluminum alloy extrusion,

50 0,-----,14,-----,28------,42------5,6------7,0------,8\50
UNSA95456
1-----+-:-::::-;::::.::::;:"-+--\.----+----+-----+-----128o
210
.;

ro
o..
-"
<Ji
<Ji
'"
'"
140
~-T--_r----~~----~----~------~1------170
~----~2~----~4~----~6~----~8------1~0~--~1~
70
60
50
~
,,; 40
.~
20
~
~~
r--~inal
420
\
I
I
I
I
I
J)o
30
10
(f)
.l!1

490
350
C\l
a..
280 ::;
ui
>-O
(l)
210
1I
c:
140
70

YS, yield strength. Nominal thickness: 19.05 mm
(0.750 in.) diam. Test specimen diam, 12.7 mm (112 in.).
Gage length: 50.8 mm (2 in.). Nominal tensile strength,
Aug 1956
J.
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
0.14
Strain, in.lin.
10

5oor-----~1r4----_,28------,42------5T6------7TO----_,8\50
40f------...j
UNSA95456
~r+------+_----_+----~280
210
30
C\l
a..
'00
-'"
ui
::;
ui
(f)
(f)
1i
(J)
140
20
10f---+--~-----4------+------+------~----~70
L-----~2------~4------~6------~8------~----~1~

Source: MILHDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-245
80
560
WA.166 6013-T4 aluminum alloy sheet, tensile true

stress, true strain curve
70
490
Sheet thickness: 1.60 mm (0.063 in.). Composition: AI0.90Mg-0.80Si-0.85Cu-0.50Mn. UNS A96013
420
Source: J.w. Hardy, "Formability of Aluminum Alloy 6013 Sheet,"

Report MDC H5866, McDonnell Douglas Space Systems Co., Feb
60
50
~
,;
~ 40
1
350
'"
o..
::E
280
Q)
J- 30
......
Q)
:::l
210 !:
20
140
10
70
gf
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
1219
1524
16.0
True strain
WA.167 6013-T4 aluminum alloy sheet, loaddisplacement curve (tensile test)
Displacement, mm
3600
305
610
914
2400
10.7
f:!
'Ci
'o"
--'
1200
Test direction: longitudinal. Specimen width: 12.7 mm

(0.5 in.); thickness: 2.032 mm (0.080 in.). Gage length:
50.8 mm (2.0 in.). Ultimate tensile strength (Ftu):
336.4 MPa (48.8 ksi). Tensile yield strength (Fty):
215.8 MPa (31.3 ksi). Elongation: 21.8%.
Electrical conductivity: 38.1 %IACS. Water quenched.
Composition: AI-0.90Mg-0.80Si-O.85Cu-0.50Mn.
UNSA96013
/'
....----
0.12
.--
0.24
\
0.36
Displacement, in.
'"'Ci
'o"
--'
0.48
5.3
0.60
Source: J.T. Gutierrez, B.F. Larson, and J.F. Charles, "Fracture

Mechanics Forming and Weld Properties for 6013 Sheet," Report MDC
K0818, Douglas Aircraft Co., Dec 1989. As published in Aerospace
Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3226, ClNDAS/Purdue
Displacement, mm
9.14
6.10
3.05
Test direction: long transverse. Specimen width: 12.7 mm

50.8 mm (2.0 in.). Ultimate tensile strength (FllJ
340.6 MPa (49.4 ksi). Tensile yield strength (Fty ):
197.9 MPa (28.7 ksi). Elongation: 22.6%. Electrical
conductivity: 38.2%IACS. Water quenched.
Composition: Al-0.90Mg-0.80Si-0.85Cu-0.50Mn.
UNSA96013
10.7
2400
1200
WA.168 6013-T4 aluminum alloy sheet, loaddisplacement curve (tensile test)
1524
16.0
12.19
v--
""
.
o
...J
1\
0.24
0.36
Displacement, in.
0.12
0.48
'"
5.3
0.60

560
80
Tested at room temperature. Typical for specimen thickness: 0.254-6.325 mm (0.010-0.249 in.). RambergOsgood parameter, n(longitudinal, tension) = 21; n(long
transverse, tension) = 15. UNS A96013
420
60
Longitudina~
~e
1/
20
'"
o..
280 <Ji
1/
2
140
8
6
Source: J.T. Gutierrez, B.F. Larson, and J.F. Charles, "Fracture

Mechanics Forrning and Weld Properties for 6013 Sheet," Report MDC
K0818, Douglas Aircraft Co., Dec 1989. As published in Aerospace
10

56
28
42
14
60
/'
---
1/
20
V
V
4
WA.170 6013-T6 aluminum alloy sheet, compressive

curves
84
560
Tested at room temperature. Typical for specimen thickness: 0.254-6.325 mm (0.010-0.249 in.). RambergOsgood parameter, n(longitudinal, compression) = 21;
n(long transverse, compression) = 23. UNS A96013
420
transv~e
Longitudinal and long
"'--r---
70
____
Longitudinal
LOngtransve~
ca
a.
:2
280 ui
140
10

60

420
Longitudinal
~-
50
40
20
10
/'
~ong transverse
350
Composition: AI-0.90Mg-0.80Si-0.85Cu-0.50Mn.
UNSA96013
280
Source: "A1coa A1uminum Alloy 6013," A1coa Green Letter No. 225,
Dec 1987. As pub1ished in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
Vo13, Code 3226, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1995, p 8
&.
:2
ui
"'
"'
210 ~
1/
(1)
~
~
140
70
4
6
WA.l72 6013-T6 aluminum alloy sheet, loaddisplacement curve (tensile test)
Displacement, mm
3000
2.29
457
'\
2000
1000
50
._ 40
Xi
gf
~ 30
'c;;
VJ
l'!
a.
E
10
1143
13.3
8.90
-"
1\
0.27
0.18
Displacement, in.
60
20
9.14
-otU
.3
/
V
1\
0.36

stress-strain curve
420
---
Test direction: longitudinal and long transverse.

UNS A96013
350
280
&
::;;
<Ji
VJ
210 .~
VJ
VJ
l'!
c.
E
o
140
Source: J.T. Outierrez, B.E Larson, and J.E Charles, "Fracture

Mechanics Forrning and Weld Properties for 6013 Sheet," Report MDC
K0818, Doug1as Aircraft Co., Dec 1989. As published in Aerospace
0.45
70
Test direction: longitudinal. Specimen width: 12.7 mm

50.8 mm (2.0 in.). Ultimate tensile strength (Ftu ):
398.5 MPa (57.8 ksi). Tensile yield strength (Fty ):
368.1 MPa (53.4 ksi). Elongation: 11.0%. Electrical
conductivity: 42.9%IACS. Water quenched.
UNSA96013
4.45
0.09
686
Source: "Alcoa A1uminum Alloy 6013," Alcoa Oreen Letter No. 225,
Dec 1987. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
Vo13, Code 3226, CINDASlPurdue University, 1995, p 10
50
40

420
60
Longitudinal
r --
Specimen thickness: 3.2-41.3 mm (Ys-l% in.).

Composition: AI-IMg-O.65Si-0.25Cu-O.20Cr.
UNSA96061
350
Long transverse
280
'"
a.
:2
210 ui
Ul
!!:!
Source: 0.1. Brownhill, 0.1. Davies, and D.O. Sprow1s, "Mechanica1

Properties, Including Fracture Toughness and Fatigue and Resistance to
Stress Corrosion Cracking of Stress Re1ieved and Stretched A1uminum
Alloy Extrusions," AF Contract AF33(615)-3580, AFML TR68-34, Feb
i5
20
140
10
70
0.02
0.04
0.06
Strain, in.lin.
420
50
350
40
~
Ul
0.10
60
ui
0.08
30
20
10
Test direction: L, longitudinal; LT, long transverse.

Specimen thickness: 3.2-41.3 mm (Ys-l% in.).
Composition: AI-IMg-O.65Si-O.25Cu-O.20Cr.
UNSA96061
~~compression
i' L, tension
280
" LT, tension
'"
a.
:2
210 ui
Ul
!!:!
1/
i5
140
70

and compressive stress-strain curves
6
8
10
Source: O.J. Brownhill, 0.1. Davies, and D.O. Sprow1s, "Mechanica1

Stress Corrosion Cracking of Stress Relieved and Stretched A1uminum
404/Wrought Alurninurn (WA)
60
420
50
350
WA.176 6061-T651 aluminum alloy extrusion,

Specimen thickness: ::;12,675 mm (::;0.499 in.),

Composition: AI-IMg-O,65Si-0.25Cu-O,20Cr.
UNSA96061
Longitudinal
40
Long transverse
280
a.'"
:;
g- 30
210
1i5
Source: 0.1, Brownhill, 0.1, Davies, and D,O, Sprowls, "Mechanical

Properties, Including Fracture Toughness and Fatigue and Resistance 10
Stress Corrosion Cracking of Stress Relieved and Stretched Aluminum
Alloy Extrusions," AF ContraetAF33(615)-3580, AFML TR68-34, Feb
1970, As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3,
1i5
20
140
10
70
0,02
0,04
0,06
Strain, inJin,
0,08
50
40
30
-'"
r
'"~
1i5
20
WA.l77 6061-T651 aluminum alloy extrusion,

280

Specimen thickness: ::;12,675 mm (::;0.499 in,),
Composition: AI-IMg-O,65Si-0.25Cu-0.20Cr.
UNSA96061
r i : 7 L T , tensio1n
L, tension and compiession
210
'"
140
70
a.
'"
:;
350
\. LT, comjression
,j
'00
10
---
0,10
6
4
Souree: O,J, Brownhill, 0.1, Davies, and D.O, Sprowls, "Mechanical

Properties, Including Fracture Toughness and Fatigue and Resistanee to
Alloy Extrusions," AF Contraet AF33(615)-3580, AFML TR68-34, Feb
1970, As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3,
60
420
50
350
r--
40
'00
-"
<Ji
ti)
Longitudinal

Specimen thickness: ~76.2 mm (~3.0 in.). Composition:

AI-IMg-O.65Si-O.25Cu-O.20Cr. UNS A96061
TransvLse
280
C\l
c..
::2:
30
210
20
140
10
70
0.02
0.04
0.08
0.06
Source: 0.1. Brownhill, 0.1. Davies, and D.O. Sprowls, "Mechanical

Properties, Inc1uding Fracture Toughness and Fatigue and Resistance to
<Ji
0.10
Strain, in./in.
50
~L" lp~.o"

350
"d
Fl:
I
40
LT,
~M;OO

Specimen thickness: ~76.2 mm (?:3.0 in.). Composition:
AI-IMg-O.65Si-O.25Cu-O.20Cr. UNS A96061
280
LT, compression
30
'00
-"
<Ji
ti)
(f)
20
10
/
V
210
140 i
70
0.02
&.
::2:
~~
0.04
0.06
Strain, in./in.
0.08
0.10
Source: O.J. Brownhill, 0.1. Davies, and D.O. Sprowls, "Mechanical

WA.180 6061-T6 aluminum alloy, tensile stressstrain curves at room and elevated temperatures
350
50
Room temperature
40
UNSA96061
280
212F (100 OC)

300F (149 OC)
400F (204 OC)
.;
210
30
ro
Il..
'"uf
:2
uf
I/l
I/l
500F (260 OC)
Ci5
140
20
600F (316 OC)

10
70
700 F (371C)
O
00
en
"Typical Tensile Stress-Strain Curves for 6061-T6 at Room

Temperature, 212, 300, 400, 500, 600, and 700 F," Physical Test No.
010758-G Data Sheets, 6 and 31 March 1958. As published in
WA.181 6061-T6 aluminum alloy sheet, stress-strain

8or---------.---------,-----~~_r--~=_--_,560
--423 F (-253 OC)
Tested at low temperature. Test direction: longitudinal

(top); transverse (bottom). Sheet thickness: 2.54 mm
(0.100 in.). Composition: AI-IMg-0.6Si-0.25Cu-0.20Cr.
UNSA96061
I
-320F (-196 OC)
60 l--~~-~~~::::==+===::i._____--__1420
F.R. Schwartzberg et al., Cryogenic Matenals Data Handbook, ML-
:i~
&.
:2
40 I-V----------+---------+----------+---------l280 r
~
en
O~--------~--------~--------~---------"O
:i
:2
40 t-V----------+--'-------+----------+----------j 280 .;
ro~
(J)
0~------~0~.0~8~----~0~.1~6------~0~.2~4------~0.39
Slrain, in./in.
TDR-64-280, Aug 1964, Suppl. 1, Feb 1965. As published in Aerospace

Temperature,
oc
8o.r----~24~0~-------~1r29~--------T18~------~9\60

cryogenic temperatures on tensile properties
C\l
o..
::lE
~
!:S"
.s=
rn
e
Longitu dina I
!:S"
Transverse
.s=
rn
e
~ 60f-----I-"'=<--------f-------+--------j 420 ~
~
.!!!
"00
"c;,
!!
!!
15
3 40
280
60
420
I~
1--.
140
20
60
g
El
:!e
o
fj 40
Ol
e
O
Oi
"C
e
r
/
RA
C\l
~ 2O ~ ~
C\l
C\l
'O
e
t5:::!
-400
-200
Temperature, F
200
Tested to -269 oC (-452 F). Plate thickness: 31.75 mm

(l ~ in.). Composition: AI-IMg-O.65Si-O.25Cu-O.20Cr.
UNSA96061
Source: J.O. Kaufman, K.O. Bogardus, and E.T. Wanderer, Tensile
Properties and Notch Toughness of Aluminum AIloys at -452F in
Liquid He, Adv. Cryogenic Eng., Vol 13, 1968, P 294. As published in
WA.183 6061-0 aluminum alloy, effect of exposure

and test temperature on tensile properties
Temperature, oC
-240
40
-129
'"
-18
93
204
316
Exposure up to 10,000 h. Composition: AI-IMg-0.6Si0.25Cu-0.20Cr. UNS A96061
r-.....
'-
ir] ._--11----'-----+-.1-----+-1__L
8
1.
~oo
80
El
~
40
~
el
C
~oo
-- ---200
200
Temperature, F
~oo
400
ro
[0 ir
./
Source: "Mechanical Properties at Various Temperatures of 6061-0,"

Data sheet, Alcoa Research Laboratories, I Feb 1956. As published in
600
800
WA.184 6061-T4 aluminum alloy sheet, effect of

exposure and test temperature on tensile properties
Temperature, oC
-240
60
:,
!oS"
==Ol 40
-18
-129
~r-...
--
1
.!!!
- - - 1/2h
.~ 20 t-- _____ 100 h
.2l
.2l
ro
204
316
427
420
ro
a.
::;
:J
!oS"
'-----
280 ==
Ol
e
~",.....
.~
\\
.""
.~.,
"v',
."
_._-- 1000 h
-.--.10,000h
""
S
93
'.:...~
1
.!!!
140 .~
.2l
'*
E
""
S
ro
280 ~
...............
--
. ~
"
.""
,.',\
' ...........,',:.....;.....
\
80r-----,------,------r-----,---~_T~r__.
'1
.' .'
I /
~
-'./ /
~ 40~-----+------4_------~----_+~r_~~_?L-~
o
1/,/ V
~
----t------4------~----__~v~~
e
[jJ
~OO
-200
200
Temperature, F
400
600
800
UNSA96061
Source: "Mechanical Properties at Various Temperatures of 6061-T4
and 6062-T4," Data sheet, Aleoa Research Laboratories, 23 Feb 1956.
As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vo13,
Temperature, oc
-240
93
204
316
427
60~~--~~----~------~----~------~------.420
a.
:::;
~::>
::>
', 40 1----4-------+-----+--='....-=----+------+-------1 280 ',
..'l2
.~
$
"*
E
5
____
20
i..'l2
1/2h
140 .~
- - - - - 100 h
- .- .-
1000 h
-.-_.- 10,000h
OL-____- L_____....L______J.-____.......J.______.....J...._.-:..-.---l O
60
--
420
t---
~
'.\,
,.
"~
..,
........
'"',,'.,.............
,\
""
o
80
.
I
6'
"<t
.' .'
-; 40
.."..~
C)
.'
'1
. II
/
. I
/
,....,V
l'/,,/
fii
/,;/
~OO
-200
200
Temperature, 'F
400
600
800
"*
E
5
WA.185 6061-T6 aluminum alloy, effecl of exposure

and test temperature on tensile properties
UNSA96061
Source: "Mechanical Properties at Various Temperatures of 6061-T6
Products," Data table, Aleoa Research Laboratories, 6 Dec 1960. As
4121Wrought Aluminum (WA)
RT
70
Temperature, oC
r -__2,o_4________2,3_2_________
26ro________-,28~90
WA.186 6061-T6 aluminum alloy sheet, effect of test

temperature on stress to produce various amounts of
small plastic strain in tension
Sheet thickness: 3.17 mm (l/8 in.). RT, room temperature.

Composition: AI-IMg-0.6Si-0.25Cu-0.20Cr.
UNSA96061
~-----.~~--------4_--~~--~--------~420
1~--------~--------~--------~~------~350
Plastic strain
O 10-6
.; 40 ~--------+_--------_+--- L':. 5 X 10-6
-:.
10X10-6
280
8:.
Source: R.E. Maringer and M.M. Cha, "Stability of Structural Materials

for Space Craft Application," NASA CR 97844, N ational Aeronautics
and Space Administration, Apri11968. As published in Aerospace
:2
O 2000 X 10-6
W30~~~~--~~~~~~----------+_--------_l210
20~~------~--------~~--~'_~J_---------4140
10~--------+_--------_+--------~~--------~70
r---~---------L---------L--------~O
400
450
Temperature, F
500
550
WA.187 6061-T6 aluminum alloy ciad sheet,

50 r---------,----------r-----------,,--------.,---------, 350
200F (93 OC)
Tested at 93,204, and 316 oC (200, 400, and 600F) in

long transverse direction. Composition: AI-IMg-0.6Si0.25Cu-0.20Cr. UNS A96061
40~------+_------~~~--~~~--_r------~280
400F (204 OC)
.;
-'"
30 ~------t_--Jf---t~~=;1~/~2'~an~d~2~h--_t------_210
10 h
<Ji
<Ji
(f)
ro
100-1000
20 ~------~~----+-------+-------_r------_l140
1/2 h exposure
70
10
10 h
4
6
10
~
W
Source: Metallic Materials and Elements for Aerospace Vehicle

Structures, MIL-HDBK-5B, FSC 1500, Sept 1971. As published in

5or-------~------,_------,_------_r------_,350
Tested at 149 and 260 oc (300 and 500 P) in long

transverse direction. Composition: A1-1Mg-0.6Si0.25Cu-0.20Cr. UNS A96061
'-+----1280
40r--------r-------+----~
210
CIl
a..
Source: Metallic Materials and Elements for Aerospace Vehicle

Structures, MIL-HDBK-5B, FSC 1500, Sept 1971. As published in
::a;
'"
~
'"f!?
en
140
1i5
L-------2L-------41-:------~6------~8------~1f
Strain,
0.001 in.lin.
"emperature, oC
60
- 240
-184
129
-73
WA.189 6061-T6 aluminum alloy sheet, effect of low

temperature on shear strength
-18
Test direction: Longitudinal and transverse. Sheet thickness: 2.54 mm (0.100 in.). Composition: A1-1.0Mg-0.6Si0.25Cu-0.20Cr. UNS A96061
50
'00
.><
,S
O>
40
I~"'-
en
30
20
,S
el
''
ti;
ID
-400
-300
ER Schwartzberg et al., Cryogenic Materials Data Handbook, MILTDR-64-280, Aug 1964, and Suppl. No. 1, Feb 1965. As published in
350
280 ~
1i
ti;
~ t--
-200
Temperature, 'F
-100
ID
en
210
140
100
25
175
True
20
.;
~
IV
15
'"e!
u;
~
.;
e
~ 10
140
Nominal
C\l
..
\
I
v~k;
~
.;
70
35
I
I
I
I
I
0.08
0.12
Strain, in./in.
0.16
0.20
I
I
I
I
0.04
105

(1/2 in.). Gage length: 203.2 mm (8 in.). Nominal tensile
load, 18.2%. A log-log plot ofthe stress-strain curve
July 1954
0.24
2
4
350
50
WA.191 6061-T4 aluminum alloy rod, tensile stressstrain curves
True
40
l/
..J . "-).-O'"
~
~ r--
Nominal
280
\
I
I
I
I
Ir
10
0.01
I
I
I
I
I
1
0.02
0.03
2
4
6
0.04
0.05
Strain, in./in.
0.06
0.07
0.08
70

(1/2 in.). Gage length: 203.2 mm (8 in.). Nominal tensile
307 MPa (44:5 ksi). Nominal yield strength (0.2% offset),
load, 7.7%. A log-log plot ofthe stress-strain curve
would yield a slope of (n) of O.11 in the area of uniform
July 1954
0.09
WA.192 6061-T6 aluminum alloy rod, lensile slressstrain curves
50.-----,------,-----,,-----,------,-----,350
280
\
\
t\l
210 ~
,Ji
~'"
~
.;
140 c:
~

essentiaHy identical for both the true and nominal curves.
(112 in.). Gage length: 203.2 mm (8 in.). Nominal tensile
strength, 307 MPa (44.5 ksi). True tensile strerigth,
July 1954
0.02
O
-18
0.04
0.06
Strain, in./in.
4
6
0.10
0.08
0.12
38
427
100~--~--~~--.r.,~r_---r--~~--~--~
WA.193 6061-T6 aluminum alloy, all products, effect

of exposure al elevated tempera tu re on room
lemperature lensile ultimate strength
Exposure up to 10,000 h, as indicated. AH products.

UNSA96061
<Il
Cl
~
~
<Il
Il.
OL----L----L----L--~L---~--~--
100
200
300
400
500
Temperature, F
600
__~__~
700
800
50

350
LO",!tm_=
40
.;;
30
-'"
m
~
ii
20
10

~6.325 mm (~0.249 in.). Ramberg-Osgood parameter,
n(longitudinal, tension) = 50; n(long transverse, tension)
= 21. UNS A96061
280
Longitudinal

210
ro
D..
~
140 ii
70
10
20
.;;
/'
15
f-
m
~
10
~--_
2-0 h
j'' ' '""
140
105
m
~
100 h exposure
70
35

ro
D..
~
Tested at 260 oC (500 P). Test direction: longitudinal.

Typical for sheet thickness ~3.l75 mm (~0.125 in.).
Ramberg-Osgood parameter, n(2-5 h exposure) = 13;
n(lO h exposure) = 13); n(lOO h exposure) = 13.
UNSA96061
10 h exposure
-'"
ii

175
25
10
ii

curves

500~----~1~4-----;28~_---~42~--__5~6~----7TO~__~~350
::;6.325 mm (::;0.249 in.). Ramberg-Osgood parameter, n
(L, compression) = 19; n(LT, compression) = 2l.
UNSA96061
40~~~~----~---~~~-----4------+-----~280
210
30

ro
a.
::;
>Ji
>Ji
(/)
"'~
ro
20
140
ro
10~-+---~----~~----~-----4------~----~70
L------2L-----~4~----~6------~8------~10L---~1}

50
40
14
'<.....
30
>Ji
(/)
CI)
20
10
1/
70
WA.197 6061-T6 aluminum alloy sheet, tensile and

modulus curves
84
350
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudinal. Typical. Ramberg-Osgood parameter, n(L, tension) =
50; n(L, compression) = 18. UNS A96061
L, compres,sion ''"''

28
42
56
iOO~
280
----
"'\
210
>Ji
140
70
ro
a.
::;

10
50

350
Longitudinal
40
1/
30
~
<
'"~
ro
20
10
210
ro
a.
::;
<
~'"
140
Tested at room temperature. Typical for aH thicknesses.

34; n(long transverse, tension) = 29. UNS A96061
CfJ
70
50r-_ _ _1,4_ _-,28______4,2______5,6______7,O____-,8\50

modulus curves
l---=l::~;::~~::::=f=-. . . . h-----t-------J 280
Tested at room temperature. Typical for aH thicknesses.

Ramberg-Osgood parameter, n(longitudinal, compression) = 38; n(long transverse, compression) = 28.
UNSA96061
210 ro
a.
'00
.:.:
<
::;
<
'"~
'"~
ro
140
1----1---+------j----+-----+---~---i
70
L------2L-----~4------~6------~8------1~0----~1~

ro
40
.;

350
50
",--

Typical. UNS A96061
t-,
"
280
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998. p 3-273
210
30
<ti
a.
-'"
:2
<Ji
<Ji
1/)
i
20
140
10
70
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.10
0.08
0.12
Strain, in./in.
50
40
.;

350
Longitudinal
t-_ . .
l--:::~
t::--- 'Long transverse
1-,......
"',,"
30
Tested at room temperature. Typical for all thicknesses .

UNSA96061
280
"
210
<ti
a.
-'"
:2
<Ji
1/)
<Ji
en
20
140
10
70
0.02
0.04
o.m,
0.08
Strain, in./in.
0.10
0.12
0.14
0.16
en
WA.202 606l-T651X, aluminum alloy extrusion,

5oor------1r4-----.28------4~2------5T6------7~0----~8\50
:'5:12.67 mm (:'5:0.499 in.). Ramberg-Osgood parameter,
.;
30
ro
Il.
::;
-'"
<Ji
'"~
20 ~----~----_4------+_-----+------#_----~140
10~-4--~----~------4------+------~----~70
OL-----~----~------~-----L------ll-----~O

10
12
106 psi

50r-----~1r4----~28~----~42~----5T6------7To-----.8\50
276.20 mm (23.000 in.). Ramberg-Osgood parameter,
h.;;:::::::~E:::::~t::~=t===~===i--1280
210 ro
.;
Il.
::;
'"<Ji
<Ji
ti)
'~"
140
~-4~~----~------4-----_+------~-----70

106 psi

350
50
LLgitUdi1,
40
.;
-"
<Ji
-1--
,.......-: ~
Long tra-;;;,;;;e -
........
~-
~~
280
210
30
Tested at room temperature. Typical for extrusion thickness :5:12.675 mm (:5:0.499 in.). UNS A96061
<ti
c..
:2
gf
U)
20
140
10
70
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
0.14
0.16
Strain, in./in.
50
/"
40

350
I/'
LOO9r~t--
---
--~
--transverse
Lon~,
r--_
........
Tested at room temperature. Typical for extrusion thickness 76.20 mm (3.000 in.). UNS A96061
"'x
"x
30
280
210
<ti
c..
:2
<Ji
U)
i
20
140
10
70
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
Strain, in./in.
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
16
./
14
,/
~
.;
e
-----
/)V
.; 10
,
~
0.08
0.12
0.16
0.20
Strain, in.lin.
8
12
16
20
.; 25
0.24
0.28
24
28
Q)
20
""""1"
0.32
0.36
280
WA.207 6063-T6 aluminum alloy extruded rod,

,,
245

expanded portian of the curves; this expanded portian is
YS, yield strength. Rod diam, 19 mm (3/4 in.). Specimen
diam, 12.7 mm (1/2 in.). Gage length: 203.2 mm (8 in.).
Nominal tensile strength, 243 MPa (35.3 ksi). True tensile strength, 252 MPa (36.5 ksi). Nominal yield strength
(0.2% offset), 214 MPa (31.0 ksi). Elongation (in
50.8 mm, or 2 in.), 10.6%. Reduction of area, 44%. True
strain at maximum load, 7.7%. A lag-lag plot ofthe
stress-strain curve would yield a slope of (n) of 0.08 in
the area of uniform plastic deformation. UNS A96063
210
I
I
I
I
I
175
&
::;;
140
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
105 ~
70
35
I
I
1
0.06
Strain, in.lin.
246
0.02
0.04
0.08
0.10
'"
~
.;
e
I
I
O
O
28
Nominal
....-~ :r,....
"'r"
42
35
~ 15
Ci
~
.;
e
I
1
~
.;
e
'"~
14
40
10
56
I
I
V
o
I
I
YS
'"
[L
::;;
0.04
'"
70
\
\
ti

expanded portian of the curves; this expanded portian is
YS, yield strength. Full specimen size. Test specimen
diam, 19 mm (3/4 in.). Gage length: 203.2 mm (8 in.).
Nominal tensile strength, 89.6 MPa (13.0 ksi). True tensile strength, 109 MPa (15.8 ksi). Nominal yield strength
(0.2% offset), 34 MPa (4.9 ksi). Elongation (in 50.8 mm,
or 2 in.), 34.5%. Reduction of area, 85%. True strain at
maximum load, 19.0%. A lag-lag plot of the stress-strain
curve would yield a slope of (n) of 0.20 in the area of
uniform plastic deformation. UNS A96063
84
30
98
" ,,
.L
WA.206 6063-0 aluminum alloy extruded rod,

Nominal
~ vo-
12
"'r"
'"
112
0.12

March 1953

8or-------~------,_------_r------_,------_,560
Tested at room temperature. Typica1 for sheet thickness

parameter, n(longitudina1, tension) = 13; n(long transverse, tension) = 8.8; n(short transverse, tension) = 8.7.
UNSA97010
60~------+-------~-----~~~~---c~-----i420

<ti
gf 40 I-------+-------:A'-------+--------t-----------j 280
uf
20~----~~------~-------~------_t_------~140
~------~------~--------L-------L------~1~

modulus curves
80r------1r4-----,2r8-----,42------,56------7TO------,8\60

parameter, n(longitudina1, compression) = 15; n(long
60~----+_~~~~~~~~~----_+-----4420
~
gf 40 ~-----+_-----++------+------+------+-1---__l 280
~
::;
uf
V>
(f)
20r-----Tr----~r-----~----~------+-;_--~140

10
WA.21 O 7010-T7451 aluminum alloy plate, tensile

8or-------~------~------~------~-------560

12.7-38.1 mm (0.50-1.50 in.). Ramberg-Osgood parameter, n(longitudinal, tension) = 12; n(long transverse, tension) = 10. UNS A97010
60~------+_------+-------~~~--~~----~420
&
gf 40 1--------1----------,~------+_------_+_------_I 280
E
w

modulus curves
~____~14~____~28~____4~2~____5T6____~7~0____~8~60

12.7-38.1 mm (0.50-1.50 in.). Ramberg-Osgood parameter, n(longitudinal, compression) = 14; n(long transverse,
gf 40
I-----+--~'------+-----_+------+_'\t_--- 280
gf
~
w
w
201------~----_4------+_----_+------+_+_---

6
140

80r-------,-------,-------,--------r------, 560
Tested at room temperature. TypicaI for sheet thickness

parameter, n(longitudinaI, tension) = 9.2; n(long transverse, tension) = 9.7; n(short transverse, tension) = 8.2.
UNSA97010
6o~------+-------4-------4_~~~~~----~420
gf 40
~
~'"
I--------+-------~------+_------_+------___j 280 <Ji
ro
CI)
20~------~------4-------4_------~------~140

modulus curves
1000-r-----~1r4----~2r8----~42r-----~56~----7~0~--~84700

80~-----~----~~-~~~~~~------~----~560
60
420
c..
'"
:2
<Ji
en
<Ji
en
ro
40
280
20~----~----~------~----_+------+_+_--~140
~----~2L-----~4------~6------~8------1~0-i--~1~

ro
100

700
80

parameter, n(longitudinal, tension) = 14; n(long transverse, tension) = 9.9. UNS A97010
560
=~ong
Longitudinal
transverse
60
~
r
'"~
ro
40
20
/
2
420
ro
[L
:2
r
'"
280
140
10
12

modulus curves
80,-____,14______,28______4 2______5 6______7,O____-.8\60

T

parameter, n(1ongitudina1, compression) = 12; n(long
gf 40 I-------I------+t------+------I-------t--IH----j 280 r
201------~----~------+_----_I_------r_+---_J140

6
WA.216 7049/7149-T73 aluminum alloy die forging,

700
100
80
Tested at room temperature. TypicaI for forging thickness

:<:;101.60 mm (:<:;4.000 in.). Ramberg-Osgood parameter,
n(longitudinaI, tension) = 54; n(short transverse, tension)
= 29. UNS A97049, A97149
560
Lon~itudinal

.;
I.v-
60
-'"
~'"
en
40
20
100
V
o
14
420
&.
::E
gf
280
140
Short transverse
6
8

28
42
56
10
WA.217 7049/7149-T73 aluminum alloy die forging,

modulus curves
70
80

:<:;101.60 mm (:5:4.000 in.). Ramberg-Osgood parameter,
n(longitudinal, compression) =54; n(short transverse,
compression) =29. UNS A97049, A97149
560
rfngitudinal
""""'-........;
.;
60
-'"
~'"
en
40
20
/'
t---:::
V
2

L,.
"""
~- -....,
~ Short transv':;; 1'\
420
gf
~
280 i
140
6
8
10
6
ca
a.
::E
80
60
"'"
",-
'"~
'i
20
V
V
2
14
rl Long transverse
rl Short transverse
140
6
8

28
42
56
12
10
WA.219 7049/7149-T73 aluminum alloy hand

forging, compressive stress-strain and compressive
70

transverse, compression) = 24; n(short transverse, compression) = 20. UNS A97049, A97149
560
1/
'i
40
Longitudinal and long transverse""

Shorttrans~
---.L..
-:::::z::
'00
"'vi"
'"~
20
420
80
60

UNS A97049, A97149
560
11 Longitudinal
'00
40
WA.218 7049/7149-T73 aluminum alloy hand

forging, tensile stress-strain curves
700
100
+;:::.-
::::::::~
V
v
2
420
vi
'"~
280
140
10
6
8
6

en
a..
:2:
12
'i
1ooo.------1,4-----.28------,42------5,6------7To------,8~00
WA.220 7049/7149-T73511 aluminum alloy

extrusion, tensile and compressive stress-strain and
Compression-+------+----Compressionlt--------1 560

Typical for extrusion thickness ::;127.0 mm (::;5.00 in.).
22; n(longitudinal, compression) = 20. UNS A97049,
A97149
80
420
.;

O)
a.
-'"
:2
ui
m
ui
m
ro
280
L------L----~------~--
__ ______
~
ro
~~~~O
10
12

100
80
60
-'"
mm
~
ro
40
20

UNSA97049
560
Longitudinal,
Long transverse "-
.;

700
y
2
-=:=:-
"
~-- ~
~
420
"'" Short transverse
:2
ui
280
140
6
8

O)
a.
10

modulus curves
1ooor-----~14------~28------4~2------5~6------7~0----~8~00

80r-----~----~------+_----_+------r_----~560
420
.;

ro
a..
.><
:2
!Ji
en
!Ji
en
i
280
~----~----~------~----_+------+4----~140
____
_ _ _ __ L_ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _L __ _ _ _
~L_
__
_JO
12
4
80
70
60
50
RooJ temperature
35b F (177 oC)

350
ro
a..
280 !Ji
<J)
~
210
500F (260 OC)
Ir
Tested at room and elevated temperatures. Test direction:

longitudinal. Typical for forging thickness 127 mm
(5 in.). Compositon: AI-7.6Zn-2.5Mg-1.5Cu-0.15Cr.
UNSA97049
:2
1/
//
10
490
420
20

250F (121C)
30
560
140
70
15
10
20
Source: Private communication between O. Deel (Battelle Memorial

Institute) and L.J. Barker (Kaiser Aluminum and Chemical Corp.),
80
560

490
Tested at room and e1evated temperatures. Test direction:

transverse. Typica1 for forging thickness 127 mm (5 in.).
Composition: A1-7.6Zn-2.5Mg-1.5Cu-O.15Cr.
UNSA97049
Room Itemperature
70
~r60
20
10
420
50
30
25d 'F (121 'C)
356 'F (177 'C)

350
IIr
as
o..
:::E
280 gf
ti
I!!
1
210
Ji
500 'F (260 'C)
Ir
140
70
10
15
20

Aerospace Structural Materials," Technical Report AFML-TR-72-l96,
Vol 11, Air Force Materials Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH,
Sept 1972. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
WA.225 7049-T73 aluminum alloy forging, effect of

exposure and test temperature on tensile properties
801r8~____-,38~____~9,3_______1,4_9_______2T04~_____2~6~60
Forging thickness: 127 mm (5 in.). Each point average of

three tests. Composition: Al-7.6Zn-2.5Mg-1.5Cu-O.15Cr.
UNSA97049
7or-------~~-----T------~--------+_------~490
Source: W.M. Pratt, "Material-Kaiser Aluminum Alloy X7049-T73,

Effect of Elevated Temperature on Mechanical Properties," Report FGT5541, General Dynamics, Fort Worth Div., Dec 1969. As published in
Purdue U niversity, 1995, P 18
40
Exposure time at
test temperature --t--------+--\---~------__i
280
1/2 h
... 10 h
100 h
30L-------~------~------~--------L-------~210
490
70
.......
60
'00
-'"
50
c,
c:
~
;
"C
a;
>= 40
30
420
l".\
I~
\
ro
350 ~
210
140
20
~ 70r-------,--------r-------,--------~------,
::
E
E
.S 60 f---------+-------f---------j--+----+--------j
'"
.E
c:
Cl
a;
50f---------+-------~--~~~~------t_------~
"C
c:
ro
~ 40f-------~~-------+------~~~---+--------j
ro
c:
o
~
" 300L-------1~0~0------~20~0~----~3~O~O------~4~OO~-----5~OO
~
Test temperature, "F
80~----~------~----~-------.------.-------,560

70~-----~------+-----~~~--~------~------1490
Tested at room and elevated temperatures.

Test direction: longitudinal.
Composition: Al-7.6Zn-2.5Mg-1.5Cu-O.15Cr.
UNSA97049
60~-----~-----+-----~--~~+---~~~~~

Vol JI, Air Force Materials Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH,
10~-h~~----~------4_----~------+-------1
8o.------,-----,------,------,------,------,56o

Room temperature
70~-----+-----~------4_----_4------+=~--~490
60~-----+------+-----~~----_+_

transverse. Composition: Al-7.6Zn-2.5Mg-l.5Cu-O.15Cr.
UNSA97049
420
350
ro
Il.
~
:2
gf 40~-----+------4L-~~------~------~------1 280 gf
~
~
U5
U5
30~----~--~~-------~----_4------+-----~ 210
20 ~---------MV---------j'--500 F 260C)--f-------+--------l 140

10~~~_+_----~'-------4-----~------+------1
0~-----2L-----~4-------~6------~8------~----~
10
70
0
12

Vol JI, Air Force Materials Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH,
.Sept 1972. As published in Aerospace Structural M etals Handbook,
Temperature,
oc
WA.228 7049-T73 aluminum alloy extrusion and

bar, 7049-T76 bar, effect of temperature on tensile
properties data
907r3------,18------3T8------9r3-----1,4-9-----2~04----__,26~30
80
\--=---,,~--~~--l---_+---+----l
560 ro
o..
:::e
~
~
~70~~--~~~~-r-~~}-~~~----r--~490~
oe
~
~
E:!
I~
~I
E
~
S
Test drection: transverse. Compositon: Al-7.6Znc2.5Mg1.5Cu-O.15Cr. UNS A97049

Source: R.E. Jones, "Mechanical Properties of7049-T73 and 7049-T76
Aluminum Alloy Extrusions at Severa! Temperatures;' AFML-TR-72-2,
Air Force Materials Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH, Feb 1972.
350~
\ii50
~'"
~ 40\-----+---+---~---4---~~~--1280 ~
O. T73 3x11 Y4 in. (76.2x285.8 mm)
:;: 30
integrally stiffened extrusion
210 :;:
D. T73 3Y4x3% in. (82.6x88.9 mm) extruded bar
t:. T76 3Y4x3% in. (82.6x88.9 mm) extruded bar

20L-----~------~------~----~------~----~140
-100
100
200
300
Temperature, F
400
500
WA.229 7049-T73 aluminum alloy extrusion and

bar, 7049-T76 bar, tensile property data
Temperature, oC
907r3~----,18------3~8------9r3----_,14r9-----2,0-4----_.26~30
80\--~~_+-----+------~----4-----_r------1560
--:;:
ro
o..
:::e
-::::1
u..-
u..-
~ 70l----~~~~+~~~~---4------_r--~490 ~
rne
E:!
0
420 Sl
Sl 60
ro
ro
\ii~
~\ii
->.
->-r,
~
~
E
~ 40l----+----+-----~---4-----~~-~280 ~
O. T73 3x11Y4 in. (76.2x285.8 mm)
:;: 30
integrally stiffened extrusion
210 :;:
D. T73 3Y4x3% in. (82.6x88.9 mm) extruded bar
t:. .... T76 3Y4x3% in. (82.6x88.9 mm) extruded bar

20L------L------~----~----~L-----~~--~140
-100
400
Temperature, F
500
Test drection: short transverse. Compositon: Al-7.6Zn2.5Mg-1.5Cu-O.15Cr. UNS A97049

Source: R.E. Jones, "Mechanical Properties of 7049-T73 and 7049-T76
Aluminum Alloy Extrusions at Severa! Temperatures," AFML-TR-72-2,
Air Force Materials Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH, Feb 1972.
80
70
;Y
60
V~
50
I
25, F (121C)
-'"
c 40
'"~
30
Source: Private cornmunication between O. Deel (Battelle Memorial

Institute) and L.J. Barker (Kaiser Alurninum and Chernical Corp.),
210
500F (260 OC)

longitudinal. Typical for forging thickness 127 mm
(5 in.). Composition: AI-7.6Zn-2.5Mg-1.5Cu-O.15Cr.
UNSA97049
350
20
490
420
fI
ro
WA.230 7049-T73 aluminum alloy forging,

560
350F (177 OC)
hV
10
ROO~ temperature
140
70
15
20
8o,-------,--------,.--------r-------,--------,56o

Room temperature
70 ~--+----J-~=i=:===:::j::==~490
?r--

transverse. Typical for forging thickness 127 mm (5 in.).
Composition: AI-7.6Zn-2.5Mg-l.5Cu-O.15Cr.
UNSA97049
250 F (121C)
1
60r-------,.~~--_+--------r_------~------_1420
~~~------+----~35~07oF~(~17~7~OC~)
50r-------~~~--_+--------r_------4_------_1350
h{'
~ 40r-----?/rR/--------+--------r-------4--------4280
30r---~f-~------_+--------r_------4--------i210
20
10
1/
500F (260 OC)

140
L
V
70
0~------~5--------1~CI------~1~5-------2~0------~2;
~
c
Source: Private cornmunication between O. Deel (Battelle Memorial

Institute) and L.J. Barker (Kaiser Alurninum and Chemical Corp.),

8or-----,------,------,------,----~~----,560
60r_-----r------+---~~~----~----~------~
50r_-----r------+-~~-t~~--~----_4------~

longitudinal. Composition: AI-7.6Zn-2.5Mg-l.5CuO.15Cr. UNS A97049
420
350
ro
o..
~
::;
~ 40~-----r---~17~-_+------4_----_4------~ 280 r

Aerospace Structural Materials," Technical ReportAFML-TR-72-196,
Vol n, Air Force Materials Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH,
(f)
~
30r-----+-.~~+_----4-----~------r_----~
210
500 'F (260 'C)

140
. .~~----_4------4_----_+------+_----~ 70
10~
10
0
12
80 .------r------~----_,------,_------r_----~560

70 ~-----+------+_----_4--~~~------r_----~490

transverse. Composition: AI-7.6Zn-2.5Mg-l.5Cu-O.15Cr.
UNSA97049
60
~----~----_4-----f~~--_+------+_--~~420
50 1------+------+-~~_+----=.........--==~----_l350
.;
""~
8:
::;
40
r_----r---~~~--_+------~----~------~280
30
~-----+--~~+_---_4------~------r_----~210
i
20 ----J~--~t=~~~~~t_----t_--__140
500 'F (260 'C)
10 ~~~4-----_4------+_-----+------r_----~70
O ~-----L------L4------~6------~8------~10------~1f
2
O

Vol n, Air Force Materials Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH,

10 h exposure and test temperature on compressive
properties
38
-18
70
93
--
...
60
204
149
1'--
420
"\
::;
T\
ui
(J)
~ 50
ui
350 ~
"O
Qi
';;'
'00
~ 40
c.
Test direction: transverse, Forging thickness: 127 mm

(5 in.). Each point average of three tests. Composition:
Al-7.6Zn-2.5Mg-1.5Cu-O.15Cr. UNS A97049
1i
:g
Source: WM. Pratt, "Material-Kaiser Aluminum Alloy X7049-T73,

Effect of Elevated Temperature on Mechanical Properties," Report FGT5541, General Dynamics, Fort Worth Div" Dec 1969, As published in
Q)
';;'
.~
280 :ll
~
o
210
30
100
200
300
140
500
400
Test temperature, F
38
-18
70
60
93
--
149
Forging thickness: 127 mm (5 in.). Composition: Al7.6Zn-2.5Mg-1.5Cu-0.15Cr. UNS A97049
'~
420
1\\
~
ui
(J)
~
50
(J)
:g
Q)
';;'
.~
~ 40
c.
ca
a.
::;
ui
350 ~
1i
:g
.~
E
o
Longi\udinal
'" Transverse
30
100

temperature on compressive yield strength
204
200
300
Test temperature, 'F
400
,~
280 :ll
i!!
c.
210
140
500
Source: "Mechanical Property Data 7049 Aluminum-T73 Forgings,"

prepared by Batelle Memorial Institute, Columbus Laboratories, issued
by Air Force Materials Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH,
Dec 1969, As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,

80r---~--'---,,---r---r--~---'---'r---,---,560
4% in. (114.3 mm)
Various thicknesses and test directions as indicated for

7050-T7451 (-T73651). Composition: Al-6.2Zn-2.25Mg2.3Cu-0.12Zr. UNS A97050
--......
Source: R.E. Davies, G.E. Nordmark, and J.D. Walsh, "Design

Mechanical Properties, Fracture Toughness, Fatigue Properties,
Exfoliation, and Stress-CoITosion Resistanee of 7050 Sheet, Plate, Hand
Forgings, Die Forgings, and Extrusions," Report NOOOI9-72-C-0512 to
Naval Air Systems Cornmand from Aleoa Laboratories, July 1975. As
WA.237 7050-174 aluminum alloy die forging,

80.---,----,----,----,----,----,----,----,---.560
4.25 in. (108 mm) diam
Various thicknesses and test directions for 7050-T74

(-T736). Composition: AI-6.2Zn-2.25Mg-2.3Cu-0.12Zr.
UNSA97050
al
gf 40 I-----+---fj--.'---++-.'f----/.j-+---t----+----+-----I 280 gf
20~--~~--+-+~~--~~--+----~--~--_+--~140
- - - Longitudinal
- . - . Short transverse
Souree: R.E. Davies, G.E. Nordmark, and J.D. Walsh, "Design

Exfoliation, and Stress-CoITosion Resistance of 7050 Sheet, Plate, Hand
Naval Air Systems Command from Aleoa Laboratories, July 1975. As

80~--~--~---r---r--~----r---~--,----.--~560
y"
in. (12.7 mm)
Various thicknesses and test directions for 7050-T7451

(-T73651). Composition: AI-6.2Zn-2.25Mg-2.3Cu0.12Zr. UNS A97050
4 in. (101.6 mm)
i 40 __-+_---I--.:--_t_-+---.~___t_+____rt__--+_--+_--_t_--_j 280
~
'i5
~
ui
'i5

Exfoliation, and Stress-Corrosion Resistance of 7050 Sheet, Plate, Hand
Forgings, Die Forgings, and Extrusions," Report NOOO 19-72-C-0512 to
Naval Air Systems Cornmand from Aleoa Laboratories, July 1975. As
201---+-4-4-~-+-~---"-+~-T--I----+_-+_--_t_--_j140
- - Longitudinal
- - - Long transverse
- . - . Short transverse

70r-------~-------~------_r------_r------_;490
PIate thickness: 50.8-152.4 mm (2-6 in.). Composition:

AI-6.2Zn-2.25Mg-2.3Cu-0.12Zr. UNS A97050
601__-----4-------~-------~~~--+_-----_j420
50r-------+-------r__~~_P~~~-+------_1350
.;
~
-~
CJ)
40 1-------+--------:M---------f-------+---------I280
:2
~~
210 'i5
30
201__-----.M--------~--------1__------+_-------j140
101-~~--+_------t_-----+_-----~--------I70
OL-------L--------L-------~------~------~O
-4
6
10
Source: D.J. Brownhill, R.E. Davies, G.E. Nordmark, and B.M.

Ponchel, "Exploratory Development for Design Data on Structural
Aluminum Alloys in Representative Aircraft Environments," AF contract 33615-74-C-5089, Aleoa Laboratories, AFML TR 77-102,
July 1977. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
80
560

490
Various thicknesses. Test direction: L, longitudinal; LT,

long transverse; ST, short transverse. Cross-sectional
area: '5,277.4 cm2 ('5,43 in. 2). Composition: AI-6.2Zn2.25Mg-2.3Cu-O.12Zr. UNS A97050
~,L
.......: V- LT
70
60
50
30
20
10
1/
I
1/
:;;
lE
--LT
--ST
420
350
'"
a.
:2
280 <
'"~
U
210
140
- - ,;2.0 in. (';50.8 mm)
___ 2-5 in. (50.8-127 mm)
70
10
6
8
70
50
...
...
:i
~
U 30
/
1/
350
280
/
V
&
:2
210
140
- - ,;2.0 in. (50.8 mm)
___ 2-5 in. (50.8-127 mm)
70
Various thicknesses. Test direction: L, longitudinal; LT,

long transverse; ST, short transverse. Cross-sectional
area: '5,277.4 cm2 ('5,43 in. 2). Composition: AI-6.2Zn2.25Mg-2.3Cu-0.12Zr. UNS A97050
420
ST
V/
40
10
/...........
....
....
f--L
-LT
_ LT
f/
-'"
20

490
60
.;
Souree: J.T. Staley, J.E. Jaeoby, RE. Davies, G.E. Nordmark, J.D.
Walsh, and F.R Rudolph, "Aluminum Alloy 7050 Extrusions," AF eontraet 33615-73-C-5015, Aleoa Laboratories, AFML-TR-76-129,
Mareh 1977. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
6
8
10
12
Souree: J.T. Staley, J.E. Jaeoby, R.E. Davies, G.E. Nordmark, J.D.
Walsh, and F.R Rudolph, "Aluminum Alloy 7050 Extrusions," AF eontraet 33615-73-C-5015, Aleoa Laboratories, AFML-TR-76-129,
Mareh 1977. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,

700
100
Various thicknesses and test directions. Composition: Al6.2Zn-2.25Mg-2.3Cu-O.l2Zr. UNS A97050
0.090 in. (2.286 mm)

560
80
420
60
'00
ui
:2
ui
1/)
1/)
1i
ro
a.
10.249 in. (6.325 mm)
-'"
280
40

Exfoliation, and Stress-Corrosion Resistance df 7050 Sheet, Plate, Hand
Forgings, Die Forgings, and Extrusions," Report NOOO 19-72-C-0512 to
Naval Air Systems Command from Alcoa Laboratories, July 1975. As
20~--~-+--+-F--+------k-4--+----+----+----+---~140
- - Longitudinal
- - - Long transverse
80 ,---,---,...---,----,---,----r---,-----,----,---- 560
WA.243 7050-T7452 aluminum alloy hand forgings,

Various thicknesses. Composition: Al-6.2Zn-2.25Mg2.3Cu-O.12Zr. UNS A97050
;7
60~--4----+--~~--+-~~~L+--~~/~/+---~----420
//
/ I
/!I
7% in. (190.5 mm)
:2
~ 40~--+---~,-~-+-.,~--4-~~--~----+---~---4280 ui
1i

Exfoliation, and Stress-Corrosion Resistance of 7050 Sheet, Plate, Hand
WA.244 7050-T74 aluminum alloy die forgings,

8or---.----,----~---r----~--~--~----~--~560
4.25 in. (108 mm) diam
Composition: Al-6.2Zn-2.25Mg-2.3Cu-0.12Zr.
UNSA97050
Souree: R.E. Davies, G.E. Nordmark, and J.D. Walsh, "Design
Meehanieal Properties, Fracture Toughness, Fatigue Properties,
Exfoliation, and Stress-Corrosion Resistanee of 7050 Sheet, Plate, Hand
Forgings, Die Forgings, and Extrusions," Report N00019-72-C-0512 to
60~--_r--~--_r+_--_r~--~_.R_~~----+_--~420
.' 6.1 in. (155 mm)

thick
70

490
~transverse
~;;.
50
.;
350
280
""g
,g;
(/) 30
10
n S h q r t transverse
Longitudinal
40
20
Plate thickness: 50.8-152.4 mm (2-6 in.). Composition:

Al-6.2Zn-2.25Mg-2.3Cu-0.12Zr. UNS A97050
420
60
/
V
g
210
140
70
:;
6
4
10
~
i'i
Souree: DJ. Brownhill, R.E. Davies, G.E. Nordmark, and B.M.

Ponchel, "Exploratory Development for Design Data on Struetural
Aluminum Alloys in Representative Aireraft Environments," AF eontraet 33615-74-C-5089, Alcoa Laboratories, AFML TR 77-102,
July 1977. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
Vo13, Code 3222, CINDASlPurdue University, 1995, p 24

Various thicknesses. Composition: Al-6.2Zn-2.25Mg2.3Cu-0.12Zr. UNS A97050

60~--+---+---~~+-~~~~--~~~=--+---1420
gf 40 I----+_--/t-;,--~-I-__rl___:___t__l'__,_____.-+_-+_-__t_-_l 280 '"

Exfoliation, and Stress-Corrosion Resistance of 7050 Sheet, Plate,
Hand Forgings, Die Forgings, and Extrusions," Report NOOO 19-72-C0512 to Naval Air Systems Command from Alcoa Laboratories, July
WA.247 7050 aluminum alloy sheet, true stress as a

function of strain rate
70
Tested at 482 oC (900F). Grain size: 14!lm (0.55 mil).

Total elongation shown in percent. Composition: Al6.2Zn-2.25Mg-2.3Cu-0.12Zr. UNS A97050
5.
1. O
O. 1
0.0 5
I
V
~
120%
f..o-o
7.0
/-L
'"
o..
::;
'l!!"
en
1
Q)
:::>
t=
0.7
0.0 1
10-6
0.07
10- 1
TrUl~
strain rate,
1
5-
Source: A.K. Ghosh and C.H. Hamilton, Deforrnation and Fracture in

Al-Zn-Mg Alloys at Elevated Temperature, Strength of Metals and
Alloys, Proc. Fifth Intemational Conference, Vol 2 (Aachen, Gerrnany),
27-31 Aug 1979. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
90 r------r------r------r------,------,-----.630
80

Room temperature
Tested at room and elevatedtemperatures. Test direction:

(top) longitudinal; (bottom) long transverse. Plate thickness: 25.4 mm (1.0 in.). Composition: AI-6.2Zn-2.25Mg2.3Cu-0.12Zr. UNS A97050
70
60
.;
-'"
<Ji
50
ro
~-----r------~~~~~----~-----r----~350 ~
:i
'~"
~
1i5 40 ~----~----~~~--~------~----~------1280 en
30 ~----~_7~L-~----~------~----~------1210
500 F (260 oC)
20
____
L -_ _ _ _- L_ _ _ _ _ _L -_ _ _ _- L_ _ _ _ _ _L -_ _ _ _
10
90 ,------,------,------,------,------,-----.630
80
560
70
490
60
420
ro
~ 50 ~----_r------~~~~------~-----r------1350
<Ji
.~
'"~
~
1i5 40 ~----_r----~~-----r------~-----r------1280 en
30 ~----~~~--~----~------~----~------1210
500 F (260 OC)
20
~~~~~i===i==+~~4_~~ 140
10
~-8~~------~----~------~----~------170
0 ~----~----~------L-----~----~----~O
0.8
1.0
1.2
0.4
0.6
0
0.2
Strain. %

New Aerospace Structural Materials," AFML-TR-73-114, Battelle's
Columbus Laboratories, June 1973. As published in Aerospace
-18
80
38
93
Temperature,
149
oc
204
260

temperature on compressive yield strength
316
560
Plate thickness: 25.4 mm (1.0 in.). Composition: Al6.2Zn-2.25Mg-2.3Cu-0.12Zr. UNS A97050

490
70
'"
.;
o..
420 :2
"".60
'"'"
''""
:2
CIl
's;. 50
"C
350 ~
CIl
CIl
.2:
.2:
'"'"~
c.

New Aerospace Structural Materials," AFML-TR-73-114, Battelle's
Columbus Laboratories, June 1973. As published in Aerospace
'"~'c."
280 E
40
Longitudinal
Long transverse
30
20
210
100
200
300
400
Temperature, F
80
~J~~
60
20
500
I
V
V
2
~ ~inal
606
40

560
Tested at room temperature. Typical for extrusion thickness -::;'50.775 mm (-::;'1.999 in.). Cross-sectional area: -::;,206
cm2 (-::;'32 in. 2). Ramberg-Osgood parameter, n(longitudinal, tension) = 25; n(long transverse, tension) = 21.
UNSA97050
420
Source: MILHDBK5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-317
'"
o..
:2
280 '"
(f)
140
10

8or------r-----,------,------,------r-----~560
Tested at room temperature. Typical for extrusion thickness 50.80-127.0 mm (2.000-5.000 in.). Cross-sectional
area: ~277 cm2 (~43 in. 2). Ramberg-Osgood parameter,
= 19, n(short transverse, tension) = 14. UNS A97050
20~----~----~------4------+------+-----~140
10
8
6

modulus curves
14
28
42
L/LO!' ,"""J,
~
Longitudinal ~
__ /
60
20
V
2
56
70
-.;;::
420
'"
CL
:2
280 <Ji
(/)
~
140
10
8
6
6
4
Tested at room temperature. Typical for extrusion thickness ~50.775 mm (~1.999 in.). Cross-sectional area: ~206
cm2 (~32 in. 2). Ramberg-Osgood parameter, n(longitudinal, compression) = 39; n(long transverse, compression)
= 38. UNS A97050
--
WA.253 7050-T7351X aluminum alIoy extrusion,

modulus curves
14
28
42
56
70
84
80~----~----~------~----~------.------,560
area: -:;,277 cm2 (-:;'43 in. 2). Ramberg-Osgood parameter,
n(longitudinal, compression) = 29; n(long transverse,
compression) = 33; n(short transverse, compression) =
23. UNS A97050
l1l
gf 40 1------1------+1------_+_----__+------+-__--_1 280
~
<Ji
ID
en
201-----~----~1_----_+_----__+------+-_I_--_1140
6
8
10
6
80
WA.254 7050-T74 aluminum alloy die forging,

560

-:;'76.20 mm (-:;'3.000 in.). Ramberg-Osgood parameter,
n(longitudinal, tension) 27; n(short transverse, tension)
= 24. UNS A97050
~ngitulina'
60
V
V
-----
Short transverse

l1l
a..
::;
280
<Ji
ID
ro
20
420
140
10

modulus curves
8oor-----~14------~28------4~2------5~6------7rO----~8\60

::;76.20 mm (::;3.000 in.). Ramberg-Osgood parameter,
n(longitudinal, compression) = 44; n(short transverse,
20~----~----~------4------+------+-1---~140
L-----~2~----~4------~6------~8------1~0~--~1~

6
WA.256 7050-T7451 aluminum alloy

80r-----~-----.------~-----,------r-----,560
pi ate, tensile

UNS A97050
ca
~
~
i 40 f--------j-------A------_I_----_+------t-----__j 280 r
.1:;
~
(/)
_
~
ii
20f------~----_4------_I_----_+------t_----__j140
L-----~----~------~----~------1~0----~1~

modulus curves
14
28
42
56
70
84
8or-----~----_.------,_----_,------~----_,560

60~----~~~~b---~~~~~~----+_----_1420
~'"
li
40 I--------+------/-!f--------j------t------+-+--------l 280
li
20~----~------f___----+----_t------+_1---_1140
6
8
10
80
560

Longitudinal
60
20
I
:/
2
420

~
::2
280 ui
140
Tested at room temperature. Typical for extrusion

thickness ::;;44.450 mm (::;;1.750 in.). Ramberg-Osgood
parameter, n(longitudinal, tension) = 19; n(long transverse, tension) = 26. UNS A97050
~I
~ transverse
6
10

compressive and tangent modulus stress-strain curves
8oor-----,1r4-----,28------4~2------5T6----~7TO----_.8\60
n(L, compression) = 19; n(LT, compression) = 23.
UNS A97050
~'"
gf 40 1-------+-----++------+------+------+--+-----1 280 gf
(/)~
ro
201------A------4------+------+------+--+-----1140

Compressive tangent modulus, 10 6 psi

80.-----,,-----,------~-----,------,-----,560

= 14; n(short transverse, tension) = 9.3. UNS A97050
Longitudiqal
Long transverse
Sh~rt transver~e
601-------+-----_4------+_~~~~----+-----~420
~'"
gf 40 I-------+-------A------+------+------t-------j 280 gf
~
ro
ro
201------~----_4------+_----_+------+_----~140
~-----2L-----~4,-----~6------~8------1~0----~1f

modulus curves
8oo.-----~14------,28------4~2------5~6------7TO----_.8\60
forging thickness ::;177.8 mm (::;7.000 in.). RambergOsgood parameter, n(L, compression) = 15; n(LT, compression) = 18; n(ST, compression) = 20. UNS A97050
'~i5
(J)
gf 40 1-------+------+t------+-------+------+-+-------1 280
<Ji
-~
~----~----~------~----~------+_+---_1140
L------2L-----~4~----~6------~8------1~0~--~1;

80

560

n(longitudinal, tension) = 11; n(short transverse, tension)
= 7.3. UNS A97050
~LOngituiina,
../'"
60
Short transverse
20
V
V
2
420

ca
o..
::a;
280 <Ji
'i5
140
10

modulus curves
14
28
42
56
70
84
.------r----~------._----_,------r_----~560

n(longitudinal, compression) = 12; n(short transverse,
60-----t------~~~~=_--r_----_----1420
&
:2
li
40 f-------f-------A------+_---_+------Hl---__j 280 ui
~
~
20f------~----~------+_---_+------r1----__j140
L-----J-----~------~----~----~~----~1~

WA.264 7050-T7651 aluminum alloy pi ate, tensile

80.-----,-----~------._----_r------r_----,560
Long transverse
Tested at room temperature. Typical for pI ate thickness

n(longitudinaI, tension) = 19; n(long transverse, tension)
= 14. UNS A97050
60f-------f-----~----_,~---_+------r_----__j420

ro
li 40 f------f------If---+_--_+---r_--__j
~
W
~
280
20f----~--~---+_--_+---r_--__j140
li
w
~

modulus curves
o
~
G
~
ro
M
80~----~-----;~----~----~~----T------1560

~50.8 mm (~2.000 in.). Ramberg-Osgood parameter,
60~-----~------~--~4---~~~--~~----~420
~
i
gf 40 ~-----~------/-~---+------+----l--+------l 280
rn
20~--r~-----+-----l----+---~+--r--1140
ooL------2L_----~4------~6------~8------1~0--L-~lf

80
VV
60
20

560
Long transverse
420
&.
:2
280 r
V
2
Tested at room temperature. Typical for extrusion thickness ~50.775 mm (~1.999 in.). Cross-sectional area: ~206
cm2 (~32 in. 2). Ramberg-Osgood parameter, n(longitudinal, tension) = 25; n(long transverse, tension) = 20.
UNSA97050
Longitudinal
----":: I
140
6
8
10

modulus curves
14
28
42
56
70
84
r---,----,~--~---r----r---,560
Tested at room temperature. Typical for extrusion thickness 5,50.77 mm (5,1.999 in.). Cross-sectional area: 5,206
cm2 (:532 in. 2). Ramberg-Osgood parameter, n(longitudina!, compression) = 27; n(long transverse, compression)
= 33. UNS A97050
1-----+----I---/-+----+---+-'~--1420
~'"
gf 401-----+----++---+----+---+--+---1 280
<Ji
00
00
20~--~--_4---+_--_+---~1--~140

6

80~---r--_,---,_--_,---r_--,560
area: 5,277 cm2 (5,43 in. 2). Ramberg-Osgood parameter,
= 13; n(short transverse, tension) = 13. UNS A97050
60~---+---_4--_.~~~_+---~--~420
~'"
gf 4 0 1 - - - - - + - - - - F t - - - + - - - - + - - - + - - - - j 280 gf
~
00
00
20~--~--_4---+_--_+---r_--~140

modulus curves

~____~14~____~28~____4~2~____5T6______7TO____-.8\60
area: -:::;'277 cm2 (-:::;'43 in. 2). Ramberg-Osgood parameter,
compression) = 27; n(short transverse, compression) =
22. UNS A97050
60~----~----~----~~----_+--~~~~---i420
"00
o..ro
"'"
:;;
gf 40 1-------f-----+1------+------+------+--I-----1 280
<Ji
20~----~~----~------+_----_+------+_-r--~140
6
8
10
100
90
~sverse
80
70
60
gf 50
m
40
30
20
10
630
560
Source: J. Gilbert Kaufman

420 ro
~/
a.
:;;
350 <Ji
280
210
140
70
6
8
Tested at room temperature. Typical for extrusion thickness 50.80-61.468 mm (0.500-2.420 in.). RambergOsgood parameter, n(longitudinal, tension) = 8.9; n(long
transverse, tension) = 10. UNS A97055
490
/
2
WA.270 7055~T77511 aluminum alloy extrusion,

700
10
560
WA.271 7075-T6 aluminum alloy, tensile stressstrain curves at room and elevated temperatures
70
490
Composition: Al-5.6Zn-2.5Mg-l.6Cu-0.3Cr.
UNSA97075
60
420
50
350
Souree: "Typieal Tensile Stress Strain Curves for 7075 T6," Aleoa
Researeh Laboratories, 20 Dec 1957, As published in Aerospace
80
Room temperature
ro
a.
'j
"":i 40
::2:
280 U)
<Ji
400F (204 OC)
jj
(f)
210
30
20
140
500F (260 OC)
70
10
O
O
6
4
90
60
'j
""<Ji
50
U)
jj 40
30
20
300F (149 OC)

350 F (177 'C)
400F (204 OC)
/'
r---~
1/
rr
450F (232 OC)
Ir
500 F
(2~0 OC)
560
WA.272 7075-T6 aluminum alloy sheet, complete

temperatures
490
Test direction: transverse. Composition: Al-5.6Zn2.5Mg-l.6Cu-0.3Cr. UNS A97075
630
R~om temper~ture
80
70
0
10
-t----
420
ro
350 ~
<Ji
U)
280 ~
(f)
210
140
70
10
0,02
0,04
0,06
Strain, inJin,
0,08
0,10
0,12
G. Saehs, G. Espey, and G,B. Kasik, "Correlation of Information

Available on the Fabrieation of Aluminum Alloys," See IV, Pt V,
National Defense Researeh Cornmittee, 15 Sept 1944. As published in
120
-----V~
100
80
--
V--
..----
840
-423 F (-253 OC)
-320F (-196 OC)
06)
:::-- I
Room te~ture
700
-110 OF:9
560
40
280
20
140
0.04
0.08
Strain, in./in.
0.12
0.16
WA.273 7075-T6 aluminum alloy bar, complete

Tested at room and elevated temperatures. Bar diameter:
19 mm (0.75 in.). Composition: Al-5.6Zn-2.5Mg-1.6CuO.3Cr. UNS A97075
K.A. Warren and R.P. Reed, "Tensile and Impact Properties of Selected
Materials from 20 to 300 K," Monograph 63, National Bureau of
Standards, 1963. As published in Aerospace Structural M etals

6or------r-----,------,------,------,-----~420
Short
time __
---
Tested at: (top) 149 oC (300 P); (bottom) 204 oC

(400 P). Composition: AI-5.6Zn-2.5Mg-l.6Cu-0.3Cr.
UNSA97075
50~-----+------+------+------~~~~~----~350
280
40
ro
o.
~
c
ti)
::a:
210 c
ti)
30
en
i
20
140
10
70
280
40
30
... ...
,.,
,.,
'00
-"
--210
ro
o.
::a:
1h
gf 20
~
.- .-
-- --
Short
time
140 c
ti)
10 h
en
100 h
10
70
1000 h
00
6
8
10
12
Source: P.M. Howell and G.W. Stickley, "Isochronous Stress Strain

Curves for Several Heat Treated Wrought Aluminum Alloys at 300 and
400F," Aleoa Research Laboratories, Mechanical Testing Div., 29 April
WA.275 7075-T6 aluminum alloy ciad sheet, plate,

effect of test direction on stress-strain curves
80~----~------,_------,_------_r------_,560
Test direction: L, longitudinal; T, transverse. Composition

(7075): AI-5.5Zn-2.5Mg-I.6Cu-0.3Cr. CIad with low
zinc, 7072, alloy. UNS A97075
60~----+_---+-----17~~-_+---_i420
Source: "Strength of Metal Aircraft Elements," ANC-5, Department of

Defense, March 1955. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
(/)~
ro
~ 40 f-------+----~'-----+---_+---___j 280 ~
140
20
.1
.1
.1
- - - Tension
- - Compression
.1
.1
.1
.1
O
O
4
6
100
_ _1
T6, LOngitJdinal
r; --
- - - O, Transverse
80
100 'F(3JC)
200 'F (93 'C)
70
60
-.........
560
Sheet thickness: 1.626 mm (0.064 in.). Composition

(7075): AI-5.5Zn-2.5Mg-1.6Cu-0.3Cr. CIad with low
zinc, 7072, alloy. UNS A97075
490
420
<Il
350 ~
40
Room temperature
...
30
",'"
.1
20
10
250 'F (12'1 'C)
~ 50
r
WA.276 7075-0 and 7075-T6 aluminum alloy ciad

sheet, complete tensile stress-strain curves at room
630
90
i'
....
....
----
r
en
280 (/)
~
-_.-- r---- ----~---210

300 'F (149 'C)
-_.-- r---- ---- ---140
70
I
I
0.02
0.04
0.06
Strain, in.lin.
0.08
0.10
O
0.12
Source: G. Sachs, G. Espey, and G.B. Kasik, "Corre1ation of

Information Avai1ab1e on the Fabrication of A1uminum Alloys," Sec IV,
Pt V, National Defense Research Committee, 15 Sept 1944. As pub1ished in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3208,
CINDASlPurdue University, 1995. p 2

temperatures
7or------r-----,------,------,------.-----~490
Test direction: transverse. Sheet thickness: 1.626 mm

(0.064 in.). Composition (7075): AI-5.5Zn-2.5Mg-1.6CuO.3Cr. CIad with Iow zinc, 7072, aIIoy. UNS A97075
.;
40 t------+--------1------+-+-----+------Ir-------j 280
00
E
en 30
Source: D.D. Doerr, "Determination of Physical Properties of NonFerrous Structural Sheet Materials at Elevated Temperatures," AF TR
6517, Pt 1, Dec 1951. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
210
20~~~_b~--_4--~~4_----_+--~~+_----~140
~----4_-----L-----J------L-----~----~0
80.-----,------,------,------,------,-----~560

70t-----~----~~----+------+------+-----4490
Tested at room and eIevated temperatures. Test direction:

transverse. Sheet thickness: 1.626 mm (0.064 in.).
Composition (7075): Al-5.5Zn-2.5Mg-1.6Cu-0.3Cr. CIad
with low zinc, 7072, aIloy. UNS A97075
60t-----~~~~~~~+------+------+-----4420
50~----_rr.~~~----4_~L---+--~--+-----_1350
30t---~~-------1----~+-------+---
210
20~_+--~~-----1--~~+-------+--~L-+------
140
~----+_----~-----L-----L----~------O
Temperalure,
-18
80
.;
93
oc
204
316
60
WA.279 7075-T6 aluminum alloy ciad sheet, effect

of exposure and test temperature on compressive
yield strength
427
560
420
ro
o..
:;;
"'"
,s
,s
O>
O>
1ii
""C
""C
~ 40
280 :g
;>,
.~In
(J)
>
.;
In
In
~
c.
C.
20
140
.1/2 h
0100 h
... 1000 h
V'3yralRT
1/2 h al ET
O
O
200
400
Temperalure, F
600
800
Sheet thickness: 1.626 mm (0.064 in.). RT, room temperature; ET, eIevated temperature. Composition (7075): AI5.5Zn-2.5Mg-1.6Cu-0.3Cr. CIad with Iow zinc, 7072,
aHoyo UNS A97075
Source: D.D. Doerr, "Delermination of Physical Properties of NonFerrous Structural Sheet Materials at Elevated Temperatures," AF TR
Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3208, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1995, p 3
WA.280 7075-T6 aluminum alloy ciad sheet, effect

of exposure and test temperature on tensile
properties
Temperature. oc
80r18________~93----------20,4---------3,1-6--------~42160
420
60
ro
o..
:2
"i
"'"
:,
~::J
:5
~
c:
Cl
c:
~
1i 40
280
"i
c:
"i
c:
.$
.$
"*E
:::
140 :5
"*:::E
:5 20
OL---------k---------k---------L-------~O
80.---------,----------,--------~--------__,560
20
.1/2 h
O 100h
... 1000 h
v3yratRT
1/2hatET
O
O
200
400
Temperature. F
600
808
Sheet thickness: 1.626 mm (0.064 in.). RT, room temperature; ET, elevated temperature. Note one sampIe was
aged for 3 years. Composition (7075): AI-5.5Zn-2.5Mg1.6Cu-O.3Cr. CIad with Iow zinc, 7072, aHoyo
UNS A97075
40
35
---~--
~:
Nominal
"
>-
30
25
gf
~
t 20
<:
':! 15
245

YS, yield strength. Rod size: 19 mm (3/4 in.) diam. Test
specimen diam, 12.7 mm (1/2 in.). Gage length:
area, 40%. True strain at maximum load, 10.4%. A loglog plot of the stress-strain curve would yield a slope of
UNSA97075
210
175
gf
140 ,g
(J)
'00
..4- L,.-o
':fYJ"
10
WA.281 7075-0 aluminum alloy rolled and drawn

rod, tensile stress-strain curves
::E
I
r
'00
280
<:
105 ':!
YS
I
I
I
70
I
I
I
35
Source: Aleoa, A1uminum Research Laboratory, New Kensington, PA,

June 1953
0.02
0.04
0.06
Strain, in./in.
0.08
0.1~
0.10
90
80
70
_!,..----o-
60
'00
-'"
ui
50
(J)
j/
~
40
(J)
<:
':!
30
20
10
O
O
/'
Y'
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
0.02
2
630

560
140

YS, yield strength. Test direction: longitudinal. Nominal
thickness: 15.9 mm (5/8 in.). Gage length: 203.2 mm
(8 in.). Nominal tensile strength, 600 MPa (87.0 ksi).
True tensile strength, 658 MPa (95.5 ksi). Nominal yield
strength (0.2% offset), 531 MPa (77.0 ksi). Elongation (in
50.8 mm, or 2 in.), 10.0%. Reduction of area, 17%. True
strain at maximum load, 9.5%. A log-log plot of the
70
Source: Aleoa, A1uminum Research Laboratory, New Kensington, PA,

April 1951
l'
0.04
0.06
Strain, in./in.
0.08
YS
490
420
al
o..
::E
350 ui
(J)
t
280 ~
<:
':!
210
0.10
10
100
90
80
70
--=::;;:::::::
gj 60
ui
ID 50
~
.;
c:
40
30
20
10
.....--
Nominal -
560
ro
420 ~
ui
en
~
ID
~
.;
280 ~
140

700
True

YS, yield strength. Test direction: transverse. Nominal
thickness: 15.9 mm (5/8 in.). Gage length: 203.2 mm
(8 in.). Nominal tensile strength, 600 MPa (87.0 ksi).
True tensile strength, 658 MPa (95.5 ksi). Nominal yield
strength (0.2% offset), 531 MPa (77.0 ksi). Elongation
(in 50.8 mm, or 2 in.), 10.0%. Reduction of area, 17%.
True strain at maximum load, 9.5%. A log-log pIot of the
April 1951
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
10
Strain, in.lin.
WA.284 7075-T6 aluminum alloy ciad sheet, tensile

1ooo,-----,14------,28------4T2------5T6------7,o-----,8~00
parameter, n(L, tension) = 17; n(LT, tension) = 15 n(L,
UNSA97075
.;
420
60
-'"
(/i
ro
c..
:;;;
en
ui
~
en
en
280
40
20~----~-----4------+------+------~----~140
I
I
I
I
0~----~2------J4------~6------~8------1~0----~1~
6
80
70
~ILOngitudinal
- --
560

490
- .....x
Long transverse
60
420
50
350
30
210
20
140
10
70
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
Strain, in./in.

rolled bar, rod, and shape, tensile and compressive
stress-strain and compressive tangent modulus curves
1ooor------1r4------2,8--.---,42------,56------7,o------.8~00

Typical for specimen thickness ::::;76.20 mm (::::;3.000 in.).
50; n(longitudinal, compression) = 13. UNS A97075
80 f------f-------I------+-------+------+------ 560
420
.;
'"
Il.
-"
::
'"
'"
11)
11)
c;
280
r-----~----~r-----~------+------+-;_--_1140
6
8
10
90
80
70
560

rolled or cold-finished bar, tensile stress-strain curve
(full range)
490

Typical. UNS A97075
630
- --
- ......
420
60
ro
]l 50
350 ~
li
280 (fJ
~
'i5 40
30
210
20
140
10
70
0.02
100
0.10
0.08
0.06
Strain, in./in.
0.04
0.12
70
14
0.14
WA.288 7075-T62 aluminum alloy plate, tensile and

modulus curves
84
700
UNSA97075
560
.;
420
60
ro
o..
::a:
-'"
<Ji
<Ji
'"~
'i5
280
40
~~~~~~~~~~+-~~-+~~~+-+-~~140
____
____
______
____
______L - L -__
8
6
6
~O
12
'"
~

1ooor-----~1r4----_c28------,42------5,6------,_----_,8~00
UNSA97075
.;
420
60
(ti
a.
.><
::2:
uf
uf
Ul
Ul
U
280
40
20~----~----~------4_----_+------+_~--_4140
0~----~2L-----~4------~6------~8------1~0~L-~1~

Compressiv,e tangent modulus, 106 psi
100
90
80

700
LOngitu1dinal
r:.
V
..---
.t"-
Long transverse
630
560
70
490
60
420
8!.
::2:
350 uf
40
280
30
210
20
140
10
70
0.02
0.04
0. 06
0.08
Strain, in./in.
0.10
0.12
0.14
ro

700
100
Longitudinal "-
80
LO~~Op
-:;:::::-::.---

560

60
'iij
""!Ji
en
(/)
40
20
420
!Ji
en
~
ro
280
140
I
2
ro
a..
:2
10
12

modulus curves
1000~_ _,1~4___~28~____4,2______5T6______7,0____-.8~00

1-----.o,.=-""=----;lL-----,,<----'f----~+-"<,.___::;;;o_"'F'-=... 560

420
ro
a..
:2
!Ji
en
!Ji
en
ro
280
~----~----~------~-----+------+-+---~140

6
ro
Jngitudinal ,
Long transverse,
80
00
60
-'"
vi
'"~
Ci
40
20

700
100
v
2
~
~
Tested at room temperature. Typical for extrusion thickness 12.7-19.0 mm (0.500-0.749 in.). Ramberg-Osgood
560
420
280 m
140
10

modulus curves
100r-----~1r4----~28~-----,42~----~56~----7To----~8~00
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudinal;

LT, long transverse. Typical for extrusion thickness
12.7-19.0 mm (0.500-0.749 in.). Ramberg-Osgood parameter, n(L, compression) = 26; n(LT, compression) = 27.
UNSA97075
1-------1--="""-~~-d:,----..~-__+_--_1 560
420
'00

al
vi
a.
:2
Ci
'"
~
.>::
vi
'"~
280
r-----~----~------~----_+------+_~--_1140
~-----2~----~4~----~6------~8------1~0~~~1f

100
90
80
r-:-
---
700

630
LOngiTudinal
-+::~
Long transverse
560
70
490
60
420
'"
o...
::?:
350 <Ji
'"~
40
280
30
210
20
140
10
70
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
0.14
Strain, in./in.

1ooor-----,14------,28------4,2------5T6----~7,0-----.8~00
UNSA97075
L, compression
LT, compression
80~----~-----4------~~~~~~~~----~560
.;
-'"
60
LT, compression
420
'"
o...
::?:
",-
<Ji
'"
~
'"~
280
40
20~----~----~------+-----~------~4---~140
0~----~2------~4------~6------L8------1LO~--~1~
6
----V --
80
70
60
_ -+ --
560

stress-strain curves (fuI! range)
490
420
Longitudinal
-~:--""",
Long transverse
50
350
30
210
20
140
10
70
0.02
100
80
14
0.04
0.06
Strain, in./in.
0.08
0.10

28
42
56
r-'00
:.!
ui
Vl
ro
40
20
/
2
~/
~-

70
L and LT, compression " "

LT, tension " "
L t '.
l'::,.
L and LT, compres~ion
' enslon "-
60
0.1~
--
560
420
1'\
6
8
10
Strain, 0.001in./in.
~
~
ui
280
140
UNSA97075
90
80
70
60
--::::: ~
,........
--=--
Long transverse
r-

560
490
Longitudinal
-""""- ..............
x
420
~ 50
ui
630
350
g'"
ui
"'
40
280 (f)
~
30
210
20
140
10
70
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
Strain, in./in.
0.10
0.12

700
100

UNSA97075
560
80
Longitudinal " ' "

Long transverse"
60
~~~/
'00
"'ui"
"'
40
20
0.14
cf.
:2
gf
~
280
/
2
140
6
8
420
10
12
rn
100

28
42
56
14

modulus curves
70
560
80
"'-
60
ST
S:~
~~T
l~~ ~
-'"
ui
m
~
-.::::::::
/"
40
/
t
gj 60
280
>,,'"
True
..-Nominal
~
~ 40
30
20
ro-
560
I
I
YS
490
I
I
I
I
420 ~
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
r'
00
ca
gf
350 ~
..9l
.;
280 ~
210
140
70
I
I
0.01
2
0.02
0.03
0.04 0.05 0.06

Strain, in.lin.
4
6
8
10
12

630
t:
700
'00
10
..~
I
V
..9l
6
8
10
ui
m
~
1i 50
ca
[L
:2
ui
90
70
420
140
100
80
l"
~ 'l!-L
'00
20
Ramberg-Osgood parameter, n(L, compression) = 15;
n(LT, compression) = 13; n(ST, compression) = 15.
UNSA97075
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.18

YS, yield strength. Test direction: longitudinal (midway
center to surface). Nominal size: 76 x 152 mm (3 x 6 in.)
rectangle. Test specimen diam, 12.7 mm (0.5 in.). Gage
length: 203.2 mm (8 in.). Nominal tensile strength,
Reduction of area, 18%. True strain at inaximum load,
deformation. This is no longer an active alloy but is
inc1uded for reference purposes. UNS A97079
Source: Aleoa, AlulInum Research Laboratory, New Kensington, PA
....-
Longitudinal
80
60
'00
"'r"
'"~
U5
40
20

700
100
V
2
.....
~g transverse

parameter, n(longitudinal, tension) = 30; n(long transverse, tension) = 11. Composition: AI-6.4Zn-2.4Mg2.2Cu-0.12Zr. UNS A97150
560
420
(1.
:2
g
~
280
140
6
Strain,
10
12
0.001 in./in.

modulus curves
1ooor------1~4-----,28------~42------576------7TO-----.8~00

transverse, compression) =20. Composition: AI-6.4Zn2.4Mg-2.2Cu-0.12Zr. UNS A97150
420
60

ro
a.
:2
'00
"'r"
,g;'"
'"~
rn
280
40
20~----A------4------+------+------~~--~140
2
106 psi
U5

1oor-----,------,------,-----~------,_----~700
Tested at room temperature. Typical for extrusion thick

ness 20.3-69.85 mm (0.800-2.750 in.). Ramberg-Osgood
parameter, n(longitudinal, tension) = 9.5; n(long transverse, tension) = 9.5. Composition: AI-6.4Zn-2.4Mg2.2Cu-0.12Zr. UNS A97150
80~----4-----~------~----~~~~+_----_1560
420
00
-'"
ui

ca
a.
:2
ui
'"
~
'"~
en
280
~----~----~~----~----~------+_----_4
6
8
ro
140
10

modulus curves
100r------1r4------2,8-----,42------~56------7~0-------8~00
Tested at room temperature. Typical for extrusion thickness 20.320-69.850 mm (0.800-2.750 in.). RambergOsgood parameter, n(longitudinal, compression) = 16;
n(long transverse, compression) =27. Composition: AI6.4Zn-2.4Mg-2.2Cu-O.l2Zr. UNS A97150
00
60
420

ca
a.
:2
-'"
ui
ui
'"
'"
280
40
20~--~~----~------~----~------+_~~-4140
6
8
10
Longitudinal "-
80
60
'00
"'c"
"'
~
1i
40
20

700
100
[7
><:
----

parameter, n(longitudinal, tension) = 12; n(long transverse, tension) = 11. Composition: Al-6.4Zn-2.4Mg2.2Cu-0.12Zr. UNS A97150
560
Long transverse
420
C1l
o-
:;
c
"'~
280 1i
140
10
12

modulus curves
100r-----,14------,28~----4,2~----5T6----~7TO-----,8~00

transverse, compression) = 22. Composition: Al-6.4Zn2.4Mg-2.2Cu-0.12Zr. UNS A97150
420
60

C1l
o-
:;
c
<1)
"'~
1i
280
40
20~----A_----~------+_-----+------~1_--~140

6
10
1i

700
100
LOngitudin~
80
60
~
<Ji
'"
!!:!
40
20
V
2
VCn
Tested at room temperature. Typical for extrusion thickness 17.78-29.108 mm (0.700-1.145 in.). RambergOsgood parameter, n(longitudinal, tension) = 8.8; n(long
transverse, tension) = 8.2. UNS A97150
560
g transverse

420
al
o..
:2
gf
!!:!
280
140
10

700
100
80
area: 206-419 cm2 (32-65 in. 2). Ramberg-Osgood parameter, n(longitudinal, tension) = 41; n(long transverse, tension) = 58. Composition: Al-5.6Zn-2.5Mg-1.6Cu-0.23Cr.
UNSA97175
560
Lon! itudinal
,...-::::
;-
60
'0;
-'"
<Ji
~'"
C/l
40
20
V
2
<Ji
'"
!!:!
280
140
:2
6
10
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3--420
100
14

28
42
56
'-- t--60
'iii
'"uf
00
20
ca

and long transverse. Typical for extrusion thickness
25.40-50.80 mm (1.000-2.000 in.). Cross-sectional area:
206-419 cm2 (32-65 in. 2). Ramberg-Osgood parameter,
Composition: AI-5.6Zn-2.5Mg-l.6Cu-0.23Cr.
UNSA97175
::;
560
80
40

modulus curves
70
V
V
2
..-
_....
--.......1\
420
a.
00-
280
140
8
10
6
12

700
100

-::;'76.20 mm (-::;'3.000 in.). Ramberg-Osgood parameter,
n(longitudinal, tension) = 50; n(transverse, tension) = 25.
UNSA97175
560
80
Longitudinal
60
'iii
'"uf
00
40
20
V
2
fo--Transverse
ca
a.
::;
gf
~
280 ()
140
420
6
10
12
100
80
.;
14

28
42
56
~Lo",;LMI~
/ Transverse "-
-~
~ t---L-
I,,
1----
-"
<Ji
'"
40
vi
- --
>
r--
60
20

modulus curves
70

:5:76.20 mm (:5:3.000 in.). Ramberg-Osgood parameter,
n(longitudinal, compression) = 50; n(transverse, compression) = 25. Composition: Al-5.6Zn-2.5Mg-1.6Cu-0.23Cr.
UNSA97175
560
i"'I
1\
420
&.
::!;
<Ji
280
140
10

6

700
100

:5:101.60 mm (:5:4.000 in.). Ramberg-Osgood parameter,
= 26; n(short transverse, tension) = 13. Composition: Al5.6Zn-2.5Mg-1.6Cu-0.23Cr. UNS A97175
560
80
Lopgitudinal "
Long tfansverse "
Short transverse "-
80
.;
60
-"
<Ji
'"~
ro
40
20
V
2
<Ji
280
140
6
8
420
/"
10

modulus curves
100
14
28
42
56
80
00
60
./LT
(J)
1i
40
20
L~
)L
420
ro
o..
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudinal; LT, long transverse, ST, short transverse. Typical for
forging thickness :::::101.60 mm (:::::4.000 in.). RambergOsgood parameter, n(L, compression) = 27; n(LT, compression) = 17; n(ST, compression) = 19. Composition:
AI-5.6Zn-2.5Mg-1.6Cu-0.23Cr. UNS A97175
560
LT~
:::--
"'!Ji"
70
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998. p 3-426
:2
!Ji
(J)
~
280
1i
140
6
8
10
6

8o.------r----~------,_----_,------r_----,560

UNS A97175
ro
gf 40 l------+-------A------+------+------i---------1 280 !Ji

~
~
1i
1i
20~----~----~------+_----_+------T_----~140
~-----L----~------~----~------1~0----~1l

modulus curves
8oor------1r4-----,2~8--.--_,42------,56------7,0----__,M560

transverse, compression) = 15; n(short transverse,
compression) = 17. Composition: Al-5.6Zn-2.5Mg1.6Cu-0.23Cr. UNS A97175
60r-----~~~~------~~~~------+_----~420
8:.
gf 40 r------+-------A------~---__+------~r_--~ 280
:2
uj
Ci5
20r----7r---~------~---__+-----+_r_--~140
L-----~2------~4-------~6------~8------1~0-L--~1~

WA.318 7175-T74 aluminum alloy die (top) and

hand forging (bottom), tensile and compressive
8or-------,--------,-------,----~--,_------,560
70~------4--------+------~--~~~~~~--~490
60~------~------_+------~~----~~------~420
50~------~------_+--~--~--------+_------~350
ro
li
40 I-------+-------&------~--------+--------~ 280
li
~
w
30~------~--DL--_+------~--------+_------~210
20~------~------~--------~------~------~140
L-------J-------~--------~------~------~O
80~------~------~--------r_------,_------~560
li
ro
40 ~------4-------_H_--------I_------+_------~ 280
~
w
30~------~--~--_+--------~------~------~210
20~----~~------_+------~--------+_------~140
101_-.~--~------+__------+-------_r------~70
4
li
~
w
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudinal; T, transverse; ST, short transverse. Typical for die
forging thickness :::::76.20 mm (:::::3.000 in.) top, and hand
forging thickness :::::101.60 mm (4.000 in.) bottom.
Composition: AI-5.6Zn-2.5Mg-l.6Cu-0.23Cr-low
Ti,Mn,Si. UNS A97175
Source: C.E Babilon, R.H. Wygonik, G.E. Nordmark, and B.W. Lifka,
"Mechanical Properties, Fracture Toughness, Fatigue, Environmental
Fatigue Crack Growth Rates, and Corrosion Characteristics of High
Toughness Aluminurn AlIoy Forgings, Sheet and Plate," AFML-TR-7383, Air Force Materials Laboratory, Apri11973. As published in
Purdue University, 1995, p !O
80
/ ' 75F (24C)
70
60
/;
50
~~
~V'
30
20
10
W
~
/~
250F (121C)
350F (177 OC)
560

490
Tested at various temperatures, Test direction: longitudinal (top) and transverse (bottom). Composition: Al5.6Zn-2.5Mg- L6Cu-O,23Cr-low Ti,Mn,Si.
UNSA97175
420
350
al
[L
::;
280 <Ji
'"
~
210
500F (260 OC)
140
70
8o,-----,------,------,------,------,------,56o
70r------r----~------~--~~~
60r------r----~------~
__~~
490
420
50~-----r----~---~~i------~~--+-----~350
:i
8:.
::;
40 1---------t--------jH'-,~--+_----_+------+_----_I 280 <Ji
'"
~
w
ro~
30r------r--~bY------~-----+------+------1210
500F (260 OC)
101-----T.~-r----~------+-----_+------+_----_I70
0L-----~0,-2-----0~A------0~.6------0~.8------1~.0----~1.J
Slrain, %
Source: AMS 4038A, 1966. As published in Aerospace Structural

1995, p 12

Temperature. 'C
-18
90
80
93
38
......
~
A...
~
'J F - ....
ty
149
204
260
560
:;
'""",.,
490 !:S"'
',
"[!!
420 O
'~
"tJ
ID
.;;'
350
~,\
-k- -
Transverse
20
280
210
140
- ~
.
--r-
~,;
",
"'RA
r ---100
200
--_..J....
..- -
300
Temperature. 'F
400
500
"*E
100
',
"
~
70
10
ff
'\
'\
_ _ _ Longitudinal
"tJ
~"
&.
600
Composition: Al-5.6Zn-2.5Mg-l.6Cu-O.23Cr-low
Ti,Mn,Si. UNS A97175
Source: AMS 4038A, 1966. As published in Aerospace Structural
Metals Handbook, Vo13, Code 3219, CINDASlPurdue University,
1995, p 14
8or------r-----,------,-----~----~~----,560

compressive stress strain curves
70~-----~----_4------~~--_+--~~+_----_1490
Tested at various temperatures. Test direction: longitudinal (top) and transverse (bottom). Composition: AI5.6Zn-2.5Mg-1.6Cu-O.23Cr-Iow Ti,Mn,Si. UNS A97175
60~-----~----_4----E-~----_+------~._--_1420
Source: AMS 4038A. 1966. As published in Aerospace Structural

1995, p 14
50~-----~------~~~~~~--_1------~----~350
~
::;
~ 40 ~-----l_----_/__J'-/-----~----__+------+_----___i 280 .;
30~-----l-~~~------4-------+------+_----___i210
500F (260 OC)
20~--_A~_=_4~:~~====:----~----~140
10~,M~~----_1------4-----__+------+_----___i70
OL------~------~----~----~------~----~O
80r------r------r------r-----,------,------,560
70~-----~------~----~~~~------,-~~~490
60~-----~------r_--_,~----_1------4_----~420
50~----~------r_~~--~~~_1----~4_~--~350
~
::;
~ 40 ~-----~----__+f_____7<----_I_----_1------4_----~ 280 .;
~
ti)
ro
30~----_r-.~L-r_----~----_4------+_----~210
500F (260 OC)
10~_h~~----_4-------+_----_+------+_----_170
0~-----L----~-------~----~------L------10
0.2
0.4
0.6
Strain. %
0.8
1.0
1.2
110
100
90
80
P-""'"
~ f-"'
700
Nominal
.r..
630
"""
YS
f
f
gf 60
~
~ 50
40
30
20
f
f
I
10
True
._ 70
WA.322 7178-T6 aluminum alloy extruded bar,

770
/
V
f
f
I
490 ro
a.
:2;
420 gf
~
350 ...!!1
;
e
280 ~
210
f
f
f
f
f
0.01
560
YS, yield strength. Nominal size: 15.9 x 76.2 mm (5/8 x

3 in.). Test specimen diam, 12.7 mm (0.5 in.). Gage
length: 203.2 mm (8 in.). Nominal tensile strength, 655
MPa (95.0 ksi). True tensile strength, 703 MPa (102 ksi).
plot of the stress-strain curve would yield a slope of (n)
Composition: AI-6.8Zn-2.7Mg-2.0Cu-0.3Cr.
UNSA97178
0.02
0.04
0.03
0.05
0.06
10
12
0.07
140
70
o.oH
Strain, in./in.
80
LongLdinal
70
A k-----
560

490
Tested at room temperature. Ramberg-Osgood parameter,

n(longitudinal, tension) = 26.0; n(long transverse, tension) = 24.0; n(short transverse, tension) = 14.0. Tensile
yield strength: longitudinal = 461.6 MPa (67.0 ksi); long
transverse = 454.7 MPa (66.0 ksi); short transverse =
420.3 MPa (61.0 ksi). Composition: AI-4.7Zn-2.2Mg1.6Cu-0.15Cr. UNS A97249
P"
60
50
~
gf
40
ii
30
20
10
/
V
Long tranverse
420
Short transverse
350
ro
a.
:2;
280 ui
U)
ii
210
1/
140
70
6
10
WA.324 7249-17452 aluminum alloy hand forging,

modulus curves
o
80
14
28
42
56
70
84
560
70
490
60
420
50
350
.;
"'gf"
~
ro
Tested at room temperature. Ramberg-Osgood parameter,

n(longitudinal, compression) = 20.0; n(long transverse,
compression) = 20.0; n(short transverse, compression) =
23.0. Tensile yield strength: longitudinal = 420.3 MPa
(61.0 ksi); long transverse = 475.4 MPa (69.0 ksi); short
transverse = 496.1 MPa (72.0 ksi). Composition: AI4.7Zn-2.2Mg-1.6Cu-0.15Cr. UNS A97249
:2
Il.
40
280 ui
1/)
~
Ci5
Ci5
30
210
20
140
10
70
0
12
2
80
60
WA.325 7249-17452 aluminum alloy hand forging,

560
--
-- r=--:::::.... t:::~ Short tr~nsverse ~
LOng1transverL
~""P.,
Longitudinal'
t'x
Tested at room temperature. Typical for forging thickness: in longitudinal and long transverse directions,
38.10-152.40 mm (1.500-6.000 in.); in short transverse
direction, 76.20-152.40 mm (3.000-6.000 in.).
UNSA97249
420
tE.
:2
280 ui
1/)
~
Ci5
20
140
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
Strain, in.lin.
0.10
0.12
0.14
0.16
80
60
u.
20

560
'7
v
r-
".---
420
lJ~,
V
/ V
/
Plate thickness: 38.1 mm (1.5 in.). Composition: AI5 .6Zn-2.2Mg-1.5Cu-O.21 Cr-Iow Si,Fe,Mn, Ti.
UNS A97475
o..'"
:2
Source: R.R. Cervay, "Static & Dynamic Fracture Properties for

AluminumAlloy 7475-T651 and T7351," AFML-TR-75-20, Air Force
Materials Laboratory, April 1975. As published in Aerospace Structural
1995, p 12
280 I/l
ui
~
ro
140

8o,-----r-----,-----~----,_----,_----_r----,560
P1ate thickness: 38.1 mm (1.5 in.). Composition: AI5.6Zn-2.2Mg-1.5Cu-O.21Cr-Iow Si,Fe,Mn,Ti.

UNSA97475
60~----~----+---~~----1_----~----_r----~420
gf 40
f-------~------,I_----+_----+_----+----_+----_i
~'"
280 gf
ro
ro
20~--~~--_4----~L---_+----_+----_+----~140
~----~--~L---~----~----~-----L----~O
Source: R.R. Cervay, "Static & Dynamic Fracture Properties for

Aluminum Alloy 7475-T651 and T735 1," AFML-TR-75-20, Air Force
Materials Laboratory, April 1975. As published in Aerospace Structural
1995, p 12
-- /
70
1/
60
Longitudina!
50
~ 40
li
~
Ci 30
20
10
~ong
V
/
/
V 1/

490
.....
420
Composition: Al-5.6Zn-2.2Mg-l.5Cu-O.21Cr-low
Si,Fe,Mn,Ti. UNS A97475
350
Source: J.A. Dickson, "Aleoa 467 Process X7475 Alloy," Aleoa Green
Letter G.L. 216 5-70, Aluminum Co. of America, May 1970. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3220,
transverse
280
/
V
&
:2
rii
210 Ci
140
70
70
60
V
Longitudinal'
50
.;
-"
30
20
10
--
1/
40
rii
UJ

490
1--
/
I~ong
/
ij
l'
V 1/
..--
420
Composition: Al-5.6Zn-2.2Mg-l.5Cu-O.21 Cr-low

350
Source: J.A. Dickson, "Aleoa 467 Process X7475 Alloy," Aleoa Green
Letter G.L. 216 5-70, Aluminum Co. of America, May 1970. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3220,
transverse
280
2101
140
70
o
Str.ain, 0.001 in./in.
&
:2
70
60
./
.;
.><
1/
40
~
(J)
30
20
10
420
Composition: AI-5.6Zn-2.2Mg-l.5Cu-0.21 Cr-low

350
Source: l.A. Dickson, "Alcoa 467 Process X7475 Alloy," Alcoa Green
Letter GL 2165-70, A1uminum Co. of America, May 1970. As pub1ished in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3220,
280
:2
r
Ul
v v
210
ro~
140
70
1/

490
Ihong transverse
/'
LOngitudin1
50
....--
o
80
LOngit~
70
560

490

parameter, n(longitudinal, tension) = 50; n(long transverse, tension) = 15. Composition: AI-5.6Zn-2.2Mg1.5Cu-0.21Cr-Iow Si,Fe,Mn,Ti. UNS A97475
r n g transverse
60
50
30
20
10
420
350
:2
280
ro
210
IV
140
70

<ti
a.
6
8
10
14

28
42
56
70

modulus curves
84
560
70
490
60
420
50
350

transverse, compression) = 18. Composition: Al-5.6Zn2.2Mg-1.5Cu-0.21Cr-low Si,Fe,Mn,Ti. UNS A97475
a.'"
.;;
::;;
280 ui
rJ)
-'"
gf 40
~
30
210
20
140
10
70
6
8
10
0
12
80
560

70
490

Composition: Al-5 .6Zn-2.2Mg-l.5Cu-0.21 Cr-low
Longitudinal and long transverse

l
60
y ~sverse
50
30
20
10
420
350
&.
::;;
280 ui
210
140
70
6
8
10
80
14

28
42
56
70
70
490
60
420
50
350

transverse, compression) = 20; n(short transverse, compression) = 19. Composition: AI-5.6Zn-2.2Mg-1.5Cu0.21Cr-Iow Si,Fe,Mn,Ti. UNS A97475
ro
o..
li

modulus curves
84
560
::;;
280 ui
U)
40
(j)
(j)
30
210
20
140
10
70
10
6
8
6
4
0
12
80
560

70
490

Transve~"'--
Long transverse
60
50
30
20
10
420
/
V
350
ro
o..
::;;
280
210
140
70
li
(j)
8
6
10
WA.3367475-T7651 aluminum alloy plate,

modulus curves
14
70
.::::::::
28
56
/ LoL transver1 "

~LOngitudinal
-......:::: f:::::::::-..,
60
50
---:::::::
20
84
560
70

parameter, n(longitudinal and long transverse, compression) = 20. Composition: Al-5.6Zn-2.2Mg-1.5Cu-0.21Crlow Si,Fe,Mn,Ti. UNS A97475
490
~~
"
30
10
42
420
350
ro
Il.
::;
280
uf
'"~
i.
210
140
70
6
8
10
4
90
630

560

1.016-6.325 mm (0.040-0.249 in.). Composition: AI5.6Zn-2.2Mg-l.5Cu-0.21Cr-low Si,Fe,Mn,Ti.
UNSA97475
Long tJnsverse
80
70
r7t-
Lon itudinal
r--~
~
490
60
420
50
350 ~
i. 40
~
280 ~

ro
~
~
en
30
210
20
140
10
70
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
Strain, in./in.
0.10
0.12
0.14
80
60
"'r"
<Ji
ro
40
/
2

parameter, n(longitudinal, tension) =33; n(long transverse, tension) = 16. Composition: AI-5.6Zn-2.2Mg1.5Cu-0.21Cr-Iow Si,Fe,Mn,Ti. UNS A97475
560
Longitudinal
00
20

stress-strain curves (expanded portion)
700
100
k:::::-
Long transverse
420

ro
Cl.
:a;
r
280
140
10
12

modulus curves
100r-----,14~----,28~----4,2------5T6------7TO----_,8~00
transverse, compression) = 19. Composition: Al-5.6Zn2.2Mg-1.5Cu-0.21Cr-Iow Si,Fe,Mn,Ti. UNS A97475
1------j----+---+----!----+-----156o
420
00
ro
Cl.
"'r"
:a;
<Ji
<Ji
ro
280
~----~----~------+_-----+------~r---~140
~-----L-----J~----~----~------~~--~1~

6
en
80
",,,,,,,L, ~
~ ~~
Long transverse
60
1/
1/
20

560

1.6-4.75 mm (0.063-0.187 in.). Ramberg-Osgood parameter, n(longitudinal, tension) = 26; n(long transverse, tension) = 14. Composition: Al-5.6Zn-2.2Mg-1.5Cu-0.21Crlow Si,Fe,Mn,Ti. UNS A97475
420
'"
:2
a.
280 .;
en
~
Ci5
140
1/
1
1
vI
14
10

56
28
42
Long tranLerse " "
~r--.
70
6
8
/ 1/ Longitudinal,
---= ~
..-
R ~~
/ r--:: ~
60
Ir
50
gf 40
30
20
1
10
350
'\
'"
a.
:2
280 .;
en
~
Ci5
210
1/
/
140
r-l
I
70
I
I
1
1
...l

490
420
C/J

modulus curves
70
6
8
10
6
80
70
-:::::.L~ transverse
L
rLT
Lon itudinal
"'" ~
'~
560

490

1.016-6.325 mm (0.040-0.249 in.). Composition: Al5.6Zn-2.2Mg-l.5Cu-0.21Cr-low Si,Fe,Mn,Ti.
UNSA97475
60
420
50
350
&.
:::;:
280
r
(J)
~
30
210
20
140
10
70
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
0.14
Strain, in.lin.

8o.-----,------r-----,------r-----,-----~560

60~----+-----~----~~----~----4------1420
~'"
:i
e
40 1-----4------+-------+------+-------+--------1 280
ro
:i
~
ro
201-----~----_+----___j------+_----_r----_1140
~----~2------L4----~6~----~8----~1~0----~1f

modulus curves

~____~14~__~2T8____~42~____5T6______7,0____-,8\60

transverse, compression) = 19. Composition: AI-5.6Zn2.2Mg-1.5Cu-0.21Cr-low Si,Fe,Mn,Ti. UNS A97475
60~-----~----~~~~~~--+------r----~420
~'"
gf 40 1------+------fr-------j------+------+-+------1 280
20~----~-----+---__t------+_-----+-;_--~140

80
Long
70
60
tr~nsverse
l,..--
...
" '\
560
WA.345 7475-T761 aluminum alloy dad sheet,

490

1.016-6.325 mm (0.040-0.249 in.). Based on two 10ts.
Composition: AI-5.6Zn-2.2Mg-l.5Cu-0.21Cr-low
420
50
350
&.
::;
280
30
210
20
140
10
70
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
Strain, in.lin.
0.10
0.12
0.14
80
WA.3467475-T761 aluminum alloy ciad sheet,

560

parameter, n(longitudinal, tension) = 9.0; n(long transverse, tension) = 9.1. Composition: AI-5.6Zn-2.2Mg1.5Cu-0.21Cr-Iow Si,Fe,Mn,Ti. UNS A97475
LOngit~~
~
60
20
Long transverse
420
ro
[L
::2:
280 I/l
c
(j
140
/
/
10
14

28
42
56
WA.3477475-T761 aluminum alloy ciad sheet,

modulus curves
84
560
70

490
70
~ong transvE!rs~
:::: ......
60
Longitudinal
"'-.
r-=;t<=
/
~
420
..........
50
30
20
ro
[L
::2:
280 I/l
c
(j
210
140
//
10
"-
....
70
I
I
350
..............
10
6
8
6
80
70
LOngitud~~
~
60
50
30
20
//
10
Long transverse
560
WA.3487475-1761 aluminum alloy dad sheet,

490

parameter, n(longitudinal, tension) = 9.0; n(long transverse, tension) = 9.1. Composition: AI-5.6Zn-2.2Mgl.5Cu-0.21Cr-Iow Si,Fe,Mn,Ti. UNS A97475
420
350
Souree: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dee 1998, p 3-455
210
140
70
/
/
6
8
10
WA.349 7475-1761 aluminum alloy dad sheet,

modulus curves
8oor-----~1.~4----~2~8----~42~----~56~----7~0~--~8\60

60~----~~~79~~--4_~~~~----+_----_1420
Souree: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dee 1998, p 3-457
~
8:
:2
gf 40 ~---+---____jf-----4_----__+---_\++_----_l 280 <Ji
~
~
~
20
140
... ,
O
O
6
8
10
0
12
80

560
Long i t U % i::=
Long transverse
60
20
1
/'

parameter, n(longitudinal, tension) = 9.0; n(long transverse, tension) = 9.1. Composition: Al-5.6Zn-2.2Mg1.5Cu-0.21Cr-low Si,Fe,Mn,Ti. UNS A97475
420
m
::2:
c..
280
uf
140
1
1
1
~I
2
10
8oor-----,14------,28------4T2------5T6------7ro-----.8~60

modulus curves

140
20
\
\
I
I
I
1
1
1
O
O
6
8
10
0
12
80
60
~
r
'"
~
40
20
WA.352 8090-T8 aluminum alloy plate, monotonic

and stabilized cyclic stress-strain curves
700
100
560
Solution heat treated with cold water quench followed

by 3% stretch and artificial aging at 198 oC (389 P)
for 16 h. Test direction: Longitudinal. Composition: AI2.5Li-1.3Cu-1.0Mg. UNS A98090
420
Source: K.T. Venkateswara Rao and R.O. Ritchie, Fatigue of Aluminum

Lithium Alloys, Int. Mater. Rev., 1992. As published in Aerospace
!
/1
al
a.
::;
r
280
O Monotonic
Cyclic R =-1
140
0.01
0.02
Total strain, %
0.03
0.04
'"
~
Aluminum Laminates (LA)/503
Aluminum Laminates (LA)

60
420
LA.001 2024-T3 aluminum alloy, aramid-fiberreinforced sheet laminate (AMS 4254), 2/1 lay-up,
350
Thickness, 0.81 mm (0.032 in.). Ultimate tensile strength:

longitudinal, 621 MPa (90 ksi); long transverse, 331 MPa
(48 ksi). Tensile yield strength: longitudinal, 331 MPa
(48 ksi); long transverse, 228 MPa (33 ksi). RambergOsgood parameter, n(long transverse, tension) = 12
/' j"',"diMI
50
40
280
//
Long transverse
W
v
20
10
1.--
140
70
1/
10
60
50
I
I
40
/V
10
...........

(49 ksi); long transverse, 207 MPa (30 ksi). RambergOsgood parameter, n(long transverse, tension) = 9.9
!--- Long transverse
a.'"
:2
210 (/)<Ji
~
(f)
140
/;
350
280
//
V
20
LA.002 2024-T3 aluminum alloy, aramid-fiberreinforced sheet laminate (AMS 4254),3/2 lay-up,
LOngitudinll
420
70
6
8
10
504/Aluminum Laminates (LA)
60
50
40
/V
6
8
10
420
350

longitudinal, 696 MPa (101 ksi); long transverse,
290 MPa (42 ksi). Tensile yield strength: longitudinal,
338 MPa (49 ksi); long transverse, 207 MPa (30 ksi).
Ramberg-Osgood parameter, n(long transverse,
tension) = 12
Longitudinl
280
//
'"
[L
:;;
___ Long transverse
210 c
1//
V
(f)
140
/;
'"
~
70
40
'"
[L
:;;
210 c
140
50
10

Ramberg-Osgood parameter, n(long transverse,
tension) = 11
...... ( - - Long transverse
60
20
350
280
/;
LOngitudinll
1//
V
20
10
420
70
6
10
Aluminum laminates (lA)/505
14
28
42
56
70
84
5or-----~-----,------.------.------~----_,350
Thickness, 0.81 mm (0.032 in.). Compressive yield

strength: longitudinal, 241 MPa (35 ksi); long transverse,
228 MPa (33 ksi). Ramberg-Osgood parameters:
compression) = 12
210 ro
o..
'00
""ui
'"~
::?!
ui
IJ)
'i5
140
~~~~-----~~----4_----_4----~+_----_470
L------21-.----~4~----~6------~8----~~10----~1f

14
SOr------r -----,2-8--.---,42------,S6------7,0------,8\SO

compression) = 13
r-~~-r~--~~~---4_~~~------+_-----1280
210 ro
o..
'00
""ui
::?!
ui
'"
~
'"
140
~~~-~----~------4_----~----4-+_-----470
~----~2~_----~4~----~6-----L~8----~1~0----~1f
Compressive tangent modulus, 10 6 psi
'i5
lA.007 2024-T3 aluminum alloy, aramid-fiberreinforced sheet laminate (AMS 4254), 4/3 lay-up,
50r------1,4-----,28------~42~----5T6~--~7TO----~8\50
__--'<:--+_----+----+---+-----1-----1

compression) = 12
280
210
~
<Ji
ro
a.
:;;
<Ji
'"~
ii5
140
~'"
(f)
1---,~~----__+------+_---+-+--__+1__+_----~70
L-----~----~------~--~~--~~~----~O
6
8
10
6
12
lA.008 2024-T3 aluminum alloy, aramid-fiberreinforced sheet laminate (AMS 4254), 5/4 lay-up,
50,------1,4-----,28------,42------5,6------7TO-----,8\50

compression) = 12
401--------1-----~------+-----_+------~----~280
.;
210 ro
a.
30
:;;
"'<Ji"
'"~
<Ji
'"
ii5
140
20
101--~~--1-----~------+---1---+---+--~----~70
L------2L-----~4------~6---L--~--~-1~0----~1~

100
lL~,;"",
80
60
'iii
'"uf
U)
40
typical tensile stress-strain curves (full range)
700

(48 ksi); long transverse, 228 MPa (33 ksi)
560
420
~~
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, Dec 1998, change notice 1, Oct 2001, P 7-38
&.
;:;
uf
Long transverse
280
20
140
30
60
90
120
150
120
l'
100
180
840
700

(49 ksi); long transverse, 207 MPa (30 ksi)
/ L"",n",;O"
80
560
&.
;:;
420
1
40
Long transverse
280
I(
20
140
30
60
90
120
150
188
uf
120
100
840
LA.Oll 2024-T3 aluminum alloy, aramid-fiberreinforced sheet laminate (AMS 4254), 4/3 lay-up,
700

338 MPa (49 ksi); long transverse, 207 MPa (30 ksi)
/""9''''';"''
80
560
40
'"
::;
a.
420 c
Long transverse
280
I~
20
140
30
60
90
120
150
180
120
100
840
700

/ L009;""'"
560
80
40
Long transverse
Ir
280
140
20
30
60
90
120
150
100
700
80
560
60
420
'00
LA.OH 7475-T761 aluminum alloy, aramid-fiberreinforced sheet laminate (AMS 4302),2/1 lay-up,
!ti
o..
"'r"
:2
r
'"~

Ramberg-Osgood parameters: n(longitudinal, tension) =
6.4; n(long transverse, tension) = 6.1
'"~
280
40
~----~~---+-----~------+-----~----~140
~----~2------L4-----~6------~8----~1~0----~1~
100
700
80
560
60
420
'00
!ti
o..
"'r"
'"~
:2
r
'"~
40
280
10

510/ Aluminum Laminates (LA)
LA.015 7475-T761 aluminum alloy, aramid-fiberreinforced sheet laminates (AMS 4302), 4/3 and 5/4
lay-ups, typical tensile stress-strain curves
,-----,------,-----,------r-----,------,700
~----+-----~-----+------~_7L-4_----~560
420
";
ro
o..
"'r"
:2
r
IJ)
IJ)
Ci5
280
Ci5
Data for 4/3 lay-up: Thickness, 1.88 mm (0.074 in.).

Ultimate tensile strength: longitudinal, 786 MPa
(114 ksi); long transverse, 345 MPa (50 ksi). Tensile
yield strength: longitudinal, 565 MPa (82 ksi); long
transverse, 290 MPa (42 ksi). Ramberg-Osgood
parameters: n(longitudinal, tension) = 5.5; n(long
transverse, tension) = 7.5. Data for 5/4lay-up: Thickness,
2.39 mm (0.094 in.). Ultimate tensile strength:
10
LA.0167475-T761 aluminum alloy, aramid-fiberreinforced sheet laminate (AMS 4302),2/1 lay-up,

80 0, -____,14______2,8____-,42______5,6____-,70____--,8\60
60~~

n(longitudinal, compression) =6.7; n(long transverse,
compression) = 13
__+_----~----_+------r_----4-----~420
ro
gf 40 ~----+-----~~-+___F~---".--~----4_----~ 280 gf
C/)
Ci5
20~----~~--~----_+----~r_--~4-----~140

6
80~----~----~~----,------,------,------,560
60~----~-----~------4-----~------+-----~420

compression) = 14
14
28
42
56
70
84
g'"
gf 40 1---------1-------+------;p~__t_=""'=L-__+------+_----___j 280 gf
20~----~~~-1------1_--_+_+----+_+_----~140
~----~2------~4------~6----L-~8-----LL-----~1f

6
80 0.------1,4-----,28------,42------5,6------7,0------,8\60
601--------~----__+------~----__+------+-----___1420
LA.018 7475-T761 aluminum alloy, aramid-fiberreinforced sheet laminates (AMS 4302), 4/3 and
5/4 lay-ups, typical compressive stress-strain
and compressive tangent modulus curves
Data for 4/3 lay-up: Thickness, 1.88 mm (0.074 in.).
Compressive yield strength: longitudinal, 303 MPa
(44 ksi); long transverse, 324 MPa (47 ksi). RambergOsgood parameters: n(longitudinal, compression) = 5.3;
n(long transverse, compression) = 15. Data for 5/4 layup: Thickness, 2.39 mm (0.094 in.). Compressive yield
compression) = 14
201-------~_7~__+------~--+___+----~+-----___1140

120
840
LA.019 7475-T761 alurilinum alloy, aramid-fiberreinforced sheet laminate (AMS 4302), 2/1 lay-up,
700

/7100
/'",I"'IM'
80
40
20
560
ro
//
..---
20
30
10
1i
40
h,t"',,,,
100
840
700
Thickness, l.35 mm (0.053 in.). Ultimate tensile strength:

560
ro
o..
:2
//
Long transverse
420 ui
en
E:!
1i
280
420 ui
en
E:!
280
120
20
-- -~
140
40
Long transverse
80
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, Dec 1998, p 7--45
o..
:2
140
10
30
20
40
980
140
l><
120
840

rngitudinal
100
/
//
.;
(/) 60
40
20
~ 80
f
V
700

560 ~
::;;:
.;
'"~
420 i5
-~
Long transverse
280
140
30
20
10
40
120
100
/
/
80
40
20
A"'dIMI
700

560
~
::;;:
;,~ ..--
420 .;
'"~
i5
Long transverse
280
840
140
10
20
30
40
Copper (Cu)/515
Copper (CU)
90
630
80
560
70
60
~ 50
i5 40
.....--
1(
,...--......
--- "-76K\
195
""4~
295
Cold drawn 60%. Bar thickness: 19 mm (3/4 in.)

490
1\20
ro
350 ~
r
IJ)
280
K\ '
30
~
(f)
210
20
140
10
70
0.3
0.2
0.1
SOUTce: R.P. Reed and R.P. Mikesell, Low Temperature Mechanical

Properties of Copper and Selected Copper Alloys, NBS Monograph
101, Institute for Materia1s Research, Nationa1 Bureau of Standards,
1967
420
l\
Cu.OOl Oxygen-free copper (UNS Cl0200) bar,

stress-strain curves showing effect of low
temperatures
0.4
0.6
0.5
Strain, in.lin.
60
Cu.002 Electrolytic tough-pitch copper (UNS

Cll000) strip, stress-strain curves showing effect
of cold rolling
420
1
55
V-/'
50
45
40
g
gf
~
30
i5 25
2- 350
-3
V ....
./
~ ~ ----
/)~
0.5
280
175
140
105
70
5
r-
35
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
&.
:2
210 r
"-
1.5
315
245
/.
1//
15
/v
1--r-...-V
V~V
20
10
/
V 1/V
J
._ 35
385
.-
5.5
(f)
Copper strip 1.0 mm (0.040 in.) thick, having a ready-tofinish grain size of 0.015 mm. A 2268 kg (5000 lb)
capacity hydraulic testing machine and Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.254 /..lm (lO /..lin.) were
used. These tests were conducted in accordance with
ASTM E 8. The tests predate the UNS designations, but
the closest current designation is given for reference.
The cold working of each specimen was defined by the
change in strip thickness based on the Brown and Sharpe
(B&S) wire gage and the reduction in area (RA) and was
then assigned a commercial temper designation. Curve 1:
B&S, 8; RA, 60.5%; temper, spring. Curve 2: B&S, 4;
RA, 37.2%; temper, hard. Curve 3: B&S, 2; RA, 20.7%;
temper, half hard. Curve 4: B&S, 1; RA, 11.0%; temper,
quarter hard. Curve 5: B&S, 6; RA, 50.0%; temper, extra
hard; annealed at 371C (700 F) for 1 h
SOUTce: RA. Wilkins and E.S. Bunn, Copper and Copper Base Alloys,
McGraw-Hill, 1943, p 7
516/Copper (Cu)
60
---
55
50
45
40
/-V
._ 35
~
gf 30
!!!
'i5 25
ij
lA
20
15
10
5
/Ij//
/'
~
/'
!-""
V
V
280
245 ca
a.
:2
210 ui
175
'"
~
en
140
105
hV
70
35
lr
1.5
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
--
./
60
/~V
50
/f /'
11;~
~~
.--295 K
[-195
Cu.004 Phosphorus-deoxidized, high residual

phosphorus (UNS C12200) bar, stress-strain curves
showing effect of low temperatures
490
Bar in annealed condition. Bar thickness: 19 mm (3/4 in.)

t\K
420
76 K\
350
ca
:2
a.
280 !Ji
:1<
1\ \
en
210
140
l'
0.1
70
0.2
0.3
Source: R.P. Reed and R.P. Mikesell, Low Temperature Mechanical

1967
-4K'
Copper strip 1.0 mm (0.040 in.) thick, having a ready-tofinish grain size of 0.045 mm. A 2268 kg (5000 lb)
capacity hydraulic testing machine and Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.254 .tm (10 .tin.) were
the c10sest current designation is given for reference.
temper, halfhard. Curve 4: B&S, 1; RA, 11.0%; temper,
hard; annealed at 427 oC (800 P) for 1 h
Source: R.A. Wilkins and E.S. Bunn, Copper and Copper Base Alloys,
5.5
560
70
10
315
4- r----
f-- --
80
20
350
385
1
1//"
0.5
30
Cu.003 Electrolytic tough-pitch copper (UNS

Cl1000) strip, stress-strain curves showing effect
of cold rolling
420
0.4
0.5
0.6
Strain, in.lin.
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
Copper (Cu)/517
560
Cu.005 Phosphorus-deoxidized, high residual

phosphorus (UNS C12200) bar, stress-strain curves
showing effect of low temperatures
490
Bar cold drawn 26% and aged.

Bar thickness: 19 mm (3/4 in.)
630
90
80
...--
70
.-
.......
'~5K
60
r--
~ 50
4K
~
~
i'i 40
~20K
1\
,,\K
'""'\ \
295~
30
420
350
<Ji
(J)
280 (/)
~
210
20
140
10
70
0.1
g'"

Properties oi Copper and Selected Copper Alloys, NBS Monograph
101, Institute for Materials Research, National Bureau of Standards,
1967
0.3
0.2
0.5
0.4
0.6
Slrain, in./in.
420
60
55
50
/'
45
40
._ 35
1i
iliJo
i'i 25
~~ /"
...........
~~
20
15
10
---
385
.-- 1
350
!-"2
/ /f'
/'~ /
-
315
280
---
245 a.'"
~
210 <Ji
(J)
175 i'i
140
J"
105
70
35
~I
2
Cu.006 Arsenical tough-pitch copper (UNS C14200)

strip, stress-strain curves showing effect of cold
rolling
Slrain, 0.b01 in./in.
10
Copper (99,50% Cu, 0.45% As) strip 1.0 mm (0.040 in.)

thick, having a ready-to-finish grain size of 0.050 mm. A
2268 kg (5000 lb) capacity hydraulic testing machine and
Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.254 !lm
(10 !lin.) were used. These tests were conducted in accOfdance with ASTM E 8. The tests predate the UNS designations, but the closest current designation is given for
reference. The cold working of each specimen was
defined by the change in strip thickness based on the
Brown and Sharpe (B&S) wire gage and the reduction
in area (RA). It was then assigned a commercial temper
designation. Curve 1: B&S, 8; RA, 60.5%; temper,
spring. Curve 2: B&S, 4; RA, 37.2%; temper, hard. Curve
3: B&S, 2; RA, 20.7%, temper, half hard. Curve 4: B&S,
1; RA, 11.0%; temper, quarterhard. Curve 5: B&S, 6;
RA, 50.0%; temper, extra hard; annealed at 704 oC (1300
P) for 1 h
518/Copper (Cu)
60
55
50
40
._ 35
g
~
25
,J J'
20
15
2,~.
1,3
10
lI"
.......
1/
60
~ 50
<Ji
en
Ci
40
280
245
:2:
210 Ul<Ji
Ci
70
35
4
v---- \
~K
6
7
8
0.001 in.lin.
,\
\
76
10
4K~ ::"\.20 K
11
630
Cu.008 Zirconium copper (UNS C15000) bar, stressstrain curves showing effect of low temperatures
560
Bar cold drawn and aged. Bar thickness: 19 mm (3/4 in.).

Composition: 0.18% Zr
490

1967
420
"
350
280 (f)
~
30
210
20
140
10
70
0.2
;:'"
<Ji
en
0.3
Strain, in.lin.
0.4
0.5
Copper (99.50% Cu, 0.45% As) strip 1.0 mm (0.040 in.)

Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.254 ..tm
(10 ..tin.) were used. Tested in accordance with ASTM E
8. The tests predate the UNS designations, but the closest
current designation is given for reference. The cold working of each curve was defined by the change in strip
thickness based on the Brown and Sharpe (B&S) wire
gage units and the reduction in area (RA) and assigned a
commercial temper designation. Curve 1: B&S, 8; RA,
60.5%; temper, spring. Curve 2: B&S, 4; RA, 37.2%;
temper, hard. Curve 3: B&S, 2; RA, 20.7%; temper, half
hard. Curve 4: B&S, 1; RA, 11.0%; temper, quarter hard.
Curve 5: B&S, 6; RA, 50.0%; temper, extra hard;
annealed 371 C (700 P) for 1 h
12
\\ \
0.1
rf
105
295~
315
_3
140
350
90
70
385
175
Strain,
80
Cu.007 Arsenical tough-pitch copper (UNS C14200)

rolling
~2
.,/
'PV
--
V f--
f' v
:i 30
45
(f)
420
1
0.6
Copper (Cu)/519
Cu.009 Dispersion strengthened copper (UNS

C15725) plate, engineering stress-strain showing
effects of temperature
400
1
ro
300
/'"
250
/~
/ VI
Il..
::;E
<Ji
'"
~
200
150
100
50
23.8 oC (75 F) __
350
,...-.--
100 1oC (21 ~ F)
.,,-
200 oC (392F)
--
300 1oC
jjV V- -
Dispersion strengthened (DS) copper AL25, LOX-80

plate (99.43 eu, 0.25 Al, aluminum oxide 0.48% by
weight). Plate 2.5 X 102 X 102 cm (1 X 40 X 40 in.),
extruded and cross roUed, annealed at 1000 oc.
(57~ F)
Source: J.W. Davis, ITER Material Properties Handbook, aries.ucsd.edu

web site, May 2002
350 1oC (662 F)-
......
./
/1/
IJ'1
lf
10
Strain, 0.001 cm/cm
Cu.Ol0 Copper beryllium (U NS Cl7200) bar and

rod, TFOO temper, tensile and compressive stressstrain and compressive tangent modulus curves
eompressive tangent modulus, GPa

r -____,28______5,6____-,84
______1T12______
14ro____-.16~400
Typical for bar and rod 41.27-101.6 mm (1.625-4.000

in.) thick. Test direction: L, longitudinal; ST, short
transverse. Ramberg-Osgood parameters: n(L, tension) =
11, n(ST, tension) =9.6, n(L, compression) =7.1, n(ST,
compression) = 6.7
~----~--~~~----4------+----~1120
840 ro
.;
Il..
::;E
""<Ji
<Ji
'"
'"
560
40~_4--4-----_+-----_4------+---_+~----~280
L-----~-----L-----~--
____~__~_L_ _ _ _~o
12
16
20
6
eompressive tangent modulus, 10 psi
24
520/Copper (Cu)
Cu.011 Copper beryllium (UNS Cl7200) bar and

rod, TH04 temper, tensile and compressive stressstrain and compressive tangent modulus curves
. -____,2~8~--~56------8~4----,_1~1-2-----1~4-0----~16~00
Typical for bar and rod 12.7-76.20 mm (0.500-3.000 in.)

thick. Test direction: L, longitudinal; ST, short transverse.
Ramberg-Osgood parameters: n(L, tension) = 8.0,
n(ST, tension) = 7.9, n(L, compression) = 6.8, n(ST,
compression) = 7.5
160~----~-----4-.~~+------+------~----~1120
840 ro
(L
120
~
;:;
<Ji
<Ji
IJ)
IJ)
ro
560
80
40~~~~----~------~----_+----+-+_----~280
L -____
____- L____
______L __ _
_L~
20
16
12
____
~O
24
200r-----~28~----~56~--~8T4~----1T1~2----~1r4~0----~16~00
Cu.012 Copper beryllium (UNS Cl7200) tubing,

TFOO temper, tensile and compressive stress-strain
160 1-----+-""~o__I--____z~-'b_<:"'_--___'_t_------+_----_1 1120
Typical for mechanical tubing with wall thickness

19.05-41.27 mm (0.750-1.625 in.). Test direction: L,
longitudinal; ST, short transverse. Ramberg-Osgood
parameters: n(L, tension) = 8.2, n(ST, tension) = 5.1,
n(L, compression) = 8.6, n(ST, compression) = 8.5
840 ro
(L
120
00
;:;
-'"
<Ji
<Ji
IJ)
IJ)
ro
560
80
40 I----JL-+----~------~----_+----+_+_----~ 280
L------4L------L----~------~--~~2~0----~21

ro
Copper (Cu)/521
70
65
50
45
30
/~ V
20
1$
10
5
315
280
j ~
V 0.5
.--
245 gf
210 ii
175
140
-1.5
8:.
:2
h'7
15
420
350
r--
--
/'/ / '
25
455
2 - 385
./
/ V
/ /' v
gf 35
P f---
VjI
~ 40
CIl
./
55
-1
,......
60
Cu.013 Copper gilding-metal (UNS C21000), stressstrain curves showing effect of cold working
490
105
5
70
Gilding-metal (94.59% Cu) strip 1.0 mm (0.040 in.)

Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.254 ~m
(10 ~in.) were used. These tests were conducted in accordance with ASTM E 8. The tests predate the UNS designations, but the closest current designation is given for
reference. The cold working of each curve was defined
by the change in strip thickness based on the Brown and
Sharpe (B&S) wire gage units and the reduction in area
(RA) and was then assigned a commercial temper designation. Curve 1: B&S, 8; RA, 60.5%; temper, spring.
Curve 2: B&S, 4; RA, 37.2%; temper, hard. Curve 3:
B&S, 2; RA, 20.7%; temper, halfhard. Curve 4: B&S, 1;
RA, 11.0%; temper, quarter hard. Curve 5: B&S, 6; RA,
50.0%; temper, extra hard; annealed 482 oC (900F) for
1h
:1.5
3.5
4.5
5.5
Cu.014 Copper gilding-metal (UNS C21000) strip,

stress-strain curves showing effect of cold working
420
60
....--
55
50
45
/~ ,......
40
---/
385
,/'
350
315
280
// . /
._ 35
// /
g
gf 30
/ ~ ..........
V/ / '
ii 25
20
15
10
/)
o IP
O
//1(/
~
V
0.5
./
245
--
210 ui
4
175
140
105
70
r-1.5
2.5
3 3.5 4
ro
o..
:2
4.5
5.5
35
6
CIl
Gilding-metal (94.59% Cu) strip 1.0 mm (0.040 in.)

Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.254 ~m
(10 ~in.) were used. Composition: 94.59% copper. These
tests were conducted in accordance with ASTM E 8. The
tests predate the UNS designations, but the closest current designation is gven for reference. The cold working
of each specimen was defined by the change in strip
gage and the reduction in area (RA) and was then
assigned a commercial temper designation. Curve 1:
hard; annealed at 538 oC (1000 F) for 1 h
Source: R.A. Wilkins aud E.S. Bunn, Copper and Copper Base Alloys,
522/Copper (Cu)
90
80
70
........-:::::
~
~
gf
~
i'i5 40
20
10
.....
~
}~v
50
30
4K
~P"
60
...---
~V
......-- 295K
&
r
ro
)1(
280 (/)
~
gf
210
140
70
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
Strain, in./in.
0.7
0.8
60
50
45
~V
'00 40
/:V
/
1.0
...-r
1/
55
0.9
./
(/) 30
385
-~ 350
315
280 ~
:2
245 g
V.., V
210
V.6 ~
175
/ 11/
Vh V r--
15
140
105
70
lA V
lJ'
455
VI V
20
35
1.5
2.5
3
3.5
4
Cu.016 Commercial bronze (UNS C22000) strip,

490
420
/. V;; ~
""gf 35
25

1967
420
65
Bar was annealed. Bar thickness: 19 mm (3/4 in.)

490
350 ~
70
10
1\ '
195 K
0.1
76 K
560
,~
20 K
Cu.015 Commercial bronze (UNS C22000) bar,

temperatures
630
4.5
5.5
i'i5
Commercial bronze (government-gilding) (89.74% Cu)

strip 1.0 mm (0.040 in.) thick, having a ready-to-finish
grain size of 0.015 mm. A 2268 kg (5000 lb) capacity
hydraulic testing machine and Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.254 /-lm (10 /-lin.) were used. These
tests predate the UNS designations, but the c10sest current designation is given for reference. The cold working
hard; annealed at 482 oC (900F) for 1 h
Source: R.A. Wi1kins and E.S. Bunn, Copper and Copper Base Alloys,
McGraw-Hill, 1943, p. 37
Copper (Cu)/523
65
60
55
50
45
[ij
/J v V
1- V l/
40
.;
-" 35
<Ji
(J)
~ 30
en
25
20
15
If
10
5
V' V
IV
W
........
V
/'
~
/ t::-
385
350
3
315
1--
./
--
280
ro
a..
245 :2
~
ui
210 ~
ro
175
140
105
70
Cu.017 Commercial bronze (UNS C22000) strip,

stress-strain curves showing effed of cold working
455
l-1 420
1.5
0.5
2.5
3.5
4.5
5.5
35
6
Source: RA. Wilkins and E.S. Bunn, Copper and Copper Base Alloys,
90
80
70
v.~
gj 50
l&V-
<Ji
(J)
ro~
40
30
20
~/
~
~
1 y
60
~~
---
~K
ft
Cu.018 Red-brass (UNS C23000) bar, stress-strain

curves showing effed of low temperatures
560
Bar cold drawn 14%. Bar thickness: 19 mm (3/4 in.).

Red brass (85% Cu, 15% Zn)
490
Source: RP. Reed and RP. Mikesell, Low Temperature Mechanical

1967
420
:1:
i
en
210
140
10
70
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
Strain, inJin.
gro
280 ~
1\
630
350
195 K
295 K
76 K
0.7
0.8
0.9
Commercial bronze (govemment-gilding) (89.74% Cu)

hydraulic testing machine and Templin automatic extensometer 0.254 !lm (10 !lin.) accurate to 0.254 !lm
(10 !lin.) were used. These tests were conducted in accordance with ASTM E 8. The tests predate the UNS designations, but the c10sest current designation is given for
Brown and Sharpe (B&S) wire gage and the reduction in
area (RA) and was then assigned a commercial temper
3: B&S, 2; RA, 20.7%; temper, half hard. Curve 4: B&S,
1; RA, 11.0%; temper, quarter hard. Curve 5: B&S, 6;
RA, 50.0%; temper, extra hard; annealed at 760 OC (1400
P) for 1 h
1.0
524/Copper (Cu)
90
/"'"
80
//
70
60
50
/~
c
<FJ
i 40
30
20
10
L---
.,.....2
490
ro
350 ~
~-4
280 (/)
~
11'
210
140
70
4
5
6
Cu.020 Red-brass (UNS C23000) strip, stress-strain

curves showing effect of cold working
490
./
55
50
45
40
g 35
~
i 30
25
V ~
/
~
..-
/
/
/
....--
.,.....
... 455
~
420
385
350
3
---
"
280
210
175
140
105
/1//
IJ r
0.5
315
5
70
35
1.5
3.5
4
2.5
3
i1.
:;;
245 r
/[.1:V
/h ~
20
Red-brass (85.42% Cu) strip 1.0 mm (0.040 in.) thick,

having a ready-to-finish grain size of 0.015 mm. A 2268
kg (5000 lb) capacity hydraulic testing machine and
Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.254 J.lm
(10 J.lin.) were used. These tests were conducted in accordance with ASTM E 8. The tests predate the UNS designations, but the closest current designation is given for
F) for 1 h
420
60
10
560
l.-- - 3
65
15
Cu.019 Red-brass (UNS C23000) strip, stress-strain

/""
70
'00
-'"
630
1
4.5
5.5
~
i
Red-brass (85.42% Cu) strip 1.0 mm (0.040 in.) thick,

Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.254 J.lm
(lO J.lin.) were used. These tests were conducted in accordance with ASTM E 8. The tests predate the UNS designations, but the closest current designation is given for
designaton. Curve 1: B&S, 8; RA, 60.5%; temper,
3: B&S, 2; RA, 20.7%; temper, halfhard. Curve 4: B&S,
F) for 1 h
Source: RA. Wi1kins and E.S. Bunn, Copper and Copper Base Alloys,
Copper (Cu)/525
70
65
60
/1
/ /
55
1/V....
50
/. ~ f...--
45
Cu.021 Low-brass (UNS C24000) strip, stress-strain

490
3- ~ 455
.;:: ~~
~W
V/
40
gf 35
~
30
420
1-
280 ~
:2
245 ui
210
#. v
20
15
10
,.
/J
350
315
~V
25
385
175
140
j ~
f//
'/
105
70
35
1.5
0.5
~!.5
3.5
4.5
5.5
80-20 low-brass (80.41 % Cu) strip 1.0 mm (0.040 in.)

area (RA) and was then assigned a cornmercial temper
1; RA, 11.0%; temper, quarter hard. Curve 5:
B&S, 6; RA, 50.0%; temper, extra hard; annealed at
427 oC (800 P) for 1 h
Source: KA. Wilkins and E.S. Bunn, Copper and Copper Base Alloys,
6O
100
90
~/ '
2
80
70
/~V
60
j
/
40
J~
I~
30
20
10
[;~?
....-
630
490
420
350 ui
In
~
280
210
140
70
5
6
7
8
:2
tV
234
Cu.022 Spring-brass (UNS C25600) strip, stressstrain curves showing effect of cold rolling
700
560
.......
10
11
12
Special spring-brass (74.69% Cu) strip 1.0 mm (0.040

in.) thick, having a ready-to-finish grain size of 0.015
mm. A 2268 kg (5000 lb) capacity hydraulic testing
machine and Templin automatic extensometer accurate to
0.254 !lm (10 !lin.) were used. These tests were conducted in accordance with ASTM E 8. The tests predate
the UNS designations, but the spring brass composition is
similar to C25600. The cold working of each specimen
was defined by the change in strip thickness based on the
F) for 1 h
526/Copper (Cu)
100
90
80
gf 50
40
1/'
30
h~
~
v
630
-1
560
2
490
60
70
V-
420
_3
210
140
1-'1
70
6
7
8
10
11
100
90
80
70
60
'/
gf 50
Ay
E'!
40
30
20
10
If
'"
o..
::2!
350 ti)r
~
(f)
280
20
10
Cu.023 Spring-brass (UNS C25600) strip, stressstrain curves showing effect of cold rolling
700
_1
700
Cu.024 Cartridge brass (UNS C26000) strip, stressstrain curves showing effect of cold working
630
70-30 cartridge brass (69.83% Cu) strip 1.0 mm (0.040

mm. A 2268 kg (5000 lb) capacty hydraulic testing
0.254 /lm (10 /lin.) were used: These tests were conducted in accordance with ASTM E 8. The tests predate
the UNS designations, but the closest current designation
is given for reference. The cold working of each specimen was defined by the change in strip thickness based
on the Brown and Sharpe (B&S) wire gage and the
reduction in area (RA) and was then assigned a COmmercial temper designation. Curve 1: B&S, 8; RA, 60.5%;
temper, spring. Curve 2: B&S, 4; RA, 37.2%; temper,
hard. Curve 3: B&S, 2; RA, 20.7%; temper, halfhard.
Curve 4: B&S, 1; RA, 11.0%; temper, quarter hard.
annealed at 482 oC (900 P) for 1 h
12
560
~2
490
~3
420
350 r
280
210
140
70
4
Strain,
0.001
6
in.lin.
'"
o..
::2!
,-4
Special spring-brass strip (74.69% Cu) 1.0 mm (0.040

0.254 /lm (10 /lin.) were used. These tests were conducted in accordance with ASTM E 8. The tests predate
reduction in area (RA) and was then assigned a commercal temper designation. Curve 1: B&S, 8; RA, 60.5%;
hard. Curve 3: B&S, 2; RA, 20.7%; temper, half hard.
Copper (Cu)/527
100
700
90
630
_1
80
i/
lV
60
/V
40
420
280
210
140
".
70
1(
4
6
5
Cu.026 Cartridge brass (UNS C26000) thin-wall

tu bes, von Mises true stress-strain curves
800
Campressian
700
rf.
Tarsian
600
Ul
,g;
500
Ul
Q)
.sg
400
Axial tensian
fallawing
tarsian
prestrain
Ul
g 300
200
100
00
Ci
70-30 cartridge brass (69.83% Cu) strip 1.0 mm (0.040

0.254 /lm (lO /lin.) were used. These tests were conducted in accordance with ASTM E 8. The tests predate
reduction in area (RA) and was then assigned a commercial temper designation. Curve 1: B&S, 8; RA, 60.5%;
annealed at 704 oC (1300 F) for 1 h
Saurce: R.A. Wilkins and E.S. Bunn, Copper and Copper Base Alloys,
900
::;;
'"
::;;
350 r
f-
f"
20
490
1-2
a.
bV
30
10
560
70
Cu.025 Cartridge brass (UNS C26000) strip, stressstrain curves showing effect of cold working
0.5
1.5
2
van Mises true strain
2.5
3.5
Results of path-change experiments on 70-30 brass.

Curves (A) through (D) represent axial tension in thinwall tubes following torsional prestraining to von Mises
strains indicated. A series of experiments were conducted
by prestraining in torsion followed by uniaxial tension.
All specimens were thin-wall tubes. Test sections were
25.4 mm (1 in.) long, 12.14 mm (0.48 in.) in diameter,
and 0.589 mm (0.023 in.) in wall thickness. Specimens
were carefully machined, annealed, and electropolished
before twisting. After twisting, they were unloaded, reelectropolished, and strain gaged for tension testing. The
resulting tensile curves are shown superimposed on the
previous torsion and compression curves. The two curves
at smaller prestrains showed little uniform elongation;
most of the deformation occurred in a localized neck.
Hence, these flow curves are questionable. The two
curves for large prestrains definitely show that significant
p1astic flow in tension following torsional prestraining
takes much higher stresses than does continued torsion.
In fact, the flow curves are very close to that observed for
compression at the same von Mises strain level.
Source: G. Krauss, Ed., Deformation, Processing, and Structure, papers
presented at the ASM Materials Science Serninar, 23 Oct 1982 (St.
Louis MO), American Society for Metals, 1984, p 12
528/Copper (Cu)
800
700
/
600
Uniaxial
tensianjl
ro
D..
:2 500
ji
<Ji
(/)
1i 400
Q)
(/)
c:
o
"' ....
........
Thin-wall tubes, 25.4 mm (1.00 in.) long, 12.14 mm

(0.48 in.) diameter, 0.589 mm (0.023 in.) wall thickness.
Comparison of stress-strain curves for 70-30 brass for
uniaxial tension, uniaxial compression, and torsion.
Tension and torsion were carried out on identical thinwall tubes. Compression was carried out on solid rod,
which was remachined often to avoid barreling.
Tarsian
Saurce: G. Krauss, Ed., Deformation, Processing, and Structure, papers

presented at the ASM Materials Science Seminar, 23 Oct 1982 (St.
Louis MOl, American Society for Metals, 1984, p 7
(/)
>
'" '"
'" '"

tubes, von Mises true stress-strain curves
ni;i~ ~~p::i~n
.... ...
300
200
100
0.5
1.5
2.5

tubes, von Mises true stress-strain curves
600
500
f1.
:2
vi
(/)
400
1i
!!l
300
."
~ 200
100
V .../V2
/~ ~
~~
Thin-wall tubes, 25.4 mm (1.00 in.) long, 12.14 mm

(0.48 in.) diam, 0.589 mm (0.023 in.) wall thickness.
Comparison of stress-strain curves for thin-wall 70-30
brass tubes. Curve 1: uniaxial hoop tension. Curve 2: the
results for three different stress states-torsion, plane
strain with no length change (Ez = O), and plane strain
with no diameter change (100 = O). Curve 3: uniaxial tension. Curve 4: balanced biaxial tension
V3
7{
/'

presented at the ASM Materials Science Seminar, 23 Oct 1982 (St.
Louis MOl, American Society for Metals, 1984, p 8
.1.
oO
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
Copper (Cu)/529
75
65
60
./
/"
55
/ "/
45
'00
"':
40
(J)
(J)
~ 35
ro
30
25
fa
20
~V
// ~ ' /
/. ~
~
p
---
--
455
3-
350
4
1-- 315
.--
10
ol/
245 ~
210
5
175
105
70
35
1.5
0.5
2.5
3
3.5
4
Stmin, 0.001 in./in.
4.5
70
5.5
)....-
65
60
55
50
A~
45
'00
""_40
(J)
(J)
~ 35
//
30
// /"
25
~~
20
.....-: -p
'l
525
Cu.030 High-brass (UNS C27000) strip, stress-strain

curves showing effect of cold rolling
490
455
245 gJ
210 ii5
---
175
140
105
70
)r'
35
V
0.5
1.5
2.5
3
3.5
4
ro
a..
280 :2
D'
o
o
315
4.5
5.5
Common high-brass (66.49% Cu) strip 1.0 mm (0.040

0.254 lm (10 lin.) were used. These tests were conducted in accordance with ASTM E 8. The tests predate
the UNS designations, but the c10sest current designation
annealed at 371C (700F) for 1 h
V . / 420
. . . v . . . Jv'2' 385
V ~ t-- I-J
350
IV
U
15
ro
140
75
10
ro
a..
280 :2
). !7
15
420
385
P:V
50
490
~V
Cu.029 High-brass (UNS C27000) strip, stress-strain

525
70
Common high-brass (66.49% Cu) strip 1.0 mm (0.040

0.254 lm (10 lin.) were used. These tests were conducted in accordance with ASTM E 8. The tests predate
the UNS designations, but the c10sest current designation
530/Copper (Cu)
100
90
,/
80
; ~
70
60
~ 50
U5
I.
40
30
20
10
If'
630
~2
560
490
420
:::::::::!
~"
280
140
".
70
2345678
80
70
60
~ 50
10
40
/)
/'
--
~1
Cu.032 Muntz metal copper (UNS C28000) strip,

stress-strain curves showing effect oi cold rolling
630
Muntz metal (60.50% Cu) strip 1.0 mm (0.040 in.) thick,

Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.254!lm
(10 !lin.) were used. These tests were conducted in accordance with ASTM E 8. The tests predate the UNS designations, but the cIosest current designation is given for
P) for 1 h
420
280
210
140
70
'"
:::;
350 ui
700
490
~/
560
_2
4
5
6
7
10
Muntz metal (60.50% Cu) strip 1.0 mm (0.040 in.) thick,

(lO !lin.) were used. These tests were conducted in accordance with ASTM E 8. The tests predate the UNS designations, but the closest current designation is given for
designation. Curve'!: B&S, 8; RA, 60.5%; temper,
P) for 1 h
11
D..
J ~
U5
10
U5
210
90
20
lE
:::;
350 ui
en
100
30
Cu.031 Muntz metal copper (UNS C28000) strip,

700
1
~
U5
Copper (Cu)/531
100
90
80
1 - 630
l-- 2
~~
560
/'
70
./ ~
60
490
....-- 3
420
#
J, ~ ....---
:f 50
~
i5
40
30
rf
:2
350 r
(f)
280
210
1/
JV
20
10
Cu.033 High leaded brass (UNS C33200) strip,

stress-strain curves showing effect of cold rolling
700
140
70
10
11
Source: RA. Wilkins and ES. Bunn, Copper and Copper Base Alloys,
100
630
80
,V
/
70
60
:f 50
40
J~
30
lP
20
'/
l/
-1
....--
560
490
~2
420
l'
350 :f
280
210
140
'"
IJ..
:2
/; ~ ~
i5
10

700
90
70
6
10
11
High leaded brass (65.19% Cu, 1.09% Pb, balance Zn)

strip LO mm (0.040 in.) stock, having a ready-to-finish
hydraulic testing machine and Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.254/lm (lO /lin.) were used. These
tests predate the UNS designations, but the c10sest in
composition current designation is given for reference.
(C33200 is for tube.) The cold working of each specimen
P) for 1 h
i5

strip LO mm (0.040 in.) stock, having a ready-to-finish
hydraulic testing machine and Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.254/lm (lO /lin.) were used. These
tests predate the UNS designations, but the c10sest CUfrent designation in composition is given for reference.
C33200 is for tube. The cold working of each specimen
P) for 1 h
Source: RA. Wi1kins and ES. Bunn, Copper and Copper Base Alloys,
532/Copper (Cu)
100

700
___ 1
90
80
~~
70
~~
lAV
~v
60
gf 50
40
/~
30
10
20
630
~ ...
560
490
1-3
420
'"
280
ti
140
j'l
70
If
6
7
80
70
~
60
10
50
~ -~ ./
vi
'"~
Ci 40
v- 1
630

560

hydraulic testing machine and Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.254 ..tm (10 ..tin.) were used. These
tests predate the UNS designations, but the c10sest current designation is given for reference. The cold working
quarter hard, Curve 5: B&S, 6; RA, 50.0%; temper, extra
420
350
vi
'"
210
140
g'"
280 (f)
~
Source: R.A. Wilkins and E.S. Bunn. Copper and Copper Base Alloys,
490
ItV
11
-3
I~
20
10
".,
V
/
30
210
90
o..
'"
:2
350 vi
6
7
70
10

hydraulic testing machine and Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.254 ..tm (lO ..tin.) were used. These
tests predate the UNS designations, but the c10sest current designation is given for reference. The cold working .
11
Copper (Cu)/533
90
80
70
~~
60
~ v~
]l 50
..........--
40
J
I!
Lancashire brass (73.53% Cu, 2.24% Pb, balance Zn)

hydraulic testing machine and Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.254 .tm (10 .tin.) were used. These
cold working of each specimen was defined by the
'"
350 ~
ui
ti)
280
10
560
420
......-
/V
30
Cu.037 Lancashire brass strip, stress-strain curves

showing effect of cold rolling
490
~ ~~
:i
20
./
630
1
(/)
210
140
70
420
Cu.038 Deep-drilling copper (UNS C35330) rod,

stress-strain curves showing effect of cold drawing
60
55
50
45
40
JV/
._ 35
IP
:i 30
~ 25
15
385
350
.....-1--
315
280
245 ~
:;
210 ui
ti)
~
175 (/)
V/V
20
10
V
/'
140
JV
f. . . .1--
105
70
35
5
6
7
10
11
Deep-drilling copper (62.11 % Cu, 4.00% Pb, balance Zn)

rod les s than 25.4 mm (1 in.) in diameter, previously
extruded to a grain size of 0.050 mm. A 45,359 kg
(100,000 lb) capacity hydraulic testing machine and
Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.254 .tm
(10 .tin.) were used. These tests were conducted in accordance with ASTM E 8. The tests predate the UNS designations, but the closest current designation is given for
defined by the reduction in area: curve 1,32%; curve 2,
19.5%; curve 3, 10%; curve 4,32%, also annea1ed at
649 oC (1200 F) for 1 h
534/Copper (Cu)
60
55
V
/ ..-//
50
45
40
._ 35
~
gf 30
~ 25
20
15
10
5
/
)'
II
If'
385
350
_2
315
280
1/
245
210
175
105
35
'ji
789
10
/'"
90
80
/
0
:::::=f.-V
.....-
70
60
J /
)~
40
700
Cu.040 Pen-metal copper strip, stress-strain curves

630
Pen-metal copper (83.32% Cu, 1.32% Sn, balance Zn)

hydraulic testing machine and Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.254 .tm (10 .tin.) were used These
tests predate the UNS designations, this alloy is in the
farnily of Cu-Zn-Sn tin brasses. The cold working of each
specimen was defined by the change in strip thickness
based on the Brown and Sharpe (B&S) wire gage and the
560
490
420
350
210
70
ui
(IJ
280
140
ro
Il..
:2
If
J
I!
11
-1
.....-
10
(IJ
140
100
20
ui
!J)
Standard brass (60.05% Cu, 2.12% Pb, balance Zn) forging rod less than 25.4 mm (1 in.) in diameter, previous1y
extruded to a grain size of 0.010 mm. A 45,359 kg
Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.254 .tm
(10 .tin.) were used. These tests were conducted in accordance with ASTM E 8. The tests predate the UNS designations, but the closest current designation is given for
defined by the reduction in area: curve 1,17.5%; curve 2,
8.5%; curve 3, 17.5%, also annealed at 482 oC (900F)
for 1 h
70
30
ro
Il..
:2
--
!IJ
1$
Cu.039 Forging brass (UNS C37700) forged rod,

420
~1
4
5
6
7
10
11
Copper (Cu)/535
100
90
630
80
./
60
)
.JJ
30
10
/J
560
1--
490
420
-3
350 <Ji
rJ)
4
280
210
140
5
70
IY
o..'"
:2
40
~/ >--
. . .V
/
VI-'"
/(,
70
20
Cu.041 Pen-metal copper strip, stress-strain curves

700
Pen-metal copper (83.32% Cu, 1.32% Sn, balance Zn)

strip 1.0 mm (0.040 in.) tmck, having a ready-to-finish
hydraulic testing macmne and Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.254 ~m (10 ~in.) were used. These
tests predate the UNS designations, this alloy is in the
family of Cu-Zn-Sn tin brasses. The cold working of each
specmen was defined by the change in strip thickness
reduction in area (RA) and was then assigned a commercal temper designation. Curve 1: B&S, 8; RA, 60.5%;
90r---r---~--.----~--'---~---r---r--~---,630
Cu.042 Admiralty brass (arsenical) (UNS C44300)

bar, stress-strain curves showing effect of low
temperatures
80~--+--~+---+----~--~--~--~--~---+~~560
Bar in annealed condition_ Bar thickness: 19 mm (3/4 in.)

70 t---t-.-t---r---r---:;;ja.~ 't---+---t'--c..r 490

1967
60~--+--~+---~~~--~~~~~--~---+--+1420
.195K
'"
~ 50 r---t---7f7L-b,.L..-r---t---t:::::;;;;;;j;-=-r~v----1350 ~
<Ji
~5K
m~
~b
en
20~~~---+---+----}---~--~--~--~---+--~140
10U---+---+---+---+---4---~--~--~---+--~70
ooL---L----L---~--~--~---L---L---L---L--~O
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
Strain, in.lin.
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
536/Copper (Cu)
110
100
90
/~ V
80
60
#~
ui
in
40
20
10
/)
490
420
f--
rn
1i
280
5
210
If
"'
ui
350
~I
30
560
50
700
630
'--2
~3
;V ...
70
Cu.043 Admiralty brass (antimonial) (UNS C44400)

rolling
770
140
70
100
90
",....-
80
70
i 50
~
1i
40
j,
30
10
-1
630
560
_2
490
1P?
420
~
J "..-
350 ui
280
210
140
5
70
"'
11.
:;;
j,'
Cu.044 Admiralty brass (antimonial) (UNS C44400)

rolling
700
,/
60
20
1/
Admiralty brass (70.37% Cu, 1.01 % Sn, balance Zn) strip

1.0 mm (0.040 in.) thick, having a ready-to-finish grain
size of 0.015 mm. A 2268 kg (5000 lb) capacity
hydraulic testing machine and Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.254 /-lm (10 /-lin.) were used. These
tests predate the UNS designations, but the closest current designation is given for reference. The cold working
Admiralty brass (70.37% Cu, 1.01 % Sn, balance Zn) strip

hydraulic testing machine and Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.254 /J-ill (lO /-lin.) were used. These
Copper (Cu)/537
120
110
/""
90
80
~
gj 60
(f)
50
40
770
20 K_
100
._ 70
Cu.045 Naval brass (UNS C46400) bar, stress-strain

curves showing effect of low temperatures
840
~-r;,
700
560
l----,... 76 K 'x
490 o..
'"
::;
.'\
,\x
//. ~
rv

1967
630
f V __ ~
./
)(
420 gf
~
350
ro
280
fF
30
210
20
140
10
70
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.5
0.4
Strain, in.lin.
110
100
./
90
~ ...--
80
--
~
~ ~ ...-- 4
V
70
~ 60
vi
<J)
ID
7.) 50
40
30
20
10
Cu.046 Naval brass (UNS C46400) strip, stress-strain

770
I~
P"
700
630
560
....-- 3
490
420
rJi
<J)
350 ~
(f)
280
~"
210
..--
140
70
If
g'"
Strain,
0.001 in.lin.
Naval brass (61.51 % Cu, 0.57% Sn, balance Zn) strip 1

mm (0.040 in.) thick, having a ready-to-finish grain size
of 0.015 mm. A 2268 kg (5000 lb) capacity hydraulic
testing machine and Templin automatic extensometer
accurate to 0.254 .tm (10 .tin.) were used. These tests
were conducted in accordance with ASTM E 8. The tests
predate the UNS designations, but the closest current designation is given for reference. The cold working of each
reducton in area (RA) and was then assigned a commercial temper designation. Curve 1: B&S, 8; RA, 60.5%;
annealed at 482 oC (900F) for 1 h
538/Copper (Cu)
100
90
/' ___ 2
/ V
1--
70
g. ~
/1 ".......
60
30
20
10
630
/1
80
40
Cu.047 Naval brass (UNS C46400) strip, stress-strain

700
560
490
420
4
In
(/)
;f
JI/
JJV
280
210
5
140
70
1{
ca
Cl..
:2
350 c
10
O
11
140
120
110
100
--
,,---
130
/"
/~ ~
r-
....---
90
.;
80
""~
70
~
(/) 60
50
r--.....
910
840
770
'T
\
700
630
560 ~
:1<
"
:2
490
"'\
350
280
30
210
20
140
10
70
0.1
0.2
<Ji
420 ii
295K\ \
40
Copper alloy No. 510 cold drawn 85%.

4K
\ 76 K
r-....195 K
Cu.048 Phosphor bronze (UNS C51000) 5% grade A

bar, stress-strain curves showing effect of low
temperatures
980
20 K
0.3
Strain, in.lin.
0.4
0.5
0.61
Naval brass (61.51 % Cu, 0.57% Sn, balance Zn) strip 1

mm (0.040 in.) thick, having a ready-to-finish grain size
of 0.080 mm. A 2268 kg (5000 lb) capacity hydraulic
testing machine and Templin automatic extenso meter
accurate to 0.254 ..tm (10 ..tin.) were used. These tests

1967
Copper (Cu)/539
100
V
/'
90
h ~/
60
50
;;....-
490
~3
420
1--4
350 ui
In
280
30
20
140
70
234
5
678
10
11
100
80
//
V~ ."....-
70
60
/
jV
50
en
40
30
20
10
,
I
h~
..--
./"
--
Cu.050 Phosphor bronze (U NS C51000) 5 % grade A

strip, stress-strain curves showing effect o cold
rolling
630
~1
560
490
420
:2
350 ui
In
280
210
1;1
)/'
III
a..
140
5
70
2345678
10
11
5% grade A phosphor bronze (4.09% Sn, 0.035% P,

balance Cu) 1.0 mm (0.040 in.) thick, having a ready-tofinish grain size of 0.015 mm. A 2268 kg (5000 lb)
capacity hydraulic testing machine and Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.254/lm (lO /lin.) were
700
90
210
1/
III
a..
:2
Jv
40
10
560
/~V
70
630
1/,...,-1-- 2
80
Cu.049 Phosphor bronze (UNS C51000) 5% grade A

strip, stress-strain curves showing effect o cold
rolling
700
5% grade A phosphor bronze (4.09% Sn, 0.035% P,

balance Cu) 1.0 mm (0.040 in.) thick, having a ready-tofinish grain size of 0.070 mm. A 2268 kg (5000 lb)
capacity hydraulic testing machine and Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.254/lm (10 /lin.) were
540/Copper (Cu)
140 , - - - , - - - - - - - - , - - - , - - - - - - - - - , - - - - - , 980
1301-----+----=
Cu.051 Aluminum bronze D (UNS C61400) bar,

temperatures
!'--------I 910
-------1840
11 O f---,#J'K-_+_--?~_t---+--_==__:_:_-+---+_--__l 770

1967
50~--_+_--~---+__--_+---+_--~350
40~---+---~---1_--_+---+_--~280
30~---+---~---1----+---+_--~210
20~--_+_--~---+__--_+---+_--__l140
10~--_+_--_t---+__--_+---+_--__l70
0.1
0.3
0.2
0.4
O.jl
0.5
Strain, in./in.
65
Cu.052 Aluminum bronze (UNS C63000) extruded

rod, stress-strain curves showing effect of cold
working and annealing
455
1
60
.........
~ F-
55
50
I~
45
420
385
350
315
/V
40
'00
""
35
(Ji
I!
en
~ 30
(/)
25
20
15
10
oV
O
280
~
./"
!J /
//
l'
ro
c..
245 ::;:
2
<Ji
210 ~
ro
175
140
105
70
35
5
6
7
10
11
10% aluminum bronze (88.83% Cu, 10.02% Al, 0.77%

Fe, 0.31 % Mn) previously extruded rod. Applicable to
rod less than 25.4 mm (1.00 in.) diameter. A 45,350 kg
defined by the reduction in area: curve 1,5%; curve 2,
0% as extruded 25.4 mm (l in.) diam; curve 3, 5%, also
annealed at 260 oC (500F) for 1 h
Copper (Cu)/541
100
700
90
630
80
70
60
40
30
560
490
420
350 ui
280
e?'"
ro
210
ctl
a.
:2
70
7
4
5
6
....--""
1\
\ \ \
100
90
.; 80
10
11
980
Cu.054 Copper-nickel-silicon (UNS C64700) bar,

temperatures
910
840
Bar thickness: 19 mm (3/4 in.). Aged at 450 oC (842F)

for 2 h. This alloy was the strongest tested in this series
of low-temperature tests.
20 K
770
700
630
*~
-"
b6K
295 K\
560
:l
&
:2
li
70
490
li
C/J
60
420
ro
50
350
Silicon aluminum bronze (7.01 % Al, 1.98% Si, balance

Cu) previously extruded rod. Applicable to rod less than
25.4 mm (1 in.) in diameter. A 45,359 kg (100,000 lb)
capacity hydraulic testing machine and Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.254 .tm (10 .tin.) were
the closest current designation is given for reference. The
cold working of each specimen was defined by the reduction in area: curve 1, 10.5%; curve 2, 8%; curve 3,
10.5%, also annealed at 649 oC (1200 F) for 1 h
140
130
110
V- ~2
"..-
V-
140
120
Jv
20
10
v'~V
V..
v- r-,,/'"
Cu.053 Silicon aluminum bronze (UNS C6421O) rod,

and annealing
1\195K
40
280
30
210
20
140
10
70
0.1
0.2
0.3
Strain, in.lin.
0.4
0.5
0.!P

1967
542/Copper (Cu)
90
80
70
/~.--h ~V
...--Y
~
/'
60
50
<Ji
(/)
i 40
30
20
10
~~
560
Type B silicon bronze rod less than 25.4 mm (l in.)

diameter, (1.76% Si, 0.35% Mn, balance Cu) having a
ready-to-finish grain size ofO.115 mm. A 45,359 kg
Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.254 .Lm
(10 .Lin.) were used. These tests were conducted in accordance with ASTM E 8. The tests predate the UNS designations, but the c10sest current designation is given for
RA, 50.0%; temper, extra hard; annealed at 649 OC (1200
P) for 1 h
420
350 ~
ro
<Ji
280
(f)
210
)
I
~~
Cu.055 low-silicon bronze type B (UNS C651 00) rod,

sfress-strain curves showing effect of cold drawing
490
f~
1(
630
140
70
10
11
110
100
90
80
._ 70
g
~ 60
~
50
40
30
Cu.056 High-silicon bronze A (UNS C65500) bar,

temperatures
840
120
700
~f7sK
/,~/
V- I19sK
/1 V/ ~ ~
f//V
V/
560
490
:\
\\
420
(f)
\l
280
140
10
70
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
Strain, in./in.
0.7
<Ji
i
350
210
0.2
ro
o.
2:
20
0.1
Specimen in annealed condition.

630
/V
/"
770
~ ')(
0.8
0.9
1.0

101, Institute for MateriaIs Research, Nationa1 Bureau of Standards,
1967
Copper (Cu)/543
Cu.057 Copper-nickel1 0% (UNS C70600) bar,

temperatures
100~----,,-----,------,-----~------,------,700
90~----~----~------4------4------+-----~630
20 K

60~----~~~~~----4------4-----++_----~420
50 r---~~IL--::;:;:;....,,==:::=:=;;t------'lrl-------r------j 350
ro

101, Institnte for Materials Research, National Bureau of Standards,
1967
<Ji
(J)
40~~~~----~~----4-~~-4------+_----~280
30~~--~-------~----4----1~------+------1210
2o------~-------~----~-----4------+_----~140
10~----~-------~----~----_4------+_----~70
OL------OL.1------0.L2-----~0.-3-----0~.4------0~.5----~0.~
Slrain, inJin.
90
1
80
V
2 i-?""': ~3
70
60
~ 50
i 40
30
20
10
560
80-20 copper-nickel (78_18% Cu, 20.65% Ni, O_51 % Mn)

hydraulic testing machine and Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.254 ..Lm (10 ..Lin.) were used. These
hard; annealed at 649 OC (1200 P) for 1 h.
420
ro
350 ~
.--
<Ji
280 (J)
~'"
210
/f
140
/1
If
Cu.058 Copper-nickeI20% (UNS C71000) strip,

490
W
v
I/ V
ti /'
<Ji
'"~
lo-
630
70
Source: R.A. Wilkins and E.S. BUI1Il, Copper and Copper Base Alloys,
544/Copper (Cu)
80
..?-
70
10
490
3
420
(\l
350 ~
/V
40
20
1 - 560
~V
Vi
30
VV-
~ 50
60
ro
Cu.059 Copper-nickeI20% (UNS C71000) strip,

630
90
jI
~ '(
1/
Vi
IJ)
--
280 U)
~
4
210
140
5
ff
70
110 - - - - - - , - - - - , - - - , - - - - , - - - , - - - - - - , 770
..,..
100 I-----I-~:::I
,--l'\c----! 700
90r---i-----t~~~---~~~=t~----_630
80~--4--_7.~-~~+_--_+---~--~560
70~--~~_7~---+_--_+---r+--~490
40~-~~~-~---+_--_+-~~r_--~280
30~~-4---~---+----+---r---~210
20~--~--~---+_--_+---t_--~140
10~--4---~---+----+---r---~70
0L---~0.-1---0~.-2---0~.3---0~.4---0L.5--~0.~
Strain, in.lin.
80-20 copper-nickel (78.18% Cu, 20.65% Ni, 0.51 % Mn)

strip 1 mm (0.040 in.) thick, having a ready-to-finish
assigned a cornmercial temper designation. Curve 1:
Cu.060 Copper-nickel 30% (UNS C71500) bar,

temperatures

101, Institute for Materia1s Research, National Bureau of Standards,
1967
Copper (Cu)/545
90
./
80
60
I'
gf 50
ip
40
30
10
V
W
/
70
20
f"'~
",..-
630
i--- 2
560
/ - --3
490
420
4
280
J
1(1
140
70
5
6
4
Cu.062 Copper-nickel 30% (UNS C71500) rod,

630
2
1VV
.......-'
....-...--
y V
~
.-'"
70
60
gf 50
40
30
1/
V ~~
....-
~ 3
0.5
490
280
210
4
140
70
1.5
2.5 3 3.5 4
&.
:::
350 ui
Jw
1/1
560
420
4.5
5.5
70-30 copper-nickel (68.94% Cu, 29.61 % Ni) strip

hydraulic testing machine and Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.254 /..lm (10 /..lin.) were used These
tests were conducted in accordance with ASTM E 8.
The tests predate the UNS designations, but the c10sest
current designation is given for reference. The cold working of each specimen was defined by the change in strip
700
80
10
210
90
20
&.
:::
350 ui
100
Cu.061 Copper-nickel 30% (UNS C71500) strip,

700
100
70-30 copper-nicke1 (68.56% Cu, 30.48% Ni, 0.39% Pe,

0.57% Mn) rod, having a ready-to-finish grain size of
0.035 mm. A 45,359 kg (100,000 lb) capacity hydraulic
testing machine and Templin automatic extensometer
accurate to 0.254 /..lm (lO /..lin.) were used. These tests
predate the UNS designations, but the c10sest current designation is given for reference. The cold working of each
546/Copper (Cu)
100
700
90
630
1
80
70
/ ~
60
JVI
lAVV
XIf
r
gf 50
~
ro
40
30
20
10
p-
560
490
"...-
Cu.063 Copper-nickel 30% (UNS C71500) strip,

420
&.
:2
350
~
<Ji
UJ
ro
280
210
140
I!-
70
If
110
.....-- f----
/'" _
90
80
70
60
gf
ID
c7. 50
40
?,...I
rr
560
490
'"
420 ~
--
<Ji
UJ
350
280
210
II!
20
140
Jr/
700
630
~V
~~
30
10
Cu.064 Nickel silver (UNS C74400) strip, stressstrain curves showing effect of cold rolling
770
100
70
2
70-30 copper-mckel (68.94% Cu, 29.61 % Ni) strip

hydraulic testing machine and Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.254 f..lm (10 f..lin.) were used. These
tests were conducted in accordance with ASTM E 8.
The tests predate the UNS designations, but the closest
current designation is given for reference. The cold working of each specimen was defined by the change in strip
hard; annea1ed at 871C (1600 F) for 1 h
10
ro~
5% nickel silver (63.55% Cu, 5.14% Ni, balance Zn) strip

size of O. O15 mm. A 2268 kg (5000 lb) capacity
hydraulic testing machine and Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.254 f..lm (10 f..lin.) were These tests
annealed at 482C (900F) for 1 h
Copper (Cu)/547
110
770
100
700
90
80
70
/'
60
:f
Q)
40
10
490
<ti
420
350 ~
280
210
Jrt/
/J v
If
560
..--- 2
:f
d [t-
30
630
lv
50
20
.--
140
70
2
McGraw-HilI, 1943, p 220
10
110
100
90
80
70
60
Q)
50
...-- 3
560
490
<ti
420
280
140
70
2
4
5
6
7
g
<Ji
350
210
lfI-
20
700
630
j"
30
+-
I!I
40
10
l~
V
l-V
J f/ ~-
<Ji
'"
$
770
.......-1--
5% nickel silver (63.55% Cu, 5.14% Ni, balance Zn) strip

10% nickel silver (66.02% Cu, 10.73% Ni, balance zinc)

strip, having a ready-to-finish grain size of 0.015 mm. A
(10 ..tin.) were used. These tests were conducted in accordance with ASTM E 8. The tests predate the UNS designations, but the closest current designation is given for
P) for 1 h
548/Copper (Cu)
110
770
100
700
....-= 1
90
80
70
g
\5 50
./
420 ~
,,;
'"
350 ~
1/
40
30
20
10
490
ro
,,;
560
2
..-
gj 60
630
280
210
If
140
Ir
70
1/
2345678
10
110
90
80
70
gj 60
/ I
,,;
g
\5 50
11
30
20
10
...--
Cu.068 Nickel silver 65-18 (UNS C75200) strip,

.~
700
630
~t-
560
)/
490
ro
/"
f.--
420 ~
,,;
350 ~'"
m
hfJ/ V
/
280
/l
/ W/1
210
140
70
10
1P
10% nickel silver (66.02% Cu, 10.73% Ni, balance zinc)

strip, having a ready-to-finish grain size of 0.080 mm. A
(10 ..tin.) were used. These tests were conducted in accordance with ASTM E 8. The tests predate the UNS designations, but the c10sest current designation is given for
F) for 1 h
1P
770
100
40
18% deep-drawing nickel silver (66.00% Cu, 18.00% Ni,

balance Zn) strip 1.0 mm (0.040 in.) thick, having a
ready-to-finish grain size of 0.015 mm. A 2268 kg (5000
lb) capacity hydraulic testing machine and Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.254 ..tm (10 ..tin.) were
the c10sest current designation is given for reference. The
Copper (Cu)/549
770
110
/? -
100
700
_1
90
630
1--2
80
70
lb
v
~ 60
'"
420 ~
li
/'
ID
~ 50
40
350 ~
280
/)
30
10
490
J v
f/V
li
20
560
__ 3
If
1-""
I v /V
IV
....-
210
140
70
~.......
10
110
770
100
700
90
630
V -b
..-- 1
80
70
JV
li
ID
~ 50
20
10
350 ~
280
4
..-
210
// / ' L-2
ui
1/)
(/)
. '1"
IV
'"
420 ~
)1
/l
40
30
490
~ 60
560
-2
--
140
5
70
10
15% nickel silver (66.18% Cu, 15.05% Ni, balance Zn)

hydraulic testing machine and Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.254 !lm (10 !lin.) were used. These
1P

hydraulic testing machine and Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.254 !lm (10 !lin.) were used. These
McGraw-HiII, 1943, p 208
550/Copper (Cu)
100
90
630
/'
80
)~
gf 50
40
350 Ul
c
I"
140
70
If
4
5
6
100
VV
90
....--
700
~2
630
560
~V
70
V /'"
60
c
Ul
())
40
30
20
~~
,t
!l ~ ....-
490
_3
ro
420 ~
4
Ul
350 ~
en
280
210
5
140
'/

770
70
2345678
10

hard; annealed at 760 oC (1400 0F) for 1 h
1/V
80
50
210
110
10
280
if
20
420 ro
a.
jJ/
30
:2:
g,V
en
560
490
j V
60
....--
...-- 2
~/
70
10

700
1P
18% spring-stock nickel silver (56.56% Cu, 17.77% Ni,

balance Zn) strip 1.0 mm (0.040 in.) thick, having a
lb) capacity hydraulic testing machine and Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.254 .tm (10 .tin.) were
the closest current designation is given for reference. The
Copper (Cu)/551
1.---
90
630
/.. .--2
560
/
v V
/ ..,/"
70
60
~ 50
420
40
280
I
V
210
1/
140
70
4
5
6
Cu.074 Leaded nickel silver (UNS C79000) strip,

700
90
630
-1
80
70
60
~ 50
~
(J)
40
20
490
--
420
350
v;:V- -----
./"'"
280
210
140
70
ro
a.
:2
30
560
Leaded 12% nickel silver (65.49% Cu, 12.11% Ni, 1.96%

Pb, balance Zn), strip 1.0 mm (0.040 in.) thick, having a
lb) capacity hydraulic testing machine and Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.254 Jlm (10 Jlin.) were
the c10sest current designation is given for reference. The
B&S, 8; RA, 60 .. 5; temper, spring. Curve 2: B&S, 4; RA,
37.2%; temper, hard. Curve 3: B&S, 2; RA, 20.7%; temper, half hard. Curve 4: B&S, 1; RA, 11.0%; temper,
100
10
30
ro
a.
:2
350 Ulr
I~ v
490
..-- 3
J.{/
1i5
10
/"
80
20
Cu.073 Leaded nickel silver (UNS C79000) strip,

700
100
Leaded 12% nickel silver (65.49% Cu, 12.11 % Ni, 1.96%

Pb, balance Zn) strip 1.0 mm (0.040 in.) thick, having a
ready-to-finish grain size of 0.060 mm. A 2268 kg
(5000 lb) capacity hydraulic testing machine and Templin
automatic extensometer accurate to 0.254 Jlm (10 Jlin.)
were used. These tests were conducted in accordance
with ASTM E 8. The tests predate the UNS designations,
but the c10sest current designation is given for reference.
552/Copper (Cu)
110
100
'/
80
70
I~
60
'"al
7J 50
490
ca
420
90
80
70
--
j;7
60
~V
7J 50
40
10
Silicon brass No. 1 (77.74% Cu, 1.30% Si, balance Zn)

hydraulic testing machine and Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.254 ..tm (lO ..tin.) were used These
70
770
Cu.076 Silicon brass No. 2 strip, stress-strain curves

100
20
140
30
li
i
210
110
g
lial
280
4
"
560
350
11/v
30
v
~
/. ~
40
10
Rv
20
630
..- :..--
~/
1 - 700
r-
V
/"
90

770
/)
t/
V
...-
1--
--
1 - 700
2 - 630
560
3
490
ca
420
350
280
210
5
140
JV'
70
1/
10

Copper (Cu)/553
110
770
100
700
90
80
eIII
h
J~
50
40
---
/,...-
30
20
10
/: t?"
gj 60
630
560
490
ca
420
:f
280
210
140
5
70
4
5
6
7
2000~----4_~~_+~--~------+_----~----~
1500
:2
:f
46.5 vol% fiber
Ci.
1000r---~~--~~----~------+_----~----~
500r-r+~-4_----_+----~------+_----~----~
11.9 vol% fiber

__~---~----T-~-
Copper
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
Strain, % elongation
Cu.078 Tungsten copper composite wires,

comparison of stress-strain curves
Experimental composites with tungsten wires in a copper
matrix at the volume percentage shown.
Source: R.W.K. Honeycombe, The Plastic Deformation of Metals, 2nd
ed., American Society for Metals, 1984, p 260 (After D.L. McDanels,
R.W. Jech, and J.w. Weeton, Metal Progress, Vol 78, Dec 1960, p 118)
"
Tungsten wire
ca

hydraulic testing machine and Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.2541lm (10 Ilin.) were used. These
2500,-----,------,-----,------,------,-----,
a.
350 ~
t~
V A
70
V
...--
_1

2.0
2.4
554/Copper (Cu)
140
980
130
910
4~
110
20 K
100
90
.; 80
"'g" 70
~
ii
60
50
fI"<
..,/'~ Ix
120
h
W/
;tV
/76 K
19:JS-
840
---- -
V __
--X
/'" /".-- 1---295 K
V/"
I/~ V
700
630
560 ~
::;;;
490 g
~
350
40
280
30
210
140
70
0.04
As cast. Brittle at low temperature. Composition: 9.95%

Al, 5.20% Ni, 3.35% Fe, 0.3% Mn, balance Cu
770
420 ii
0.02
Cu.079 Copper-nickel-aluminum sand cast billet,

temperatures
0.06
Strain, inJin.
0.08
0.10
0.11>

101, Institute for Materia1s Research, National Bureau of Standards,
1967
Magnesium (Mg)/555
Magnesium (Mg)
Mg.OOl Magnesium single crystal,
600r-------,------.------.------,-------r-----~
Arrows indicate yield strengths_ Relationship between

specimen and slip plane orientation is shown_
Ao' area normal to

tensile direction
500
Source: c'R. Brooks, Heat Treatment, Structure, and Properties of

Nonferrous Alloys, American Society for Metals, 1982, p 6 (as
published in E,C, Burk and W R. Hibbard, Trans AlME, Vol 194,
1952, p 295)
Normal to
slip plane
E 400
E
Resolved area
= Aa/cos <1>
Eel
Slip direction,
resolved force
=FcosA
u)
(/)
Resolved shear stress

=: cOSAcos
-;
o
z
200
A = 58'
<1>
= 31'
100
00
100
200
300
400
500
600
Shear strain, 10-6
35
25
""
20
Ci5 15
LV
Source: ASM Specialty Handbook, Magnesium and Magnesium Alloys,

175
Compression
140
:2
gf
~
105 Ci5
70
35
0,2
Composition: Mg-3AI-IZn_ UNS MI 1311
210
10
~nsion i--
30
'i
Mg.002 AZ31 B-F magnesium alloy extrusion,

245
0,6
0.4
Strain, %
0,8
1,0
556/Magnesium (Mg)
50
14

28
42
56
Mg.003 AZ31 B-H24 magnesium alloy sheet, tensile

70
Typical room-temperature values. Ramberg-Osgood

parameter: n(tension) = 4.3; n(compression) = 15.
Composition: Mg-3AI-IZn. UNS M11311
280
40

/enSiOn
00
-'"
ui
en
~
:
20
10
25
20
15
00
14
ui
en
140
10
8
6

28
42
56
/
/
'---~
1/
--
12
Mg.004 AZ31 B-O magnesium alloy sheet and plate,

.--T,Tenslon
T
-Compression
1\

105
ui
en
35
10
8
6
ro
11.
:2
70
Typical room-temperature values. Ramberg-Osgood

parameter: n(longitudinal, tension) = 12, n(longitudinal,
compression) = 30. Composition: Mg-3AI-IZn. UNS
MI1311
140
70
ro
11.
:2
70
ui
en
~~mpreSSion
-'"
10
210
<
V
30
12
~
en
Magnesium (Mg)/557
Mg.005 AZ61A magnesium alloy extrusion, low- and

high-temperature effects on tensile properties
Temperature, oc
-129
-18
93
204
316
427
5or-------,--------,--------r-------,---------,35o
F tu' ultimate tensile strength; F ty ' tensile yield strength.
Composition: Mg-6AI-IZn. UNS M1l61O

Data from tbree sources: circle, Mg-43, AlZoy Digest, Aug 1959; triangle, Properties and Selection of Metals, Vo11, 8th ed., Metals Handbook, American Society for Metals, 1961; square, C.R. Tipton, Reactor
Handbook, Vol 1, 2nd ed., Interscience Publishing, 1960. As pub1ished
40~------~------~~._----~------_r------~280
210
30
'iij
:2
ui
en
en
140
20
10~------4--------4-------~~--~~+--------470
OL-------L-------~-------~-------L------~O
~
'"
Q.
-""
ui
80r-------,---------,---------r-------,---------,
E
E
.~ 40 ~------+_-------+--___.......~I"__------+_------__l
'".S
e
15el
e
W ~2LO-0------~0--------2-0-0-------4~OLO-------6~0-0-------1800
lemperature, F
Ci
558/Magnesium (Mg)
40
//v
30
10
Mg.006 AZ61 A magnesium alloy extrusion, tensile

stress-strain curve
280
210
ro
a.
~
140 ui
I/l
1/
Source: "Magnesium Design," Dow ChemicaI Co., 1957. As published

70
6
8
10
30
210
25
175
Mg.007 AZ61 A magnesium alloy extrusion,

/
20
.;
'"ui
I/l
15
i
10
140
;/
ro
a.
~
105 ui
V
I
I/l
i
70
35
Source: "Magnesium Design," Dow ChemicaI Co., 1957. As published

4
Magnesium (Mg)/559
Mg.008 AZ61 A magnesium alloy forging, tensile

stress-strain curve
280
40
r
V/
/
30
8?
::;
//
10
Source: "Magnesium Design," Dow Chemical Co., 1957. As published

in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3603, CINDASI
210
140 <Ji
70
Vi
10
30
Mg.009 AZ61 A magnesium alloy forging,

210
1/
25

175

/
20
.;
-"
<Ji 15
'"~
1i5
10
/
/
/ / fj-li
140
'"
Q.
::;
105 <Ji
'"~
1i5
70
35
4
6
0
10
560/Magnesium (Mg)
Mg.Ol0 AZ63A-F, AZ63A-T4 magnesium alloy sand

cast bar, tensile stress-strain curves at room and
25,-------r-------~------,_------,_------,175
RT, room temperature. Composition: Mg-6Al-3Zn. UNS

M1l630
20r-------~------_t--------r_------+_------~140
.;
-'"
t
Cf)
15
105
400F (204 OC)
ro
o..
:2
Source: "Room and Elevated Temperature Properties of Magnesium

CastAlloys," BuIletin No. 141-176, Dow Chemical Co., 1958. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3603,
1995, p 3
t
Cf)
(J)
10
70
500F (260 OC)
(J)
600F (316 OC)

5
35
700 F (371C)
00
.;
-'"
t
Cf)
~
4
6
O
10
30 ,-------,-----r-----------,-------,210
Mg.Oll AZ63A-T6 magnesium alloy sand cast

bar, tensile stress-strain curves at room and
25 1--------+----+----+----+---=-"""1 175
Composition: Mg-6Al-3Zn. UNS Ml1630
20
Source: "Room and Elevated Temperature Properties of Magnesbm

Cast AIloys," BuIletin No. 141-176, Dow Chemical Co., 1958. As
1995, p 4
140
ro
o..
:2
15
105 t
Cf)
~
ro
ro
10
70
35
10
Magnesium (Mg)/561
Mg.012 AZ63A-T6 magnesium alloy sand cast bar,

high-temperature effect on tensile properties
Temperature, oC
-18
50
38
93
204
149
26~50
F,u' ultimate tensile strength; F,y' tensile yield strength.

Tested at room temperature after exposure to elevated
temperatures. Composition: Mg-6Al-3Zn. UNS M1l630
280
40
fiu
e
.;
-"
r
en
~
'"
O-
::;
30
210
Exposure (tested at
room temperature)
0100 h
e1000h
20
.b
140
fi y
10
70
<fl. 10
C>
c:
o
jj
00
100
200
300
lismperature, F
400
500

562/Magnesium (Mg)
Mg.013 AZ63A magnesium altoy sand cast bar,

high-temperature effect on tensile properties
Temperature, oC
-129
50
40
"00
"'r"
'"~
30
/,
/
~
..
93
-18
'" T4
... T5
T6
~\
c:
ro
42~50
20
""
:5
10
ro
a.
::
210 gf
"00
c:
\~
\
"*
140 E
70
l~
3o,-------,--------,-------,--------,-------,21o
OL-------L-------~------~------J-------~O
n~~IrfLFd
-200

280
316
Effect of 10 min exposure and test temperature on three

tempers. Composition: Mg-6Al-3Zn. UNS M1l630
"00
$
$
204
200
400
Temperature, F
600
I
800
Magnesium (Mg)/563
Mg.014 AZ80A-T5 magnesium alloy extrusion,

40
Ten~ V
35
/~
30
25
00
""cm
~
20
ii
15
10
5
'r
Composition: Mg-8.5AI-O.5Zn. UNS Ml1800

Source: ASM Specialty Handbook, Magnesium and Magnesium Alloys,
200
150 ::;
'"
[L
c
m
~
ii
1/
/
1/
250
~ompreSSion
100
50
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Strain, %
4or---------~--------_,--------_r--------_.280
Mg.015 AZ80A-T5 magnesium alloy forging, tensile

and compressive stress-strain curves
Composition: Mg-8.5AI-O.5Zn. UNS Ml1800
30~--------~------~--~--~~----4_----------210
&.
::;
~ 20~--------~--_7L---_4----------+_--------_4140 c
~
~
ii
ii
10~----~~+_---------~--------~--------_470
4
564/Magnesium (Mg)
25
20
~
r
en
~
15
1
.l!1
.;
t:
10
/
V
175
Mg.016 AZ91 A-F magnesium alloy die-cast bar,

140
Source: "Magnesium Design," Form No. 141-91-457, Dow Chemical

Co., 1957. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
Composition: Mg-9AI-O.7Zn. UNS M11910
rf.
:;;
105
.l!1
';
t:
70
35
2
Strain,
0,001 in.lin.
Mg.017 AZ91C-T4 magnesium alloy sand cast

25.-------,--------,-------,--------,-------,175
~------~------+_------+_------~------~140
ro
.;
-""
r
en
105
g
r
en
1
.l!1
.l!1
';
t:
70
Strain,
0.001 in.lin.
';
t:

Cast Alloys," Bulletin No, 141-176, Dow Chemical Co" 1958. As
1995, p 12
Magnesium (Mg)/565
Mg.018 AZ91C-T6 magnesium alloy sand cast

3or-------~------,_------_r------_r------_,210
25~-------~-------+--------r-~--~~-------4175
20~------+_------+_~~--~--~~_F~----_l140

CastAIloys," BuIletin No. 141-176, Dow Chemical Co., 1958. As
1995, p 12
&.
::2
gf
~------~--~--~~--~~~------~------__1105 ~
.!!1
'ijj
<:
!!:1
~----+.~L-----~------~------~------_170
~~L---+_------+_------_r------_r------_435
4
Strain,
6
0.001 in.lin.
425F (218 oC)

24r-------,-------,-------,-------_r------~168
Mg.019 AZ91 C-T4 magnesium alloy sand cast bar,

effect of elevated temperature on room-temperature
properties

22~------~------_+---------~------+_------~154
--79--------- 112
16 J--------f-+_
14~----~~--~--~=-------~------~-------98
20r-------~------,-------_r-------,-------
E
15J--------~-------+--------J--------~------_+
E
;e.
.~
'" 10
.5
c:
o
5~------~-~--~~~----~r-------~--~~~
10
lO'
Exposure time, h
lO'
10

566/Magnesium (Mg)
Mg.020 AZ91C-T4 magnesium alloy sand cast bar,

,----,----,----,------,----:--,-------,14o
F,n' ultimate tensile strength; F ty, tensile yield strength.

Composition: Mg-9AI-O.7Zn. UNS M1l914
105
C\l
a.
'ijj
::;;:
-'"
U)
U)
70
~
'ijj
1
~
'ijj
"
"
~
35
o
140
20
400F (204 OC)
105
ro
a.
'ijj
::;;:
-'"
(f)
(f)
70
1
~
1
~
'ijj
'ijj
"
c:
~
35
L -____-L____
~L-
____
____
6
______
10
_____"O
12
Souree: "Isoehronous Stress-Strain Curves of Magnesium Casting

Alloys," Dow CheITeal Co., 31 Oet 1958. As published in Aerospace
Magnesium (Mg)/567
Temperature,
-18
38
93
oc
149
204
260
Mg.021 AZ91-T4, AZ91-T6 magnesium alloy sand

cast bar, tensile stress-strain curves at room and
316
5or_-----r------~----~------,_------r_----,350
"" T6 condition
O
T4 condition
Composition: Mg-9AI-O.7Zn
40~--~~------+------4------~------~-----4280
30
210
ui
'"
jg
140
20
10~-----~------1------4------~------~~~~70
OL------L------L-----~----~------~----~O
-g- 80
E
""
.5
N
o..
ui
'"
ro
::a:'"
1Ql min
>10 min} Attemperature
40
........
L?
~
cr~
100
200
300
lemperature, F
400
500
600
rJl

CastAlloys," Bulletin No. 141-176, Dow Chemical Co., 1958. As
1995, p 14
568/Magnesium (Mg)
45
315
Mg.022 AZ91 E-T6 magnesium alloy sand cast bar,

effect of elevated temperature on room-temperature
tensile properties
40
280
35
~u
-- 1----.,
Source: B. Geary, "Corrosion Resistant Magnesium Casting Alloys,"

Magnesium Elektron, Ltd, Manchester, England. As published in
245
ro
o..
;:;
210 r
ro
175
25
20
...-.
~y
140
135
15
6
<ft.
iS
...&.
:!.
e
'"o
r"'"
............
...........
200
400
600
Exposure time, h
800
1000
Magnesium (Mg)/569
Mg.023 AZ91 C-T6/AZ91 E-T6 magnesium alloy

casting, typical tensile stress-strain curves at room
~----~-----r-----,--~~.------,-----.175
~-----+------rT---~--~~+------r----~140
105
00
~
a.'"
:2
Ul
Exposure: 1/2 h. Ramberg-Osgood parameter: n(room

temperature) = 4.5; n(300 F [or 149 OC]) = 3.9; n(400 F
[or 204 OC]) = 5.3. Composition: Mg-9Al-0.7Zn. The C
and E versions have similar mechanical properties. The E
version is purer and more corrosion resistant. AZ91C:
UNS M11914. AZ9IE: UNS M11918
Ul
70
ro
~~--4------r----~------+-----~----~35
L-----~--
__
______L __ _ _ _
6
8
Stran, 0.001 n.ln.
_ _ _ _ _ L_ _ _ _
10
~O
12
28,---------,----------,--------,---------.196
24~--------~-------~~----~~----------
168
20~--------~------~-7L-----~--------~140
8~--~~~~------~--------~--------~56
4~~~----~------~--------~--------~28
0L-------,-2~------~4--------~6--------~80
Stran, 0.001 n.ln.
Mg.024 AZ92A-F, AZ92A-T4, AZ92A-T6 magnesium

alloy cast bar, tensile stress-strain curves at
room temperature
Composition: Mg-9AI-2Zn. UNS M11920
Source: MIL-HDBK-5, 1958. As published iu Aerospace Structural
Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3403, CINDASJUSAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 3
570/Magnesium (Mg)
28r---------.---------,---------.---------~196
24~--------+---------4-------~~--------~168
20~--------+---------~--------~--------~140

alloy cast bar, compressive stress-strain curves at
room temperature
Composition: Mg-9Al-2Zn. UNS M11920

Source: MIL-HDBK-5, 1958. As published in Aerospace Structural
8~--_.~~+_--------+_--------~--------~56
~~~----+---------~--------~--------~28
28
196
24
20
--~\
g 16
'"
(/)
~
(J)
\6
\
12
T~
168
140
i'-....
----
4
1'\
56
~
28

alloy cast bar, tensile tangent modulus stress-strain

Source: MIL-HDBK-5, 1958. As published in Aerospace Structural
Magnesium (Mg)/571
28
196
24
168

alloy cast bar, compressive tangent modulus stressstrain curves at room temperature
Composition: Mg-9Al2Zn. UNS Mll920
\T6
20
g 16
<Ji
E12
C/)
T4
F
Solirce: MIL-HDBK-5, 1958. As published in Aerospace Structural

140
\\
~"
.~
112&:
::;:
""
gf
~
84 Ci
.......
""~
56
28
Strain,
0.001 in.lin.
Mg.028 AZ92A-T5, AZ92A-T6 magnesium alloy cast

bar, temperature effects on tensile properties
Temperature, oC
-18
38
93
149
204
260
316
371
5o.----,~---,-----,----~----~----~----~350
F tu ' ultimate tensile strength; F ty ' tensile yield strength.

Composition: Mg-9Al-2Zn. UNS Mll920
.;
30
f---------jl-~------j+----'l.-I----_I_----_I_----_+----__I
210 &:
::;:
<Ji
20
140
10r-----r~--~-----~----_I_-=~~~~~----__I70
o~----~~--~-----~----~----~----~-----"o
80r----,r----,-----,----~----~----~----~
<F.
~40_---_--_--_=:~~~~~==~~~~----~
e
100
200
300
400
Temperature, F
500
600
700
Source: "Magnesium Design," Form 141-91-57, Dow Chemical Co.,

572/Magnesium (Mg)
Mg.029 AZ92A-T6 magnesium alloy casting,

r-----,------,------,------,------.-----~175
Exposure: 1/2 h. Composition: Mg-9Al-2Zn.

UNS M1l920
~----4------+~L---~r_---+------~----~140

105
.c;;
ro
O-
:;;
r
(fj
""'r"
(fj
(J)
(J)
70
~hY~~----~------4------+------+-----~35
L -____
25
14
""'r"
C/)
_ _ _ _ _ _L -____~____~O
6
8

28
42
56
10
Mg.030 AZ92A-T6 magnesium alloy casting, typical

compressive stress-strain and tangent modulus
Composition: Mg-9Al-2Zn. UNS M1l920

140
105
.......
(J)
70
35
10
6
8
ro
O-
:;;
r
C/)
12
70
X
1/ \
15
10
\ /
20
.c;;
_____ L_ _ _ _
12
Magnesium (Mg)/573
Mg.031 AZ92A-T6 magnesium alloy sand cast bar,

24 , . . - - - , - - - - , - - - - , - - - - , - - - - , - - - - - , 1 6 8
300F (149 OC)
Composition: Mg-9Al-2Zn. UNS M11920
155
20
16
112
ro
o..
::;
~
ui
'"
~
Souree: "Isoehronous Stress-Strain Curves of Magnesium Casting

Alloys," Lett. Ene., Code 1.8 HB, Dow Chemieal Co., 31 Oet 1958. As
1995, p 7
12
84
56
ui
~'"
(f)
4~~~-+-~~-4~---~~~~_+~~~+_~~~28
24
168
400F (204 OC)
20
140
16
112
155
ro
o..
::;
'w
-'"
ui
84
'"
!!:'
ui
'"
i'i5
56
28
6
8
Sllrain, 0.001 in.lin.
10
574/Magnesium (Mg)
Temperature,
oc
Mg.032 AZ92A-T6 magnesium alloy sand cast

bar, effect of exposure and test temperature on
tensile properties
501~8________-,93__________
2T04__________
31~6_________4~2150
F tu ' ultimate tensile strength; F ty ' tensile yield strength.

40r-~~-----r--------~----------+---------~280
210
30
::;
ui
ui
'"
~
'"
~
140
20
10~--------+---------+-~~~~~--------~70
Exposure
1/2 h
O 100 h
... 1000 h
oL---------~--------~----------~--------~O
160
........
6'
:!-
80
O>
'o"
ro
o..
,gro
Source: "Mechanical Properties at Various Temperatures of AZ 92 A-T6

Sand Castings," Data Sheet, Alcoa Research Laboratories, 29 Aug 1957.
1995, p 5
----
,..,
.,....
200
400
Temperature, F
600
800
Magnesium (Mg)/575
28
196
24
20
16
/~
.. ,
(/) 12
1/
'1 / ",.'
1/
L---
---
140
,,'
,,'
/.
."
.....
.. _0. ., _.. -
3 h exposure
/.,
"
_._._._.
-_..- _. ..-_-.. -.
28
28
o
196
24
20
/ L v
1///
11/
8
56
55
- - - - 30min
1h
2h
10 h
.....
-::..
_.-
~ : .. ... .. ,:.. .. ..
400F (204 oC)
."".
140
600F (316 OC)
--
.-- .- -~ : :-:::-. - - . ~.- .-.-" ._.-" '-'-'- '._.o_u_ ..

._0'_
..
..
.,' , ..
/~~ - 1/.. , .. .
168
",oo.
~--
56
o
o
6
8
10
Composition: Mg-3Di-0.5Zr. Didymium is a natural

mixture of rare-earth elements neodymium and
praseodymium given the quasi-chemical symbol Di .
1.99 mm (0.505 in.) bar cut from large forging
Source: "Magnesium Forging Alloys for Elevated Temperature Service,"
Dow Chemical Co., 1963. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
5 00F (260 OC)
....
.'
168
// ................. --.-.-.- .-.-.- .--",....-.tI~

/ ...~ ..... -' ".::.::.:
.......
.. - .. - .. - ..-~
.....
~
...--.:-: .. .' -300F (149 oC)
Mg.033 EK31XA-T6 magnesium alloy forging,

28
576/Magnesium (Mg)
Mg.034 EZ33A-T5 magnesium alloy sand cast

test bar, tensile stress-strain curve at room and
25r-------,--------,-------,--------,-------, 175
20
Room temperature
300 'F (149 'e)

'00
-'"
400 'F (204 'e
'"
500 'F (260 'e)
CI;
Composition: Mg-3RE-3Zn-O.7Zr. UNS M12330
140
ro
105 ~

CastAlloys," Bulletin No. 141-176, Dow Chemical Co., 1958. As
puhlished in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3404,
1995, p 9
ui
'"~
'00
lO
70
600 'F (316 'e)
'00
lO
700 'F (371 'e)

5
35
800 'F (427 'e)
L -_ _ _ _ _ _L -______
______
_______ L_ _ _ _ _ _
6
~O
10
Mg.035 EZ33A-T5 magnesium alloy sand cast test

bar, isochronous stress-strain curves at 204 oC
(400F)
150
- 20
Specimens exposed to elevated temperature for 3 h before

loading. Composition: Mg-3RE-3Zn-O.7Zr. UNS M12330
125
ro
15 s f..-::::::;:::
100
o..
::;
/~
ui
75
'00
lO
50
25
.;::::::::;no;-
'00
-'"
ui
'"
- 10
'00
lO
I
I
0.4
Source: Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys andSpecialPurpose Materials, Vol 2, ASM Handbook, ASM Intemational,
1990, p 504
15
0.8
1.6
Strain, %
1.2
2.0
2.4
2.8
Magnesium (Mg)/577
100

(500F)
- 14
90
- 12
1h
2
5--= 10
-10
80
t:::::=--=
/ ~
~
15 s 15 min
70
ro
c..
::2;
60
ID
U)
ID
. 50
-1
00
c:
40
~~
---=
---
f.--

Source: Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and SpecialPurpose Materials, Vol 2, ASM Handbook, ASM International,
1990, p 504
- 8
l;f
V'
-=
30
20
10
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
Strain, %
2.0
2.4
2.8
60

(600F)

30min
1h
2
ro
c..
'00
::2;
-"
ID
U)
00"
U)
10
1i
-1
-1
00
c:
00
c:
20
2
10
ooL-----L-----L-----L----~----~----~--~O
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
Strain, %
2.0
2.4
2.8
Source: Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and SpecialPurpose Materials, Vol 2, ASM Handbook, ASM International, 1990,
p504
578/Magnesium (Mg)

bar, isochronous stress-strain curves at 371C
(700F)
5or-----,-----.-----.-----~----~----_r----~
40r-----r---~----~----_+----_+----_+----~

5
'00
5min
10
15
20
Source: Properties and Seleetion: Nonferrous Alloys and SpeeialPurpose Materia/s, Vol 2, ASM Handbook, ASM Intemational,
1990, p 505
"'<Ji"
(/)
..!!1
'00
3 e
~
1h
2
5
10
OL-----L-----L----~----~----~----L---~O
0.4
0,8
1.2
1.6
Strain, %
2.0
2.4
2.8

(800F)
50r----,----~----~----_,----_,----_r----,
40r-----~----~----+-----+-----4-----4-----~

5
ro
o..
~ 30r-----r---~----~----_+----_+----_+----~
~1i
..!!1
'00
e
'00
"'<Ji"
4 m
15 S
30
2min
5
10
20
1h
5
0.4
0.8
1.6
1.2
Strain, %
2.0
2.4
'00
3 e
~
15
10
..!!1
Source: Properties and Se/eetion: Nonferrous Alloys and SpecialPurpose Materia/s, Vol 2, ASM Handbook, ASM Intemational,
1990, p 505
Magnesium (Mg)/579
25
20
15
<Ji
'"
U5
l.----
--
1/
105
o..'"
::;
<Ji
70
35
Ramberg-Osgood parameter: n(room temperature) = 15.

140
1/
'iii
-'"
10
Mg.040 EZ33A-T5 magnesium alloy cast, tensile

stress-strain curve at room temperature
175
6
10
580/Magnesium (Mg)
Dstance frem chill, mm
25
51
76
102
3or---------~---------r--------~--------~210 ~
a..
::;
1 n.
2 n.
~
al
(25 mm) thck

(51 mm) thck
251---~....--~;;;::_-----+----__+----___i
al
175 .
~
~
<:
"
:5
20
140
20r---------r---------,---------,--------.140
10L---------L---------L---------L-------~70
<!.
E
E
!!?.
.5
N
.!:
"
~Cl
"o
20
2
Dstance from chill. n.
:5
Mg.041 EZ33A-T5 magnesium alloy sand cast plate,

effect of end chill on tensile properties
Thickness: 1 in. (25 mm) and 2 in. (51 mm).

Source: B. Lagowski and J.W. Meier, Premium Strength in Sand-Cast
Magnesium Alloys, AFS Trans., Vol 72, 1964, P 673-685. As published
Magnesium (Mg)/581
Mg.042 EZ33A-T5 magnesium alloy sand cast bar,

room-temperature tensile properties
210
30
<ti
Exposure:
400 'F (204 'C)- 196 ~

... 500 'F (260 'C)
600 'F (316 'C)
~ 28
~
22
154
22
154
.(
.
--
140 ~
:::;
:5
el
126 ~
(j
"O
Qi
.>'
.,
:g
112 c:
~
14
98
6
~
E
E
~
.5
'"
.s
c:
el
c:
o
J
~
~
.
1000
2000
3000
Exposure time, h
4000
5000

582/Magnesium (Mg)
Mg.043 HK31A magnesium alloy separately cast bar,

15or-----r-----r----,-----,-----,----~----~
20
Composition: Mg-3Th-0.7Zr. UNS M13310

Source: Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and SpecialPurpose Materials, Vol 2, ASM Handbook, ASM Intemational,
1990, p 505
149 oC (300F)
204 oC (400 F)
260 oC (500F)
316 oC (600 F)
15
00
-'"
"''"
371C (700F)
10
.l!1
00
e
50~-++_~--~----_4----_+----_+----_+----~
427 oC (800F)
25~----~~~-----4-----+-----+-----+----~
0L-----0.L2----0~.-4----0~.6-----0~.8-----1~.0-----1L.2----~1.;
Slrain, %
300.-------,-------,-------,-------,------,
40
~-i---
24 oC (75F)
200~------~--~~~------~------~----~30
149 O? (300F)
204 oC (400 F)
Mg.044 HK31A-H24 magnesium alloy sheet, tensile

Sheet thickness: 1.63 mm (0.064 in.). Test direction:
longitudinal. Typical yield strength: 21C (70 F),
205 MPa (30 ksi); 149 oC (300F), 165 MPa (24 ksi);
204 oC (400F), 145 MPa (21 ksi); 260 oC (500F),
115 MPa (17 ksi); 316 oC (600F) 48 MPa (7 ksi);
343 oC (650F), 28 MPa (4 ksi). Composition: Mg-3ThO.7Zr. UNS M13310
Source: Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Pure Metals,
Vol 2, 9th ed., Metals Handbook, American Society for Metals,
1979, p 558
100~--~+7~------~------~------~------
_ - I - - - - t - - 316 oC (600F)
10
--+------ 371C (700F)
I__
~
_ _ _ _ _ _L __ _ _ _ _ _L __ _ _ _ _ _L __ _ _ _
0.4
0.8
1.2
Strain, %
~~
1.6
____
~O
2.0
Magnesium (Mg)/583
Mg.045 HK31A-H24 magnesium alloy sheet, tensile

300~------~------r-------~------~------.
40
_-1----24 oC (75F)
250~--~~~~~~~~~~+-~~~+-~~~
200~--~---~~~~+-~~~+-~~~+-~--~
30
149 (300F)
204 oC (400 F)
ro
a.
::;:
-00
~150~~~-fh?~~~-~~~~+_~~~+_~~~
260 oC (500F)
20
CJ)
"'uien"
~
1i

transverse. Typical yield strength: 21C (70F), 205
MPa (30 ksi); 149 oC (300F), 165 MPa (24 ksi); 204 oC
(400F), 145 MPa (21 ksi); 260 oC (500F), 115 MPa
(17 ksi); 316 oC (600F) 48 MPa (7 ksi); 343 oC
(650F), 28 MPa (4 ksi). Composition: Mg-3Th-0.7Zr.
UNS M13310
Vo12, Metals Handbook, American Society for Metals, 1979, p 558
100~--~~~--~~-~~~~+-~~~+-~--~
316 oC (600F)
10
371C (700F)
DA
0.8
12
Strain,
1.6
2.0
300r-------,-------r-------~------,_----__,
40
250~--~~+_~~~+-~~~+_~~~+_~~~

longitudinal. Composition: Mg-3Th-0.7Zr. UNS M13310
200~~~~+_--~~+_~~~+_~~~+_~~~30
100~--~~~~~~~~~~+_~~~+_~~~
10
50~~~~+_--~~+_~~~+_~~~+_~~~
DA
0.8
1.2
Strain, %
1.6
Mg.046 HK31A-H24 magnesium alloy


Vo12, Metals Handbook, American Society for Meta1s, 1979, p 558
584/Magnesium (Mg)
3oo,-------,-------,--------,-------,--------,
Mg.047 HK31A-H24 magnesium alloy

40
250~------+-------~-------+------_4------~
200~------+-------~-------+------_4------~
::;
24 oC (75F)
149 oC (300F)
204 oC (400F)
260 oC (500F)
ro

transverse. Composition: Mg-3Th-0.7Zr. UNS M13310
30
_ _- -
o..
~150~----~~~q_--~----~=+~~--_4------~
20
i'i5
''""
~
i'i5
100~--~~~------~-------+------_4------~
~
_ __-316 oC (600F)
10
50~++--~~------~------_+------_4------~
--,-:-\..---+---T- 371C (700F)

L -_ _ _ _-L______
OA
______L __ _ _ _
0.8
12
______
1B
~O
2~
Strain, %
140,-----,-----,-----,-----,-----,-----,-----'20
16
Mg.048 HK31A-H24 magnesium alloy sheet,

isochronous stress-strain curves at 204 oC (400F)
Sheet thickness: 1.63 mm (0.064 in.). Specimens exposed

to elevated temperatures for 3 h before loading.
Source: Properties and Selection: Noriferrous Alloys and Pure Metals,
Vol 2, Metals Handbook, American Society for Metals, 1979, p 560
40~~~-----4-----+-----+-----+-----r----~
4
20~----~----+-----+-----+-----~-----r----~
0L-----OLA-----OL.8-----1~.2-----1~.6-----2~.-0----2~.-4----~2.R
Strain, %
Magnesium (Mg)/585
140~----~----~----~----'------r-----r-----'20
_ _- i - - - 5min
10
16
100~--~~~~+---~~~--~~~~~~-+15


to e1evated temperatures for 3 h before loading.
20
30
~--~----~------L----~----~----L---~O
0.8
004
1.2
1.6
2.0
204
2.8
Strain, %
14or-----~----,-----,------,-----r-----,-----,20
120~----+-----+-----~----~----~-----+-------
16
100~----+-----+------~----~----~-----+------1
_....._-1 10
100 h
0.8
1.2
1.6
Strain, %
2.0
2.4

to elevated temperatures for 3 h before loading. Composition: Mg-3Th-0.7Zr. UNS M13310
~--~----~-----k----~----~----L---~O
0.4

2.8
586/Magnesium (Mg)
-- -

tensile stress-strain curves at room and
35,-----,-----,------,-----,-----,------,-, 245
30r-----+-----~----~~---+----~------r-~
210
175
~ 20~----r-_t~~~~r-----t=~~~.---t_~ 140 ~
::!!:
ui
i
ro
ui
I/l
15r-----+,H~--~----~-----+----~----~r-~ 105
600F (316 OC)
- - --
--
Test direction: longitudinal and transverse. Typical shear

ultimate strength in the lowest strength direction,
180 MPa (26.0 ksi) for sheet 0.406--6.350 mm (0.0160.250 in.) thick and plate 25.42-76.20 mm (1.0013.000 in,) thick. Composition: Mg-3Th-0.7Zr. UNS
M13310
Source: "Magnesium in Design," Form No. 141-213-67, Dow Chemical
70
5~ur~r_----~----r_----r_----r_----r__1
35
OL-----~----~----~----~----~----~~~O
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Strain, %
1.0
1.2
210
Mg.052 HK31 A-H24 magnesium alloy sheet,

25
175
20
140
Test direction: longitudinal and transverse. Typical

bearing ultimate strength in the lowest strength direction
with edge-to-diameter ratio of 2.5, 450 MPa (65.0 ksi) for
sheet 3.20-6.350 mm (0.126-0.250 in.) thick and plate
25.42-76.20 mm (1.001-3.000 in.) thick. Composition:
Mg-3Th-0.7Zr. UNS M13310
30
- - Longitudinal
- Transverse
70 F (21 OC)
'"
!l..
::!!:
ui
I/l 15
105 ui
10
70
- --
600 F (31 6 oC)

35
O
O
0.2
0.4
0.6
Strain, %
0.8
1.0
1.2

Magnesium (Mg)/587
Mg.053 HK31A-H24 magnesium alloy sheet, effect

of elevated temperatures on room-temperature
compressive properties
182
26
400F (204 oC)

24
.;
.:.:
"i
22

154
r_____500 F (260 OC)

r---. _
1----
'"
~
20
18
----~
112
5000
300
- 40
200
30
'"
o..
:::
24 oC (75F)
150
100
50
Mg.054 HK31A-O magnesium alloy sheet, tensile


250
f!!
126
4000
2000
3000
Exposure time, h
gf
140
1000
gf
168
1:
;
V
.1
149
(300F)
204 'C (400 'F)
260 oC (500 'F)
I
T
316 'C (600 'F)
371
0.4
0.8
1.2
Strain, %
(700 'F)
1.6
10

588/Magnesium (Mg)
300
Mg.055 HK31 A-O magnesium alloy sheet, tensile

40

250
200
'"
gf 150
~
i
100
50
24 oC 75F)
a.
:;;
/~
Source: Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys ami Pure Metals,

30
-,'.
I
149 oC (300F)
I
204 oC (400 F)
260 oC (500F)
316 oJ (600F)
-1
11
~/ "
10
371 od (700F)
-1
DA
0.8
1.2
1.6
2.0
Strain, %
Mg.056 HK31A-O magnesium alloy sheet,

temperatures
300
-
40
250
Sheet thickness: 1.63 mm (0.064 in,). Test direction:

-
200

30
~
<Ji
~ 24 oC (75F)
~149C(3ooF) ./ 204l (400F)
,
100
50
/,
f;
20
260 oC (500F)
316 oC (600 F)
---
IV
DA
10
371C (700F)
0.8
1.2
Strain, %
1.6
2.0
'"
Magnesium (Mg)/589

temperatures
300
-
40
250

-
200
CIl
a.
.,.,..-.....--
::;;
f 150
/; ~
~
100
50
7~
~
24 oC

30
5 F)
-
_ 149 oC /300 F)
::::- 204 oC (400F)
260 oC 500F)
316'[ (600F)
10
371 oJ (700F)
0.8
0.4
1.2
1.6
2.0
Strain, %
30
__ 1
LOngitudi~al
70F (21C)
1.
Ci5
/;, ~
10
300 ~~49~~
~OO ~f. (204 Cl.
500F (260 OC)
'/
1'1) -:/
Test direction: .longitudinal and transverse. Composition:

Mg-3Th-0.7Zr. UNS M13310
140
_
~-- ,....._.- ---
15
175
.......
./
20
.;
Mg.058 HK31 A-O magnesium alloy sheet, tensile

temperatures
Transverse
25
"'ui"
'"~
210
0.2
CIl
a.
::;;
105 ui
70
600F (316 OC)

35
0.4
0.6
Strain, %
0.8
1.0
1.2

590/Magnesium (Mg)
Mg.059 HK31A-O magnesium alloy sheet, complete

tensile stress-strain curves at low temperatures
6or----,-----,-----,----~----_r----_r----,420
Composition: Mg-3Th-O.7Zr. UNS M13310

50~----~--~r_----+_--~~~--~----1_----~350
280
40
o..'"
.;
::;
-'"
uf
(/)
~
Source: R.P. Reed, R.P. Mikesell, and R.L. Greeson, "Sorne Mechanical
Properties of Magnesiurn Alloys al Low Ternperatures," ASTM STP
287, 1961, P 61-73. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3503, CINDAS/USAP CRDA Handbooks
Operation, Purdue Universily, 1995, p 7
210 (/)
uf
30
i5
20
140
10
70
00
10
15
20
O
35
30
25
Strain, %

175
25
- - Longitudinal
-- Transverse
140
20
--
Source: "Magnesiurn in Design," Porm No. 141-213-67, Dow Chemical

70F (21C)
--
400F (204 OC)

500 F
(260 OC)
105
o..'"
::;
uf
(/)
600F (316 OC)

70
700F (371C)
35
L -_ _ _ _
0.2
_ _ _ _- L_ _ _ _- J_ _ _ _ _ _
DA
0.6
Strain, %
0.8
____
1.0
____
_JO
1.2
Magnesium (Mg)/591
120
15
100
'"
80
c..
::;:
ui
'"
Q)
1;;
60
/"
V/ '
iP
16

at testing temperature for 3 h before loading. Composition: Mg-3Th-0.7Zr. UNS M13310
10
30
-::::-

Source: Properties and Selection: Noriferrous Alloys and Pure Metals,

12
-100h
'00
.>::
ui
'"~
"t
-
'00
'00
40
-
20
0.4
0.8
'1.2
1.6
2.0
2.8
2.4
Strain, %

120
-
16

100
'"
80
c..
::;:
ui
'"
Q)
1;;
60
'00
40
V--
20
15 S
---
'00
1 min
1h
.>::
",-
~-
en
- 8
'00
c:
-1'1'"
0.8
~
~
0.4

12
1---30
1.6
Strain, %
'1.2
2.0
2.4
2.8
592/Magnesium (Mg)
120
-

16

100
40
20

- 12
.;
-'"
'"e!
~ r=:::
ft ~
..--
t::-~
--
15 s _ 8
1 min
5
..---
100 h
0.8
1.2
1.6
2
.;
c:
~
1020
..---
:...--
0.4
2.0
2.4
2.8
Strain, %
Mg.064 HK31A-T6 magnesium alloy sand cast

test bar, tensile stress-strain curves at room and
150r-----r-----r----,-----,-----,----~----~
20
125~----~--~~--~~--~----_+----_+-----
Specimens exposed at testing temperature for 3 h before

loading. Composition: Mg-3Th-0.7Zr. UNS M13310
149 oC (300F)
204 oC (400 F)
260 oC (500F
100
~-+-~~8f~==t~;;;
316
oC (600 F)
~
Source: Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Pure Meta/s,

15
o..
:2
.;
-'"
I
371C (700F)
'"
~ 75~--~~~~----~----~--=-_+----_r----~
t
'"e!
10 2
.;
2
.;
c:
~
c:
~
50~~~~--~----~----_+----_+----_r----~
427 oC (800F)
25~--~~~~----~----_+----_+----_r----~
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Strain, %
1.0
1.2
1.4
Magnesium (Mg)/593
Mg.065 HK31A-T6 magnesium alloy separately cast

test bars, isochronous stress-strain curves at 204 oC
(400F)
150
- 20
125
15 s
..........: 10
h

loading. Composition: Mg-3Th-O.7Zr. UNS M13310
p--

- 15
~
ui
rn
~
;;
- 10 ..!!1
'00
t:
50
25
1/
0.4
0.8
1.2
2.0
1.6
2.4
2.8
Strain, %
150
-
125
&.
100
::;
ui
1ii
./.
75
r/~
(1)
t:
5h
1--

(500F)
20

loading. Composition: Mg-3Th-O.7Zr. UNS M13310
10 h
-

15
'00
-"
ui
ti)
~
;;
- 10 ..!!1
'00
t:
50
25
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
Strain, %
2.0
2.4
2.8
594/Magnesium (Mg)
150

(600F)
20
125

15 min
ro
100
1h
2
a.
~
!Ji
(/)
30
15
'00
-'"
5
10
75

'00
!Ji
(/)
~
10
t
~
'00
50
5
25
0.4
0,8
1.2
1.6
2.0
2.4
2.8
Strain, %
Mg.068 HK31A-T6 magnesium alloy sand cast

test bar, complete tensile stress-strain curves
at low temperatures
5o.-------------.-------------.-------------~350
-424 'F (-253 'C)

-109 'F (-78 'C)
80 'F (27 'C)
30~--+7------~L-----~~~_+------------~210
ro
a.
~
!Ji
(/)
~~~~------+_------------1_------------~140
10~------------+-------------1-------------~70
0L-------------~5------------~10------------~1~
Strain, %
Properties of Magnesium Alloys at Low Temperatures," ASTM STP
287, 1961, P 61-73. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Magnesium (Mg)/595
225
200
175
//
150
al
o..
::;; 125
<Ji
m
~
C 100
75
50
25
--
24 oC (710F)
Mg.069 HM21A-T8 magnesium alloy sheet, tensile

30
Test direction: longitudinal. Specimens held at test

temperature 3 h before testing. Composition: Mg-2ThO.8Mn. UNS M13210
25
149 oC (300F)
...---
204 oC (400F)

20
'j
V"
260 oC Joo F) _ 15
316C r o F)
~P--
/ '?/./"'" .--
371C (700F) -
"'<Ji"
m
10
/'
1/
If
0.2
- 5
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.4
1.2
Strain, %
Mg.070 HM21A-T8 magnesium alloy sheet, tensile

225
- 30
200
175
150
/ l--::
~~
al
o..
::;; 125
<Ji
m
~
C 100
75
50
25
~-
) V,.- .f-
--=
0.2
25

149 oC (300F) 204 oC i400 F\
260 oC (1000F) _
20
'j
"'<Ji"
15
316C r00F)
371C (iOO F) -
/?V
10
- 5
0.4
0.6
0.8
Strain, %
Test direction: transverse. Specimens held at test

temperature 3 h before testing. Composition: Mg-2ThO.8Mn. UNS M13210
24 oC (75F)
1.0
1.2
1.4
m
~
596/Magnesium (Mg)
Mg.071 HM21A-T8 magnesium alloy

150
20
125
15
100
ro
o..
:;
ui
rJ)
Test direction: longitudinal. Specimens held at test

temperature 3 h before testing. Composition: Mg-2ThO.8Mn. UNS Ml3210
.;
""ui
75
rJ)
10
ro
ro
50
5
25
1.0
1.2
1.4
Strain, %

150
20
Test direction: transverse. Specimens held at test

temperature 3 h before testing. Composition: Mg-2ThO.8Mn. UNS Ml3210
125
/'
100
11
ro
o..
:;
ui
UJ
75
ro
50
25
+-
24 oC (75F)
15
ui
UJ
/
/
10
1/
0.2

0.4
0.6
0.8
Strain, %
1.0
1.2
1.4
ro~
Magnesium (Mg)/597
140
I~ ~
v
1/
100
'"
60
40
16
Mg.073 HM21A-T8 magnesium alloy sheet,

Sheet thickness: 1.63 mm (0.064 in.). Specimens held at

test temperature 3 h before testing. Composition: Mg2Th-0.8Mn. UNS M13210
100
-
(f)
.~
l'
o..
::;
r 80
20
1 m1in
1h
10
I~
120
.!!1
_158
I
-
20
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
2.0
2.4
2.8
Slrain, %


Source: Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Pure Meta/s,
40
I
I
-4
2oH-----r---~-----~----~----_+----_+----~
0L-----OL.4----~0.-8----~1.~2----1~.6-----2~.0-----2~.4-----"2.
Strain, %
598/Magnesium (Mg)
100
90
80
70
'"
Il.
:2 60
c
ti
50
.l!1
.;
~ 40
30
~
~V
-
155

12

21 h----=
- 10

1 min
2~
5
10
...--f~ ~ ~
..-,t ~ po- ....--f.,.---
30
5
10
~ ~::::~/
--
14
.;
..>:
.l!1
.;
-
20
10
0.4
0.8
1.6
1.2
Strain, %
'"~
100-
2.0
2.4
2.8
t:
Magnesium (Mg)/599
3or-------,-------~--------r_------,_------_,210

25~------~-------+--------~------~------~175
Top curves are for the longitudinal direction. Bottom

curve is transverse. Composition: Mg-2Th-O.8Mn. UNS
Ml3210
140
<ti
o..
:2
~
tJi
105
ID
tJi
ID
ii
70
~~~--+_------+_------4_------~------_435
L -_ _ _ _ _ _L -_ _ _ _ _ _L _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ __ J_ _ _ _ _ _
~O
30
210
25
175
20
,- -,
r 15
ID
<ti
o..
:2
105 r
1/
ii
140
/'
10
70F (21C)
/
V
UJ
70
35
4-
Source: "Magnesium in Aerospace Design," Bulletin 141-213, Dow

Chemical Co., 1963. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
600/Magnesium (Mg)
40r------,-----,------,------,------r-----~
280
Mg.077 HM21 A-T81 magnesium alloy sheet, tensile

35~----~----~------+------+----_=~~--~
245
Sheet thickness: 4.826 mm (0.190 in.). Composition: Mg2Th-0.8Mn. UNS M13210
30~----~----~------+-~---+------~----~
210
25~----~----~_7L-~~-----+------~----~
175
Source: "Magnesium in Aerospace Design," Bulletin 141-213, Dow

Chernical Co., 1963. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
<O
Il..
:2
140 ui
'"~
ro
600 'F (316 'C)

105
700 'F (371 'C)
70
800 'F (427 'C)
10
35
Mg.078 HM31 A magnesium alloy extrusion, tensile

400
350
300
250
<O
Il..
:2
ui 200
'"~
ro
150
100
50
l&
Source: Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Pure Me/als,

149 'C (300 'F)260 'C \500 F - 20

316 'C (600 'F)
371 'C
JI-
~700 'F) _
10
427 'C \800 'F)482 'C ~900 'F)
..---;o"
0.4
- 40
204 'C 1400 'F)
....-"7
0.2
Extrusion ratio of 25:1 approximate. 50.8 x 25.4 mm

(2 x 1 in.) rectangles tested in the longitudinal direction.
Composition: Mg-3Th-1.5Mn. UNS M13312
/ v-r
~
b.~
24 'C (75 'F)
- 50
0.6
0.8
Strain, %
1.0
1.2
1.4
Magnesium (Mg)/601
350
Mg.079 HM31A magnesium alloy extrusion, tensile

50
Extrusion ratio of 67: 1 approximate. 9.525 x 50.8 mm

(0.375 x 2 in.) rectangles tested in the longitudinal
direction. Composition: Mg-3Th-1.5Mn. UNS M13312
300
- 40
250
f1.
200
<Ji
'"
~
150
100
50
ji
~
l-----
24 'C (75 'F)-

- 30
~
<Ji
149 'C (300 'F)
/'
'"~
'i
204 'C (400 'F)1
'- 20
260 'C (500 'F)
1
Vi'
..--t
V
) l.--....
:2
316 'C (600 'F)
371 'C 1(700 'FL
10
'1'
427 'C (800 'F)
-/
482 'C 1(900 'F)
0.2
OA
0,6
0.8
1.0
1,2
Slrain, %
250
I,
35
30
25
Mg.080 HM31A magnesium alloy

extrusion, compressive stress-strain
200
150
ro
a.
24 'C (75 'F)
~r-1;-
<Ji
'"~
'i

:2
50
j~
0,2
- 20~
149 'C 1300

204 'C (400
260 'C (500
316 'C (600
100
'Fl
'F)
'F)
'F)
15
- 10
- 5
OA
Extrusion ratio of 25:1 approximate. 50.8 x 25.4 mm

(2 x 1 in.) rectangles tested in the longitudinal direction.
0.6
0,8
Slrain, %
1.0
1.2
1A
en
602/Magnesium (Mg)
Mg.081 HM31A magnesium alloy

extrusion, compressive stress-strain
25or-----,-----,-----.-----,-----~----~----~
35
200~----~----+_----+_----4-----~----~----~
_-Ir--- 24 oC (75F)
'"
150
25

149C (300F)----+----l
J-.-,f--- 204 oC (400F)
20~
r
260 oC (500 F)
I
316 OC (600 F)
15 1i5
Il.
:;;
r
en
~
1i5
Extrusion ratio of 67: 1 approximate. 9.525 x 50.8 mm

(0.375 x 2 in.) rectangles tested in the longitudinal
30
100
10
50~_+-~----+_----+_----4_----~----~----~
OL-----OL.2-----0~.4-----0~.6-----0~.8----~1.-0-----1.L2----~1.;
Strain, %
40.------.------,------,------.------,------~
Mg.082 HM31A-F magnesium alloy extrusion, stressstrain curves at room and elevated temperatures
280
Extrusions up to 25.8 cm2 (4.0 in. 2) cross section tested in

longitudinal direction. Composition: Mg-3Th-1.5Mn.
UNS M13312
75F (24 OC)

210
300F (149 OC)
'"
Il.
:;;
140 en
r
~
1i5
700F (371C)
70
800F (427 OC)
900 F (482 OC)
0.2
0.4
0.6
Strain, %
0.8
1.0
1.2
Source: "HM3IXA Magnesium Alloy Extrusions," Bulletin No. 141199, Dow Chemical Co. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Magnesium (Mg)/603
Mg.083 HM31A-F magnesium alloy extrusion,

30 ,------.--------,---------,--------,210
75F (24 OC)
25 I------+-------t-~""""'--_t_----_j 175
Extrusions up to 25.8 cm2 (4.0 in. 2) cross section tested in

longitudinal direction. Composition: Mg-3Th-l.5Mn.
UNS M13312
20
Source: "Magnesiurn in Design;' Form No. 141-213-67. Dow Chernical

140
&.
:2
<
In 15
~---------h~L,~--~----~__~~----------1105 ~
UJ
~-----~~~~------~-------_r--------l70
1---.~~---_t_--------~----------+_---------j35
L---------L-------~--------~--------~O
0.8
Strain, %
80
560

complete stress-strain curves at low temperatures
490
Tested in longitudinal direction. Composition: Mg-3Th1.5Mn. UNS M13312
420
Properties of Magnesiurn Alloys at Low Ternperatures," ASTM STP
287, 1961, p 61-73. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
./ 1240F (-253 OC)
70
V~
60
/ -1---
50
-323F (-197 OC)
-109F (-78 OC)

350
<ti
o-
V---
30
_ 80F (27 OC)
:2
280 In<
210
20
140
10
70
10
Strain,
15
%
604/Magnesium (Mg)
24
20

168
15 s
1 min
~
V
10 h
Solid extrusions up to 25.8 cm2 (4.0 in. 2) cross section,

exposed to elevated temperature for 3 h prior to loading.
140
112
16
ro
o..
Source: "HM31XA MagnesiumAlloy Extrusions," Bulletin No. 141199, Dow Chemical Co. As pub1ishect in Aerospace Structural Metals
:2
84 r
(/)
~
56
28
0.8
24
2.4
15 s
1 min
10 h
/'"
3.2
168
20
16
1.6
Strain. %
140
Solid extrusions up to 25.8 cm2 (4.0 in. 2 ) cross section,

112
Source: "HM31XA MagnesiumA110y Extrusions," Bulletin No. 141199, Dow Chemical Co. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
8:.
:2
84 r
(/)
~
8
56
28
0.8
1.6
Strain. %
2.4

3.2
Magnesium (Mg)/605
24.---------r---------.----------r--------~168
20~--i/--~~========~========~15S------~140
I ff.
I
1 min
~-=-+-------+-------1 r~ min
16~_1~~~~t=====~=1~=-~---t10h,------~112
~12
84~
~'71
4
Mg.087 HM31 A-F magnesium alloy extrusion,

isochronous stress-strain curves at 260 oC (500 F)
Solid extrusions up to 25.8 cm 2 (4.0 in. 2) cross section,
exposedto elevated temperature for 3 h prior to loading.
Source: "HM31XA MagnesiumAlloy Extrusions," Bulletin No. 141199, Dow Chemical Co. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
56~
a
OL--------~--------~----------L-------~O
0.8
1.6
2.4
3.2
Strain, %
20
140
16
12
";
-'"
r
Ul
Ci.
I~
V-
..--
15 s
..~
--
112
1 min
10 min
30 min
2h
5h
10 h
84
56
28
0.8
1.6
Strain, %
2.4
3.2

Solid extrusions up to 25.8 cm2 (4.0 in. 2) cross section,
Source: "HM31XA Magnesium Alloy Extrusions," Bulletin No. 141199, Dow Chemical Co. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
606/Magnesium (Mg)
24
168
20
140
16
25.4 cm (10 in.) OD x 8 mm (0.315 in.) wall. Short-time

tests after 5 s exposure to test temperature plior to
loading. Composition: Mg-3Th-1.5Mn. UNS M13312
5s
10 s
112
I
I
I
Mg.089 HM31A-F magnesium alloy extruded tubing,

ro
a.
:2
84 r
UJ
~
i'i5
56
28
1/
0.8
1.6
Strain, %
2.4
3.2
24
168
20
140
Mg.090 HM31A-F magnesium alloy extruded tubing,

25.4 cm (lO in.) OD x 8 mm (0.315 in.) wall. Short-time

tests after 5 s exposure to test temperature plior to
loading. Composition: Mg-3Th-1.5Mn. UNS M13312
30 s
16
112
10 min
ro
.;
-'"
a.
:2
84 r
UJ
gf 12
~
i'i5
i'i5
8
56
28
00
0.8
1.6
Strain, %
2.4
O
3.2
Magnesium (Mg)/607

extrusion, stress-strain curves at room and
350
50
70F 21 OC)
40
280
30
210
Extrusions up to 25.8 cm2 (4.0 in. 2 ) cross section tested in

longitudinal direction. Composition: Mg-3Th-l.5Mn.
UNS M13312
&.
::E
'"~
'"
(jj
20
500F (260 OC)
140
600 F (316 OC)

700F (371C)
10
800F (427 OC)
70
ooL------o.~2----~O.-4-----0~.-6-----0~.8------1~.O----~1.f
Strain, %
Source: "Magnesium in Design," Forro No. 141-213-67, Dow Chemical

608/Magnesium (Mg)
30
210
Mg.092 HM31A-T5 magnesium alloy extrusion,

175
Top curves for extrusions with cross section less than

6.45 cm2 (1 in. 2). Bottom for extrusions with cross
section 6.45-25.8 cm2 (1-4 in. 2). Tested in longitudinal
70F (21C)
300F (149 OC)
25
400F (204 OC)
20
500F (260 OC)
140
600F (316 OC)
'c;;
""
'"
U5
U)
ro
o..
:::;
15
105 '"
U)
~
U5
10
70
800F (427 OC)
35
30
210
25
175
20
140
ro
'c;;
""r
U)
o..
:::;
15
105 '"
U)
~
(f)
U5
10
70
800F (427 OC)
35
~------L-------~------~-------L------~o
0.2
004
0.6
Strain, %
0.8
1.0

Magnesium (Mg)/609
18
126
15
105
12
84
Mg.093 HZ32A-T5 magnesium alloy sand cast bar,

tensile stress-strain curves at various temperatures
Composition: Mg-3.2Th-2.1Zn-O.7Zr. UNS M13320
'"
o...
'iij
-'"
ui
In
Source: "Design," Booklet by Magnesium Elektron Ltd. As published in

:2
63 ui
In
ro
42
~~----+-------~-------~-------r------~21
0.2
0.6
0.4
0.8
Strain, %
140
20
18
16
14
120
100
'"
o...
:2
ui
In
80
.91
':?! 60
~
40
20
tp
12 ~
10
1il
.91
'iij
<=
ui
In
~~
(1)
10 h
p-
f
il
- 4
-
0.4
0.8

loading. Composition: Mg-3.2Th-2.1Zn-O.7Zr. UNS
M13320
2 min
-:::::
Mg.094 HZ32A-T5 magnesium alloy separately sand

cast test bar, isochronous tensile stress-strain curves
at 204 oC (400F)
1.2
1.6
Strain, %
2.0
2.4

610/Magnesium (Mg)
32
Mg.095 QE22A-T6 magnesium alloy sand

casting, stress-strain curves at room and
r-------r-------,-------,--------,------~224
28
Composition: Mg-2.5Ag-2.0Di-OAZr. Didymium is a

natural mixture of rare-earth elements neodymium and
praseodymium given the quasi-chemical symbol Di. UNS
M18220
24
20
ro
00
-'"
ui"
a.
482F (250 oC)
en 16
:2
~------~~F_--~,_=---+_------~------~112
ui"
Source: "Design," Booklet by Magnesium Elektron Ltd. As published in

en
~
C
12
O L-------~------~------~------~------~O
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
O
Strain, %
Mg.096 QE22A-T6 magnesium alloy casting,

typical stress-strain curves at room and
50r------,-----,------,------,------,-----~350
~----~----~------+_----_+------~~--~280
210
ro
a.
00
-'"
ui"
:2
en
ui"
~
140
en
~--~~~~~------+_----_+------+_----~70
~-----2L-----~----~------~----~----~ll
RT, room temperature. Specimens exposed to elevated

temperatures for 0.5 h. Ramberg-Osgood parameters:
n(RT) = 6.5, n(300 P [or 149 OC]) = 7.9, n(400 0p [or
204 OC]) = 9.0, n(600 0p [or 314 OC]) = 4.8, n(700 0p [or
371C]) = 3.9. Composition: Mg-2.5Ag-2.0Di-OAZr.
Didymium is a natural mixture of rare-earth elements
neodymium and praseodymium given the quasi-chemical
symbol Di. UNS M18220
Magnesium (Mg)/611
Mg.097 QE22A-T6 magnesium alloy sand cast test

bar, effect of temperature on tensile properties
Temperature, oc
-129
-240
60
50
---
-18
O-
-"
ui
30
'"~
204
316
427
420
F tu' ultimate tensile strength; F ty ' tensile yield strength.
40
.;
93
~
~
"~u
~
280
o..'"
::2
......
20
210
140
70
o
120
E
E
80
----
.~
.,
40
....-~
Cl
'"
o
:
~oo
-200
200
Temperature, F
400
ui
~~
10
Composition: Mg-2.5Ag-2.0Di-0.4Zr. Didymium is a

praseodymium given the quasi-chemical symbol Di. UNS
M18220
350
V
600
800
Source: J.B. Hallowell and H.R. Ogden, "An Introduction to

Magnesium Alloys," DMIC Report 206, Battelle Memorial Institute,
612/Magnesium (Mg)
~ 120r---------,---------~----------r_--------,
el
r:::
100~--------~--------_1----------+_--------~
Composition: Mg-2.5Ag-2.0Di-0.4Zr. Didyrnium is a

praseodyrnium given the quasi-chemical symbol Di. UNS
Ml8220
80~--------~----~~~~~~-L--~--------~
Source: "Crucible Melting of Magnesiurn Alloys," Bulletin No. 181-27,

Oow Chemical Co. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
..!!1
'0;
r:::
ro
:5""
572 F (300 OC)
'O
Ql
el
l'l
r:::
60L---------~--------~----------~--------~
120
!
o
'#.
100
e..r:::
o,
r:::
80
"C
Qi
';;'
..!!1
'0;
r:::
~
~
Mg.098 QE22A-T6 magnesium alloy sand cast bar,

effect of overaging on tensile properties
60
'O
\~
~
~
~
""
~82OF(2500C)
~ t--
----
572 F (300 'C)
Ql
el
~ 40
~
Ql
a.
20
0.1
10
Time, h
10
10
Magnesium (Mg)/613
280
.;
::E
<Ji
:i
'"~
~
245
i5
35
~~~-~~~--------~----------~--------~210
- - Chilled casting
- - - - Unchilled casting
25L---------~--------~----------~--------~175
20r----------r--------~----------,_--------_,
E
E
.~ 10f~~~::~----~=-~~====::::t=======~
..:
-~1-_
"
~
III
a.
-'"
F lu ' ultimate tensile strength; F ly ' tensile yield strength.

Effect of casting process is shown. Composition: Mg2.5Ag-2.0Di-0.4Zr. Didyrnium is a natural mixture of
rare-earth elements neodymium and praseodymium given
the quasi-chernical symbol Di. UNS M18220
315
45
Mg.099 QE22A-18 magnesium alloy sand cast, effect

of cold work on tensile properties
350
50
__
----
-------
oL----------2~--------~4~--------~6--------~8
Reduction, %
Source: B. Lagowski and J.W. Meier, Effect of Cold Work on Tensile

Properties ofMagnesium Alloys, AFS Trans., Vol 76, 1968, p 174-182 .
1995, P 4
614/Magnesium (Mg)
35
30
25
-; 20
-'"
"'
en
1i
15
10
/
V
F
I
Mg.100 lE10A-H24, lE10A-O magnesium alloy

245
Curves generated with a strain rate of 0,005/min. Solid

line curves for 1.0 mm (0.040 in.) thick sheet and dashed
line curves for 3.18 mm (0.125 in.) thick sheet.
Composition: Mg-IZn-0.2RE. UNS Ml6100
210
175
=--=
140
&.
:2
105
1i
70
35
6
8
10
12
Mg.101 lE10A-H24, lE10A-O magnesium alloy

210
--- ---
-r
25
20
lr
.;
-'"
"'
1i
en 15
~
10
Source: "Stress-Strain Curve for ZE lOA (Sheet)," Dow Chemical Co.,

1959. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vo13,
30
175
140
~-
--
&.
:2
105 "'
en
70
35
Curves generated with a strain rate of 0.005/min. Solid

line curves for 1.0 mm (0.040 in.) thick sheet and dashed
line curves for 3.18 mm (0.125 in.) thick sheet.
Composition: Mg-IZn-0.2RE. UNS M16100
H24
6
10
Source: "Stress-Strain Curve for ZE lOA (Sheet)," Dow Chemica1 Co.,

1959. As pub1ished in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3,
Code 3602, CINDAS/USAF CROA Handbooks Operation, Purdue
Magnesium (Mg)/615
Mg.l02 ZE41 A-T5 magnesium alloy sand casting,

25r------,------,------,-----~------,-----~175
RT, room temperature. Specimens exposed to elevated

temperatures for 0.5 h. Ramberg-Osgood parameters:
n(RT) = 3.6, n(212 P [or 100 OC)) = 3.4, n(302 0p [or
150 OC]) = 3.1, n(392 0p [or 200 OC]) = 2.9. Composition: Mg-4Zn-lRE-0.7Zr. UNS M16410
20~-----~-----4----~~----_+--~--+_----_i140
105
.;
ca
a.
:;;
"'r"
r
en
en
~
i
70
r-~L-_r----~------~----_+------+_----_;35
L------L----~------~----~------~----_JO
10
12
Mg.l03 ZE41 A-T5 magnesium alloy separately sand

cast test bar, tensile stress-strain curves at room and
200r-----,----~-----,-----,-----r----,-----,
25
Composition: Mg-4Zn-lRE-0.7Zr. UNS MI64lO

149 oC (300F)
ca
a.
204 oC (400F)
:;;
r
en
15
en
~
.;

20
260 oC (500F)
r
en
gen
~
.;
c:
c:
.'!!
316 oC (600F)
.'!!
10
~--~~--~----~~---L-----L----~--~O
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Strain, %
1.0
1.2
1.4
616/Magnesium (Mg)
25
14
20
.;
V\
'"~
140
1\/
-'"
Mg.l04 ZE41 A-T5 magnesium alloy sand casting,

typical compressive stress-strain and tangent
70
Rarnberg-Osgood pararneter: n(compression) = 3.7.

Composition: Mg-4Zn-lRE-O.7Zr. UNS Ml64lO
15
10

28
42
56
105
'"~
'"
70
1\
I
2
ro
[L
:2
8
10
6
6
35
12
30
210
Mg.l05 ZH62A-T5 magnesium alloy sand

casting, complete tensile stress-strain curves
25
175
Strain rate: O.03/min. Composition: Mg-5.7Zn-1.5ThO.7Zr. UNS M16620
20
140
ro
.;
[L
-'"
:2
r 15
105 r
'"
~
'"~
i
70
10
5~~----+-----~~-=----~------~~----~35
~------L3------~6------~9------~12~----~1~
Strain, %
Source: H.E. Dedman, EJ. Wheelahan, and J.R. Kattus, "Tensile

Properties of Aircraft Structural Metals at Various Rates of Loading
after Rapid Heating," WADC Technical Report 58-440, Part 1, AS TIA
Doc. No. 206074, 1958. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Magnesium (Mg)/617
40
V~
30
00
-"'-
'"
~
(J)
20
10
Mg.106 ZK60A-T5 magnesium alloy

extrusion, typical tensile stress-strain curves
at room temperature
350
50
.---
Ramberg-Osgood parameter: n(room temperature)

Composition: Mg-5.5Zn-0.5Zr. UNS M16600
280
= 7.0.
210
<l!
D..
::;;
r
'"~
140
70
10
6
50
1
.1
<2 in~ (12.9 cm')
2-,3 in~ (12.9-19.~ cm')k-:;:::p::
I
1--
45
3-5
in~ (19.1~~;"--
""""
35
30
2-40 in~ (12.9-258 cm')
210
15
::;;
175 r
'"
ST
105
If'
I
10
70
35
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
<l!
D..
}F
~
5-40 in~ (32.2-258 cm') 140 i
LT
Test direction: L, longitudinal; LT, long transverse;

ST, short transverse. Curves for extrusions in different
conditions, orientations, and section sizes. Composition:
Mg-5.5Zn-0.5Zr. UNS M16600
280
245
-,
--1/
//
315
-1
1/
20
r-
>"F(L)
<2 in~ (12.9 cm')
T5(L)
40
Mg.107 ZK60A-F, -T5 magnesium alloy extrusion,

compressive stress-strain curves at room
temperature
350
1.0
Strain, %
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0

618/Magnesium (Mg)
Mg.l08 ZK60A-T5 magnesium alloy extrusion, effect

of temperature on tensile properties
Temperature. oC
70
60
-240
-129
-18
93
204
~
-......
-...... ~
Test direction: longitudinal. F tu ' ultimate tensile strength;

420
50
'00 40
1\
1\\
ii 30
20
liu
280
i
~
140
70
40
.S:: 20
'".1:
/~
10
-400
-200
Temperature. F
v"
200
210 ii
~e

:2
~~
10
UNS M16600
350
liy\ ~
~
-"
uf
F ty , tensile yield strength. Composition: Mg-5.5Zn-O.5Zr.
400
600
Magnesium (Mg)/619
Mg.l09 ZK60A-T5 magnesium alloy extrusion,

1oor------,------,-----~------_r------r_----_,700
Composition: Mg-5.5Zn-O.5Zr. UNS M16600

80~-----~------+-- ---~------~----_b----__1560
ro
Source: R.L. McOee, l.E. Campbell, R.L. Carlson, and O.K. Manning,
"The Mechanical Properties of Certain Aircraft Structural Metals at
Very Low Temperatures," Battelle Memorial Institute, WADC TR58386,1958. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
a.
:::E
gf
~
~-----~----~------~~~-4~~~+---~~28000
~-----+~~~+-----~------~------~-----1140
6
8
10
260
420
Mg.ll0 ZK60A-T5 magnesium alloy extrusion, effect

of elevated temperature on tensile properties
350
Test direction: longitudinal. Ftu' ultimate tensile strength;

Fty, tensile yield strength. Composition: Mg-5.5Zn-O.5Zr.
UNS M16600
280
Source: "Magnesium in Design," Porm No. 141-213-67, Dow Chemical

Temperature, 'C
-18
60
38
93
149
204
50
40
ro
a.
'iii
'"rrn
~
:::E
210 gf
30
00
20
140
Expos~re
10
?ft.
70
10 min
- . - - 1000 h
E100
E
.5
~ 50
c:
'"c:
o
J
O
O
100
200
300
Temperature, 'F
400
500
620/Magnesium (Mg)
40
30
210
1/
c
en
20
10
c
en
~
140
.......
35
.. 1
I
I/./
30
~
%,/ ...
1--__
~ :;::;;;
J~-:'~ ~
If~
/~
in~
245
3-5 in~ (19.4-32.2 cm') (L)

7! f--
Test direction: L, longitudinal; LT, long transverse;

ST, short transverse. Curves for extrusions in different
conditions, orientations, and section sizes. Composition:
Mg-5.5Zn-0.5Zr. UNS M16600
210
1---
f--
b:::.-
175
5-40 in' (32.2-258 cm') (L)
5-40
(32.2J58 cm!) (LT)
5-40 in~ (32.2-258 cm') (ST)
'"
::;;
a.
140 c
en
(f)
105
70
--T5
--F
35
1/
0.4
Mg.112 ZK60A-F, ZK60A-T5 magnesium alloy

extrusion, compressive stress-strain curves
at room temperature
280
l' l0' (12.!.-19.",,,,, (L<:-
",-
/'
12
~<2 i~~ (12.~ cm,)(L)
..-L~ 1--.~:
25
10
6
8
40
0.2
1i
70
15
'"
a.
::;;
1i
Tested in longitudinal direction. Extrusions with crosssectional area les s than 12.90 cm2 ( 2.000 in. 2). Composition: Mg-5.5Zn-0.5Zr. UNS M16600
280
10
Mg.lll ZK60A-T5 magnesium alloy extrusion,

compressive stress-strain curve at room temperature
350
50
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
Strain, %
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0

Magnesium (Mg)/621
35
30
---::::::
245
\....-.::::-.,
!I)
Test direction: longitudinal. Composition: Mg-5.5ZnO.5Zr. UNS M16600
-..,
210
~
25
175
20
140
15
105
'"
00
"'<Ji"
Mg.113 ZK60A-T5 magnesium alloy extrusion, effect

of elevated temperature on compressive yield
strength at room temperature
280
40
c..
Source: "Magnesium in Design." Form No. 141-213-67, Dow Chemical

::;
(f)
<Ji
Exposure
200F (93 OC)

300F (149 0C)- 70
"'" 400F (204 OC)
o 500 F (260 OC)
35
10
10
30
20
40
,----,---,----------.,----.,------,
1----+--+-+---__"""-I----+---=..-J.2 min
Mg.114 ZK60A-T5 magnesium alloy forging,

140
Axial specimens from aircraft wheel rimo Composition:

Mg-5.5Zn-0.5Zr. UNS M16600
112

1h
00
84
'"
c..
"'<Ji"
::;
!I)
<Ji
!I)
(f)
56
0~---0~.4---0~.8----1~.2---~1.-6---2.LO--~2.;
Strain, %
'i
622/Magnesium (Mg)
Axial specimens from aircraft wheel riro. Composition:

Mg-S.SZn-O.5Zr. UNS M16600
112
16
.;

140
20
30 s
12
Source: "Magnesium in Designo" Fonn No. 141-213-67. Dow Chemical

Co., 1967. As pub1ished in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
84
tU
o..
-'"
tfj
:2
2 min
U)
tfj
U)
5min
i'i
56
-+----t---i
5h
1_ _ _ _
~----~-----L----~------~----~----~O
2.4
1.2
Strain, %
0.8
140
20
16
112
12
84
Axial specimens from aircraft wheel rimo Composition:

Mg-S.5Zn-O.SZr. UNS M16600
Source: "Magnesium in Design," Fonn No. 141-213-67, Dow Chernica1
CO., 1967. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
~
tfj
U)
56
8
~5

V -~
I~
1----
)----
0.8
1.2
Strain, %
2 min
28
15 min
1h
..-
0.4
30 s
1.6
2.0
2.4
Magnesium (Mg)/623
40
35
30
25
10
245
Forged at 316 oC (600F) from extruded material.

210
Source: Properties of Magnesium and Magnesium Alloys, Properties

and Selection of Metals, Vol 1, 8thed., Metals Handbook, American
Society for Metals, 1961, p 1095-1112. As published in Aerospace
175
o..
'"
/ ....rIV
/!V-
15
Mg.117 ZK60A-T5 magnesium alloy forging, stressstrain curves at room and elevated temperatures
75F (24 OC)
280
:2
140 ,,;
300F (149 OC)

105
400F (204 C)_ 70
!,t---
35
~/
500 F (~60 OC)

600F (3 16 'C)
1
0.2
0.6
0.8
Strain, %
0.4
1.0
1.2
40
35
V
/
30
300 "F (149 OC)
k---""
/// '
15
IV/'
V
/J
v;::,
.0
245
Forged at 316 oC (600F) from extruded material.

210

and Selection of Metals, Vol 1, 8th ed., Metals Handbook, American
Society for Metals, 1961, P 1095-1112. As published in Aerospace
175
280
75F (24 OC)
25
10
1.4
o..
'"
:2
140 ,,;
CI)
400F (204 C)- 105
70
500F (260 OC)

~
600F
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Strain, %
1.0
6 OC)
1.2
35
1.4
624/Magnesium (Mg)
40
35
30
25
j)
~
--r--
--
--
/1
I V/ V
V
15
10
75 'F (24 'C)
ro
140 ui
400F (204 C)- 105
70
0.4
0.6
0.8
Strain, %
1.0
35
1.2
/ /'
.;
-'"
enen 20
//
V/
V
--
./""
r--
--
280
245
Forged at 427 oC (800F) from cast material.

210

175
300F (149 OC)
ro
a.
:::?E
140 ui
(f)
400F (204 'C)
105
70
500F (2 60 'C)
-r-
0.4
(1
600F
~
0.2
1.4
75F (24 OC)
25
Source: Properties of.Magnesium and Magnesium Alloys, Properties

:::?E
600F (3 16 OC)
/'
jj
210
---'
30
Forged at 427 oC (800F) from cast material.

500F (2 60 'C)
35
245
a.
40
10
300 'F (149 0C)- 175
r""'"
0.2
15
280
0.6
0.8
Strain, %
1.0
16 OC)
1.2
35
1.4
Magnesium (Mg)/625
Mg.121 ZK60A-T5, ZK60A-T6 magnesium alloy

forging, effect of temperature on tensile properties
Temperature, 'C
501r8~__~~38~______9T3________
14r9_______2,0_4______-,26~50
"
Longitudinal specimens. Composition: Mg-5 .5Zn-O.5Zr.

UNS M16600
Source: "Magnesium in Design," Form No. 141-213-67, Dow Chemica1
4or----,.-~~~~----------r_------~------~280
.;
210
30
ui
11)
ui
~
CI)
1/)
140
20
10~------~-------+--------~------~-------470
OL--------L-------L--------L--------L------~O
~100r-------.--------r--------r_------._------__,
E
E
.~
N
50r-------~------~~------r-------~--------
.E
e
o
O>
ro
a.
::;
.><
0oL-----~-L------_L--------L--------L------~
100
200
300
Temperature, 'F
400
500
CI)
626/Magnesium (Mg)
280
Mg.122 ZK60A-T5, ZK60A-T6 magnesium alloy rolliorged rings, effect oi rolling reduction and
orientation on compressive yield strength
35
245
Top: T5; bottom: T6. Roll forged rings produced directly

from cast blanks. Composition: Mg-5.5Zn-0.5Zr. UNS
M16600
._ 30
210
40
Tang~ntial
'" Axial
Radial
<Ji
rJ)
~
00
(1)
IJ..
::a;
25
...-
<Ji
rJ)
175 00
....,
20
140
15
105
40
280
35
30
/~
.---------
245
210
ro
IJ..
::a;
<Ji
rJ)
~
00 25
t--
---=
--
175
140
20
20
30
40
Rolling reduction, %
50
60
105
70
!
U)
Source: "Magnesium RolIed Rings," Code 0.4 JFPIHB, Dow Chemical

Magnesium (Mg)/627

28 .----,---.----,----,.----,----,----,196
24
Axial specimens from aircraft wheel rims.

20

----'_-- 30 min
.;
-'"
rii
m
16 r---Jhtr~~~------~-=~~--2h~-----r----~112
:2
10 h
~
'i 12 ~~~~~--~~~+_----~-----r----_r----~M
gf
8 ~~~r-----+_----+-----~-----r-----r----~56
4 Hm~--r-----+_----+_----~----_r----_r----_;28
OL-----~-----~----~----~----~-----L-----JO
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
2.0
2.4
2.8
Strain, %

28r----,r-----,------,-----,-----,-----,----~
196
24~----+-------+_----+_----~----_r----_r----_;
168
Axial specimens from aircraft wheel rims.

20~----+-------+_----+_----~----_r----_r----_;
140

Purdue University, 1995, p la
~ 16r-----+---~~----~--~~3~0~s----r-----t-----1
112
:2
rii
2 min
'i 121---ty</~1---_=::::::::::::;;;;~=~-r--10 minl~-----j

~_--t--- 30 min
rii
m
~
84 en
56
28
0L-----0".-4~---0~.8-----1~.2----~1.-6-----2.LO-----2L.4-----J2.~
Strain, %
628/Magnesium (Mg)

28
196
24
168
Axial specimens from aircraft wheel rims. Composition:

Mg-5.5Zn-0.5Zr. UNS M16600
20
140

.; 16
112
-'"
'"~
ro
12
84
..,./
v-
~5s
305
-2min
5 min
30min
r/;r-::::
~ rr---I~
0.4
0.8
(~/)
56
28
2h
10 h
1.6
1.2
Strain, %
2.0
2.4
2.8
35r-------,-------,-------,-------,-------,
30~------1_------_+------~~~~~+_------~
25~------+_------~~~~~------_r~----~
.;
&.
:2
ui
20 ~------1_--~~.,...=------~r__
-'"
ui
~'"
(/) 15 ~------__t__,'-------_+------~'-------+_------~
10~----~+_------+_------~------_r------~
5~~----+_------+_------~------_r------~35
L -______L -______~______~------~------~O
1.0
Strain, %
Mg.126 ZK61A-T5, ZK61A-T6 magnesium alloy

sand cast test bar, stress-strain curves for
various conditions
Composition: Mg-6Zn-O.8Zr. UNS M16600

Source: J.W. Meier and M.W. Martinson, Development of HighStrength Magnesium Casting Alloy ZK61, Trans. AFS, Vol 58, 1950,
P 742-751. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
Magnesium (Mg)/629
Mg.127 ZK61A-T6 magnesium alloy sand cast test

bar, effect of temperature on tensile properties
Temperature, 'C
501~8~______~3r8_________~93~_______1,4~9______--.20~50
F tu' ultimate tensile strength; F ty , tensile yield strength.
Composition: Mg-6Zn-08Zr. UNS M16600

Source: J.W. Meier, Characteristics of High-Strength Magnesium
Casting Alloy ZK61, Trans. AFS, Vol 61, 1953, P 719-728. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3409,
1995, p 4
40~---------~----~--~----------1---------~280
210 co
a..
30
'iii
-"
ui
::;
ui
CIl
CIl
~
140
20
10~--------~-------~~-------4--------~70
<fl 40
E
E
~
.S
N
20
.S
c:
~el
c:
00
100
200
Temperature, 'F
300
400
Nickel (Ni)/631
Nickel (Ni)
80
560
r---
60
/~
--
420
Ni.001 Ni 200 annealed nickel sheet, engineering


(0.031 in.). Commercial1y pure nickel (UNS N02200).
0.2% yield strength = 185 MPa (26.9 ksi); ultimate
tensile strength = 434 MPa (63.0 ksi); elongation =
39.5%; strength coefficient (K) = 138.2; strain-hardening
exponent (n) = 0.387. Composition: Ni 99.0 min
Courtesy of Special Metals Corporation
20
140
0.05
0.10
0.15
Strain
0.20
0.25
30
O
0.30
210
._ 20
V--
Ni.002 Ni 200 annealed nickel sheet, engineering

stress-strain curve (expanded range)

(0.031 in.). Commercial1y pure nickel (UNS N02200).
0.2% yield strength = 180 MPa (26.1 ksi); ultimate
tensile strength = 414 MPa (60.1 ksi); elongation =
39.0%. Composition: Ni 99.0 min
r
(J)
~
10
el
.~
ID
.5>
e
W 10
4
Strain x 0.001
632/Nickel (Ni)
.l.rr=-
120
=-,,==-''' .....--
..;.,:-~-:..
1
/
ro
c..
:::;:
560 oo
r
280
137 ksi (945 MPa)
- - - 130 ksi (896 MPa)
_. _. _. 130 ksi (896 MPa)
I
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Strain, %
1.0
1.2
1.4
Ni.004 8-1900 as-cast nickel alloy, stress-strain

1120
160
120
,/
.-' -
. - .1.'
-'
-'-"
V-=- --- --,{

/1,
-rr
trI
f--"J
ro
c..
:::;:
560 oo'
oo
~
1i
,1
V
0.2
25.4 mm (1 in.) gage length. Curves given for various

ultimate strengths. Composition: Ni-10Co-8Cr-6Mo-6Al4Ta-1(Ti + C + Zr + B)
840
/{
40
Source: Pratt and Whitney Aircraft Communication to MPDC. As pub

lished in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 5, Code 4213,
1995, p 13
1i
ji
25.4 mm (1 in.) gage length. Heat treatment: 1065 oC

(1950 P), 4 h, rapid air cooled + 899 oC (1650 P), 10 h,
air cooled. Curves given for various ultimate strengths.
Composition: Ni-lOCo-8Cr-6Mo-6Al-4Ta-1(Ti + C +
Zr+ B)
840
40
Ni.003 8-1900 as-cast and heat treated nickel alloy,

stress-strain curves at room temperature
1120
160
280
139 ksi (958 MPa)
- - - 136 ksi (938 MPa)
- . - . - . 124 ksi (855 MPa)
I
0.4
0.6
0.8
Strain, %
1.0
1.2
1.4
Source: Pratt and Whitney Aircraft Communication to MPDC. As pub

lished in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 5, Code 4213,
1995, p 13
Nickel (Ni)/633
Ni.005 8-1900 as-cast nickel alloy, stress-strain

curves at elevated temperature
1120
160
1
10J ksi (752 MPa),

- . - . - . 110 ksi (758 MPa),
..
78 ksi (538 MPa),
27 ksi (186 MPa),
_.. _ _.. -
---
1100 F
1400 F
1800 F
2000 F
120
......
1649 OC)
(760 OC)
(982 OC)
(1093 OC)
._0- .-.-.' l:.r
-'-"
40
J'
l
1 "'/,....
<ti
1/
.....---
0.2
.. .. ..
..",......
-.. - .. - ._'0_"
r"
i
560 vi
en
280
V'
./
~/~
~

1995, p 15
o..
::;
-- "-"-"
840
/: "
1/
-- ....-- --
0.4
0.6
25.4 mm (1 in.) gage length. Curves given for various

ultimate strengths and test temperatures. Composition:
Ni-lOCo-8Cr-6Mo-6AI-4Ta-l(Ti + C + Zr + B)
0.8
Strain, %
1---
1.0
-- ~
1.2
1.4
1.6
634/Nickel (Ni)
Ni.006 Inco 713LC nickel alloy, true stress-strain

flow curves in interrupted tests
500
450
400
350
'"
a. 300
<Ji
250
200
Source: 1.P.A. Immarigeon and P.H. Floyd, Microstructural Instabilities

During Superplastic Forging of a Nickel-Base Superalloy Compact, as
published in Production to Near Net Shape Source Book, American
Society for Metals, 1983, p 347
1\
~
U)
Effects of prestrain at 0.98/s (top) and 0.09/s (bottom) on

flow curves at different strain rates (S-l) and 1050 oc.
Composition: 74Ni-12Cr-6AI-4.5Mo
(\
'" ....
Q)
0.98/5
150
100
50
0.5
1.0
rr
10-2
1.4xW:
--
9.0x10
2.0
1.5
2.5
3.0
,1
_,
1.4x10_,
3.0x10_,
9.0x10
1.2
1.5
True strain
400
350
300
'" 250
a.
~
<Ji
U)
,.......
"\
.~
200
1~
1
Q)
150
0.09/5
100
50
11""
0.3
0.9
0.6
True strain
10-2
'1
Nickel (Ni)/635
700
80
560
60
420
50
350 ~
~
ui
Ul
/
./
(ji
'>,
~c.
al
a.
~
~ 40
.~
Ni.007 Inconel 713C cast nickel alloy, compressive

yield stress-strain curve at 1177 oC (2150 F)
100
30
20
l/~
10
0.1
:!2
CI)
'>,
210 ~
Source: D.R. Carnahan, D.S. Michlin, and V. DePierre, "Extrusion of

Refractory Metals and Superalloys," AFML-TR-66-344, Dec 1966,
-~
~ = 28.88235
280 1
Specimen diameter = 9.5 mm (0.375 in.). As cast in

vacuum of 00-3 Hg). Held at temperature a minimum of
15 rnin before test. Composition: Ni-13Cr-6Al-4Mo-2Nb0.7Ti. UNS N07713
c.
140
0.5
0.2
Strain rate, 0.1 s
80
70
/'
/'
V
/
40
al
a.
~
420
0.01
0.02
0.05
l/
.l!1
.~
CI)
350
-;;
(j
5
280
la
490
,,/
30
Ni.008 Inconel 713C rolled and heat treated nickel

alloy sheet, effect of strain rate on ultimate tensile
strength at 1038 oC (1900 0F)
560
0.'1
0.2
0.5
Strain rate, in.lin.lmin
Rolled from 2.54-0.381 mm (0.10-0.015 in.). Heat

treatment: 1177 oC (2150 F), 40 h + 871C (1600 F),
24 h. Composition: Ni-13Cr-6Al-4Mo-2Nb-0.7Ti.
UNS N07713
Source: H. Greenewald, Jr. and T.J. Riley, "Development of a NickelBase Alloy Sheet for High Temperature Applications," ASD-TDR-62869, Apri11963, P 86. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
636/Nickel (Ni)
120
100
"'~
1i
g' 60
.~
./
._ 80
ui
Ni.009 Incoloy C276 annealed nickel alloy sheet,

engineering stress-strain curve (full range)
840
700
560 ca
o..
:;;
ui

(0.042 in.). 0.2% yield strength = 385 MPa (55.8 ksi);
ultimate tensile strength = 839 MPa (121.7 ksi);
elongation = 58.2%. Composition: 57.25Ni-15.5Cr-5.5
Fe-3.75W-2.5Co. UNS N10276
420
r1
~
c:
"55
(])
(])
c:
c:
'c,
'c,
c:
280 UJ
c:
UJ 40
140
20
0.05
0.15
0.10
0.20
0.25
0.30
Strain
70
490
60
420
Ni.Ol0 Incoloy C276 annealed nickel alloy sheet,

/\..
50
~
ui
~ 40
1i
Ol
c:
.~ 30
c:
'c,
c:
20
10
350
/
/
/
/
ca
o..
:;;
280
gf
~
1i
Ol
c:
210 .~
c:
'c,
c:
UJ
140
70
6
Strain x 0.001
10

elongation = 55.8%. Composition: 57.25Ni-15.5Cr-5.5
Fe-3.75W-2.5Co. UNS N10276
Nickel (Ni)/637
Ni.011 Inconel 600 annealed nickel alloy sheet,

840
120
100
..- ~
Test direction: longitudinal. Sheet thickness =0.864 mm

ultimate tensile strength =747 MPa (l08.4 ksi);
elongation = 37.5%. Composition: 72Ni-15.5Cr-8Fe.
UNS N06600
700
/'
140
20
0.05
0.10
0.15
Strain
0.25
0.20
60
0.30

420
r/
50
350
!--
._ 40
g
f
~
1i
g> 30
<D
c:
.5>
c:
20
10
:f
~
210 ~
c:
.~
UJ
280 ~
:2
"55
<D
c:
.5>
140
70
4
Strain x 0.001
c:
UJ

elongation = 37.0%. Composition: 72Ni-15.5Cr-8Fe.
UNS N06600
638/Nickel (Ni)
20

temperatures
r-------------,-------------.-------------~140
1300 F (704 OC)

16
~------------t-------------1-----~~~~~112
Sheet thickness
= 1.524 mm (0.060 in.). Cold work 20%,
+ anneal at 1038 oC (1900 F), 4.5 mino Tested in argon

12
~------------t-------~~--1---~~--L---~84
:2
:i
~
If
8 ~----~~~--+-~~~~~~~------_+----~56
100 h
~~~~~----+-------------~------------~28
L-------____
____________
_ L_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
~O
r-------------,-------------.-------------~56
1500 F (816 OC)

6
~------------+-----------~~----_,------~42
'"
a..
]
~..
:2
~------_1~~+-------~~--~~~~------~28
:i
~
If
If
2
500 h
1000 h
2000 h
O L-----------~------------~------------~O
8 ,-------------,-------------,-------------,56
1650 F (899 oC)
6
~------------t-------------~------------~42
'"
.;;
-""
:i
Q)
a..
:2
~------------t-------------+---~~------~28
:i
~
Vl
~
2
0~10~0~0~h~----~20~0~0~h~----------~------------~0
0.1
10
100
Total strain, %
at temperature. Composition: 72Ni-15.5Cr-8Fe.

UNS N06600
Source: J.R. Wier, Jr., D.A. Douglas, and W.D. Manly, "Inconel as a
Structural Material for a High Temperature Fused Salt Reactor," ORNL2264, June 1957. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Nickel (Ni)/639

temperatures
20 .-------------,-------------,--------------,140
1300 'F (704 'C)
16 ~------------+_-------------~------------~112
._ 12 ~----------~+_-------------~~----~70--~84
""'"tJi
'"~
&
:2
8 ~----------~~~-----~~~~~------+----156
tJi
en
~~~--~--~------------~------------~28
2000 h
OL---~--------L------------~----------~O
8 ,-------------,--------------,--------------,56
1500 'F (816 'C)
6 ~------------+_--------------r--~~~-----142
ro
o..
:2
'w
""gf
4 ~------------+_--~~----~~~--+_-------128 en
tJi
~
100 h
500 h
1000 h
2000 h
OL-------------L------------~----------~O
6 ,-------------,--------------,--------------,42
1650 'F (899 'C)
._ 4 ~------------+_-------------~------~----~28
tJi
'"
~
&
:2
gf
~
2 ~------------+-~~~--~~~~~--~----~14
100 h
500 h
1000 h
O~------------~-------------~------------~o
0.1
10
100
Total strain, %
Sheet thickness = 1.524 mm (0.060 in.). Annealed at

1121 oC (2050 P), 2 h. Tested in argon at temperature.
Composition: 72Ni-15.5Cr-8Pe. UNS N06600
Source: J.R. Wier, D.A. Douglas, and W.D. Manly, "Inconel as a
Structural Material for a High Temperature Fused Salt Reactor," ORNL2264, June 1957. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
640/Nickel (Ni)
Ni.015 IN 100 as-cast nickel alloy, stress-strain

160r---r---r--'---.---.---.---.---.---r---r--~1120
Composition: Ni-15Co-10Cr-5.5Al-4.7Ti-3Mo-0.95Y.
UNS N13100
Source: W.F. Sirnmons and R.B. Gunia, "Compilation of Trade Names,
Specifications, and Producers of Stainless Alloys and Superalloys,"
ASTM Data Series DS 45, 1969, P 7, 10, 115, revised by personal communication, Meteut to MPDC 13 June 1978. As published in Aerospace
120~~---+r--+--~--4---+---~~~-+---+--~840
40~~~~---1L--+~-+---+---+---+--~--~--~280
Strain x 0.001
Ni.016 IN 100 nickel alloy, cast and JO coated,

temperatures
1120
160
70F (21C)
Cast to 6.35 mm (0.25 in.) diam bar; 50.8 mm (2 in.)

gage length. JO coated by TRW with PWA A47 coating
plus 1079 oC (1975 P), 4 h in vacuum, + rapid argon
quenched. Composition: Ni-15Co-lOCr-5.5Al-4.7Ti3Mo-0.95Y. UNS N13100
840
120
1562 F (850 OC)
.;
"'<Ji"
'"~
ro
Il.
1697 F (925 OC)
:2
560 <Ji
80
'"~
Ci
Ci
280
40
Strain x 0.001
Souree: W.F. Simmons and R.B. Gunia, "Compilation ofTrade Names,

Specifications, and Producers of Stainless Alloys and Superalloys,"
ASTM Data Series DS 45, 1969, P 7, 10, 123. As published in
Nickel (Ni)/641
Ni.017 Inconel 702 nickel alloy sheet, tensile stressstrain curves at various temperatures
8o.---------~--------~--------_r--------_,560

1079 oC (1975 P), 0.5 h, air cooled + 760 oC (1400 P),
5 h, air cooled. Composition: Ni-15Cr-3AI-0.5Ti.
UNS N07702
~........- - - Room1temperature
400 'F (204 'C)
60L-------~~~~~~~~~----_L--------~420
~
gf 40 1------llhWl"'...t----"-"-"---'--'.:.~+--------+--------___j 280
E
en
~
r
Source: "Research Investigation to Determine Mechanical Properties of

Nickel and Cobalt Base Alloys for Inclusion in Military Handbook 5,"
Vol 1,11, TDR No. ML-TDR-64-116, 1964. As published in Aerospace
Ci5
20
140
1600 'F (871 'C)
1800 'F (982 'C)
O
O
4
Ni.018 Inconel 702 nickel alloy sheet, compressive

80r---------,----------r---------r---------,560
_ _- - Room temperature

(0.040 in.). Reat treatment: 1079 oC (1975 P), 0.5 h, air
cooled + 760 oC (1400 P), 5 h, air cooled. Composition:
Ni-15Cr-3AI-0.5Ti. UNS N07702
00 'F \204 'C)
......:::~::::~~~~ 600 'F
316 'C)
601--------.~~~----~~~----+--------___j420
800 'F (427 'C)

1000 'F (538 'C)
..---1200 'F (649 'C)
I
1600 'F (871 'C)
_.._--
:2
gf 40 1-------H'I---+7"'-----------+----------I-----------j 280 gf
Ci5
201--.~----+_--------~--------+--------___j140
__-t-----r---
1800 'F (982"C)
0L---------~2--------~4----------6L-------~80
Source: "Research Investigation to Determine Mechanical Properties of

Nickel and Cobalt Base Alloys for Inclusion in Military Handbook 5,"
Vol 1, 11, TDR No. ML-TDR-64-116, 1964. As published in Aerospace
642/Nickel (Ni)
12
10
--
. . . . r-.,..
'\
84
Ni.019 MA 6000 oxide-dispersion-strengthened

nickel alloy, rolled product, tensile stress-strain
curve at 1100 oC (2012 F)
70
As hot roUed. Average grain diam 0.26 !lm. Strain rate

-2.0/s. Calculated assuming uniform deformation.
Composition: Ni-15Cr-4.5Al-4.0W-2.5Ti-2.0Mo-2.0
Ta-l.lyp3
56
ro
o..
:2
~
ui
en
ui
'"~
42
CIl
CIl
~
4
28
14
0.2
0.6
0.4
0.8
Source: J.K. Gregory. J.C. Gibeling, and W.D. Nix, High Temperature
Deformation of Ultra-Fine-Grained Oxide Dispersion Strengtbened
Alloys, Metall. Trans . Vol16A (No. 5), 1985, P 777-787. As published
in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code #4122,
1995,p16
1.0
True strain

nickel alloy bar, compressive stress-strain curves at
200.-------,-------,--------,-------,--------,1400
Annealed at 1000 oc (1832 F), 1 h, air cooled in argon10% hydrogen. Grain aspect ratio = 17: 1. Initial strain
rate = 0.00015/s. Composition: Ni-15Cr-4.5Al-4.0W2.5Ti -2.0Mo-2.0Ta-l.l Y203
1050
1472 F (800 OC)
ro
o..
:2
1562 F (850 OC)
ui
'"~
ui
700 ~
t
CIl
CIl
:;
1832 F (1000 OC)

350
2192 F (1200 OC)
0.04
0.08
0.12
True strain
0.16
0.20
Source: B. Reppich, W. List!, and T. Meyer, Particle-Strengthening

Mechanisms in ODS Superalloys, Con! High Temperature Alloys for
Gas Turbines and Other Applications 1986 (Liege, Belgium), 1986,
Part n, p 1023-1035. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Vol 4, Code 4122, ClNDASfUSAF CRDA Handbooks
Nickel (Ni)/643
2x10-'/s
/'"
160
Test direction: longitudinal. Annealed bar with coarse,

elongated grain structure. Composition: Ni-15Cr-4.5Al4.0W-2.5Ti-2.0Mo-2.0Ta-l.l y 203
1120
2x1Q-'/s
840
~120
i'"

nickel alloy bar, effect of strain rate on true stressstrain curves at 760 oC (1400 F)
1400
200
&
:2
gi
80
O
1x10-6 /s
'"
Source: E.G. Jacobs, "Understanding !be Stress-Resisting Creep and

Hot Tensile Deforrnation in ODS SuperalIoys," Dissertation, Columbia
University, UMI Dissertation Inforrnation Service, 1990. As published
1995, p 16
560 ~
280
40
O strer at failure, mpensated fT necking
0.04
0.08
0.12
0.20
0.16
True strain
60
40
1652 F (900
.;
..
20
']7
<Ji
p/
t
o
1832 F (1000 e)/
.'
...
/;~ .... /)1
~ 10
m
~
0y
V 1/
J:.
140
.~
t/
~/O
56
m
~
<Ji
t
~
LL
28
V 2012 F (1100 OC)
10
10
Strain rate, %/h
:2
.Q
10
ca
o..
70
42
14
.,
10
280
Average grain diameter: 0.26 11m. Composition:

Ni-15Cr-4.5AI-4.0W-2.5Ti-2.0Mo-2.0Ta-l.l Y203
.-p
lff

nickel alloy bar, as hot rolled, effect of strain rate
and temperature on flow stress of fine-grained alloy
420
10
10
10
10
Source: J.K. Gregory, J.C. Gibeling, and W.D. Nix, High Temperature
Deforrnation of Ultra-Fine-Grained Oxide Dispersion Strengthened
AlIoys, Metal!. Trans., Vol16A (No. 5), 1985, P 777-787. As published
in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code #4122,
1995, p 18
644/Nickel (Ni)
120
100
80
",/
................
/'
... ---""-
f..;;/
"'<Ji"
(/)
r~v
60
U5
40
20
~_.

nickel alloy rod, cyclic and monotonic stress-strain
700
Annealed: 1232 oC (2250 P), 0.5 h, air cooled, + 954 oC

(1750 P), 2 h, air cooled, + 843 oC (1550 P), 24 h, air
cooled. Solid line: Cyc1ic load, R = -1, strain rate =
10-2/s. Dashed line monotonic, strain rate not reported.
Composition: Ni-15Cr-4.5Al-4.0W-2.5Ti-2.0Mo-2.0
Ta-1.1YP3
1562 JF (850 'C)
560
................
",,,,,,,,
00
840
1742 'F (950 'C)
o..'"
:2
420 (/)r
@
U5
. .......... .. 1922 'F (1050 'C)
280
Source: M. Marchionni, D. Ranucci, and E. Picco, Influence of

Environment on High Temperature Low Cycle Failure of an Oxide
Dispersion Strengthened Nickel Base SuperaIloy, Con! High
Temperature Materials for Power Engineeing 1990 (Liege, Belgium),
Par! n, 1990, p 1195-1204. As published in Aerospace Structural
Metals Handbook. Vol 4, Code 4122, CINDAS/USAF CRDA
140
!
0.4
1.6
1.2
0.8
2.0
Strain, %
840
Ni.024 Inconel X-750 nickel alloy sheet, tensile

temperatures
700
Sheet heat treated to an ultimate strength of 1069 MPa

(155 ksi). Composition: Ni-15Cr-7Pe-2.5Ti-lNb-0.7 Al.
UNS N07750
80
560
Source: Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Mechanical

Properties Data Center, BatteIle Columbus Laboratories, 1981, P 9
60
:2
420 <Ji
(/)
120
Room temperature
100
1000 'F (538 'C)
o..'"
00
"'<Ji"
(/)
g;
U5
(f)
40
280
20
140
O
O
4
Nickel (Ni)/645
160
-423
140
120
i /--
60
40
20
(-253 'C)
~96'C)
~
- - 7 0 'F (21 'C)
r
v
100
/
V
Ni.025 Inconel X-750 nickel alloy sheet, tensile

1120

(0.050 in.). Precipitation-treated condition: 982 oC
(1800 P), 1 h, force cooled to 704 oC (1300 P), held
20 h, air cooled. Composition: Ni-15Cr-7Pe-2.5Ti-1Nb0.7Al. UNS N07750
980
840
700
ro
o..
::;
560 ui
Source: E.H. Schmidt, "Fatigue Properties of Sheet, Bar and Cast

Metallic Materials for Cryogenic Applications," Rocketdyne, R-7564,
30 Aug 1968. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
Vol 4, Code 4105, CINDAS/USAF CROA Handbooks Operation,
420
280
140
10
Ni.026 Inconel X-750 nickel alloy bar, complete

1960
280
-42l 'F (-2J3 'C)
I
240
'00 160
"'ui"
~
~~
~E::::./
200
Bar diameter = 3.81 mm (0.150 in.). Precipitation-treated

condition: solution treated + 704 oC (1300 P), 20 h, air
cooled. Composition: Ni-15Cr-7Pe-2.5Ti-1Nb-0.7Al.
UNS N07750
1680
-320 'F (-1r 'C)
~
1400
\ -110 'F (-79 'C)
"\
:...--
\ Room temperature
11208:
::;
i 120
840 i
80
560
40
280
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
Strain, in.lin.
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
Source: K.A. Warren and R.P. Reed, 'Tensile and lmpact Properties of
Selected Materials From 20 to 300 K," Monograph 63, National Bureau
of Standards, 1963. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
646/Nickel (Ni)
Ni.027 Inconel X-750 nickel alloy sheet, compressive

temperatures
12o,---------.----------.----------.---------~840
560
80
1000 F (538 OC)
1200' F (649 OC)
~
r
U)
'"
[L
::
420
60
r
U)
(f)
40
280
20
140
00
4
Source: P.J. Hughes, l.E. Inge, and S.B. Prasser, "Tensile and
Alloys at Elevated Ternperatures," NACA TN-3315, Nov 1954. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code 4105,
1995, p 19
140,-------,--------,-------,--------,-------, 980
1200 F (649 OC)
Ni.028 Udimet 700 wrought nickel alloy, typical

stress-strain curves at elevated temperatures
120~------+_------_r------~~------t_------~
840
Fully heat treated. Composition: Ni-18Co-15Cr-5Mo4.5AI-3.5Ti-0.03B
700
Source: "Udirnet 700-Alloy Performance Data," Brochure No. 8595,

Kelsey Hays Co., Metal Division, 1959. As published in Aerospace
1600 F (871C)

thickness = 1.63 mm (0.064 in.). Precipitation-treated
condition: annealed, + 704 oC (1300 F), 20 h, air cooled.
Composition: Ni-15Cr-7Fe-2.5Ti-lNb-0.7 Al.
UNS N07750
80~------+_----~~~----_4--------+_------~
560
gj"
t1.
::
r
U)
1i5 60~------+_~~--_r------~--------t_------~ 420 1i5

1800 F (982 OC)
280
1900 F (1038 OC)
140
2000 F (1093 OC)
~------~2--------4L-------~6~------~8------~1~
Nickel (Ni)/647
1400
200
Bar specimen
160
'c;;
-'"
vi
en
Ni.029 Udimet 700 nickel alloy bar, stress-offset

strain curves at room temperature
1680
240
120
y-er ~
~~
v
~
..--V
V
/
/"
1120
a.
'"
:2
vi
en
~
840 (/)
"'-Sheet specimen
Round bar (9.373 mm, or 0.369 in., diam) and sheet

0.368 x 0.012 in. (2 grains thick) specimens machined
from 2504 mm (1 in.) diam round bar. Heat treated in
argon atmosphere: solution at 1163 oC (2125 F) for 4 h,
forced air cooled, primary age at 1079 oC (1975 F), 4 h,
forced air cooled, stabilized 843 oC (1550 F), 4 h, forced
air cooled, final aging 760 oC (1400 F), 16 h, forced air
cooled. Sheet was spark machined, hand polished, and
electropolished from the round bar. Composition: Ni18Co-15Cr-5Mo-4.5AI-3.5Ti-0.03B
Source: C.H. Wells and c.P. Sullivan, The Low Cycle Fatigue
Characteristics of a Nickel Base Superalloy at Room Temperature,
Trans. ASM Quart., Vol 57, 1964, p 841-855
80
560
..
..
40
10
10
280
10
10
Offset strain
140
Ni.030 Nimonic 75 annealed nickel alloy sheet,

980
120
,........
100
,/
------
840
700
&.
:2
560 gf
Cl
c:
420 .~
c:
'6>
c:
UJ
40
280
20
140
0.05
0.10
0.15
Strain
0.20
0.25
0.3S

elongation = 36.7%. Composition: Ni-19.5Cr-004Ti.
UNS N06075
648/Nickel (Ni)
420
60
,/
50
._ 40
g> 30
.~
ID
<=
<=
'c,
UJ
20
10
350
/
I
I
I


elongation = 36.7%. Composition: Ni-19.5Cr-OATi.
UNS N06075
70
11
2
4
6
Nickel (Ni)/649
160
1120
160
1120
140
980
140
980
120
840
120
840
100
700
Il.
::;
560 <Ji
gf
-'"
gf
~
80
"'
~ ~
1600 "F (871 "C)
40
280
40
140
20
6
8
10
O
12
O
O
(a)
"'~
420
280
1800 "F (982 "C)
2000 "F (1093 "C)
6
8
10
140
O
12
(b)
1120
160
1120
140
980
140
980
120
840
120
840
100
700
100
700
tU
Il.
::;
-'"
560 <Ji
160
00
gf
::;
C
60
O
O
Il.
80
420
1800 "F (982 "C)
tU
1600"F (871 "C)
60
20
700
100
tU
00
560 <Ji
80
40
Il.
::;
1600 "F (871 "C)
~- 80
560 r
"'~
C ~
1800"F (982 "C)

60
ro
00
-'"
"'
<n
420
60
420
280
40
280
140
20
140
2000 "F (1093 "C)

20
00
(e)
6
8
10
O
12
00
0.02
0.04
0.06
Strain, in./in.
0.08
0.10
O
0.12
(d)
Ni.032 Ren 41 nickel alloy sheet, tensile stress-strain curves at room and elevated temperatures
Sheet solution treated 1066 oC (1950 P), 0.5 h, rapid air eooled, aged 760 oC (1400 P), 16 h, air eooled. (a) Sheet thickness =
1.27 mm (0.050 in.). Strain rate = 0.00060 in./in./min. (h) Sheet thiekness = 1.27 mm (0.050 in.). Strain rate =0.060 in./in./min.
(e) Sheet thickness = 1.27 mm (0.050 in.). Strain rate = 6 in./in./min. (d) Sheet thiekness = 3.175 mm (0.125 in.). Strain rate =
0.005 in./in./min. Composition: Ni-19Cr-llCo-9.8Mo-3.2Ti-1.5AI-0.006B. UNS N07041
Source: "Mechanical Properties of Ren 41 Sheet Materia1s," Report No. BLR 61-21(M), Bell Aerosystem Co., 29 June 1962; "Tensile and Creep Properties of
0.010 and 0.050 Inch Ren 41 Alloy Sheet from Room Temperature to 2000F," Report PR 281-1Q-1, The Marquardt Corp., 12 Sept 1962. As published in
Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vo15, Code 4205, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 34
650/Nickel (Ni)
280
Ni.033 Ren 41 nickel alloy bar, tensile stress-strain

1960
-42~ F (-253 OC)

1
240
200
.; 160
'"r
~'"
~~
V
--~
-;::::::::. ~ -:320
Bar diameter = 19.05 mm (0.750 in.). Heat treatment:

1079 oC (1975 P), 4 h, water quenched, + 760 oC
(1400 P), 16 h, air cooled. Composition: Ni-19Cr-llCo9.8Mo-3.2Ti-1.5AI-0.006B. UNS N07041
1680
F \-196 OC)
-110 F (-79 oC)
rl::;:::::=== :::::::::::=
1400
70 F (21 OC)
1120~
::2;
(/) 120
840
80
560
40
280
0.04
0.08
0.12
0.16
Slrain, in.lin.
0.20
0.24
0.28
'"
Source: ER. Schwartzberg, S.H. Osgood, R.D. Keys, and T.E Kieffer,
"Cryogenic Materials Data Handbook," ML-TDR-64-280, Air Force
Materials Laboratory Report, Aug 1964; K.A. Warren and R.P. Reed,
"Tensile and lmpact Properties of Selected Materials from 20 to 300
degrees K," Monograph 63, National Bureau of Standards, June 1963.
1995, p 34
Nickel (Ni)/651
16or-----,------,------,-----,------,-----, 1120
160
1120
Room temperature
140~----~------~----~~~~r_----~----~
980
140
980
120~----~------~~:~~~~~~----~----~
840
120
840
100~----~--~~~-----~----~------+_----_1
700
1600 F (871C)
100
lO
o..
;:;
gl 80~----~~+4~~----~----~------+_----_1 560 gl
""gl
~
lO
o..
;:;
.,
80
560 .;
~
UJ
i
60~----4++4~_+------~----+_----~----_4
700
1600 F (871C)
'c;;
420
i
60
40~--~~-----+------~----+_----~----~280
420
40~--~~------~----~----~------+_----~
1800 F (982 OC)
1800 F (982 OC)

~~~~~~~~----~----~------~----~140
2000 F (1093 OC)
280
140
2000 F (1093 OC)

~-----2j-------4L------6L-----~8L-----~10~--~1l
10
12
(a)
(b)
160,-----,-----,------,-----,-----,-----, 1120
Room temperature
140~----4------+------~----+_~~~~~~ 980
800F (427 OC)
1200 F (649 oC)
120~----~------~--~~~~_4------~~--~
840
100~----~--_.hI~~--~----_4------+_----~
700
lO
o..
;:;
gl 80~----~~~L-~----~----~------+_----~ 560 .,
.;
i
60~----~+---_+------~----+_----~----~
420
1600 F (871C)
40~--~~--~~~--~------+-----~----~
280
20~~~+-----_+----~------+-----~----~
140
1800 F (982 OC)

2000 F (1093 OC)
~----~-----L----~------~----~~--~O
10
12
(e)
Ni.034 Ren 41 nickel alloy sheet, compressive stress-strain curves at room and elevated temperatures
Strain rate = (a) 6 in./in./min. (b) 0.6 in./in./min. (e) 0.0006 in./in./min. Reat treatment: 1079 oC (1975 P), 0.5 h, water
quenehed + 760 oC (1400 lF), 16 h, air eooled. Composition: Ni-19Cr-l1Co-9.8Mo-3.2Ti-1.5AI-0.006B. UNS N07041
Source: P.R. Dioguardo and R.D. Lloyd, "Investigation of the Effects of Rapid Loading and Elevated Temperatures on the Mechanical Properties of Compressive
and Column Members," ASD-TR-62-199, Jan 1962. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 5, Code 4205, CINDAS/USAF CRDA
652/Nickel (Ni)
-"v
200
wheelfo~
160
rI
c120
'"~
1
el
c:
"55
<D
.g, 80
c:
40
....
~
,.----1---1,......
....
~ .......
Ni.035 Ren 41 nickel alloy forged bar and turbine

wheel forging, stress-strain curves at 538 oC
(1000F)
1400
--
--- --
!-----~
1120
Bar
ro
a.
840 :2.
'"'"~
1
el
c:
Heat treatment: 1079 oC (1975 F), 2 h, oil quenched, +

774 oC (1425 F), 16 h, air cooled. Wheel yield strength
= 883 MPa (128 ksi); ultimate strength = 1220 MPa
(177 ksi). Bar yield strength = 841 MPa (122 ksi);
ultimate strength = 1151 MPa (167 ksi). Composition:
Ni-19Cr-l1Co-9.8Mo-3.2Ti-1.5Al-0.006B. UNS N07041
Source: Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 5, Mechanical
Properties Data Center, Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1978, p 22
.~
560 ~
'c,
I
I
I
c:
280
0.008
0.016
0.10
0.06
0.14
0.18
Strain, in./in.
100
11
.~
<D
c:
'c,
...............
./
._ 80
~g> 60

840
120
700
560 ro
a.
:2
c
'"~
420
~
c:
.~
<D
c:
'c,
c:
c:
280 w
w 40
140
20
0.05
0.10
0.15
Strain
0.20
0.25
0.30

elongation = 53.8%. Composition: Ni-19Cr-18Fe-5.1(Nb
+ Ta)-3Mo-0.9Ti-0.5Al. UNS N07718
Nickel (Ni)/653
60
420
350
50
._ 40
,;
~g> 30
.~
c:
'6>
c:
LU
20
10

280
I
I
I
ro
c..
:2
,;

elongation = 52.8%. Composition: Ni-19Cr-18Fe-5.1(Nb
+ Ta)-3Mo-0.9Ti-0.5AI. UNS N07718
~'"
210 ~
c:
"m
140
c:
'6>
c:
LU
70
4
6
Strain x 0.001
180
1260
A
l~
160
140
'"~
80
40
20
1120
840
ro
700 ~
,;
560 (J)
~'"
I
I
420
280
Ij
140
0.4
Ni.038 Inconel 718 nickel alloy sheet, stress-strain

curves with effect of heat treatment conditions
980
/
/
100
60
If
120
'00
-'"
,;
...--
0.8
1.2
1.6
Strain, %
2.0
2.4
2.8
Sheet thicknesses = 17.78 and 2.54 mm (0.70 and 0.100

in.). Heat treatment: A: 954 oC (1750 F), 0.5 h, air
cooled, + 718 oC (1325 F), 10 h, force cooled, to 621C
(1150 F), + 621C (1150 F) for total age time 20 h, air
cooled. Or 1010 oC (1850 F), 0.5 h, air cooled, + 718 oC
(1325 F), 10 h, force cooled to 635 oC (1175 F), +
635 oC (1175 F) for total age time 20 h, air cooled. B:
1066 oC (1950 F), 0.5 h, air cooled, + 760 oC (1400 F),
10 h, force cooled to 649 oC (1200 F), + 649 oC
(1200 F) for total age time of 20 h, air cooled. C:
1121 oC (2050 F), 0.5 h, air cooled + 760 oC (1400 F),
10 h, force cooled to 649 oC (1200 F), + 649 oC
(1200 F) for total age time of 20 h, air cooled.
Composition: Ni-19Cr-18Fe-5.1(Nb + Ta)-3Mo-0.9Ti0.5AI. UNS N07718
Source: "Effect of Heat Treatment and Snrface Oxidation on the LowCycle Fatigue Life of AIloy 718," Report MPR No. 9-176A-77,
Rocketdyne, May 1969. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Vo14, Code 4103, CIl\TDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks
654/Nickel (Ni)
Ni.039 Inconel 718 nickel alloy sheet, typical tensile

tangent modulus curves at room temperature
200 or-:-----T=____....:7.;.o_ _1~0..:.5-~1~40=----.:..;17..:.5---=~-__=_;241400
a.

Sheet thickness =0.254-6.35 mm (0.010-0.250 in.).
Solution treated and aged Inconel 718, heat-resistant
alloy (AMS 5596). Ramberg-Osgood parameters: n(L,
tension) = 21; n(LT, tension) = 22; n(L, compression) =
21; n(LT, compression) = 24. Composition: Ni-l9Cr18Fe-5.1(Nb + Ta)-3Mo-0.9Ti-0.5Al. UNS N07718
160 f-------I---_+--F-74---+---"'~=_'''''''_:_+--_I 1120

L and LT, tension
.;
-'"
120 f-------I---~--4_--+--__I--:_++_-_I840 ro
:2:
<Ji
'"
1
80
f------+-#~_+--4_--+--__I--:_++_-_I5601
40f----~L+---+--4---+----I--:-++---I280
10
12
o
14
25
30
35
10
15
20
Ni.040 Inconel 718 nickel alloy sheet, tensile stressstrain curves at room and low temperatures
2 4 0 . - - - - , - - - - , - - - - , - - - - , - - - - , 1680
-423 F (-253 OC)
Heat-resistant alloy, solution annealed and aged

(conditioning not reported). Composition: Ni-19Cr-18Fe5.1(Nb + Ta)-3Mo-0.9Ti-0.5Al. UNS N07718
1400
1120
ro
a.
:2:
840 <Ji
g'"
(J)
560
280
0.2
0.6
0.4
Strain, %
0.8
o
1.0
Source: E.H. Schmidt, "Fatigue Properties of Sheet, Bar, and Cast

Metallic Materials for Cryogenic Applications," NASA CR-111396,
Nickel (Ni)/655
220
1540
200
75F (24 OC) 1400
180
140
g
<Ji
"'al
ti)
6do
Heat treatment: 1037 oc (1900 F), 1 h, air cooled, +

760 oc (1400 F), 10 h, force cooled to 649 oC (1200 F)
and held for total age time of 18 h, air cooled.
Composition: Ni-19Cr-18Fe-5.1(Nb + Ta)-3Mo-0.9Ti0.5Al. UNS N07718
F (316 OC) 1260

900F (482 oC)
1200 F (649 OC) 1120
""""
/ l..--"::
~~
160
Ni.041 Inconel 718 nickel alloy plate, tensile stressstrain curves at room and elevated temperatures in
hydrogen at 34.5 MPa (5.0 ksi)
980
<ti
840 ~
120
<Ji
"'
700 ~
100
80
560
60
420
40
280
,J
20
Souree: J. Mueci and J.A. Harris, Sr., "Influenee of Gaseous Hydrogen

on Meehanical Properties of High Temperature Alloys," FR-7746, Pratt
& Whitney Aireraft Group, July 1976. As published in Aerospace
140
3
Strain, %
240
1680
70 oF(L OC)
200
--
160
.;
-'"
<Ji
~"'
f--
120
C/l
--
1400
1200 F (649 OC)
-----...
1120
&
:2
840
1400 F (760 OC)
"
80
560
40
280
8
Strain, %
10
12
14
Ni.042 Inconel 718 nickel alloy bar, tensile stressstrain curves at room and elevated temperatures
<Ji
"'
~
Heat-resistant alloy, solution treated and aged

(conditioning not reported). Composition: Ni-19Cr-18Fe5.1(Nb + Ta)-3Mo-0.9Ti-0.5Al. UNS N07718
Souree: G.L. Heslington and S.D. Foster, "Stress-Strain Diagrams in tbe
Elastie and Plastic Regions at Elevated Temperatures," Report MPR
8-176A-37, Roeketdyne, 17 Oet 1968. As published in Aerospace
656/Nickel (Ni)
Ni.043 Inconel 718 nickel alloy bar, typical tensile


200 o--_---,3;-5_ _-,7o_ _ _1,o_5_ _1,4_o_ _1T75_ _ _2,10_ _-,241400
Test direction: longitudinal (L) and short transverse (ST).

Solution treated and aged (creep rupture application).
AMS 5662 and 5663. Ramberg-Osgood parameters:
n(L, tension) = 18; n(ST, tension) = 14; n(L and ST,
compression) = 13. Composition: Ni-19Cr-18Fe-5.1
(Nb + Ta)-3Mo-O.9Ti-0.5Al. UNS N07718
160 1-----1f----l-"""'-.46-""'---__+--"'--_+--+----j1120
.;
840
120
ro
O-
""(f;
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, Oec 1998, p 6-58
:2:
uf
(J)
(J)
~
(f)
560
80
401--~~----l---+--__+--_+--+r----j280
6
8
12
o
14
15
25
10
20
10
30
35
Ni.044 Inconel 718 nickel alloy bar, tensile stressstrain curves at room and low temperatures
1680
240
-410F (-2J OC)
200
160
~
uf
(J)
120
/I
80
40
0.2
r....--
_1
~310 F (-19k OC)
Heat-resistant aHoy, solution annealed and aged

(conditioning not reported). Composition: Ni-19Cr-18Fe5.1(Nb + Ta)-3Mo-O.9Ti-O.5Al. UNS N07718
1400
70 F (21 C) ______ 1120

ro
O-
:2:
840 en
(J)
~
'i
560
280
0.4
0.6
0.8
Strain, %
1.0
1.2
1.4
Source: E.H. Schmidt, "Fatigue Properties of Sheet, Bar, and Cast

Metallic Materials for Cryogenic Applications," NASA CR-111396,
Vol 4, Code 4103, CINOASIUSAF CROA Handbooks Operation,
Nickel (Ni)/657
Ni.045 Inconel 718 nickel alloy bar, isochronous

stress-strain curves (actual and predicted) at various
temperatures
1120
160
1h
10 h
100 h
840
1000 h
tIl
.;
c..
-'"
:2
560 r
ro
ro
'"~
'"~
280
O
840
1h
10 h
100 h
1000 h
.;
560
tIl
c..
-'"
r
:2
r
'"
~
'"~
280
ro
o
120
840
1300 F (704 C)
1h
.;
80
560
10 h
-'"
r
100 h
ro
1000 h
'"~
40
'"~
280
L--------~--------~--------~--------~o
0.4
0.8
Total strain, %
1.2
tIl
c..
:2
1.6
ro
Data points: actual data. Line: predicted from log-log

curve. Heat-resistant alloy conditioned 982 oc (1800 P),
2 h, air cooled + 718 oC (1325 P), 8 h, force cooled
56 CIh (100 PIh) to 621C (1150 P), held 8 h, air
cooled. Composition: Ni-19Cr-18Pe-5.1(Nb + Ta)-3Mo0.9Ti-0.5Al. UNS N07718
Source: R.M. Goldhoff, Methods for Constructing Isochronous Creep
Curves, The Generaton of lsochronous Stress-Stran Curves, ASME
Pamphlet, Nov 1972, p 67-85. As published in Aerospace Structural
658/Nickel (Ni)
200
.,.... ~
175
150
125
1/
gf 100
~
50
25
/
/
1225
_
1/ /
i
75
Ni.046 Inconel 718 nickel alloy roll-formed sheet l

and E shapes, tensile stress-strain curves at room and
1400
75F 24 OC)
1200 F (649 OC)
V--
1050
875
__ ----1400F(760C)
f-"
a..'"
:2
700 <Ji
'"~
i
525
Ij/
Conditioned 996 oc (1825 F) in hydrogen, + 718 oC

(1325 F), 8 hin argon, force cooled to 621C (1150 F)
at 639 C/h (1150 F/h), + 621C (1150 F), 8 h, force
cooled to room temperature in argon. Heat-resistant alloy.
Composition: Ni-19Cr-18Fe-5.1(Nb + Ta)-3Mo-0.9Ti0.5Al. UNS N07718
Source: G.N. Wassil et al., "Form Rolling Close Tolerance Shapes of
Superalloys," A.F. Contract No. AF33(6l5)-3545. As published in
350
175
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
Slrain, %
140
120
Ni.047 Inconel 718 nickel alloy investment casting,

typical tensile stress-strain curve at room
temperature (full range)
1120
160
/'-
980
Heat-resistant aHoy, solution treated and aged Inconel

718 (AMS 5383). Composition: Ni-19Cr-18Fe-5.1
(Nb + Ta)-3Mo-0.9Ti-0.5Al. UNS N07718
840

700
100
a..
'"
:2
560 <Ji
'"
~
60
420
40
280
20
140
0.02
0.04
0.06
Slrain, in.lin.
0.08
0.10
0.12
Nickel (Ni)/659
200

70
105
140
175
35

(0.500 in.). Heat-resistant alloy, solution treated and aged
(AMS 5383). Composition: Ni-19Cr-18Fe-5.1(Nb + Ta)3Mo-0.9Ti-0.5Al. UNS N07718
1120
160
""-k
120
compression~~
...............
'c;;
-'"
<Ji
en
80
40
Ni.048 Inconel 718 nickel alloy investment casting,

typical tensile and compressive stress-strain and
temperature
210
<

840
Tension
r--- ~
::;
<Ji
'"
.......
10
'"
11.
8
15
20
en
560
~
280
10
12
14
25
30
35
Compressiv,e tang~nt modulus, 10 psi

6
160
Ni.049 Inconel MA 754 oxide-dispersionstrengthened annealed nickel alloy sheet,

engineering stress-strain curve
1120
140
120
---
980
840
'"
11.
700 ::;
560 ~
e
.~
al
420
'g>
LU
. 40
280
20
140
0.05
0.1
Strain
0.15
0.2

elongation = 16.6%, strain-hardening exponent
(n) = 0.2245. Composition: Ni-20.0Cr-1.0Fe-0.5Ti-0.3
AI-0.05C-0.6Y203' UNS N07754
660/Nickel (Ni)
Ni.050 Inconel MA 754 oxide-dispersionstrengthened nickel alloy bar, compressive true

stress-strain curve at room and elevated
temperatures
1120
160
752F 400 oC)
120
gf
~ 80
ID
RTt
840
1112 F (600C)
lE
:2
yj
560 ~
11
1i
ID
~
1472 F (800C)
40
280
Cylindrical specimens, 4.064 mm (0.16 in.) diam,

6.096 mm (0.24 in.) long. Strain rate ::: 1.5 x lO-4/s.
Average grain intercept 3.2 mm (longitudinal), 0.113 mm
(transverse), aspect ratio::: 28/1. Composition:
Ni-20.0Cr-l.OFe-0.5Ti-0.3Al-0.05C-0.6Y203'
UNS N07754
Source: B. Reppich, W. List!, and T. Meyer, Partic1e-Strengthening
Mechanisms in ODS Superalloys, Con! High Temperature Alloys for
Gas Turbines and Other Applications 1986 (Liege, Belgium), Part 2,
1986, P 1023-1035. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
1562 F (850C)
1832 F (1 OOOC)
2192 F (1 200C)
40
20
30
True strain, %
10
100
~ 80
yj
ID
60
.~
-----
lE
Test direction: longitudinal. Sheet thickness ::: 1.22 mm

(0.048 in.). 0.2% yield strength::: 387 MPa (56.1 ksi);
ultimate tensile strength ::: 824 MPa (119.5 ksi);
elongation = 57.4%. Composition: 57Ni-20.75Cr8.25Mo-bal Fe. UNS N07725
:2
700
560
420 ~
e
.~
ID
ID
e
.c,
Ji

840
120
40
e
.c,
e
280 W
20
140
0.05
0.10
0.15
Strain
0.20
0.25
0.30
Nickel (Ni)/661

490
70
60
~--
50
----
10
:2
350
a.
:i
~
280
/
/
/
20
os

elongation = 58.0%. Composition: 57Ni-20.75Cr8.25Mo-bal Fe. UNS N07725
420
el
c:
210 .~
c:
'c,
c:
W
140
70
1/
4
Strain. 0.001
180
1260
160
1120
Ni.053 Waspaloy nickel alloy all products, typical

temperatures
980
Heat-resistant aHoyo Composition: Ni-20Cr-14Co-4Mo3Ti-1Al. UNS N07001
80 'F (27 'c)

140
".---/
120
800 'F (427 'c)
/ 1000 'F (538 'c)

840
~~
~ ;::::::-::
-
~ 100
r
'"~
'i
./"
80
1400 'F (760 'c)
os
700 ~
\1200 'F (649 'C
gf
560
60
420
40
280
20
140
11
5
10
15
20
25
30
g
en
662/Nickel (Ni)
Solution annealed 0.5 h, 1200 oC (2192 F), force cooled

or heated to test temperature. Strain rate 5/min.
Composition: Ni-20Cr-14Co-4Mo-3Ti-1Al. UNS N07001
560
80
r---
L
I
-----
- r--
oel
"['""i
40
1832 F (1000 OC)
20
Ni.054 Waspaloy nickel alloy, effect of temperature

on compressive flow curves
700
100
420
&.
:2
ui
m
l'!
Source: A.A. Guimaraes and J.J. Jonas, Recrystallization and Aging

Effects Associated with the High Temperature Deformation of Waspaloy
and Inconel 718, Metall. Trans., Vol12A (No. 9), 9 Sept 1981, p
1655-1666. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
Ci)
al
280 ~
19~2 F (10150 OC)
-r".
--
/
2 102 F Cf50 OC)
22 28 F (120 OC)
1
0.1
0.2
140
"2012 F (11r O OC)
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
True slrain
80
v-- ~
Strai~rate
"'-....
r---
V
40
Ni.055 Waspaloy nickel alloy, effect of strain rate on

compressive flow curves at 950 oC (1742 F)
700
100
--- --
560
in
~:n
r---- r--
~min
420
l'!
Ci)
0.3 min
0.03 min
al
280 ~
140
20
0.2
0.3
0.4
True strain
0.5
0.6
&.
:2
ui
m
-1"---
0.1
Solution annealed 0.5 h, 1200 oC (2192 F), force cooled

to test temperature. Composition: Ni-20Cr-14Co-4Mo3Ti-1Al. UNS N07001
0.7
0.8
Source: A.A. Guimaraes and J.1. Jonas, Recrystallization and Aging

Effects Associated with the High Temperature Deformation of Waspaloy
and Inconel 718, Metal!. Trans., Vol12A (No. 9), 9 Sept 1981,
Nickel (Ni)/663
240
200
.;
""'. 160
ID
~ 120
Ni.056 Waspaloy nickel alloy forging, true stressstrain curves at room temperature
1960
280
A~
~-
-::C-
1400
&.
1120 :2
840
80
560
40
280
0.05
Square: Bar cut fram turbine disk specimen 10.2 mm

(0.4 in.) thick by 121.9 mm (4.8 in.) diam fully heat
treated. Circle: Specimen fram disk after overspeed burst,
corrected for straining. Composition: Ni-20Cr-14Co4Mo-3Ti-1Al. UNS N07001
1680
0.10
0.15
True slrain
0.20
0.25
0.30
f
ID
Source: L. Islip, Component Design and Material Selection,

Engineering in High Duty Materials, Bulleid Memorial Lectures,
Vol IV, University of Nottingham, 1967. As published in Aerospace
664/Nickel (Ni)
200
.g 100
=
a.
E
lO
<J)
50
Ni.057 Waspaloy nickel alloy forging, static and

cyclic stress-strain curves at room temperature
1400
.y~
rI
-.
--
lO
o..
:2
1050 --"
'"'e~"
700
2'"
"C
a.
Static
E
lO
350
'"'"~
1i5
o (a)
100~~hL-~-----_+------_r----~
700
'"
"C
a.
lO
lO
<J)
350
''""
1i5
O~(b~)----~-------L------~------~O
200 ,..:--'-------,--------r--------:=------, 1400
.g
a.
100~-HL--~-----_+----_r----~
700
lO
~
~
'"
"C
=
a.
lO
50~~--_4-----_+----_r-----~
350
1i5
OL----~----~4-----6L----~80
o (e)
Strain range, %
Source: lD. Morrow and ER. Tuler, Low Cyc1e Fatigue Evaluation of
Inconel 713C and Waspaloy (Paper No. 64 MET-15), Trans. ASME, J.
Basic Eng. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
2oo,.-------,--------,------r---::::------, 1400
.g
:E
a.
Speeimens 12.7 mm (0.5 in.) bar e10xed from turbine

whee1 forging, heat treated. Cyc1ie R = -1. Heat
treatment: (a): 1079 oc (1975 P), 4 h, air eooled, +
843 oC (1550 P), 2-4 h, force eooled, + 760 oC
(1400 P), 16 h, force eooled. (b): 996-1010 oC
(1825-1850 P), 4 h, oil quenehed, + 843 oC (1550 P),
2-4 h, air eooled, + 760 oC (1400 P), 16 h, air eooled.
(e): Same as B from different vendor. Data points indieate
ha1f-life value. Composition: Ni-20Cr-14Co-4Mo-3Ti1Al. UNS N07001
''""
~
Nickel (Ni)/665
Ni.058 Nimonic 90 nickel alloy sheet, stress-strain

300 ,-------,------,------,------,------,-----.2100
250 I------+------t- 50% CR + 677 oC (1 250F), 16h, AC

(0.062 in.). Strain rate = O.003/min. Sheet milI annealed
with varying amounts of cold rolling (CR) and aging (air
cooled, AC). Composition: Ni-20Cr-18Co-2.5Ti-1.5Al.
UNS N07090
1750
30% CR + 704 oC (1300 F), 16h, AC

200 ~----~----+_~--+_~~~====4-----~1400
20% CR + 732 oC (1 350F), 16h, AC
.;
"'ui""
en
'"
::;:
[L
150 1------I-:...t"'=---t-10% CR al 732 oC (1350 F), 16h, AC
1050 ~
(IJ
No CR, 760 oC (1400 F), 16h, AC
100 ~~~~------~----~------~----~----~700
Source: J.R. Kattus, "Tensile and Creep Properties of Struetural Alloys

under Conditions of Rapid Heating, Rapid Loading, and Short Times at
Temperatures," Southem Researeh Institute, for The Intemational Niekel
Co., Ine., April 1959; J.R. Kattus, "Tensile and Creep Properties of
Struetural Alloys under Conditions of Rapid Heating, Rapid Loading
and Short Times at Temperature," Supplementary Report by Southem
Researeh Institute, for The Intemational Nickel Co., Ine., 5 June 1959.
Code 4210, CINOAS/USAF CROA Handbooks Operation, Purdue
~~--~------~----~------~----~----_4350
0L------5L------1~0----~1~5------2~0----~2~5----~3~
140r------r------,--------,------,,------,------,980
Ni.059 Nimonic 90 nickel alloy sheet, tensile stressstrain curves at room and elevated temperatures
120L------r-----J~~~~~==~==~~~~~~~0
I
1110 F (599 oC)

(0.070 in.). Heat treatment: 954 oC (1750 P), 0.25 h, air
cooled, + 732 oC (1350 P), 4.5 h, air cooled.
Composition: Ni-20Cr-18Co-2.5Ti-1.5Al. UNS N07090
750F (399 oC)

1001-------+---f~~~---~1__----~------+_----~700
~ 80~-----+~hh~+_------~------4-------~----~560 ~
ui"
en
::;:
ui"
'i 60
420 'i
401----flW4-----~------+_----_+------+_----~280
201--~---+------+--------+------+-------~----~140
6
10
Souree: O.C. Hayward, "The Meehanieal Properties of Nimonic 80, 90

and 100 Sheet at Room and Elevated Temperatures," Teehnieal Note
No. Met. 266, Royal Aireraft Establishment, 1957. As published in
Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 5, Code 4210, CINOAS/
666/Nickel (Ni)
140
--
TransJers:.- _
120
100
~ 80
<Ji
'"
~
CI)
60
40
20
J- -
Longitudinal

thickness = 1.778 mm (0.070 in.). Heat treatment: 954 oC
(1750 F), 0.25 h, air cooled, + 732 oC (1350 F), 4.5 h,
air cooled. Compressive yield strength: longitudinal,
896 MPa (130 ksi); transverse, 903 MPa (131 ksi).
Composition: Ni-20Cr-18Co-2.5Ti-1.5Al. UNS N07090
840
700
560 ~
:2
gf
!!:!
420
280
140
Ni.060 Nimonic 90 nickel alloy sheet, compressive

980
6
4
'i
Source: D.C. Hayward, "The Mechanical Properties of Nimonic 80, 90

and 100 Sheet at Room and Elevated Temperatures," Technical Note
No. Met. 266, Royal Aircraft Establishment, 1957. As published n
USAF CRDA Handbooks Operaton, Purdue University, 1995, p 6
Nickel (Ni)/667
1400
200
1400
200
10%CR
O%CR
75F (24 OC)

1120
160
.;
---;
120
r----
<Ji
U)
!!!
Ci5
80
40
ji
If
1120
160
1400 F (760 OC)
75F (24 OC)

840
1400 F (760 OC)
560
a.'"
.;
::;
<Ji
U)
U)
840
120
'"
a.
1600 F (871C)
::;
<Ji
<Ji
!!!
Ci5
U)
80
560
!!!
Ci5
1800 F (982 oC)

1800 F (982 OC)
10
280
280
~--------~5--------~10~------~15--------~2~
15
20
(a)
(b)
200.---------,---------,---------,---------,1400
75F (24 OC)
20%CR
~------~~--------+_--------~--------~1120
1800 F (982 OC)
~-If'-I-----+_--------+_--------_+_--------~
280
______~_________JO
10
15
20
L---------L-------~--
Ni.061 Nimonic 90 nickell altoy sheet, stress-strain curves at various temperatures showing effects of cold working
Test direction: longitudinal. Sheet thickness = 1.575 mm (0.062 in.). Sheet exposed to rapid heating, 10 s heat time, and rapid
strain rate of O.1/s. Treatment: mill annealed, varying amounts of cold rolling (CR); aging: 0% CR, 760 oC (1400 F), 16 h, air
cool; 10 and 20% CR, 732 ce (1350 F), 16 h, air cooled. Composition: Ni-20Cr-18Co-2.5Ti-1.5Al. UNS N07090
Souree: J.R. Kattus, "Tensile and Creep Properties of Struetural Alloys under Conditions of Rapid Heating, Rapid Loading, and Short Times at Temperatures,"
Southem Researeh Institute, for The IntemationaI Nickel Co., Ine., April 1959; J.R. Kattus, "Tensile and Creep Properties of StrueturaI Alloys under Conditions of
Rapid Heating, Rapid Loading and Short Times at Temperature," Supplementary Report by Southem Researeh Institute, for The Intemational Nickel Co., Ine., 5
June 1959. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 5, Code 4210, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 7
668/Nickel (Ni)
Ni.062 Nimonic 90 nickel alloy sheet, stress-strain

curves at various temperatures showing effecls of
cold working
1960
280
30%CR
1680
240
70 'F (21 'c)
200
";
~
160
~
t
120
///
1120
rf
2
!Ji
1600 'F (871 ,C)
/iV -
80
40
1400 'F (760 'C)
/1 V--
!Ji
1400
V--
In
840
560
1800 'F (982 'C)
280
10
15
20
(a)
1960
280
50%CR
70 'F (21 'C)
240
.;
1680
200
1400
160
1120
~
(f)
rf
2
!Ji
(J)
!Ji
(J)
120
840
80
560
1800 'F (982 'C)
280
40
00
(b)
10
15
O
20

(0.062 in.). Sheet exposed to rapid heating, 10 s heat
time, and rapid strain rate of O.1/s. Treatment: mill
annealed, varying amounts of cold rolling (CR); aging:
30% CR, 704 oC (1300 P), 16 h, air cool; 50% CR,
677 oC (1250 P), 16 h, air cooled. Composition:
Ni-20Cr-18Co-2.5Ti-1.5Al. UNS N07090
Souree: J.R. Kattus, "Tensile and Creep Properties of Struetural Alloys
under Conditions of Rapid Heating, Rapid Loading and Short Times at
Temperature," Supp1ementary Report by Southem Researeh Institute,
for The Intemational Niekel Co., Ine., 5 June 1959. As published in
Nickel (Ni)/669
gj 80
ui
'"
jg
'"g>
60
ID
c:
'6>
c:
V-
.,..
100
.~
./
:2
:z
c:
"$
c:
'6>
c:
280 w
140
0.10
0.15
Strain
0.20
0.25
60
420
50
350
ui
'"~
1i
g> 30
"$
c:
'6>
c:
w 20
10
420 ~
0.05
gj 40

elongation = 54.3%. Composition: Ni-20Cr-20Co-2.15Ti .
UNS N07263
jg
20
700
560 ~
w 40

840
120

280 ~
/
/
/
:2
:z
jg
210 ~
c:
.~
ID
c:
'6>
c:
140 w
70
1/
2
4
Strain x 0.001

elongation = 54.3%. Composition: Ni-20Cr-20Co-2.15Ti.
UNS N07263
670/Nickel (Ni)
140

980
120
100
/'
f-""
.....- ~
/""
840
700
c..'"
:2
560

elongation = 47.1 %. Composition: 58Ni-21.5Cr-9Mo3.65Nb-5Fe-1Co. UNS N06625
gf
el
r:
420
'g
r:
'0,
r:
UJ
40
280
20
140
0.05
0.10
0.15
Strain
0.25
0.20
80
"-
70
1/
60
50
g> 40
.~
al
r:
'g>
30
UJ
20
10
0.30
560

490

elongation = 46.2%. Composition: 58Ni-21.5Cr-9Mo3.65Nb-5Fe-1Co. UNS N06625
420
350
/
/
/
/
g'"
uf
'"
~
280 ~
r:
.~
al
210
140
70
1/
2
4
Strain, 0.001
r:
'0,
r:
UJ
Nickel (Ni)/671
.;
-"
<Ji
r/)
100
700
80
560
i~
60
420
40
20
l
If
280
V--
<Ji
ca
::!:
800 F (4~7 OC)

1200 F (649 OC)
en
a..

thickness = 1.27-6.35 mm (0.050-0.250 in.). 0.5 h
exposure to temperature. Ramberg-Osgood parameters:
n(room temperature) = 23; n(800 F) = 24; n(1200 F) =
30; n(1600 F) = 12. Composition: 58Ni-21.5Cr-9Mo3.65Nb-5Fe-lCo. UNS N06625
1-- Room temperature
t---
t-

temperatures
___ 1600 F (871C)
140
10
12
35

70
105
140
80
1"- ...---
----
If
60
<Ji
'"
~
40
175

560

thickness = 1.27-6.35 mm (0.050-0.250 in.). 0.5 h
exposure to temperature. Ramberg-Osgood parameter:
n(room temperature) = 32. Composition: 58Ni-21.5Cr9Mo-3.65Nb-5Fe-lCo. UNS N06625
420
a..
140
1/
10
10
15
20
25
6

ca
::!:
280
20
210
700
30
672/Nickel (Ni)
Ni.069 IN 625 nickel alloy sheet, tensile stress-strain

80r---------,---------,----------,--------, 560
Sheet thickness = 1.575 mm (0.062 in.). Heat-resistant

alloy annealed at 1038 oC (1900 F), 5 mino Strain rate =
0.005/min to yield. Composition: 58Ni-21.5Cr-9Mo3.65Nb-5Fe-1Co. UNS N06625
Room temperature
60
f----------+---~"""'---+-~---1000
F (538 oC)
420
1400 F (760 oC)
ro
a.
:::;
40
f------fhI'+------:=.....-~==..1600 F
en
(871 oC)
280 ~
.!!1
iii
e
Source: J. Huebner, "Elevated Temperature Tensile Properties of Inconel

625 Nickel-Chromium Alloy," AF33(657)-7749 and BPSN: 2 (8-7381),
McDonnell, 10 Jan 1963. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
.!!1
iii
e
20f---H.h~-~----_+-----+_----~140
L---------~--------J---------~6---:------~80
~ 60
r
en
~
.!!1
iii
&40
20

thickness = 3.175 mm (0.125 in.). Heat-resistant alloy
annealed at 1149 oC (2100 F), 1 h. Composition: 58Ni21.5Cr-9Mo-3.65Nb-5Fe-1Co. UNS N06625
560
80

700
100
V
P'"
ro
420 ~
en
~
---
f .--VI
2
Room temperature
800F (427 OC)

I
.!!1
1200 F (649 C) ______ 280 .~

~
1600 F (871C)
140
6
10
Source: "Preliminary Data Inconel Alloy 625," International Nickel Co.,

1962; "Data Sheet, InconeI625," International Nickel Co., Huntington
Alloy Products Division, 1964
Nickel (Ni)/673
Ni.071 IN 625 nickel alloy plate, tensile stress-strain

curves at room and elevated temperatures tested in
pressurized helium
1oo,-------,-------,-------,--------r-------,7oo
Heat treatment: annealed at 982 oC (1800 F), 2 h, air

cooled. Tested in 34.5 MPa (5000 psig) He. Composition:
58Ni-21.5Cr-9Mo-3.65Nb-5Fe-1Co. UNS N06625
~
60 HIH"'------+------+-------__t_-------+------_j 420
gf
ro
~
Source: "Data Sheet, Inconel 625," International Nickel Co., Huntington

AlIay Praducts Division, 1964
j~
~~
20H-------+------~-------t--------+----_j140
OL------~--------.2'--------3L-------4L-----~50
Strain, %
100
Ni.072 Inconel 625 nickel alloy bar, typical tensile

700
80
Test direction: longitudinal and short transverse. Bar

thickness = 12.7-101.6 mm (0.500-4.000 in.). RambergOsgood parameters: n(longitudinal, tension) = 27; n(short
transverse, tension) = 25. Composition: 58Ni-21.5Cr9Mo-3.65Nb-5Fe-lCo. UNS N06625
560
Longludina,
I~
60
'00
-'"
20
Short transverse
420
:2
<Ji
280
140
1/
2
ro
11.
ui
(f)
40
...
+-
6
Strain,
0.001 in.lin.
10
12
Ci
674/Nickel (Ni)
35
70
105
140
80
"
60
";
'\
-'"
ui
~"'
en
40
"/
,;,
Long/tu !na
Souree: MIL-HDBK-5H, Dec 1998, p 6-40
420
"'
a.
:;e
ui
~"'
en
280
20
Test direction: longitudinal and short transverse. Bar

thickness = 12.7-101.6 mm (0.500-4.000 in.). RambergOsgood parameters: n(longitudinal, compression) = 26;
n(short transverse, compression) = 27. Composition:
58Ni-21.5Cr-9Mo-3.65Nb-5Fe-1Co. UNS N06625
560
Short transverse
~
Ni.073 Inconel 625 nickel alloy bar, typical

21~00
175
140
1/
4
10
12
20
25
30
6
10
15
400
300
2800
Ni.074 IN 625 nickel alloy rod, true stress-strain

curves
2100
Solid line for rod, cold drawn, annealed 982 oC

(1800 F), 1 h. Dashed line for rod hot roUed, annealed
1149 oC (2100 F), 1 h. Composition: 58Ni-21.5Cr9Mo-3.65Nb-5Fe-lCo. UNS N06625
,....1-"
V
/'
200
,/'
ui
"'~
u;
/~
ID
100
80
60
1400
1,/
,,'/
"'
,/
a.
,/
:;e
ui
,/
"'
~
,/
,/
,/
700 ~
!:
,/
,/
,/
560
/'
,/
420
,/
50
350
,/
,/
,/
0,04
0,06
0,10
0,20
True strain, inJin,
0,40
0,60
280
1,0
Souree: "Ineonel Alloy 625," International Nickel Co., Huntington AlJoy

Produets Div., 1970. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Nickel (Ni)/675
Ni.075 IN 625 cast nickel alloy, tensile stress-strain

curves at room and elevated temperatures tested in
pressurized helium
8o.-------,-------,-------,--------,-------,56o
Heat treatment: annealed at 1149 oC (2100 F), 2 h, force

cooled. Tested in 34.5 MPa (5000 psi gage) He.
Composition: 58Ni-21.5Cr-9Mo-3.65Nb-5Fe-l Co.
UNS N06625
75F 24 OC)
60~------+-------~---~
__~~----_r------~420
600F (316 OC)
~'"
900F (482 OC)
uf
gj
2~ 40
I1--::7--::j::::::::=-L====+==~~)7f7s:;:Cl1280
1200 F (649 OC)
'"
2~
"00
"0
Souree: J. Mueci and J.A. Harris, Jr., "Influenee of Gaseous Hydrogen

on the Meehanieal Properties of High Temperature Alloys," NASA CR149962, United Teehnologies Corp., 1976, p II-3. As published in
Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vo14, Code 4117, CINDAS/
20~------+-------~-------~------_r------~140
r,
<.
Strain, %
120
100
~ 80
ID
g> 60
.~
ID
e
.c,
e
llJ
Ni.076 Incoloy 800 annealed nickel alloy sheet,

840
J-.---- +-
700
560
:;;
420 ~
e
"$
e
.;'
40
280
20
140
0.05
0.10
0.15
Strain
0.20
0.25
0.30
e
llJ

= 36.1 %. Composition: 33Ni-21Cr-OATi-OAAl-bal Fe.
UNS N08800
Courtesy of Special Meta1s Corporation
676/Nickel (Ni)
60
420
50
350
._ 40
g;
ig' 30
.~
(])
c:
"g>
UJ
20
10
.....
280
/
/
/


= 36.7%. Composition: 33Ni-21Cr-0.4Ti-0.4Al-balFe.
UNS N08800
:2
~
~
210 ~
c:
"$
c:
'0,
140
c:
UJ
70
1/
4
Strain x 0.001
Ni.078 Incoloy 800H nickel alloy bar, isochronous

210
30
-----
Monotonic curve from Case 1592. Other curves

constructed from monotonic curve and creep data
relations from M.K. Booker, v,E. Baylor, and B.L.P.
Booker, "Survey of Availab1e Creep and Tensile Data for
Alloy 800H," ORNLITM-6029, 1978. Composition:
32Ni-21Cr-0.75Mn-0.05C-bal Fe. UNS N08810
Monoto~
25
20
~
t
'"~
15
ii5
10
175
--
~/
tV
l.---""
V-
1dh
140
ro
a..
:2
105 ",-
'"
10 h
ii5
--
70
35
0.4
0.8
1.2
Strain, %
1.6
2.0
2.4
Source: ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code Case 1592, Section
VIII, 1977, 1, P 63. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Nickel (Ni)/677
25
20
V--
.;
"",,;
'"
~

210
30
---
Monotonic
140
C\l
a..
15
10
I?-

re1ations from M.K. Booker, V.B. Bay1or, and B.L.P.
Booker, "Survey of Avai1ab1e Creep and Tensile Data for
32Ni-21Cr-O.75Mn-O.05C-bal Fe. UNS N08810
175
--
V--
::2
10"h
105 ,,;
70
10" h
f--
35
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
2.0
2.4
Strain, %
30
25
20
.;
"",,;
'"
~

210
15
V--
140
C\l
a..
::2
105
10
.........
70
10 h
10" h
35
Vo

re1ations from M.K. Booker, V.B. Bay1br, and B.L.P.
Booker, "Survey of Avai1ab1e Creep and Tensile Data for
32Ni-21Cr-O.75Mn-O.05C-ba1 Fe. UNS N08810
175
0.4
0.8
1.2
Strain, %
1.6
2.0
2.4
ui
678/Nickel (Ni)
140
980
120
840
100
~
Vi
~ 80
/'
1i
Cl
.~ 60
e
.0,
e
----
:2
700
a.
560
li
~
Cl
420 .~
e
e
.0,
llJ
40
280
20
140
0.05
0.10
0.15
Slrain
0.20
0.25
0.30
70
490
60
420
I
/
50
~
Vi
~ 40
1i
Cl
e
"ij5
:g
ro

elongation = 56.5%. Composition: Ni-21Cr-16Mo-5 max
Fe-3.7W. UNS N06686
llJ
.0,

30
llJ
20
10
ro

elongation = 56.1%. Composition: Ni-21Cr-16Mo-5 max
Fe-3.7W. UNS N06686
:2
350
a.
280
/
/
/

li
~
1i
Cl
210 .~
e
.0,
llJ
140
70
4
6
Strain x 0.001
10
Nickel (Ni)/679
70~------,--------,--------~------,---------,490

60 1-____-l-_ _ _-+ ___==-....._~~75 F (24 OC)
Sheet thickness = 1.194 mm (0.047 in.). Cold roUed and

solution treated. Solid lines, longitudinal direction;
dashed lines, transverse direction. Composition: Ni-22Cr12.5Co-9Mo-l.5Fe-l.2Al. UNS N06617
420
50~-----~~----4------~----4--------1350
'iii
~
-<
--- 800 F (427 OC)
40 ~----_t+~~..;::J;:;::;:;;;:t;.;::;;;~1200 F (649 OC)
--
280
/f
~
u)
(/l-
en 30
210
~
ro
Source: O.L. Deel, "Engineering Data on New Aerospace Structural

Materials," AFML-TR-75-97, Battelle-Columbus Laboratories, June
1_-J~~~--~~~:-======i=~1:60:0~O~F(8~71~O~C~)--~ 140
20~
______
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _L __ _ _ _ _ _
______
L -_ _ _ _ _ _
10~~--+_----4-----~---~----~70
10
Sll-ain, 0.001 in./in.
N i.084 IN 617 nickel alloy sheet, compressive stressstrain curves at room and elevated temperatures
80r-------~--------r--------r_------,_--------560
70~------~--------e--------~~
__--4_------_1490
60~-----+_--~~~~----~----~----~420
'iii
__
/f
800 F (427 oC)
~- 50 1--------'.+-----:c::rI"c....::.-------~------4_------_1 350 ~
-___--1"-=--:::. 1200 F (649 OC)
~ 40
280 ~
~
1
~
(/)
c.
__ __
-- -
1600 F (871 OC)
15 30
210 E
20~~~~-4_-------~------~~------+_------~140
10~~----+_----~~----~-----~---_470
4
6
Sheet thickness = 1.194 mm (0.047 in.). Cold roUed and

solution treated. Solid lines, longitudinal direction;
dashed lines, transverse direction. Composition: Ni-22Cr12.5Co-9Mo-1.5Fe-1.2Al. UNS N06617
Materials," AFML-TR-75-97, Battelle-Columbus Laboratories, June
680/Nickel (Ni)
120

840
V-
100
~ 80
:i
~
1;)
g> 60
"fE
al
e
''
e
W
/
/
700
560
2
ui

elongation =52.8%. Composition: 44.5Ni-22Cr-13Co9Mo-3Fe. UNS N06617
Courtesy .of Special Metals Corporation
420 ~
e
.~
al
e
e
''
40
280 W
20
140
0.10
0.05
0.15
Slrain
60
.-------
50
~ 40
~
1;)
g> 30
al
e
e
''
20
10
0.25
---
0.30

420
350
ro
280~
ui
en
.~
0.20
ui
Cl
210.
/
/
al
al
e
e
''
W
140
70
4
6
Slrain x 0.001

elongation = 52.8%. Composition: 44.5Ni-22Cr-13Co9Mo-3Fe. UNS N06617
Nickel (Ni)/681
120
840
100
700
._ 80
en
-'"
/
/'
<Ji
en
~
1i
Cl
<:
60
.,
"55
<:
'0>
<:
W 40
,/
./
'"
560 a.
::2:
<Ji
<:
<:
'0>
280
30
1i
Cl
<:
.,
"55
20
<:
W
10
<:
140
0.10
0.15
Strain
0.20
0.25
0.30
350
50
:f
"5i.,
0.05

elongation = 49.8%. Composition: 47.5Ni-21.75Cr18.5Fe-0.6W. UNS N06002
420 ~
20
40
Ni.087 Inconel HX annealed nickel alloy sheet,

V280
I
I
I
Ni.088 Inconel HX annealed nickel alloy sheet,


elongation = 51.0%. Composition: 47.5Ni-21.75Cr18.5Fe-0.6W. UNS N06002
70
6
Strain x 0.001
10
682/Nickel (Ni)
Ni.089 Hastelloy X nickel alloy sheet, typical tensile

temperatures
6o,-----,------,-----,------,-----,------,42o
Room temperature
50 1-----_f_--7"'-'-+---::..__400 'F (204 'C)--t----; 350
~_-r---
800 'F (427 'C)

1000 F (538 'C)
40~-~~~~~__~~~~12~0;0~'F~(;64;9~';C~)--~280
1400 F (760 'C)
&
~
gf 30 I------/j'fl--+---+--___+---;-=~+.::::-:_:_::::--_+_--____i 210
~--r
Q)
1600 'F 871 'C)
:2
ui
UJ
Test direction: longitudinal and long transverse. 0.5 h

exposure to temperature. Ramberg-Osgood parameters:
n(room temperature) = 10; n(400 F) = 13; n(800 F) =
15; n(lOOO F) = 18; n(1200 F) = 19; n(400 F) = 15;
n(1600 F) = 12; n(1800 F) = 7.7; n(2000 F) = 3.8.
Composition: Ni-22Cr-18Fe-9Mo-1.5Co-0.5W.
UNS N06002
201--~--f---+-----f---r----+---~140
~i----
1800 'F (982 'C)
10 ,,'----i-=::j:;;;=---2000 'F (1093 C)----f------j 70
0L---~2---4L---~6----L8--~10---~1f
35

70
105
140
Ni.090 Hastelloy X nickel alloy bar, typical

modulus curves at room and elevated temperature
175
Specimens were exposed to temperature 0.5 h. RT, room

temperature. Ramberg-Osgood parameters: n(RT) = 6.9;
n(700 F) = 6.7; n(900 F) = 5.6. Heat-resistant aHoyo
UNS N06002
gf 30 I---f++_f_-"""""-+-"""";::-I---r--~O+__--~ 210 gf
~
ro
ro
20~~--+----+--___+--~~-~~--~140
10~--+----r--_+---r_---f-~-~70
10
6
8
15
20
6
10
0
12
25
30
Nickel (Ni)/683
Ni.091 Hastelloy X solution treated nickel alloy bar,

temperatures
6or------r-----,------,-----~------~----_,420
70F (21C)
50~----~----~~----~~~~------+_----_1350
40
~----~---/'~'--
1200 F (649 OC) 280
...-t-::::::::~:::::::f:....---r
Bar thickness: 19.05 mm (0.75 in.).

UNS N06002
1400 F (760 OC)

::;
~ 30 f-------hl'W------7'~------+__----_+------+_----____j 210 ~
Source: C.E. laske et al., "Low-Cycle Fatigue of Type 347 Stainless

Steel and Hastelloy Alloy X in Hydrogen Gas and in Air at Elevated
Temperatures," NASA-CR-135022, May 1976. As published in
ro
(/J
20~---m~~----~~----~----_+------+_----_1140
f-~---~----~f-----+__----_+------+_----____j70
L-----~----~2----~3------~4------5~--~60
100
80
L~/
~
~
60
;;
Ol
c:
.~
ID
.,
40
c:

700
/
/
560
c..
'"
420
g>
.~
280 ~
.~
20
140
0.05
0.10
0.15
Strain
0.20
0.25
0.30

=48.2%. Composition: 60.5Ni-23 Cr-bal Fe.
UNS N06601
684/Nickel (Ni)

280
40
30
ro

= 47.7%. Composition: 60.5Ni-23 Cr-bal Fe.
UNS N06601
:2:
~~
210
a..
ui
'"~
140
~
e
.~
Q)
e
c:
'c,
llJ
70
10
11
4
Strain. 0.001
140
v---
120
100
80
700
ro
a..
:2:
560 gf
t
el
'$e
840
~
ui
~
Ni.094 Monel K-500 age-hardened nickel alloy

36 mm (1.4 in.) diam rod, engineering stress-strain
curve
980
60
el
420
/
/
'c,
e
llJ
40
20
'$e
'c,
e
llJ
280
140
10
Strain xO.001
15
Test direction: longitudinal. 0.2% yield strength = 740

MPa (107.3 ksi), ultimate tensile strength = 1118 MPa
(162.2 ksi); elongation = 25.6%; reduction in area = 46%;
modulus of elasticity = 179 GPa (26.0 X 106 psi).
Composition: 66Ni-29Cu-3AI-0.5Ti. UNS N05500
Nickel (Ni)/685
140
-423 F (-253 oC)
v:=
120
100
]l 80
<Ji
E
en 60
40
20
Ni.095 Monel K-500 annealed and aged nickel alloy

sheet, tensile stress-strain curves at room and low
temperatures
980
840
Sheet thickness = 1.27 mm (0.050 in.).

I-::;;;""F (-196 oC)
'1
Room temperature
700
560 ~
~
<Ji
Source: E.H. Schmidt, "Fatigue Properties of Sheet, Bar and Cast

Metallic Materials for Cryogenic App1ications," Report No. R-7564,
Rocketdyne, 30 Aug 1968, p K-9; See Also NASA Tech. Brief 7010199. As pub1ished in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vo14,
C/)
ro
420
280
140
200
1400
160
1120
120
840
'00
"'<Ji"
Ni.096 Monel K-500 age-hardened nickel alloy, coldrolled product, tensile stress-strain curves at room
and low temperature
o..'"
~
<Ji
C/)
C/)
ro
560
80
40r---r,r~------+------~------~------r-----~280
6
10
ro
Source: D.N. Gideon, RJ. Favor, A. Koppenhafer, HJ. Grovem, and

G.M. McC1ure, "Investigation of Notch Fatigue Behavior of Certain
Alloys in the Temperature Range of Room Temperature to -423F),"
ASD-TDR-62-351, Aug 1962, p 13. As pub1ished in Aerospace
Structural Metals Handbook, Vo14, Code 4116, CINDASIUSAF CRDA
686/Nickel (Ni)
200
160
.;
""ui
<f)
E!
120
Ni.097 Monel K-500 nickel alloy bar, tensile stressstrain curves at room and low temperatures
1680
240
.....-
--
..--~~
..---::
-42rF (-253 oC)
Bar specimen (3.658 mm, or 0.144 in., diam) taken from

19.05 mm (0.75 in.) diam bar aged at 593 oC (1100 F),
21 h, + 538 oC (1000 F), 8 h, air cooled. Composition:
66Ni-29Cu-3AI-0.5Ti. UNS N05500
1400
- \ -320 )(-196 oC)
v---
-110 F (-79 oC)
1120
ro
a.
80 F (27 OC)
:2
840
ui
Source: K.A. Warren and R.P. Reed, Tensile and Impact Properties oi
U
80
560
40
280
0.08
0.16
0.24
0.32
0.40
Strain in.lin.
Ni.098 Monel K-500 cold drawn and aged nickel

alloy bar, true stress-strain curves at various
temperatures
400 .----------,-----------,--------------, 2800
3601-----+---t-----+--~
2520
Bar diameter = 6.35 mm (0.25 in.). Specimen gage length

= 31.75 mm (1.25 in.). Composition: 66Ni-29Cu-3Al0.5Ti. UNS N05500
320 I----_+---t__--_+--?~t__----t-:==---'-I 2240
ro
2801----_+---t__--7"'----b"L---t__---+'=..-_'__j 1960
~-
~
c
~
00
1680 ~
~ 240
2001---~~~~-~~-_+---t__--_+--_'__j1400
160 hf:H'--7Lt----t__--_+---t----+--_'__j 1120
1200L----OL.1---0L.2------0L.3------0L.4----~OL.5----~0.~40
Source: E.B. Kula and T.S. DeSisto, "Plastic Behavior of Metals at

Cryogenic Temperatures," Technical ReportAMRA TR 65-32,
Materials Engineering Division, U.S. Army Materials Research Agency,
Nickel (Ni)/687
260
240
/"
220
V--
(;
200
......
-------*'"
---
1820
Ni.099 Monel K-500 nickel alloy wire, stress-slrain

curves al -196 oC (-321F) for hydrogen-free and
hydrogenated wire
1680
Wire diameter =0.711 mm (0.028 in.). Treatment: 527 oC

(980F), 8 h, + slow coo1ed (8.3-13.9 C/h, or 15-25
F/h) to 482 oC (900F), ultimate strength = -1275 MPa
(-185 ksi), cathodically charged for 96 h at 0.16
amps/cm2 (1 amp/in. 2) in 80 oC (176 F) e1ectro1yte of
4% su1furic acid poisoned with sodium arsenate to
saturation and baked 488 oC (910 F), 4 min, water
quenched. Strain rate = 2.2 x lO--4/s. Composition: 66Ni29Cu-3A1-0.5Ti. UNS N05500
300 ppm H2
1
H2 Free
-- --- --
1540
1400
gf
1260
160
1120
140
980
'"
en
en 180
120
fE
~
20
40
60
80
Strain, 0.001
120
100
480
Source: W.M. Cain, C.C. Koch, J.L. Mihelich, and A.R. Troiano,
"Solute Induced Embrittlement in Steel and Severa! Face-Centered
Cubic Alloys," Report ARL 64-101, Aerospace Research Laboratories,
June 1964, p 40. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Vol 4, Code 4116, CINOASfUSAF CROA Handbooks
840
140
Ni.100 Monel K-500 nickel alloy plate, cyclic stressslrain curve
3360
/0
/'
400
/o
320
~
al
Ol
c:
~
240
en
en
!!!
160
80
//
2240
Vo
fE
.;
1680
'"~
en
en
!!!
i
1120
~
0.4
2800
560
0.8
1.2
1.6
Strain range, %
2.0
2.4
P1ate thickness = 25.4 mm (1 in.). Specimen heat treated

to ultimate strength, 1172 MPa (170 ksi); yie1d strength,
862 MPa (125 ksi); e1ongation in 2 in., 24%; reduction in
area, 36%. Data points from 10w-cycle fatigue (LCF)
tests. Curve generated from LCF and modu1us of
e1asticity (E = 1796 GPa, or 26 x 106 psi). Composition:
66Ni-29Cu-3A1-0.5Ti. UNS N05500
Source: M.R. Gross, "Low-Cycle Fatigue of Materials for Submarine
Construction," NAVENGRXSTA Report 91 1970,14 Feb 1963, p A-7.
4116, CINDASfUSAF CROA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
1995, p 27
688/Nickel (Ni)
70
./"
60
V'
30
20
10
420
-C
D
350
-F
/'
/~
CIl
en
-~
J~ - - - -
40
"'<Ji"
~
/~ tr-::
50
.;
Ni.101 ID nickel alloy sheet, tensile stress-strain

490
A
!
/
--
280
&
::;
<Ji
~
210 1'i
1--- 3.75 ---..
~
%R
o~IF6-
140
70
- - Longitudinal
- - TrnSVerse
2
4
6
10
Ni.102 ID nickel alloy sheet, tensile stress-strain

350
Sheet was stress relieved and tested in longitudinal (L)

and transverse (T) directions. Composition: Ni-2Th0 2
70 'F (21 'C)

40
280
30
210
ro
o-
::;
"'<Ji"
~'"
<Ji
'"
~
1600 'F (871 'C), L, T
en
Source: C.R. Manning, Jr. et aL, "An Investigation of a New Nickel

Alloy Strengthened by Dispersed Thoria," NASA Technical Note D1944, 1963. Calorized data from R.M. Bums and w,w, Bradley,
Protective Coatingsfor Metals, Rhinehold Publishing, 1955. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code 4115,
1995, p 9
50
.;
Sheet thickness = 0.635-1.27 mm (0.025-0.050 in.).

Specimen tested in longitudinal or transverse directions
after various conditioning: A and B, as received; C and D,
preoxidized, 1316 oC (2400 F), 24 h; E, F, G calorized;
E, unexposed; F, 1204 oC (2200 F), 192 h; G, 1316 oC
(2400 F), 88 h. Composition: Ni-2Th0 2 . Dimensions in
inset given in inches (1 in. =25.4 mm)
140
20
1800 'F (982 'C), L, T
70
10
0L---------0~.-2---------0~.4~------~0~.6~------~0.~
Strain, %
en
Source: O.L. Deel and W.S. Hyler. "Engineering Data on Newly

Developed Structural Materials," AFML-TR-67-418, Apri11968, P 54.
1995, P 11
Nickel (Ni)/689
Ni.l03 ID nickel alloy sheet, tensile stress-extension

140
20
1700 F (927 OC)
Sheet thickness =0.635-1.27 mm (0.025-0.050 in.).

Composition: Ni-2Th02 Dimensions in inset given in
inches (1 in. =25.4 mm)
112
16
84
12
'00
r--- ---1
~ 0~}.6
..><
1
8
%R
Vl
56
2400 F (1316 OC)

4
2500 F (1371 OC)
28
O~--------~--------~---------L---------JO
12
Moton betweEm crossheads, 0.001 n.ln.
a.'"
~
3 .75
Vl
16
Source: C.R. Manning. Jr. el al., "An Investigation of a New Nickel

Alloy Strengthened by Dispersed Thoria," NASA Technical Note
D-1944, 1963. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
690/Nickel (Ni)
70
490
Ni.104 TD nickel alloy bar (a) and sheet (b), stressstrain curves at room and elevated temperatures
420
Bar 12.7 mm (0.5 in.) diam, as received. Recrystallized

sheet 0.508 mm (0.020 in.) thick, 1300 oC (2372 P), 3 h.
Tested at strain rate of 0.000167/s. Composition:
Ni-2Th0 2
77 'F (25 'C)
60
'00
ro
o..
256 'F (124 'C)
-'"
ui
::;
ui
'"
~
'"~
50
40
ro
350
482 'F (250 'C)
280
(a)
60
350
40
210
ro
o..
'00
::;
-'"
",-
ui
~'"
(/)
'"~
140
30
932 'F (500 'C)

1112 'F (600 'c)
1292 'F (700 'C)
70
20
1472 'F (800 'C)
10
0
(b)
3
Elongation, %
ro
Source: B.A Wilcox and AH, Clauer, "High Temperature Deformation

of Dispersion Strengthened Nickel Alloys," NASA CR-72367, 29 Feb
1968, P 11. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
Purdue University, 1995, p II
Nickel (Ni)/691
Ni.l05 TD nickel alloy sheet, compressive stressstrain curves at room and elevated temperatures
350
50
280
Stress relieved and tested in longitudinal (L) and

transverse (T) directions. Composition: Ni-2ThO z
210

Developed Structural Materials," AFML-TR-67-418, Apri11968, P 54.
4115, CINDAS/USAF CROA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
1995, P 17
L
40
.;
30
ro
c..
"'vi"
vi
U)
U)
~
C/)
~
C/)
1600 F (871C), L, T
20
140
1800 F (982 OC), L, T
2000 F (1093 OC), L, T

70
10
ooL---------o~.2---------0J.4----------0.L6---------J0.~
Strain, %
Ni.l06 TD nickel alloy sheet and bar, stress-plastic

strain curves in bending with effect of vacuum
annealing at various temperatures
70 ,-------,-------,-------,--------,-------,490
2000 F (1093 OC)
60
r-------~------~----~~~------~-------4420
50
r-------~~--~~--------~=_~~4_-------4350
ro
.;
"'vi"
U)
c..
~
40 r-----"A---~L-~--------r-------~~~----1280
1i
ID
.c
::
1i
Bar
30 r---t+--A---~~~--------r-------~--------1210
.l!l
:::1
:::1
20
r- f---
r-~~~~------~--~----r-------4--------4140
0.025-1
O1
10
1.375
---1
Loaded in bending
11
75
70
L-----~~----~ __-----J------~------~O
00
0.004
0.008
Plastic strain, %
0.020
0.635 mm (0.025 in.) sheet (solid curve) and machined

bar (dashed curve) vacuum annealed at temperature
indicated for 1 h. Composition: Ni-2ThOz' Dimensions in
inset given in inches (1 in. = 25.4 mm)
Source: J.E. White and R.D. Carnaban, A Microplasticity Study of
Dispersion Strengthening in TD Nickel, AIME Trans., Vol 230, Oct
1964, p 1300. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
692/Nickel (Ni)
Ni.107 ID nickel alloy bar, stress-plastic strain

curves in bending with effect of cold rolling
followed by vacuum annealing
6o.-------,-------,-------.-------,---=---~420
40 1-----------f#'------o7""f---':c.::c.---t-------+--------1 280 ro
~lB
.2)
o~
30 l------h'---r-------b..--""=-t------+--------121 o 1/)
50% (Recrystallized during
1500 F (816 OC) anneal)
::
Bar extruded at 1204 oC (2200 F). Reduced by rolling at

percentage indicated then vacuum annealed 816 oC
(1500 F), 1 h. Composition: Ni-2Th0 2 Dimensions in
inset given in inches (1 in. = 25.4 mm)
Source: J.E. White and R.D. Carnahan, A Microplasticity Study of
Dispersion Strengthening in TD Nickel, AIME Trans., Vol 230, Oct
1964, p 1302. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
.2)
~
201----~----+-------+------+-------+---------11400
-1
10~------+-------+-
'-0.025-0.040
OIr---
Ir
-------1
75
1.375
70
Loaded in bending
0.004
0.008
Plastic strain, %
80
~
<Ji
60
1i
Ol
e
"55
(J)
., 40
e
UJ
Ni.108 Monel400 annealed nickel alloy sheet,

700
100
----
560
ro
o..
420
~
1/)
1/)
1i
Ol
"53
280 ~
'5l
e
UJ
140
20
0.05
0.10
0.15
Strain
0.20
0.25
0.30

= 38.0%; strength coefficient (K) = 196.4; strainhardening exponent (n) =0.385. Composition:
63Ni-30Cu-2.5Fe. UNS N04400
Nickel (Ni)/693
,....
40
gf 30

= 38.0%. Composition: 63Ni-30Cu-2.5Fe. UNS N04400
280
'"
O-
'"e
210 :2_
UJ
1/
Ol
e
"55
.~
al
.,
Ni.109 Monel 400 annealed nickel alloy sheet,

350
50
20
140 ~
'0,
LU
10
LU
70
1/
Strain, 0.001
160
140
120
100
I/
""
----
------
75 'F (24 'C)

980
Composition: Ni-35Fe-13Cr-6Mo-2.5Ti. UNS N09901
--
840
700
'"
O-
:2
560 r
420
40
280
140
11
0.5
Source: DMIC Data Sheet 6803-005, March 1968. As published in

1200 'F (649 'C)
1/
60
20
Ni.110 Incoloy 901 solution treated and aged nickel

alloy bar, stress-strain curves at room and elevated
temperature
1120
1.0
1.5
2.0
Strain, %
2.5
3.0
3.5
694/Nickel (Ni)
150
Heat-resistant alloy at room temperature (creep rupture

heat treatment). Composition: Ni-37Pe-16Cr-2.9Nb1.8Ti. UNS N09706
1400
200
Ni.111 Inconel 706 nickel alloy bar and sheet,

typical tensile stress-strain curve (full range)
1750
250
~
,../'"
...---
-'" IX
Source: MIL-HDBK5H, Dec 1998, p 6-50

1050
l'
'"
c..
::;
r
CJ)
CJ)
~
(J)
(J)
100
700
50
350
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
Strain, in./in.
Ni.112 Inconel 706 solution treated and aged nickel

alloy forged bar, typical tensile stress-strain curves at
room and elevated temperature
1400
200
Room temperature
160
1120
120
840
'"
c..
::;
~
<
CJ)
u;
'"~
560
80
40~--~~-----r----~------r-----~-----i280
ooL-----~2------4L-----~6------8~----~10~--~1~

thickness = 50.8 mm (2.000 in.). Creep rupture heat
treatment and 0.5 h exposure to elevated temperatures.
Ramberg-Osgood parameters: n(room temperature) = 6.7;
n(800 P) = 7.0; n(lOOO P) = 13; n(l200 P) = 13.
Composition: Ni-37Pe-16Cr-2.9Nb-1.8Ti. UNS N09706
Nickel (Ni)/695
160 r - - - - - - , - - - - , - - - - - , - - - - - , - - - = - - - - - - - - , 1120
100~--4_---.A~~L-1_--_+---+_--~
Test direction: longitudinal. 152,4 mm (6 in.) square bar

pressed into 50.8 x 152,4 mm (2 x 6 in.) bar, treated at
982 oC (1800 F), 2 h, air cooled, + 843 oC (1550 F),
3 h, air cooled, + 718 oC (1325 F), force cooled to
621C (1150 F), 18 h, air cooled. Composition: Ni37Fe-16Cr-2.9Nb-l,8Ti. UNS N09706
700
ro
a.
:2
80~---~~~LA----1_---_+---+_--~ 560 <
!/)
U5
U5
60~---~~~~----~--_+---+_--~
420
40~-~~--~----1_--_+---+_--~
280
20~~--~--~----1_--_+---+_--~
140
10
Source: OL. Deel and H. Mindlin, "Engineering Data on New

Aerospace Structural Materials," Technical ReportAFM6-TR-72-196,
Vol n, Sept 1972, p 113, 125. As pub1ished in Aerospace Structural
Metals Handbook, Vo14, Code 4110, CINDASfUSAF CRDA
12
160r----r-----------,----,--~,---_,1120
140~---~--~----1_~-_+--~~~-~980
Test direction: transverse. 152,4 mm (6 in.) square bar

pressed into 50.8 x 152,4 mm (2 x 6 in.) bar, treated at
621C (1150 F), 18 h, air cooled. Composition:
Ni-37Fe-16Cr-2.9Nb-l,8Ti. UNS N09706
100~---r--,~~7~~~--_+---+_--~700
&.
:2
80 ~---r_+---/-___H.'-------+_--_+---+_--~ 560 <
U5
U5
60~---r~~~----1_--_+---+_--~420
40~-~~--~----1_--_+---+_--~280
20r-~-_r--~----+_--_+---+_--~140
L---~--~----~--~---~---"O
10
12
Source: OL. Dee1 and H. Mindlin, "Engineering Data on New

Aerospace Structural Materials," Technical Report AFM6-TR-72-196,
Vol n, Sept 1972, p 113, 126. As published in Aerospace Structural
Metals Handbook, Vo14, Code 4110, ClNDASfUSAF CRDA
696/Nickel (Ni)
Ni.115 Inconel 706 solution treated and aged nickel

alloy forged bar, typical compressive stress-strain
and compressive tangent modulus curves at room
o
35
70
105
140
175
210
245
200 r - - - " T - - - , - - - - , - - - - - . , - - - - r - - - . , - - - - , 1400

thickness = 50.8 mm (2.000 in.). Creep rupture heat
treatment and 0.5 h exposure to elevated temperatures.
RT, room temperature. Ramberg-Osgood parameters:
n(RT) = 11; n(800 P) = 10; n(lOOO P) = 9.7; n(1200 P)
= 9.2. Composition: Ni-37Pe-l6Cr-2.9Nb-1.8Ti.
UNS N09706
RT
160 r---->,~--__+--__+---+_=__=t---_+--_j 1120

800 F (427 OC)
120 r-_ _~~~~-~~~~~~-+~10~0~0-OF~(~5-38-0-C~) 840
'w
o.:.
ui
'"~
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H. Dec 1998, p 6--49
80
40r--.~r--_4--__+--__+-r+_r+---H--~280
00
6
8
10
12
14
30
35
10
15
20
25
Ni.116 Inconel 706 nickel alloy bar, compressive

temperature
160 ...-----,------,-----,-------,---::::;0<-,-----, 1120
140r---~--_4--~~--_+---~
__~_j980
100r---~-~__+~~-+_--_+---r---_j700
:i
~
&
::;
80 r---~_+~~---+_--_+---r---_j 560
7
60r---~~--4---+----+---r----j420
40~-~~--~---+_---+---r_--~280
20r-~-~--_4---+_--_+---r_--_j140
10
ui
~
w
Test direction: longitudinal. 152.4 mm (6 in.) square bar

pressed into 50.8 x 152.4 mm (2 x 6 in.) bar, treated at
982 oC (1800 P), 2 h, air cooled, + 843 oC (1550 P),
3 h, air cooled, + 718 oC (1325 P), force cooled to
621C (1150 P), 18 h, air cooled. Composition: Ni37Pe-16Cr-2.9Nb-1.8Ti. UNS N09706
Source: G.L. Deel and H. Mindlin, "Engineering Data on New
Metals Handbook. Vol 4, Code 4110, CINDAS/USAF CRDA
Handbooks Gperation, Purdue University, 1995, p 12
Nickel (Ni)/697
Ni.117 Inconel 706 nickel alloy bar, compressive

temperature
16o.------,-----,------,------.--~~~----_,1120
140~----~----_1----~~----_+----~~=---~980
100~----~--_7~~~--+_----_+------+_----~700
::2:
gf 80 ~----+-_+--'A------+_----_+------+_----~ 560 gf
~
e
1i5
(f)
60~-----~~--_1------+_----_+------+_----~420
Test direction: transverse. 152.4 mm (6 in.) square bar

pressed into 50.8 x 152.4 mm (2 x 6 in.) bar, treated at
621C (1150 F), 18 h, air cooled. Composition:
Ni-37Fe-16Cr-2.9Nb-1.8Ti. UNS N09706
Source: OL. Deel and H. Mindlin, "Engineering Data on New
Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code 4110, CINDASfUSAF CRDA
40~--~~----_1------+_----_+------+_----~280
20~~---~-----1------+------+------+-----~140
Strain,
-------
50
40
00 30
-"
~"' 25
en
(])
::l
!: 20
15
I
I
Ni.118 Inconel 706 annealed nickel alloy 51 mm

(2 in.) diam rod, hot rolled, engineering stress-strain
curve
350
45
35
0.001 inJin.
3150
280
245
210
rf.
::2:
<Ji
175 ~
(])
140 ~
105
10
70
35
2.5
5.0
7.5
10.0
True strain, x 0.001
12.5
15.0
Test direction: longitudinal. 0.2% yield strength = 280

MPa (40.6 ksi); ultimate tensile strength =722 MPa
(104.7 ksi); elongation = 51.3%; reduction in area =
71.5%. Composition: Ni-37Fe-16Cr-2.9Nb-1.8Ti.
UNS N09706
698/Nickel (Ni)
200
Ni.119 Incoloy 909 nickel alloy bar, tensile stressstrain curves at room temperature with effect of
1400
180
1260
_A
160
/'
v /' j ..----:
VI ~
/
/
/
V / / V
/ / / /
/ / / V
/ / / /
140
120

(4.875 in.). Reat treatment: A: 982 oC (1800 P), 1 h, air
cooled, + 718 oC (1325 P), 8 h, force cooled to 621C
(1150 P), held 8 h, air cooled. B: 982 oC (1800 P), 1 h,
air cooled, + 718 oC (1325 P), 4 h, force cooled to
621C (1150 P, held 4 h, air cooled. C: 1038 oC
(1900 P), 1 h, air cooled, + 774 oC (1425 P), 8 h, force
cooled to 621C (1150 P), held 8 h, air cooled. D:
8 h, force cooled to 621C (1150 P), held 4 h, air
cooled. Composition: Ni-42Pe-13Co-4.7Nb-1.5Ti.
UNS N19909
1120
e
....... D
980
840
./
80
60
40
20
I V
'(
r-
0 .2
-1
120
100
40
v ---
140
1120
Ni.120 Incoloy 909 nickel alloy bar, tensile stressstrain curve at 538 oC (1000 F)
980

(4.875 in.). Reat treatment: 982 oC (1800 P), 1 h, air
(1150 P), held 8 h, air cooled. Composition: Ni-42Pe13Co-4.7Nb-1.5Ti. UNS N19909
840
700
o..'"
::;;
560
<Ji
ro
420
280
140
0.2
Source: Private communication fmm D.R. Yates, INCa Alloys

International, 19 Oct 1989. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Vol 5, Code 4219, CINDASfUSAF CRDA Randbooks
60
20
280
Strain, %
160
140
420
0.4
0.6
Strain, %
0.8
1.0
1.2
Source: Private cornmunication fmm D.R. Yates, INCa Alloys

International, 19 Oct 1989. As pub1ished in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Vol 5, Code 4219, CINDASfUSAF CRDA Randbooks
Nickel (Ni)/699
Ni.121 Incoloy 909 nickel alloy bar, tensile stressstrain curves at 649 oC (1200 F) with effect of
140,----,----,-----,----,-----,----,----, 980
A
120~---+----~----r---~--_.~~~~~~
840
100~--_+----~----r_~~~~_r----+_--~
700
80~---+----~--~-r__7~--~~~~~--~
560 ~
:::i:
~~
ui
'"
~
W 60~--_+----~---~~--~--+__r----+---~ 420 W
40~--_+,r--~r---+.r--~-----r----+---~
280
20~_7_+--~~-.~-r_~~----_r----+---~
140
OL-__
____
____
L __ _
_ _ _ __ L_ _ _ _
__

(4.875 in.). Reat treatment: A: 982 oC (1800 P), 1 h, air
(1150 P), held 8 h, air cooled. B: 982 oC (1800 P), 1 h,
air cooled, + 718 oC (1325 P), 4 h, force cooled to
621C (1150 P, held 4 h, air cooled. C: 1038 oC
(1900 0 P), 1 h, air cooled, + 774 oC (1425 P), 8 h, force
cooled to 621C (1150 P), held 8 h, air cooled. D:
8 h, force cooled to 621C (1150 P), held 4 h, air
cooled. A: yield strength = 823 MPa (119.3 ksi); ultimate
tensile strength = 1028 MPa (149.1 ksi); elongation (in
4D) = 19%; reduction in area = 38%. B: yield strength =
778 MPa (112.9 ksi); ultimate tensile strength = 990 MPa
(143.6 ksi); elongation (in 4D) = 18%; reduction in area
= 37%. C: yield strength = 594 MPa (86.1 ksi); ultimate
tensile strength = 871 MPa (126.3 ksi); elongation (in
4D) = 23%; reduction in area = 44%. D: yield strength =
607 MPa (88.0 ksi); ultimate tensile strength = 916 MPa
(132.9 ksi); elongation (in 4D) = 19%; reduction in area
= 30%. Composition: Ni-42Pe-13Co-4.7Nb-l.5Ti.
UNS N19909
Source: Private cornmunication fram D.H. Yates, INCO Alloys
IntemationaI, 19 Oct 1989. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
700/Nickel (Ni)
800r------,------,-----~------._----_,------~
3%
Ni.122 Nickel-molybdenum alloy, true compressive

stress-strain curves for various alloys and
temperatures
Strain rate = -3 x lO-4/s, d = -75 X 10-6 m. (a)

Temperature =-295 K, composition as indicated; curves
diverge monotonically. (b) Ni-3% Mo at various
temperatures, curves coincide at low strains but diverge in
the dynamic recovery range.
Source: George Krauss, Ed., Deformation, Processing, and Structure,
papers presented at ASM Materials Science Seminar (St. Louis, MO),
23 Oct 1982, American Society for Metals, 1984, p 100-101
(a)
800
295 K
700
600
ro
O-
:2
<Ji
!Il
400
300
200
100
o
o
0.1
(b)
0.2
0.3
Strain
0.4
0.5
0.6
Nickel (Ni)/701
100
._ 80
1!
"'
t
Ul
g> 60
.~
Q)
e
'c,
e
W 40
,,- ./
----
560
al
o..
i"'

ultimate tensile strength =703 MPa (101.9 ksi);
elongation = 39.4%. Composition: 42Ni-21.5Cr-bal Fe .
UNS N08825
420 ~
c:
"$
e
'0
e
280 W
140
0.05
0.15
Strain
0.10
0.20
0.25
0.30

350
50
10
700
;::
20
40

840
120
I-
280
I
I
I1/
al
o..
210
~Ul
01
.~
140 ~
'0
e
70
Strain x 0.001
10

ultimate tensile strength =687 MPa (99.6 ksi); elongation
= 37.7%. Composition: 42Ni-21.5Cr-bal Fe.
UNS N08825
702lNickel (Ni)
80
~
60
ui
el
o:
.~
Q)
.,
40
o:
UJ

700
100
'/
V--
--
560
'"
a..
420 :2.

= 43.5%. Composition: 44Fe-35.5Ni-18.5Cr.
UNS N08330
t
el
o:
.~
280 .0,
~
o:
UJ
140
20
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
Strain
100
._ 80
ui
~g> 60
v--
~
700
560 a..
'"
:2
ui
420
.~
!o:
.~
Q)
Q)
o:
o:
.0,
UJ
Ni.126 Incoloy 25-6 annealed nickel alloy sheet,

840
120
o:
o:
.0,
40
280
20
140
0.05
0.10
0.15
Strain
0.20
0.25
0.30
UJ

elongation = 41.5%. Composition: 45.5Fe-25Ni-20Cr6.5Mo. UNS N08926
Nickel (Ni)/703
70
490
60
420
50
&.
:2
g 40
280 gf
/
'J
ti
el
.~ 30
e
.c,
10
350
20
Ni.127 Incoloy 25-6 annealed nickel alloy sheet,

el
210 .~
e
.c,
e
140
70
4
Strain x 0.001

ultimate tensile strength =785 MPa (1l3.9 ksi);
elongation = 41.5%. Composition: 45.5Fe-25Ni-20Cr6.5Mo. UNS N08926
Reactive and Refractory Metals (RM)/705
Reactive and Refractory Metals (RM)

RM.OOl Be-2%BeO beryllium all forms, effect of
temperature on physical properties
Temperature, oc
260
-18
0.9
1093
826
538
137 1
10
LL
<f~
8
0.8
~
e
"~
~
.a
~0.7
~ 120
ro
o:
1i
.g" 0.6
.c
80
"o-
C/l
ti::l
."
e
o
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H. Dec 1998, p 7-5
!;t
""".c
::l
.,eox
"
The coefficient of thermal expansion, ex, is between 21C

(70 F) and the indicated temperature. The thermal
conductivity, K, is at the indicated temperature. The
specific heat, e, is at the indicated temperature.
40
ro"
"
.c
f-
004
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Temperature, F
80
70
60
!
I
50
30
20
10
e =0.02
560
RM.002 Various grades of beryllium, various forms,

490
(1) 1400 hot-pressed block. Ultimate tensile strength:

longitudinal (L), 450 MPa (66 ksi); transverse (T),
550 MPa (80 ksi). Typical compressive and tensile yield
strength: L, 430 MPa (62 ksi); T, 450 MPa (65 ksi).
(2) SR200 sheet. Ultimate tensile strength (L and T),
540 MPa (79 ksi). Tensile and compressive yield strength
(L and T), 400 MPa (58 ksi). (3) S200E hot-pressed block.
Ultimate tensile strength: L, 340 MPa (50 ksi); T, 390
MPa (56 ksi). Tensile and compressive yield strength: L,
260 MPa (38 ksi); T, 270 MPa (39 ksi). (4) no brake
grade. Ultimate tensile strength: L, 340 MPa (50 ksi); T,
360 MPa (53 ksi). Tensile and compressive yield strength
(L and T), 220 MPa (32 ksi). (5) BG 170 brake grade at
371C (700 F). (6) BG 170 brake grade at 649 oC
(1200 F). The elongation, e, is listed for each by the
material curve. AH values are typical. Guaranteed values
are lower.
=0.20
420
--e
350
'"
=0.03
a.
:::;
280 ui
~ ~ --;; =0.04
:::::::--
Ir -
[
[
Ir
e =0045
UJ
210
140
=0.20
70
Source: Brush Wellman unpublished data and specification data. As

published in Vol 5, Code 5101, Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbook Operation, Purdue University, 1995,
p 9 and 12
706/Reactive and Refractory Metals (RM)
70
490
60
420
50
.; 40
-'"
~
~
C!J
30
72F (22jC). f. = 0.0~2
/'
300F (149
350
)' f. = 0.003 5
~
280
...--
700F b71
OC),
f.
=0.03 5~1
210
20
140
10
70
0.12
0.08
0.16
&
:2
'/
0.04
Tested at various temperatures and strain rates, f.. Hotpressed block with 20 !lm grain size. Tested in the
transverse direction. X indicates fracture.
1
5-
~~O F (260 OC), f. =0.006 5- 1
V/
RM.003 S200E beryllium block, tensile

Souree: F.L. Sehierloh and S.G. Babeoek, "Tensile Properties of

Beryllium at High Strain Rates and Temperatures," AFML-TR-69-273,
General Motors Teeh Center, Oet 1969. As published in Aerospace
Handbook Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 12
U5
0.20
0.24
Strain, in.lin.
90
80
.,....-
70
60
.;
-'"
50
---
..--
RM.004 SR200 beryllium sheet, tensile

560
Tested at various temperatures and a strain rate of

0.005 S-1 for 1.5 mm (0.060 in.) sheet with 13 !lm grain
size. X indicates fracture.
72 F (2 oC)
490
420
iK 300 F (149 oC)
500 F
(~60 oC)
ro
<Ji
(/)
700 F
U5 40
630
(~71
V-
350 ~
oC)
<Ji
(/)
280 ~
C!J
30
210
20
140
10
70
0.04
0.08
0.12
0.16
Strain, in./in.
0.20
0.24
0.28
Souree: F.L. Sehierloh and S.G. Babeoek, "Tensile Properties of

Beryllium at High Strain Rates and Temperatures," AFML-TR-69-273,
General Motors Teeh Center, 1969. As published in Aerospace
80
560
RM.005 S200E beryllium sheet, tensile

490
Tested at various temperatures for cross-rolled sheet. At

room temperature for 0.5-6.35 mm (0.021-0.25 in.)
sheet: ultimate tensile strength (min), 483 MPa (70.0 ksi);
0.2% offset yield strength (min), 345 MPa (50.0 ksi)
Room telperature
70
60
/
/V
V
50
'/
20
j
420
~
500 OF (260 oC)

350
ro
30
10
V"
V"
f,.--
o..
750F (399 oC)
280
<Ji
Source: "Designing with Beryllium," Brush Wellman, Inc., Cleveland,

OH. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 5,
Code 5101, CINDASIUSAF CRDA Handbook Operation, Purdue
University, 1995, p 8, 9
210
1000 F (538 oC)
/'
140
70
Strain, 10- in./in.
55
J--=
50
45
V-f/
40
gj 30
25
20
15
10
5
500F (260 oC)
I
I V
/
f
I
245
ro
175
/'
Tested at various temperatures for hot-pressed block. At

room temperature: typical minimum ultimate tensile
strength, 280 MPa (40 ksi); typical minimum tensile yield
strength, 210 MPa (30 ksi)
315
210 ~
gf
350
280
/
Iy
35
~emper~ture
~ !---
RM.006 S200E beryllium block, tensile

385
140
1100 F (593 oC)
105
70
35
4
5
6
6
Strain, 10- in./in.
~
~
Source: "Designing with Beryllium," Brush Wellman, Inc., Cleveland,

OH. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 5,
Code 5101, CINDASIUSAF CRDA Handbook Operation, Purdue
University, 1995, p 8, 9
70B/Reactive and Refractory Metals (RM)
RM.007 Be-38AI, Lockalloy beryllium sheet, tensile

7o,-------,--------,-------,--------,-------,49o
Sheet thickness: 1.47-2.47 mm (0.058-0.108 in.) sheet.

Young's modulus, 193 GPa (28 x 106 psi). Curve 1 is for
sheet in as-roUed condition with longitudinal, L,
specimen. Curve 2 is for as-roUed condition with
transverse, T, specimen. Curve 3 is annealed, and applies
to both L and T.
50------t1l~~-------==:j::::::==t===~~1350
'00
40 1-----..,ff-+:;~----_+-----__t--------+__------__1 280
&:
~
00
w
1i5 30
210
Souree: R.W. Fenn, Jr., 0.0. Crooks, W.c. Coons, and E.E. Underwood,
"Properties and Behavior of Beryllium-Aluminum Alloys," Loekheed
Missiles & Spaee Company, Oet 1964. As published in Aerospace
Structural Metals Handbook, Vo15, Code 5102, CINOAS/USAF CROA
20~~---+--------r-----~--------+-------~140
10~-----+------_+------__t--------+__------__170
L -_ _ _ _ _ _L -_ _ _ _
0.2
______
0.4
______
0.6
______
~O
0.8
1.0
Strain, %
60
420
50
350
Room temperature
40
,/
r-----
10
ro
a.
400 F (204 oC)
210 r
w
140
800 F 427 oC)
0.1
70
0.2
Tested at various temperatures and at a strain rate of

-0.13 mm/min (-0.005 in./rnin) for 1.5 mm (0.060 in.)
annealed sheet, in both longitudinal and transverse
directions
280
...---
20
RM.008 Be-38AI, Lockalloy beryllium sheet,

compression stress-strain curves
0.3
0.4
Strain, %
0.5
0.6
0.7
Souree: R.W. Fenn, Jr., 0.0. Crooks, O.E. Watts, and A.S. Neiman, A
Meehaniea1 Property Evaluation of Be-38% Al Alloy from -320 to 800
F, Met. Eng. Q., Nov 1965. As pub1ished in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Vo15, Code 5102, CINOAS/USAF CRDA Handbook
60
420
50
350
40
280
(J)
Tested at various temperatures and at a strain rate of

approximately 0.13 mm/rnin (0.005 in./rnin) for annealed
extrusion. Solid line is longitudinal, broken line is
transverse direction.
ro
a.
'00
"'r"
RM.009 Be-38AI, Lockalloy beryllium extrusion,

compression stress-strain curves
::;
210 r
(J)
30
Source: R.W. Fenn, Jr., D.D. Crooks, G.E. Watts, and A.S. Neiman, A
Mechanical Property Evaluation of Be-38% Al Alloy from -320 10
800 F, Met. Eng. Q., Nov 1965. As published in Aerospace Structural
Metals Handbook, Vol 5, Code 5102, CINDASfUSAF CRDA Handbook
'i5
'i5
20
140
800F 427 'C)
70
10
o0L-----L---~-----~----~----~----~----~0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
Strain, %
60
RM.Ol0 N50 beryllium block, tensile

420
"L,
V<.
72 "
50
;;~-
Tested at various temperatures and strain rate of 0.002 S-l.

Hot-pressed block with 40 !lm grain size. Tested in the
transverse direction. X indicates fracture.
350
30<h ("149 'c)
40
'00
"'r"
(J)
500 'F (260 oC)
r!!/ V----
700 'F (371C)
280
ro
a.
--"'"
::;
30
210 r
(J)
'i5
20
140
10
70
0.02
0.04
0.06
Strain, in.lin.
0.08
0.10
0.12
Source: EL. Schierloh and S.G. Babcock, "Tensile Properties of

Beryllium at High Strain Rates and Temperalures," General Motors
Tech Center, Oct 1969. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Vol 5, Code 5101, CINDASfUSAF CRDA Handbook
71 O/Reactive and Refractory Metals (RM)
50
--.
serratio1
30
'i
-'"
Tested at 340 oc. The chromium displayed an average

rate of work hardening of 27.6 MPa (4000 psi)/percent
strain between O and 3% strain, compared with arate of
3.5 MPa (500 psi) between 3 and 20% strain.
No seJations
40
RM.Oll Worked chromium rod, quenched mediumgrain size chromium, stress-strain curve
350
.......
280
210
.,;
'~"
ii
20
Source: A Gilbert, C.N. Reid, and G.T. Hahn, Tensile Properties of

Chromium and Chromium-Rhenium Alloys, High Temperature
Refractory Metals, R.W. Fountain, J. Malt, and L.S. Richardson, Ed.,
based on a symposium, 16-20 Feb 1964, sponsored by the High
Temperature Metals Committee Extractive Metallurgy Division) and the
Refractory Metals Committee (Institute of Metals Division) of the
Metallurgical Society of the American Institute of Mining,
Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, Gordon and Breach Science
Publishers, 1966, p 200
ro
Il.
:2
~
~
140 ii
10
70
10
15
20
25
30
35
Elongation, %
50
50r-----------------------------------------,350
350
Ouenched
Lo.,Ji. uppe) yield stress

1 Lower yield stress
40
318 oC
280
379 oC
40~~-T----------------_7~----------------1280
Ji.
30
'iji
/1
1
-'"
.,;
" '1-
-1- _Vi '-...1"
Ouenched
210 ro
VJ
ii
20
Lo.
Lo.
Lo.
1-....
'iji
:2:
.,;
.,;
VJ
Lo.
Lo.
Lo. Lo.
~
140
-'"
VJ
ro
:2:
Il.
310 oc
.,;
378 oc
en
VJ
140
20
1 ..!~~.::.c:'~~-1-(..1:-1-1 'k1-
ii
Furnace cooled
.~
10
210
30
Il.
70
70
10
2%
'---'
320
340
360
380
O~--------------~----------------------~O
400
(a)
(b)
RM.012 Worked chromium rod, quenched and furnace cooled medium-grain size chromium, effect of quenching on
yield properties
(a) Yield stress versus temperature. (b) Effect of cooling rate on the shape of stress-strain curves. The quenched specimens were
all strained 8% in the strain-aging range and, compared with the fumace-cooled samples, had higher upper and lower yield stress
values and markedly different stress-strain curves that showed an unusually high rate of work hardening. After about 3% strain,
the rate of work hardening decreased substantially.
Source: A Gilbert, C.N. Reid, and G.T. Hahn, Tensile Properties of Chromium and Chromium-Rhenium Alloys, High Temperature Refractory Meta/s,
R.W. Fountain, J. Malt, and L.S. Richardson, Ed., based on a symposium, 16-20 Feb 1964, sponsored by the High Temperature Metals Committee Extractive
Metallurgy Division) and lhe Refractory Metals Cornmittee (Institute of Metals Division) of the Metallurgical Society of the American Institute of Mining,
Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, 1966, p 199
80
60
00
-'"
gf 40
en
~
,vr
440 oC
420
Test stopped at
8%strain
20
Test stopped at
....- 8%strain
::;
280
140
-~
420 oC
00
'"
~
20
5% plastic strain
'----'
'"
280 ~
u)
'"
140 ~
"
en
-"\
V -
420
469C
00
-'" 40
u)
'"~
1i
20
~
1i
420
O
60
u)
60
u)
'"
Il.
-'" 40
RM.013 Chromium-rhenium alloy worked rod,

560
330 oC
5% plastic strain
'"
280 ~
u)
'"
140 ~
en
'----'
O
60
420
690 oC
Small-amplitude serrations
'"
~ 40
u)
'"
~
20
--.....
/'
1/
5% plastic strain
'----'
280 ~
u)
'"
140 ~
en
Cr-l at.% Rh alloy specimens

Source: A Gilbert, C.N. Reid, and G.T. Habn, Tensi1e Properties of
Chromium and Chromium-Rhenium Alloys, High Temperature
Refractory Meta/s, R.W. Fountain, J. Malt, and L.S. Richardson, Ed.,
based on a symposium, 16-20 Feb 1964, sponsored by the High
Temperature Metals Committee Extractive Metallurgy Division) and the
Refractory Metals Committee (lnstitute of Metals Division) of the
Metallurgical Society of tbe American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, Gordon and Breach Science Publishers,
1966, p 203
80
0.1 09
thick
./
70
60
.,;
420
400F (204 oC)
/'
J~ ~ ~
30
490
,;
J/
50
ROOJ tempeJture
V....
350
o~
'"
600
(316 oC;
;;... 800 F (427 0C)
a.
:2
280 In
'"
1000 F (538 Cl
1200 F (649 Cl
1600 F (871C
210
U~
20
140
~ 'f
10
RM.014 L-605 (UNS R30605) cobalt sheet, tensile

stress-strain curves for thicknesses as indicated
at room and elevated temperatures and various
strain rafes
560
i~. (2. 77 ~m)
70
If
o
70
490
0.040 ir (1.0 mr) thick
60
----
50
g
i
al
c\5
_._.-
420
Strain rate
60 in./in. mi'
0.003 in./in. mi'
average of 10 s and
1/2 h holding time
0.0025 in./in. mi'
350
280
40
30
20
-- ---
r-
1---
--~ --
(j)
2000 F (1093 C).I

I
2250 F (1 232 oC)

140
i
210 ~
10
r---
1--
&
:2
1600 F (871 C)I
-- f ------
4
3
5
70
2000 F (1093 oC)
2250 F (1 232 oC)
The 2.77 mm (0.109 in.) sheet was solution treated at

1200 oC (2200 P) and rapid air cooled. The 1.0 mm
(0.040 in.) sheet was solution treated at 1200 oC
(2200 P) and air cooled. Composition: Co-20Cr-15WlONi
Source: For 0.109 in. sheet, Haynes Stellite Company, "Haynes AlIoy
No. 25," March 1959; for 0.040 in., sheet, w.P. Roe and J.R. Kattus,
"Tensile Properties of Aircraft Structural Metals at Various Rate of
Loading after Rapid Heating," TR55-199, Part III, Wright Air Development Center, Sept 1957. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
RM.015 L-605 (UNS R30605) cobalt sheet,

elevated temperatures and strain rates
80 ,-------,-------,-------,-------,-------.560
RT
0.18'
60
~------~--~~r-------+-------+-----~420
'00
"'"
:1
~
Sheet thickness: 1.6 mm (0.063 in_). Solution heat treated

at 1232 oC (2250 P) and rapid air cooled. RT, room
temperature. Other test specimens were resistance heated
to the indicated temperatures. Composition: Co-20Cr15W-lONi
1200 F (649 oC)

40
Source: P.R. Dioguardo and R.D. Lloyd, "Investigation of lhe Effects of

Rapid Properties of Compressive and Column Members," ASD-TR
61-499, The Marquardt Corp., Jan 1962. As published in Aerospace
20
_____
_______ L _______ L_ _ _ _ _ __ L_ _ _ _
~O
80 ,-------,-------,-------,-------,-------,560
3
10 8'
60
f------r----r-----RT::!:::==:::j::::::==1 420
RT
al
'00
"'"
:1
[L
:2
40
Foc:)~1~2~00~O~Ft(6~4~9~OC~)=~ 280 ~
_ -t:z:!::8:00:o:F:(4:2:7
1600 F (871C)
20
1800 F (982 oC)
140
2000 F (1093 oC)

OL-------L-------~------~------~----~O
80
560
5
10 8 '
60
420
RT
20
rf.
...---'
:2
8000F (427 oC) '1200 F (649 oC) - 280 ui
V-
1800 f (982 oC) 2000 F (1093 oC)

2
1600 lF (87l oC)
2200 F (1 204C) _
8
140
RM.016 X-40 cobalt investment casting, as cast, total

strain curves
4o.--------------------,--------------------.28o
--1%}
____ 2% Total strain
Tested at 816 and 871C (1500 and 1600 F). Total

strain of 1 and 2% as indicated. Composition: Co-25CrlONi-7.5W
30~------------------_r--------------------1210
--- - - -
ro
--~
~
----g 20 ~-------'=-""""--------_r------------------=-''''''__I140
Source: Haynes Stellite Company, "Haynes Stellite Alloy No. 31," April
..:::.
ui
1500F(816C)
00
00
--- - - -1600F (871 oC)
10 '-0--------------------1oL---------------------'00TP
o
1
1
Time, h
RM.017 WI-52 cobalt stress-strain curves
40.----------,----------~---------,-------,280
To
Fiy 37.6 ksi (259 MPa) \

..,.,.~"I-
Tested at 927 and 1093 oC (1700 and 2000 F). Pratt

Whitney Aircraft 653 coated with PWA 45, chromized at
1052 oC (1925 F), time unspecified. Individual tests are
plotted. F ty , tensile yield strength. Composition: Co-21CrllW-2Fe-1.75(Ta + Nb)
-'
. ' ;.'. -:.:.
-: ;: . ., .
210
30~--------~------~~~--
ro
g 20 1---------~'------------+__---------t------__I140 g
~
00
.- .- .- -
10
-'-'-'1-'
~~~e tests
~----P.--~"'+~"-'-------+-2000
F (1093 oC)
70
--------j
O~--------~--------~----------L-----~O
0.1
0.2
Strain, %
0.3
Source: Personal communication from Pratt & Whitney Aircraft. As

1995, p 10
50
Strain
0.009 ...
~~
RM.018 Haynes Alloy No. 188 (UNS R30188) stressstrain curve
350
rate/~in
0.036
...--
40
Tested at 871C (1600 P). Note the change in strain rate

over the range of strain. Composition: Co-22Cr-22Ni14W-0.08La-Iow C
.280
1--
1/
30
210
/
/
~
c
1/)
~
20
10
1/)
140
80
/
1/
60
10
15
20
25
~om te~perature
560
RM.019 Haynes Alloy No. 188 (UNS R30188) cobalt

sheet, mili annealed, stress-strain curves
490
Tested in longitudinal direction. Typical for sheet

thickness: l.73 mm (0.068 in.). Temperature effects on
the stress-strain properties are indicated. Strain rate in the
elastic region was 0.005 min-l. After yielding to fracture,
the strain rate was 0.1 min- l head speed. Composition:
Co-22Cr-22Ni-14W-0.08La-Iow C
420
!V -
50
600 F 1(316 oC)

1000F (538 oC)
~~
V
350
1400 F (760 oC)
<Il
a.
:2
280 1/)
c
30
210
20
140
10
70
'
70
1/
70
:2
Source: W.T. Ebhara and R.B. Herchenroeder, "Mechanical and

Physical Properties of Haynes Developmental Alloy No. 188," Report
No. 7626, Kokomo Laboratory, Union Carbide Corp., 16 July 1969. As
1995, p 24
6
8
10

Aerospace Structural Materials," Technical Report AFML-TR -71-249,
Battelle Columbus Laboratories, Air Force Materials Laboratory,
Contract No. F33615-70-C-1070, Dec 1971. As published in Aerospace
80
70
/
/
60
50

sheet, mili annealed, stress-strain curves
490
Tested in transverse direction. Typical for sheet thickness:

2.0 mm (0.078 in.). Temperature effects on the stressstrain properties are indicated. In the elastic region the
strain rate was 0.005 min-l. After yielding to fracture, the
strain rate was 0.1 min- l head speed. Composition: Co22Cr-22Ni-14W-0.08La-Iow C
420
V--
600F [316 oC)
1- 1000 F (538 oC)

1400 h760 oC)
350
'"
[L
280 U>
<Ji
fI
UJ
210
'/
20
560
Room temperature
f-b::====
lA ~
30
10
....-
Souree: O.L. Deel and H. Mindlin, "Engineering Data on New

Aerospaee Structural Materials," Technical Report AFML-TR-71-249,
Contraet No. F33615-70-C-1070, Dec 1971. As published in Aerospace
140
70
10

sheet, mili annealed, compressive stress-strain and
Tangent modulus, GPa
60
42
84
126
210
168
252
420
Tested in the longitudinal direction. Typical for sheet

thickness: 2.0 mm (0.078 in.). Temperature effects on the
mechanical properties are indicated. The strain rate was
0.005 min-l. RT, room temperature. Composition: Co22Cr-22Ni-14W-0.08La-low C
Room te1mperature
600F (316 oC)

1000,F (538 oC)
1400F (760 oC)
50
350
Room temperature
280
40
:i
~
'"
2
600F (316 oC)
.;
-'"
[L
<Ji
210 U>
30
Ci5
1000F (538 "e)
140
20
1400F 760 oC)
70
I
O
I
6
I
12
6
8
I
18
I
24
Tangent modulus, 10 6 psi
10
12
I
30
I
36

Contraet No. F33615-70-C-1070, Dec 1971. As published n Aerospace
Handbooks Operaton, Purdue University, 1995, p 29

sheet, mili annealed, compressive stress-strain and
Tangent modulus, GPa
84
42
70
60
./
f!
j<- r--
~ /
"'-..'b ~
=---
50
126
.....-
20
420
~~ ~
350
-1400F (760 oC)
'"
D..
600F (316 oC)
1---
:::E
280 Ul
r
'1400F 1(760 oC) .-

Contract No. F33615-70-C-1070, Dec 1971. As published in Aerospace
210
V--
100rF (538 oC) -
10
Tested in the transverse direetion. Typieal for sheet

thiekness: 2.0 mm (0.078 in.). Temperature effeets on the
meehanieal properties are indieated. The strain rate was
0.005 min-l. RT, room temperature. Composition: Co22Cr-22Ni-14W-0.08La-Iow C
600F (316 oC)
30
252
560
490
------
V--
210
168
140
70
1/
10
12
18
24
30
36
Tangent modulus, 10 6 psi
RM.023 Commercially pure molybdenum sheet,

1120
160
_ _
Transvele
Curves given for are east sheet, 0.76-1.0 mm

(0.030-0.040 in.) thick, warm worked and stress relieved.
Stress relieved 982 oC (1800 P) for 2 h. Tested in
longitudinal and transverse direetion at a strain rate of
0.025/min
Longitudinal
- .... "
" ~ -- -- !-_-~
"
Warmworked
120
........
840
1---
Stress relieved
gi 80
en
'"
D..
:::E
"\
560 Ul
r
~
40
280
12
16
20
24
Source: "Molybdenum Metal," Climax Molybdenum Co., 1960. As

1995, p 6
120
100
80
"'Room
te~pera;;;;-
f13-t~s r- ~oo F (982 OC)
2400 F (1316 oC)
100
6
8
/'"
10
--~
Y V
1800 F
(~2
RM.025 TZM molybdenum alloy rolled rounds,

temperatures
700
Round diam: 16-17.5 mm (5/8-11/16 in.). Stress relief

unspecified. Tested at a strain rate of 0.005/min.
Composition: Mo-O.5Ti-0.08Zr
OC)
560
tIl
[l.
2000 F (1b93 OC)

2400 F
(1~16 OC)
....-
::;
420 r
'i
280
!/
840
Room tem erature
20
2000 F (1093 0C)-= 280
120
40
::;
420 r
Source: R.Q. Barr and M. Semchyshen, "Stress Strain Curves for

Wrought Molybdenum and Three Molybdenum Base Alloys," Climax
Molybdenum Co., Dec 1959. As published in Aerospace Structural
140
l--
80
16 mm (5/8 in.) thick bar stress relieved at 982 oC

(1800 F) for 1 h. Tested at a strain rate of 0.005/min
tIl
700
r---
[l.
.......
20
RM.024 Commercially pure-O.03 C molybdenum

bar, tensile stress-strain curves at room and elevated
temperatures
560
{, -- - -
40
840
140
8
6
10
Source: J.A. Houck, "Physical and Mechanical Properties of Commercial Molybdenum Base Alloys," DMIC Rep. 140, 1960. As
1995, p 9
RM.026 MP35N multiphase alloy bar, tensile stressstrain curves at room and elevated temperatures
300 r - - - , . . - - - - - , - - - . . , - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - , 2100
250 f----+---+---+_------,""I---:::;j,o.-="--___l1750
200
f-----+---+---~'-7C-._+__---+---___l1400
ro
~ 150f-----+---~Y7~+_--_+__---+---___l10500
Typical curves for specimen (UNS R30035) cold worked

and aged 538-649 oc (1000-1200 F) for 4-4.5 h and
air cooled. Test direction: longitudinal. Exposed to
elevated temperatures for 0.5 h. Ultimate tensile strength,
S basis for diam up to 44.45 mm (1.750 in.), 1793 MPa
(260 ksi). RT, room temperature. Ramberg-Osgood
parameters: n(RT) = 13, n(400 F ) = 14, n(700 F) = 15.
Composition: Co-35Ni-20Cr-9.75Mo
Source: MILHDBK-5H, Dec 1998, p 7-25
100 I----+__~~+_--+_--+_---t-----j 700
501--~+__--+_~-+_--+_---t-----j350
~--L2--~4---~6--~8--~1~0--~1P
2100
300
250
LOngitu~
200
~
1750
1400
~
~ 150
100
50
Typical curves for specimen (UNS R30159) cold worked

and aged 649 to 677 14 oC (1200 to 1250 25F) for
4-4.5 h and air cooled. Bar thickness: :$;13.462 mm
(:$;0.530 in.). Test direction: longitudinal. Ultimate tensile
strength, S basis for 20.3-44.45 mm (0.801-1.750 in.)
diam, 1793 MPa (260 ksi). Ramberg-Osgood parameters:
n(room temperature) = 13. Composition: 36Co-19Cr-9Fe7Mo-Ni(bal)
Source: MIL-HDBK5H, Dec 1998, p 7-30
700
350
RM.027 MP159 multiphase alloy bar, tensile stressstrain curve at room temperature
6
8
10
240
1680
200
1400
160
'i
-'"
t
U)
~
rf-
ii5
80
40
ej=
.----- 0.02 ~
t-_I..
-11
1120
ro
o..
,.......
120
~-423'F(-253'C)
::;
840 t
U)
1..-
RM.028 Commercially pure niobium bar, tensile

Solid line curves for wrought bar stress relieved at

750 oC (1382 F) for 1 h. Dashed line curves for bar
recrystallized at 1100 oC (2012 F) for 15 min
Source: A.G. Imgram, Ee. Holden, H.R. Ogden, and R.I. Jaffee, "Notch
Sensitivity of Refractory Metals," WADD Tech. Rep. 60-278, Sept
-320 'F (-196 'C)
(f)
560
-103 'F (-75 'C)
280
Rooi
t.mp'ffi'rn
- -- - - - - - - -
...
Straln, Jn.lJn.
RM.029 Nb752 niobium alloy sheet, tensile

stress-strain curves at room temperature for
several thicknesses
80,----,------,------,------,------,-----,560
0.030 in. (0.762 mm)
:i
Sheet milI annealed. Sheet thickness: 0.30-0.76 mm

(0.012-0.030 in.). Composition: Nb-lOW-2.5Zr
ro
40 1-------_+--------If#,~--_+-----t_----_+--____I280 t
201------~L-----t_---_+------t_----_+----____I140
~----~----~2------L-----~----~----~60
Source: J.P. O'Connor, "Evaluation of Cb-IOW-2.5Zr (Cb-752)

Columbium Alloy," Rep. A-742, Ser. No. 1, McDonnell Aircraft Corp.,
June 1964. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
Purdue University, 1995, p !O
28.----------,----------,---------,----------,
24~--------~------~~~~----+_------~
20~---------1_~~~-~~--------~--------__1
-~ 16~------7S~~-------+--------~--------~
-"
<Ji
'"
~
12~--------1_---------+~~--~~--------__1
8~--------1_--~--
__~__~----~--------__1
4~--------~~~~~+_~~~--+_------~
8.01
0.1
Creep. %
RM.030 Nb752 niobium alloy, isochronous stressstrain curves for several temperatures
Composition: Nb-lOW-2.5Zr
Source: E.J. Beck and ER. Schwartzberg, "Determination of
Mechanical and Thermophysical Properties of Refractory Metals,"
AFML-TR-65-247, July 1965. As published in Aerospace Structural
RM.031 E8ZR niobium alloy rod, zone-refined,

resolved shear stress-strain after one pass (top) and
three passes (boUom)
350
50
Ir
40
280
~195C
.;
-"
'"
30
ro
o-
:2
210
ro
'"
'"
o>'"
'"'"
"O
20
10
.!::
.!::
'"
"O
140 ~
LJ
-80 oc
1/
&
~ -+
25 oc
-"
'"
~
30
o
350
50
.;
70
92.5%
40
"
280
ro
o-
:2
210
-195 oc
g
~
ro
ro
'"
'"
''""
.!::
.!::
"O
o'>"
g
~
"O
140 ~
20
'"'"
-80C
10
25 oC
v10
20
Strain, %
LJ
\ 1\
'"'"
70
30
40
The resolved shear stress as a function of engineering

strain for the one- and three-pass electron bearn zonerefined niobium is shown. Their orientations are shown in
the unit triangles with each curve.
Source: M.K. Thomas, E.S. Jenkins, imd J.F. Erthal, Mechanical
Properties of Zone Refined Columbium and Tantalum, High
Temperature Refractory Metals, 16-20, Feb 1964, Metallurgical Society
of American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum
Engineers, Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, 1966, p 460
2800
400
200
~
1i
al
f-
100
1/
60
40
0.01
V
l/
/
1400
ro
11.
:2
cii
1i
al
700~
RM.032 Rhenium sheet, wire, and rod, average true

stress-strain curve
Room-temperature properties for 0.254 mm (0.01 in.)
sheet (S), 12.7 mm (0.5 in.) wire (W), and 3.175 mm
(0.125 in.) rod (R), all in annealed condition. Yield
strength (0.2%): S, 930 MPa (135 ksi); R, 317 MPa
(46 ksi). Ultimate tensile strength: S, 1160 MPa (168
ksi); W, 1170 MPa (170 ksi); R, 1130 MPa (164 ksi)
Source: B.W. Gonser, Ed., papers presented at symposium on rhenium,
3-4 May 1960 (Chicago, IL), Electrothennics and Metallurgical
Division of the Electrochemcal Society, Elsevier Publishing Co.,
1962, p 34
420
0.02
0.04 0.06
0.1
0.2
0.4 0.6
1.0
280
2.0
RM.033 Commercially pure tantalum wrought bar,

1400
200
RT, room temperature. Solid lines for wrought bar stress

relieved at 750 oC (1382 P) for 1 h. Dashed lines for
wrought bar, recrystallized at 1200 oC (2192 P) for 3 h
1120
160
" " " , -320 F (-196 OC)
120
'00
""cii
/
I
r---.
(J)
~
80
.--
-103F (-75 OC)
gi
I
560
{- I
RT
----f::
103 F(-75
~;
----
I
I
---RT
r- ~- ~-----1-----
o ~ 0.02 ----.
ro
11.
:2
I
40
840
-423 F (-253 OC)
280
o
Straln, In./ln.
Source: A.G. Imgram, F.e. Holden, H.R. Ogden, and R.1. Jaffee, "Notch
Sensitivity of Refractory Metals," WADD Tech. Rep. 60-278, 1960. As
1995, p 4
60
420
50
350
RM.034 Commercially pure recrystallized tantalum

foil, tensile stress-strain curve
ii'
W40
;
e:
280 ~
;
e:
"5
o
c: 30
210 ~
C\l
:g
"
C\l
-'"
'"
Source: R.P. Jewett and E.D. Weisert, Dislocation Morphology of

Tantalum deformed in Tension, High Temperature Refractory Metals,
based on a symposium, 16-20 Feb 1964, Metallurgical Society of
American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers,
Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, 1966, p 163
c..
'c;;
:E
<Ji
(J)
Foil thickness: 0.076 mm (0.0003 in.). Curve is similar to

other body-centered cubic metals, showing the typical
yield point. Yield drop observed in aU specimens, with
average being 21 MPa (3 ksi).
U)
20
140 ~
10
70
10
15
20
25
30
35
Elongation, %
RM.035 Ta-10W tantalum alloy sheet, arc cast,

as-rolled, tensile stress-strain curves at room and
1400
200
Room temperature
1 mm (0.040 in.) sheet, as-roUed, 96% reduction, tested

in argon at a strain rate of O.OO1/s
1120
160
840
120
C\l
c..
'c;;
-'"
:E
'"
'"
(J)
(J)
560
80
2000 F (1093 OC)
2500 F (1371 OC) 280
40
3000 F (1649 OC)

00
10
Source: A.S. Rabensteine, "Tensile and Creep Rupture Properties of

Tantalum-lO% Tungsten Alloy Sheet," PR 281-1Q-2, AF 33(657)-8706,
The Marquardt Corp., Sept 1963. As published in Aerospace Structural
56
l'
~~.
42
RM.036 Ta-10W tantalum alloy, tensile stress-strain

curve at 1704 oC (3100 F)
Forrn and condition of material not given for curve. At

1704 oC (3100 F): ultimate tensile strength, 109.3 MPa
(15.85 ksi); tensile yield strength, 74.81 MPa (10.85 ksi),
elongation, 22%
Source: P.E. Moorhead, "Tensile and Creep Properties of Columbium,
Tantalum and Titanium Alloys at Elevated Temperatures," BLR-62-26,
Bell Aerosystems Co., Dec 1962. As published in Aerospace Structural
Metals Handbook, Vol S, Code 5402, CINDAS/USAF CROA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 6
14
1000r------r-----,------,------.------.-----~
RM.037 Thorium-carbon alloy, tensile stress-strain

curves for various alloys
Alloys with grain size approximately 18 .tm, tested at

78 K, at a strain rate of 0.0007/s
presented at ASM Materials Science Seminar, 23 Oct 1982 (St. Louis,
MO), American Society for Metals, 1984, p 95
10
15
Strain
20
25
30
726/Reactive and Refractory Melals (RM)
RM.038 Commercially pure tungsten rod, true

tensile stress-strain curves at elevated temperatures
1oo.-------,-------,--------,-------,-------.7oo
Recrystallized swaged rods

Souree: J.W. Pugh, "Tensile and Creep Properties ofTungsten at
Elevated Temperatures," ASTM Preprint No. 71, 1957. As published in
Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 5, Code 5501, CINOASI
USAF CROA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995
80~------+_------~------_+------~------~560
798 "F (426 OC)
999.8"F (537.7 OC)

1203.1 "F (650.6 OC)
60 f-----r-+-7""-------+--:::;;7~-:::;;7""'f'----___::::;;;oo___t-'-----_'_I 420 ~
1395.5 "F (757.5 OC)
:2
~
{161o'"F (876.7 OC)
gf
t
1790"F (976.7 OC)
~
~
al
~~
-~
~~----+-------~------_+------~------~140
0L-------O~.-1-------0L.2-------0~.3------~0.-4-------J0.~
True plastic strain, in./in.
RM.039 W-Hf-C tungsten alloy rod, tensile stress

elongation curve
60.---------,----------,---------,,---------.420
50f---------r---------+_~
40~--------+---~
Rod recrystallized at 2200 oC (4000 P) 1 h and tested at

1370 oC (2500 P). Composition: W-0.35Hf-0.025C
----------1 350
=---------+_--___1f----j280
ro
~
~
gf 30 ~------_++---------_+--------___if___--_+--___j 210 gf
~
en
20f---~L---r---------+_--------+---___1--~140
10f-~------r---------+_--------+---___1--~70
L -________L -________L -______
---:~
__
~==~O
0.4
Elongation, in.
Source: L.S. Rubenstein, "Effeet of Composition and Heat Treatment on

High Temperature Strength of Are Melted Tungsten-Hafnium-Carbon
Alloys," TN 0-4379, NASA Lewis Research Center, 1963. As published
in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 5, Code 5502, CINOASI
140
~oom temp~rature
,,/
120
/
100
.;
-'"
<ti
..
...
Q)
,L
2 60
'"
'" '"
~ ........
~'"
40
.... --
... ........
//
t '"
.~
1-
-'
302F (150"1)
I.L
80
'"
~
1.52 mm (0.060 in.) thick sheet hot roUed at 843 oC

(1550 F). Zircaloy 2 composition: Zr-1.5Sn. Nominal
ultimate tensile strengths are indicated on curves by
arrows.
840
! /
////,1)
RM.040 Zr-l.5Sn zirconium alloy, true tensile stressstrain curves at room and elevated temperatures
980
'"
... ......
'" 482
o~ (250 OC)
1
... f.o.() 662 O~ (350 OC)

... .........
'" '"
'"
'" '"
",'"
932
700
'"
560 :;:
D..
:Z
420 !!5
t=
oJ (500 OC)
.... - -- -- ---- 1-----
20
280
140
o
o
0.2
0.4
0.6
True strain
1.0
0.8
140
RM.041 Zr-l.5Sn zirconium alloy, true tensile stressstrain curves for various conditions
980
Maximum load
Fracture
/ ...
/. ... r/,.,..-
120
100
.;
-'"
<ti
80
'"
~
Q)
Source: F. Forscher, "Effects of Cold Work on the Mechanical

Properties of Zircaloy-2;' Westinghouse Atomic Power Division, 1957.
1995, p 5
.......:..
60
~t
""" ....
a:
o~
<f.
20
'"
LO
N
D..
560 :;:
280
!e..
-
"<t
0.02
'"
o
o
!e..
a:
t=
P"
o
<f.
'"
"""HR
1i
o
o
700
:.....f"
P"
o
N
a:
"""
"",,-
420 !!5
fF
40
/~:..
/ ......;~
r~/"
~~"",,"""

longitudinal. Tested at 250 oC (482F). HR, sheet hot
roUed at 843 oC (1550 F). Other curves for cold roUed
(CR) conditions as indicated. Zircaloy 2 Composition:
Zr-1.5Sn
840
0.04
a:
140
o~
ID
0.06
True strain
0.08
0.10
Source: F. Forscher, "Effects of Cold Work on the Mechanical

Properties of Zircaloy-2," Westinghouse Atomic Power Division, 1957.
1995, p 5
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Titanium (Ti)/729
Titanium (Ti)
Ti.OOl Commercially pure titanium (CP-Ti) sheet,
typical tensile stress-strain curves (full range) at
room temperature
800
700
600
500
'"
:::;
Il.
<Ji
(J)
400
..---
--
Ti-70
'-t-_
100
Yield strength = 275 and 480 MPa (40 and 70 ksi). Ti-40
is UNS R50400; Ti-70 is UNS R50700.
Ti-40
Source: Data consistent with MIL-HDBK 5H, 1998 P 5-13, 5-14. As

published in R. Boyer, G. Welsch, and E. Collings, Ed., ASM Material
Properties Handbook: Titanium Alloys, ASM International, 1994, p 239
80
t--_
11
en
300
- 40
200
20
100
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08 0.10 0.12

Strain, mm/mm
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.20
Ti.002 Commercially pure Ti-55 and Ti-70 titanium

sheet, stress-strain curves at room and elevated
temperatures
600
- - - Ti-55
Ti-70
80
500
Ti-55 (UNS R50550): 1.6 mm (0.064 in.) thick, 7j-100 h

exposure. Ti-70 (UNS R50700): 0.6 mm (0.025 in.) thick
70
400 ~
__~__~__~_/~~~__+-__+-~~__+-~60
'"
Il.
50
:::;
<Ji
(J)
300
gf
40
200
-hr;k~~~;::f~~~
482 oC (900F) 30
I
316 oC (600 F)
427 oC (800F)
20
100
10
4
5
6
Sllrain, 0.001 mm/mm
Source: Ti-70 data from E.J. King and H.M. Lundstrom, "Short-Time
High-Temperature Data of Titanium Sheet RC-70," Bell Aircraft Corp.,
1955. Ti-55 data from D.D. Doerr, "Determination ofPhysical
Properties of Nonferrous Structural Sheet Materials at Elevated
Temperatures," AFI'R 6517 Part 1, Supplement 1, Feb 1953. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code 3701,
CINDASIUSAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995,
p5
730/Titanium (Ti)
Ti.003 Commercially pure titanium (CP-Ti) sheet,

effect of crosshead speed on tensile stress-strain
curves
500r------,------,------,------,------,------,
70
50
~ 300r-----~~----~-----r------~-----r----~
:2
:i
~
40 oo'
~
o;
-oo~
Curve Crosshead speed

1
6 mm/min
~
2
0.6 mm/min
~ 200 r------r------~-----r---3
60 mm/min
4
6mm/min
0.6 mm/min
5
Sheet thickness = 0.81 mm. Test direction: longitudinal.

Tests for 1-3 conducted in air at 20 1C; tests for 4
and 5 conducted in water at 20 0.5 oC. Composition
analysis: 0.009 C, 0.055-0.058 0z, 0.002 H 2, 0.002Fe,
0.007 N
Source: P. Kvist, Material Properties of Cornmercially Pure Titanium
Sheet, Titanium '80 Science and Technology, TMS, 1980, P 1124
Q)
30 ~
20
100r------r------~-----r------~-----r----~
10
ooL-~--~----~~----~----~----~~--~O
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
Natural strain, mm/mm
0.25
0.30
500.---------,---------,---------,---------,
0
400r-----~~~~~~---+----------~--------~

effect of orientation to rolling direction on tensile
Sheet thickness =0.81 mm. Curves from series 4 tests.

6 mmlmin conducted in water at 20 0.5 oC.
Composition analysis: 0.009 C, 0.055-0.058 Oz,
0.002 Hz, 0.002 Fe, 0.007 N
Source: P. Kvist, Material Properties ofCommercially Pure Titanium
Sheet, Titanium '80 Science and Technology, TMS, 1980, P 1124
<Ji
al
~ 200~--------~---------+----------t_--------~
100~--------~--------+---------~--------~
0.1
0.2
Natural strain
0.3
0.4
Titanium (Ti)/731

effect of orientation to rolling direction on log
2.70
2.68
2.66
Sheet thickness = 0.81 mm. Curves from series 4 tests. 6

mm1min conducted in water at 20 0.5 oC. Log curves
yield strain hardening n values for strains greater than
and less than 0.15: n(O, where strain is <0.15) = 0.14,
n(O, where strain is >0.15) = 0.17; n(45, where strain is
<0.15) = 0.11, n(45, where strain is >0.15) =; n(90 0,
where strain is <0.15) = 0.11, n(90, where strain is
>0.15) =0.18. Composition anaIysis: 0.009 C,
0.055-0.058 02' 0.002 H2 , 0.002 Fe, 0.007 N
45
./
./ ....90
0
2.64
~
~ 2.62
? /;/
Q)
2
-;;, 2.60
h/ ~
-'
2.58
Source: P. K vist, Material Properties of Commercially Pure Titanium

Sheet. Titanium '80 Science and Technology, TMS, 1980, P 1124
.~.... ~
2.56
2.54
2.52
-1.4
-1.2
-1.0
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
Lag natural strain
Ti.006 Commercially pure grade 2 titanium textured

sheet, true and engineering stress-strain curves
1200
- 160
Test direction: longitudinal. UNS R50400

1000
800
ca
Il..
:;
r 600
'"~
en
400
L/
- 120
- 100
./
rI
Source: L. Murugesh et al., J. Mater. Shap. Technol., Vol 7 (No. 2),

1989, P 86. As published in R. Boyer, G. Welsch, and E. Collings, Ed.,
Materials Properties Handbook: Titanium Alloys, ASM International,
1994, p 240
- 140
rue
~
r
- 80 ~
.r.
en
Engineering
""-(
- 60
- 40
200
- 20
0.25
0.50
0.75
Strain, mm/mm
1.00
1.25
1.50
732/Titanium (Ti)
Ti.007 Cornrnercially pure grade 2 titaniurn textured

sheet, true and engineering stress-strain curves
1200
- 160
Test direction: transverse. UNS R50400

(")
1000
- 140
800
ro
el
o..
:2
r
(/J
600
ir
1i
400
~
......

1994, p 240
Kue
- 120
r-- '----
~ineering
,.
100
80
60
40
20
~
r
(/J
~
1i
200
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
1.25
Strain, mm/mm
1.50
1.75
2.00
Ti.OOS Cornrnercially pure grade 2 titaniurn sheet,

600
- 80
500
&.
"1
400
I~
l?'
,-v
:2
......,
'\
""'-'---
Transverse
Test direction: longitudinal and transverse. UNS R50400
- 60
~
Longitudinal
r
(/J
- 50 ~
~
~ 300
el
'55
40
.:e
Q)
Q)
e
e
'c,
'c,
UJ

1994, p 240
- 70
200
30
20
10
100
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
Engineering strain, mm/mm
0.35
0.40
UJ
Titanium (Ti)/733
Ti.o09 Grade 2 equivalent titanium, true stress-strain

270
240
210
180
'"
a.
~ 150
'"'"~
1i
CI)
120
90
60
30
/ " 600 K
Strain rate: 0.033/s. Composition: commercially pure

with 0.49 at.% Oeq
- 30
.......... 700K
1/
Ji/; V
{/
V.OOK
906K
.;
- 20
CI)
--
r-
1150 K
0.16
0.24
-1000 K
1050 K
.-
0.08
Source: Metal!. Trans. A, Vol 14, Dec 1983, p 2810. As published in

R. Boyer, G. We1sch, and E. Collings, Ed., Materials Properties
Handbook: TitaniumAlloys, ASM Internationa1, 1994, p 241
0.32
10
1100 K
--..::
0.40
True, plastic strain, mm/mm
Ti.Ol0 Grade 2 equivalent titanium, true stress-strain

14oo,----,----,----r----,----,----,----,----,2oo
Strain rate: 0.00036/s. Composition: commercially pure

with 0.5 at.% Oeq. Grain size: 22 11m
Source: Metal!. Trans. A, Vo114, Dec 1983, p 2546. As published in
R. Boyer, G. Welsch, and E. Collings, Ed., Materials Properties
Handbook: Titanium Alloys, ASM International, 1994, p 241
r-___r____~~~r---_+~~+_--~----~--__1150
~
208 K
.;
'"
100 ~
CI)
~
420 K
50
0~---~0.~0~5--~0~.1~0---0~.1~5~~0.~20~--0~.2-5---0~.3-0---0-.L35--~0.48
True strain, mm/mm
734/Titanium (Ti)
Ti.Oll Commercially pure grade 3 annealed titanium

sheet, typical compressive stress-strain curves at
500r---------.---------~------~~--------~
70
Room temperature
400~--------4----------+----~~~--------~
Annealed at 705 oC (1300 P), air cooled. UNS R50550.

Chemical composition: Ti-0.02C-0.20Pe-0.005H-0.OIN0.200
60
50
.,
300
40 ~
c..
:;;
r
(/)
r
(/)
~
Source: Crucible Data Sheet, Crucible Specialty Metals. As published in

Handbook: Tttanium Alloys, ASM International, 1994, p 241
200
~______~~____~~-+________~________~30
20
10
4
Strain, 0.001 mm/mm
Ti.012 Commercially pure grade 4 titanium, effect of

grain size on true stress-strain curves at various
temperatures
1600
1.5 tm
4.2 K
1400
11 11
1200 1\
.,1000 V
c..
:;;
r
(/)
~
t
ID
:::J
t=
800
.....
.....
--
~
600
--~
~
L--
t.------ ~
po-
--
200 K
---.::
1----:::
~
200
200
- 150
1.5 tm
1---
~~ ~
400
77K
16 tm
16tm
1.5tm
300 K 16tm
1.5tm
16
500Ktm
I
- 50
1.5 tm 650 K
16 tm
12
True strain, %
16
20
24
Strain rate: 0.00033/s. UNS R50700.

Composition: -1 at. % 0eq
Source: Acta Metal!., Vol 21, Aug 1973, P 1117-1129. As published
in R. Boyer, G. Welsch, and E. Collings, Ed., Matenals Properties
Titanium (Ti)/735
1ooo,---------,---------,---------,---------,
900~---------~----------+_
140
Ti.013 Commercially pure grade 4 titanium, effect of

grain size on true stress-strain curves at room
temperature
130
Strain rate: -0.0003/s. UNS R50700
120
<ti
110
lJ..
:;;
ui
ui
~ 700J-------~~~~-------+_--------_4-----------
~'"
Source: H. Conrad and R. Jones, The Science, Technologyand

Application ofTitanium, R.I. Jaffe and N.E. Promisel, Ed., Pergamon
Press, p 489-501. As published in R. Boyer, G. Welsch, and E. Collings,
Ed., Materials Properties Handbook: Titanium Alloys, ASM
100
'"
t='"
~
90
80
500~--------+_--------+_--------+_------~
70
scatter between
specimens
1 Typical
400L_______
~I________~________
0_04
0_08
True strain, mm/mm
_ L_ _ _ _ _ _
0.16
60 r---------,.---------,----~___,----_ 420
Ti.014 Commercially pure titanium (Ti-55) sheet,

compressive stress-strain curves for room and
50 I------------l------~"----I-----___=_+__---__I 350
Solid line: 100 h exposure. Dashed line: Y:!-100 h

exposure. UNS R50550
40
1----------+_~~,L---+_--------+_------~280
----:::
--
.;
""ui
'"~
~ 60
0.12
30
20
10
r-~~~--~~~.~-----_+--------10-0-0-0F+(-5-38-0-C-)--~70
Source: Data for 0.5-100 h exposure from D.E. Miller, "Determination

of the Tensile, Compressive and Bearing Properties of Ferrous and
Nonferrous StructuraI Sheet MateriaIs at Elevated Temperatures," AFTR
Part 5, 1957. Data for 100 h exposure from TML Memo, 1958. As
published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code
1995, p 7
736/Titanium (Ti)
175
1225
150
1050
125
875
Test direction: longitudinal. 152 mm (6 in.) square billet

solution heat treated for 15 min at 815 oC (1500 F), air
cooled, 12 h, 565 oC (1050 F), air cooled. UNS R58640
700 o..ro
]l 100
::i<
ui
ui
'"~
Ti.015 Ti-3AI-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr titanium alloy billet,

tensile stress-strain curves for room and elevated
temperatures
700F (371C)
75
525
50
350
25
175
__-L____
00
__
____J -__
____-L__
10
'"
~
Source: O.L. Deel and H. Mindlin, "Engineering Data on New and

Emerging Structural Materials," AFML-TR-70-252, Batelle-Columbus
Laboratories. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
~o
12
14
.;
"'ui"
'"
~
175
1225
150
1050
125
875

tensile stress-strain curves for room and elevated
temperatures
Test direction: transverse. 152 mm (6 in.) square billet

cooled, 12 h, 565 oC (l050 F), air cooled. UNS R58640
700 o..ro
100
::i<
ui
700F (371C)
75
'"
~
525 en
50
350
25 ~--~~---4-----+-----+----~----~----~175
00
__
____- L____
____L -__
____- l____
10
12
~o
14

Titanium (Ti)/737

175r-----,-----,------r----~----_,------r__,1225
150~----+-----~-----_r----_t----_4~----r_~1050
Test direction: longitudinal. 152 mm (6 in.) square billet

125~----+-----~-----~----_+~~~--~~~~
'w

Emerging Structural Materials," AFML-1R-70-252, Batelle-Columbus
100r_----+-----~---~~~~~L-~~----~--~
""gf
~
00
75~----+-----4-~~~~~-+-----+----~--~
50~----+_--~~~---~----_+----_+----~--~350
25r_--,&~~--1_-----~----_+----_+----~--~175
10
12
175
1225
150
1050
125
875
Ti.0l8 Ti-3AI-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr titanium alloy billet,

Test direction: transverse. 152 mm (6 in.) square billet

'w 100
700 o..
::;;:
75
525 00
""<Ji
'"
~
'"
<Ji
'"~
700F (371C)
50
350
25
175
00
10
12

738/Titanium (Ti)
Ti.019 Ti-5AI-2.5Sn annealed titanium alloy sheet,

bar, and forging, tensile stress-strain curves at room
12or------,-------r------,-------r------,--~840
100~----~-------4-------+~L----+------~--~700
560
80
.;
'"!Ji
ti)
90% probability tension. UNS R54520/R54521.
500F (260 OC)

60
700 ~F (371C)
900F (482 OC)
ro
o..
:::;
420 !Ji
ti)
~
Ci
40
280
20
140
00
6
10

bar, and forging, compressive stress-strain at room
140r-----.-----~------,_----_r------r_----~980
120~-----r------+-----_+----~~----_i------~840
90% probability compression. UNS R54520/R54521
100 ~--+_--+---~~..-~=:::::=t==~~ 700

500F (260 OC)
gj 80 1-------+-------I-----o~---t=_--+...:;,,;;.;-:'--'=t=-..:::..!'----1 560
~M
_-+-----
700F (371 OC)

900F (482 OC)
~Ci
401-------r~~~------~----_+------+_----~280
201----~~----~------~----_+------+_----~140
~-----L2------~4------~6------~8------~1LO----~1f
Source: "Compilation of Available Information on Ti-5AI-2.5Sn Alloy,"

TML Memo, Batelle Memorial Institute, 1957. As published in
CINOAS/USAF CROA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
1995, p 5
Source: "Compilation of Available Information on Ti-5AI-2.5Sn Alloy,"

TML Memo, Batelle Memorial Institute, 1957. As published in
CINOAS/USAF CROA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
1995, p 8
Titanium (Ti)/739
6o,-------,-------,-------,-------,-------.42o

effect of test temperature, holding time, and strain
rate on tensile properties
50~------r-~---=+-------+_------+_----~350
Holding time: salid line, 10 s; dashed line, 30 mino Strain

rates at temperature: curve 1,649 oC (1200 P), 60
in.lin.lrnin; curve 2, 649 oC (1200 P), 0.003 in.lin.lrnin;
curve 3, 871C (1600 P), 60 in.lin.lrnin; curve 4, 871C
(1600 P), 0.003 in.lin.lmin; curve 5, 1288 oC (2350 P),
60 in.lin.lmin; curve 6, 1521 oC (2770 P), 60 in.lin.lrnin.
UNS R545201R54521
40~----~~------+-------+_------+_----~280
~
~
gf 30 ~--____J'--~------h~O:=:::::+___------+_----___l210 gf
({)~
~
Ci
20~_,~L-~----T_-r_------+_------+_~----;140
Source: 1.0. Morrison and R.J. Kattus, "Tensile Properties of AircraftStructural Metals at Various Rates of Loading after Rapid Heating,"
WADC TR 55-199, 1956. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
10~~-----~_f----+-~r-~+_------+_------;70

tensile stress-strain curves for room and low
temperatures
280,-------_,-------r---------r---------r--------, 1960
240 1---------1-------f------__+--~'----_+------_l1680
UNS R545201R54521
200 1--------I-------f-------B-------+-------l1400
.;
160 --------I-------f--u..---=9'f=------+------l1120
8'.
~
'~"
00- 1201---------1----~~------__+------_+------_l~0
801--------I~~--~------__+------_+-------l560
401----~---I------~------__+------_+------_l280
L----~
______
______
_______ L_ _ _ _ _ _
12
16
~O
20
Source: R.L. McOee, 1.E. Campbell, R.L. Carlson, and O.K. Manning,
Very Low Temperatures," WADC TR 58-386, lune 1958. As published
in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code 3706, CINDASIUSAF CROA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 6
740/Titanium (Ti)
7o,-------,-------,--------,-------,--------,49o

isochronous tensile stress-strain curves at 427 oC
(800F)

(0.064 in.). Results are the average of two heats. UNS
R545201R54521
ro
50 1-----jf--I--H'~'-----_+___7'-----_+_::;;;...=--_+-----___l 350 r
en
Source: J.O. Hatchet and E.L. Home, "Tensile and Creep Properties of
A11O-AT Titanium Sheet Material at Elevated Temperatures," ASD
TDR 62-524, July 1962. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
40~~+-f_~'---~---+--------+-------+------~280
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Total strain, %

40,-------,-------,--------,-------,--------,280
1h

(0.064 in.). Results are the average of two heats. UNS
R545201R54521
10 h
30~--f_--+--------+--------+~,-~-+------~210
ro
::;;
a.
50 h
gi 20
100 h
140 r
rn
OL-------L-------L-------L-------L-----~O
0.2
0.4
0.6
Total strain, %
0.8
1.0
Source: J.O. Hatchet and E.L. Home, "Tensile and Creep Properties of
A11O-AT Titanium Sheet Material at E1evated Temperatures," ASD
TDR 62-524, 1962. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Titanium (Ti)/7 41
Ti.025 Ti-6AI-2Sn-2Zr-2Mo-2Cr-O.25Si titanium alloy

billet, tensile stress-strain curves at room and
16o,-------,------,------r------,------,------.112o
140~-----~------r_-----_r------+_--~~~--~980
120~----~------t_-----_+----~+_---
Test direction: longitudinal. a-~ finished forged and

duplex annealed billet 102 X 152 mm (4 X 6 in.). Billet
treated at 952 oc (1745 P), 1 h, air cooled + 900 oc
(1650 P), water quenched, 538 oC (1000 P), 8 h
840

New Aerospace Materials," AFML-TR-75-97, Batelle-Columbus
Laboratories, lune 1975. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
~-----~~~--r_----_r------+_----_+----~280
~--~_r------r_-----_r------+_----_+----~140

billet, tensile stress-strain curves at room and
,------r------,-------,------,------r------.1120
140~----_+------+_-----_+------+---__~----~980
120~----_r------+_----_+----~~
840
~-----~----~------+,~~~~~~~~~700&
:2
"'
'"
~-----~------t_---~~~----+_----_+----__4560 ~
'"
00
e
r------r----~~~--_+------+_----_+----__4420~
40~-----r.6~--r_-----_r------+_----_+----~280
20~--~~------t_-----_+------+_----_+----__4140
6
10
Test direction: transverse. o:-~ finished forged and duplex

annealed billet 102 X 152 mm (4 X 6 in.). Billet treated
at 952 oC (1745 P), 1 h, air cooled + 900 oC (1650 P),
water quenched, 538 oC (1000 P), 8 h
Laboratories, lune 1975. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
742/Titanium (Ti)

plate, tensile stress-strain curves at room and
1225
1050
Test direction: longitudinal. Plate thickness = 38 mm

(1 y, in.). Conventionally processed plate: 949 oC
(1740 F), 1 h, air cooled + 538 oC (1000 F), 8 h
875
'"
D..
700
:::E
<Ji
(/)
2!
ii
~

Laboratories, June 1975. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
525 iii
e
~
350
5or------r~~~------~----_+------+_----_1
25r---~~----~------~----_+------+_----_1175
L-----~----~------~----~------~-----"O
10
12
175.-----.------,------.-----~------~----_,
1225
150r------r----~------+_----_+--~~+_----_1
1050
125r------r----~------+_~~~
875
.~

plate, tensile stress-strain curves at room and
Test direction: transverse. Plate thickness = 38 mm

(1Y, in.). Conventionally processed plate: 949 oC
(1740 F), 1 h, air cooled + 538 oC (1000 F), 8 h
'"
:::E
D..
700
100
<Ji
(/)
2!
ii
75r------r----~~~L-+------+------+------1
~
525 iii
50r------r~~~------+------+------+------1
350
25r---~~----~------+_----_+------+_----_1
175
e
~
12

Titanium (Ti)/7 43
Ti.029 Ti-6AI-2Sn-2Zr-2Mo-2Cr-O.25Si solution

treated annealed titanium alloy plate, compressive
temperatures
14oor------r------.-----~------~-----,------,200
1200~----~----_4------+_----~----~----~
Test direction: longitudinal
1000~----~-----4-------+_----_Y~--~----__4150
~ 800~-----~------+_----_+~~~+_~~~----~
:::i!
100 ~

Laboratories, June 1973. As published in R. Boyer, G. Welsch, and
E. Collings, Ed., Materials Properties Handbook: Titanium Alloys,
j 600~-----~------+_~~~~~----+_----_+----~ ~
400~-----~--~~~----_+------+_----_+----~
50
200~--~~----1_----_+------r_----~----~
6
8
Strain, 0.001 mm/mm
10
200~----~------~----_,------,_----_,----__,1400

plate, compressive stress-strain curves at room and
175~-----+------+_----_+------+_----_+~~~1225
150~-----~----_4------+_----_Y~----~--__4
Test direction: transverse. Plate thickness = 38 mm

(IYi in.). Conventional1y processed plate: 949 oC
(1740 0 P), 1 h, air cooled + 538 oC (1000 P), 8 h
1050
"": 125 r------t------t-------t7'----V""""'---:::t:::::==9 875 :::i!

~
W
u;~
~ 100
700 ~
~
1~
00
E~
~~
~----_r~~~t-----_+------+_-----t----~350
~--~G-----_+------+_----_r-----4----__4175
Source: O.L. Deel, P.F. Ruff, and H. Mindlin, "Engineering Data on

744/Titanium (Ti)
60
1400
1500
Temperature, F
1600
Ti.031 Ti-6AI-2Sn-2Zr-2Mo-2Cr-O.25Si annealed

titanium-alloy sheet, flow stress versus temperature
1700
Sheet thickness = 2.5 mm (0.10 in.). As-annealed stepstrain-rate tensile tests under argon at severa! strain rates
8
50
Source: RMI Titanium Co. unpublished data. As published in R. Boyer,

G. Welsch, and E. Collings, Ed., Materials Properties Handbook:
Titanium Alloys, ASM InternationaI, 1994, p 727
2 x 10'
40
ro
o..
:2:
ui
r1)
~
-'"
ui
en
5 x 10'
30
;
o
:
;
o
:
20
8
-5
10
2
10
L---------~
O
750
________
800
________
850
Temperature, oC
________
900
~O
950
-,
160
140
120
.
.><
80
V--
1120
Test direction: longitudinal. 0.5 h exposure. UNS R54620

980
''\ ~oom tmperature
'x
ro
700 ~
........
ui
'''\
900 F (482 OC)
560
60
420
40
280
20
140
0.04
0.08
0.16
0.12
Strain, in./in.
0.20
840
_~OO F (31~ OC)
,..,....... ~
100
ui
r1)
Ti.032 Ti-6AI-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo duplex-annealed titanium

sheet, typical tensile stress-strain curves (full range)
1260
180
0.24
0.28
(/)
Titanium (Ti)/745
200
1400
160
1120
-;
--'"
ui
120
'"~
i5
80
40
v-
/;
//
1/
840
'"
a.
:2
V-
900F (482 OC)
'"
~
C/J
560
16
12
Strain. 0_001 inJin_
20
24
1400
160
1120
V-
--'"
ui
'"~
i5
40
I---

alloy bar, typical tensile stress-strain curves at room
temperature and 482 oC (900F)
Test direction: longitudinaL Bar thickness =
28.575-31.75 mm (L125-L250 in_)_ 0_5 h exposure_
UNS R54620_ Ramberg-Osgood parameters: n(room temperature) = 34; n(900 P) = 10
Room temperature
840
120
a.'"
:2
V--
900F (482 OC)

560
/;V
ui
200
80
Test direction: longitudinal and transverse_ Sheet thickness = 1.22-2_16 mm (0_048-0_085 in_)_ 0_5 h exposure_
UNS R54620_ Ramberg-Osgood parameters: n(room temperature) = 35; n(900 P) = 12
Room temperature
280
-;
1-
Ti.033 Ti-6AI-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo duplex- and triplexannealed titanium alloy sheet, typical tensile stressstrain curves at room temperature and 482 oC
(900F)
280
12
16
Strain. 0_001 inJin_
20
24
746/Titanium (Ti)

alloy bar, typical tensile stress-strain curves at room
14or------,------r------,------r------,-----.98o
Room temperature
120r-----~-----+------r-----~__~~----__1840
DupIex anneaIed: 900 oC (1650 P), 1 h, air cooIed +

593 oC (1100 P), 8 h, air cooIed. UNS R54620
100 f-------+-------f-------,lf-------f_-----+-------j 700
Source: "Metallurgical and Mechanical Properties of Titanium Alloy Ti6AI-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo Sheet, Bar, and Forgings," TMCA, Sept 1966. As
1995, p 67
20f---.~~~----f_----_+_------r_----_+_----__1140
10
Ti.036 Ti-6AI-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo titanium alloy tape red

plate, compressive stress strain curves at room and
1200
160
1000
Specimens were cast wedges (tapered pIates) and were

tested in the as-received as-cast condition. UNS R54620
140
800 r-____4-____-+______r-~~_+_----_+----__1120
100
tU
a.
:;;
<Ji
(/)
600
80
400 r-----4---~~~----r-----_+_----_+----~60
40
200
20
4
Strain, 0.001 mm/mm
1i

Materials," AFML-TR-77-198, Batelle-Columbus Laboratories, 1977,
p 28. As published in R. Boyer, G. Welsch, and E. Collings, Ed.,
1994, p 365
Titanium (Ti)/747
32
28
-----
r--
24 - - ~ 20
<Ji
r-.....
r--..
16
~'"
12 - - -
Strain rate vs-:t;:;;;-
8 f---------
---
3.5
Tested at 915 oC for a + ~ (a) and ~ (b). For both, the

stress decreases with strain (flow). UNS R54620
2.5
"",
iij
1.5
o
4.0
42
3.5
36
3.0
~ 30
2.5
... ... . .
'"
'2"
f-
1.5
12
1.0
0.5
oL----L----~---L----~--~----~--~--~o
0.1
(b)
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
True strain
0.6
2.0 c:
Strain rate vs strain
18
'",
.Stress vs strain
'"
:::>
0.5
48
~ 24
'"
!:
1.0
<Ji
(a)
'",
c:
2.0 .~
t---...
4 f--------O
Ti.037 Ti-6AI-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo titanium alloy forging,

true flow stress-strain and strain-strain rate curves
3.0
"-
'"~
iij
Stress ~s strain
4.0
0.7
0.8
~
~'"
Source: S.L. Semiatin et al., in Process Modeling Fundamentals and

Applications to Metals, American Society for Metals, 1980, p 387-408
748/Titanium (Ti)
Ti.038 Ti-6AI-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo titanium alloy, true

stress-strain curves showing effects of temperature
and strain rate
15or-------~------,_------_,------_,------__,
- 20
120
I---=-=--.::.=-t=-=-=-=-=-~~t~=-=-=-:=-=-t=-:::.::.::::.tr-",:9,-,-15=-",:C~-I
Strain rate: solid line, 1O.O/s; dashed line, l.O/s.

UNS R54620
Source: G.D. Lahoti and T. Altan, AFML-TR-79-4156, Dec 1979. As
published in R. Boyer, G. Welsch, and E. Collings, Ed., Materials
Properties Handbook: Titanium Alloys, ASM Intemational, 1994, p 366
- 15
~ 90
980 C
-----:.--
.....
955 C
i~
~ ~l.-...-..-.. .-...-:-:+-.
..-.-.-9-151.:010.C
- 955 'C
260
......... .
30
,1,
... . . .
.. ...
0.2
. . . ..........
. . . ...
. 980 C
1
.. ........ 1010C
0.6
0.4
0.8
1.0
True strain
Ti.039 Ti-6AI-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo titanium alloy, true

stress-strain curves showing effects of temperature
and strain rate
70r-------,--------,-------,--------,--------~10
60~-----~---+------4----~---~
50
~
Strain rate: solid line, O.lIs; dashed line, O.Olls.

UNS R54620
- 8
~---=- .
---r---~~~~t~~.~.~.~.~.~.~------~--955C
...........
910C - 6
~~
~
~
w
~
~ 30
rI:::::;;;::::::=t====t====:j=~ill:::f:t=-----~
980C
- 4
...............
..................
::::::::::::::::
955 C
980C - 2
10~---r------+------4----~----~
............. 1010C
0L-------0~.2--------0L.4-------0~.-6-------0~.8------~1.J
True strain
~
2
Source: G.D. Lahoti and T. Altan, "Research to Develop Process

Models for Producing a Dual Property Titanium Alloy Compressor
Disk," AFWAL-TR-80-4162, 1980. As published in R. Boyer,
G. Welsch, and E. Collings, Ed., Materials Properties Handbook:
Titanium Alloys, ASM Intemational, 1994, p 366
Titanium (Ti)/749
Ti.040 Ti-6AI-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo titanium alloy forging,

true flow stress-strain curves
280
240
f\.
200
"' ...
160
............
-- --
Flow stress of the a-~ titanium alloy. The critical strains

and temperatures for which the acicular a rnicrostructure
transformed to an equiaxed rnicrostructure are shown. It
is found that deformation to strains of the order of 1.0 at
900 oc (1650 F), followed by heat treatment at 955 oC
(1750 F), produced the desired transformation. UNS
R54620
899 oC, 0.1/s
-- ---- ~-
Source: T.G. Byrer, S.L. Semiatin, and D.C. Vollmer, Ed., Forging
Handbook, Forging Industry Association of America, 1985, p 116
r---.
"15
----------- --
982 oC, 0.001/s
10
--13
- - - (u+f3)
0.4
True plastic strain
0.2
0.6
120
Ti.041 Ti-6AI-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo titanium alloy forged

compressor discs, typical tensile stress-strain curves
at room temperature
1120
160
140
0.8
- r-:::-
980
Duplex annealed 968 oC (1775 F), 1 h, air cooled,

593 oC (1100 F), 8 h, air cooled. UNS R54620
840
700
100
(\l
a.
:2
560 !Ji
'"
~
60
420
40
280
20
140
0.02
0.04
0.06
Strain, in.lin.
0.08
0.10
0.12
Source: G. Curbish1ey, "Mechanica1 Properties of Ti-6Al-6Sn-4Zr-2Mo

Forgings," Garrett Corp. Airesearch Manufacturing Co., 1970. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vo14, Code 3718,
CINDASIUSAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995,
p49
750/Titanium (Ti)
120
80
100
V--
,/
840

alloy forged compressor discs, tensile stress-strain
curves at 316 oC (600F)
700
Duplex annealed 968 oC (1775 P), 1 h, air cooled,

593 oC (1100 P), 8 h, air cooled. UNS R54620
560
'"
o..
::!:
Source: G. Curbishley, "Mechanical Properties of Ti-6AI-6Sn-4Zr-2Mo

Forgings," Garrett Corp. Airesearch Manufacturing Co., 1970. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code 3718,
1995, p 68
420 ui
UJ
~
i
40
280
20
140
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
Strain, in.lin.
100
80

curves at 427 oC (800F)
840
120
,I
p--
Duplex annealed 968 oC (1775 P), 1 h, air cooled,

700
560
'"
o..
::!:
420 ui
UJ
40
280
20
140
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
Strain, in.lin.
0.10
0.12
0.14
0.16
Source: G. Curbishley, "Mechanical Properties of Ti-6AI-6Sn-4Zr-2Mo

1995, p 68
Titanium (Ti)/751
80
.;
-'"
ui
(/)
60
Duplex annealed 968 oc (1775 P), 1 h, air cooled,

593 oc (1100 P), 8 h, air cooled. UNS R54620
560
(1
420
8:.
:2
lZ

curves at 538 oC (1000 F)
700
100
40
280 ;
20
140
0.02
0.04
0.06
Strain, in.lin.
0.08
0.10
0.12
Source: G. Curbishley, "Mechanical Properties ofTi-6AI-6Sn-4Zr-2Mo

1995, p 68
752/Titanium (Ti)
200
160
V BIV'
ro
80
Test specimens 6.3 mm (0.25 in.) diam X 25.4 mm (1 in.)

gage. Duplex anneal for curves A and B: 904 oC
(1660 P), 1 h, air cooled + 593 oC (1100 P), 8 h, air
cooled. Duplex annealing for curves C and D: 910 oC
(1670 P), 1 h, fast air cooled + 593 oC (1100 P), 8 h, air
cooled. Curve A: ultimate tensile strength = 1255 MPa
elongation in 25 mm (1 in.) = 15%; reduction of area =
37%. Curve B: u1timate tensile strength = 1220 MPa
elongation in 25 mm (1 in.) = 13%; reduction of area =
32%. Curve C: ultimate tensile strength = 1386 MPa (201
ksi); tensile yield strength = 1317 MPa (191 ksi); e1ongation in 25 mm (1 in.) = 9%; reduction of area = 22%.
Curve D: ultimate tensile strength = 1276 MPa (185 ksi);
tensile yield strength = 1227 MPa (178 ksi); elongation in
25 mm (1 in.) = 10%; reduction of area = 22%. UNS
R56260
ro
!L
:2
560 ro
/ /
40
1120
840
/ /
ro
'"~

alloy forging, duplicate stress-strain curves for two
different duplex-annealing treatments
iI
~/
Al
120
1400
280
/ /
+-0.04-1
Strain, %
,-----,------,-----,-----,------,-----.14oo
1------+-----~~--_+~~~------+_--~1120
1------+----+~---,~----~------+_--~840
ro
!L
:2
gf
~
1------+f~--~~--_+----~------+_--~560ro
1---,~+---F-~----_+----~------+_--~280
____JL____- L____
____
Strain, %
______L -_ _
~O
SOUTce: Personal communication from D.H. Wilson, RMI Co. to J.R.

Kattus, 31 Jan 1972. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Titanium (Ti)/753
1200
'
800
'"
:2
D..
<ti 600
'"~
ro
400
.....
/~
- 160
....... Room temperatlre
1000
Ti.046 Ti-6AI-4V solution treated and aged titanium

alloy, all forms, tensile stress-strain curves for room
Test direction: longitudinal. 0.5 h exposure.

UNS R564001R56401
- 140
"205 oC
X
............
-"
'x 370 oc
-- -----
Source: MIL-HDBK 5, 1991. As published in R. Boyer, G. Welsch, and

- 120
--~ 480 oC
- 100
I--~
540 oC
~
<ti
'"~
- 80
ro
60
- 40
200
-
O
O
0.04
0.08
20
0.12
0.16
Strain, mm/mm
160
140
Ti.047 Ti-6AI-4V annealed titanium alloy sheet,

typical tensile stress-strain curves at room
temperature (full range)
1120
--
980
......
........
120
'x
Test direction: longitudinal and transverse .

UNS R564001R56401
840

700
100
/f
:2
560 <ti
'"
ro
60
420
40
280
20
140
0.02
0.04
0.06
Strain, in.Jin.
0.08
0.10
0.12
754/Titanium (Ti)
Ti.048 Ti-6AI-4V, solution treated and aged titanium

alloy sheet, typical tensile stress-strain curves (full
range ) at room and elevated temperatures
2oo.-----,------,-----,----~------r_--__,1400

exposure. Ramberg-Osgood parameters: n(room temperature) = 16, n(200 F) = 22, n(400 F) = 15, n(600 F) =
11, n(800 F) = 9.4, n( 1000 F) = 6.2. UNS R56400/
R56401
~----+-----~-----+~~~~~~~~~1120
840
'"
o..
:2
~
u)
u)
"'
560
i"'
~~~~----~-----+-----4------~--~280
L -_ _ _ _
_ _ _ _- L_ _ _ _- L_ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _L __ _
12
16
20
~O
24

alloy sheet, typical compressive stress-strain curves
1400
200
160
200 F (93 oC
120
400 IOF (204 oC)

600 F (316 OC)
800 F (427 OC)
Test direction: longitudinal. 0.5 h exposure. RambergOsgood parameters: n(room temperature) = 22, n(200 F)
= 27, n(400 F) = 22, n(600 F) = 12, n(800 F) = 11,
n(lOOO F) = 5.7. UNS R564001R56401
1120
'00
-'"
840
u)
"'
~
"'~
560
40~-.~~----~-----+----~------r---~280
L-----~4----~8------1L2----~16----~2~0----~2i
'"
u)
1000 F (538 OC)
(IJ
80

o..
:2
'i5
Titanium (Ti)/755
Ti.OSO Ti-6AI-4V, solution treated and aged titanium

alloy sheet, typical compressive stress-strain curves
2oor-----,------r-----,------r-----~----,1400
Test direction: long transverse. 0.5 h exposure. RambergOsgood parameters: n(room temperature) = 13, n(200 F)
= 15, n(400 F) = 14, n(600 F) = 10, n(800 F) = 11,
n(1000 F) = 5.7. UNS R564001R56401
160 \-----+----+--~-j,~=--------j------+---____l1120
409F (204 9)
609 F (316 9)
120 f------+-----,fIh~__7"'~~--801 F (427 1)------1840 ~
1000 F (538 OC)
<Ji
UJ
!Z
~
80 f-----4~~~-b~--_+---~~----+_--____l560
40f--.~~----+----_+---~~----+_---~280
0L-----~4------8L------~12~--~1L6-----2~0~--~21
Compressive tangen! modulus, GPa
200 0r-____=r-____-=5,.:.6_____8-T4'--__---'-11r=2____....:1T40"---___
16~400
Ti.OSl Ti-6AI-4V, solution treated and aged titanium

alloy sheet, typical compressive tangent modulus
160 f------l-~"'"---..l.:=----_+------f------+_--____l 1120
Test direction: longitudinal. 0.5 h exposure. RambergOsgood parameters: n(room temperature) = 22, n(200 F)
= 27, n(400 F) = 22, n(600 F) = 12, n(800 F) = 11,
n(1000 F) = 5.7. UNS R564001R56401
120
840
00
'"
o.
""<Ji
~
<Ji
UJ
'"
80
560
40f------~----+--~_+~1H~+-----+_--____l280
OL-----J4------8L----~~12-L-LLi1U6-----2~0----~21
Compressive tangen! modulus, 106 psi
756/Titanium (Ti)
200 or-_ _-,28_ _ _5T"""6_ _----,84_ _ _11T"""2_ _ _1-.,.4_o_ _~16~400

sheet, typical compressive tangent modulus curves al
1601------""-..l--------'l"-----+---j-----+-----I 1120
Test direction: long transverse. 0.5 h exposure. RambergOsgood parameters: n(room temperature) = 13, n(200 P)
= 15, n(400 P) = 14, n(600 P) = 10, n(800 P) = 11,
n(1000 P) = 5.7. UNS R564001R56401

120 I--~._~--~~---+-~~~--+-----IMO
400 F (204 OC)
o..
:2
~
600F (316 OC)
~
en
~
<Ji
'"
!!!
Ci
ro
80 1----+-~~~--~~~~~--+-----I560
800F (427 OC)
0L---~4---8L--~~12-L~Li1U6---2~0--~2!
Compressive tangenl modulus, 106 psi
Ti.053 Ti-6AI-4V aged titanium alloy sheet, tensile

temperatures
1400
200
Room temperature
160
Test direction: longitudinal. Sheet thickness = 1.6 and

3.18 mm (0.063 and 0.125 in.) Treatment: 927 oC
(1700 P), 3-20 min, water quenched, + 482-510 oC
(900-950 P), 4 h. UNS R564001R56401
1120
200F (93 OC)

400F (204 OC) 840
ro
o..
600F (316 OC)
120
'00
-'"
:2
<Ji
<Ji
'"
'"
!!!
560
80
401---
~~L-
-+____-+_____ 280
___
~----4L-----8~----1~2-----71~
Slrain,
0.001 in.lin.
Ci
Source: "Surnmary of Mechanical and Physical Property Data

Collected, Including Tensile Creep and Fatigue," Lockheed-Georgia,
Vo14, Code 3707, CINDASIUSAF CRDA Handbooks Operation,
Titanium (Ti)/757
200

temperatures
1400
Room temperature
Test direction: transverse. Sheet thickness = 1.6 and

3.18 mm (0.063 and 0.125 in.). Treatment: 927 oC
(1700 F), 3-20 min, water quenched, + 482-510 oC
(900-950 F), 4 h. UNS R564001R56401
~--------~---------+----~~~--------~1120
F (93 OC)
400F (204 OC)
~---r-200
~--------1-------~t~~~==~~~~~~840
600F (316 OC)
800F (427 OC)
900 F (482 oC)
~---------~~~~--+---------~~~~~560
&.
:2
~
Source: "Summary of Mechanical and Physical Property Data

1000 F (538 OC)
~----~~~---------+----------r-------~280
~--------~--------~--------~~------~o
12
16
14or------,------,------,------,------,------,98o
120~-----+------+------+----~~~~-+----~840
100~-----_+_------~----~~~~~~--_+----~700

compressive tensile stress-strain curves at room and

(0.063 in.). Results are the average of eight heats.
UNS R564001R56401
Source: J.K. Childs and M.M. Lemcoe, "Determination of Materials
Design Criteria for 6Al-4V Titanium Alloy at Room and Elevated
Temperatures," WADC TR 58-246, Aug 1958. As published in
1995, p 18
40~-----_+_~~~+-7~--_+------+_----_+----~280
17~--~------~------r_----~----~140
6
10
758/Titanium (Ti)
200
Ti.056 Ti-6AI-4V aged titanium alloy sheet,

1400
Room temperature
160
200F (93 oC)
Test direction: longitudinal. Sheet thickness = 1.6 and

(900-950 F), 4 h, air cooled. UNS R564001R56401
1120
400F (204 OC)

600 F (316 ~C)
800F (427 OC)
120
'ijj
"'<Ji"
840
(/)
al
a.
::2;
<Ji
900F (482 OC)
80
1000 F (538 OC)
(/)
560
Source: "Surnrnary of Mechanical and Physical Property Data

40~--~~~------~------~------~----~280
0L-------4~------8~------1~2-------1~6-------J2~
240 , - - - - - , - - - - , - - - - - - - r - - - . , - - - - - - , 1680
Ti.057 Ti-6AI-4V aged titanium alloy sheet,

200 f---------~------~------~------+_----~ 1400
Test direction: transverse. Sheet thickness = 1.6 and

(900-950 F), 4 h, air cooled. UNS R564001R56401
160 f-----+----+----".O""""'7""f==-----+-----I1120
400 01;' (204 OC)
600 F (316 OC)
-'"
800F (427 OC)
<Ji 120 !--------!-------I'-rY-:7""--c:..,...."F--c::;;;;--900 F (482 OC)
(/)
'ijj
1
~
_ _ 1000 F (538 OC)
80
40
o
o
8
12
16
al
a.
::2;
840 <Ji
Source: "Surnmary of Mechanical and Physical Property Data

Titanium (Ti)/759

alloy stress-strain for room and low temperatures
28o,-------,-------,--------r-------,-------,196o
-320F (-196 OC)
Test direction: longitudinal and transverse. Sheet thickness = 1-6 mm (0.063 in.). Treatment: 921C (1690 F),
12 min, water quenched, + 482 oC (900F), 4 h. UNS
R564001R5640 1
240~------+--------~------~--~~-+------~1680
1400
200~------+--------~------~~--
.;
160
1120
~
~
00
(/) 120
~------+_----.,._t_------_f_------_+_------~ 840 ~
Source: "Details of Data Collected Program Test Techniques and

Results for Tension, Compression, Bearing, Shear, Crippling, Joints
and Physical Properties," Lockheed-Georgia, Dec 1962. As published
1995, p 14
80~------~~-----t-------_f_------_+_------~560
40~--~--+_-------t-------_f_------_+_------~280
12
16

typical tensile stress-strain curves at room, elevated,
280,---------,----------,----------,---------,1960
-425 F (-254 OC)
240~--------+_---------_f_--------_h~------~1680
Sheet thickness = 1-6 mm (0.064 in.).

UNS R564001R56401
200r---------+----------_f_----~---b~------~1400
.;
160 r-----.----+------------V'------T'---==......--------~ 1120
~
~
ui
840
1W
40~--~~~~~~------f---------_r--------_4280
~--------L-------~--------~--------~O
16

Temperatures," WADC TR 58-246, Aug 1958. R.L McGee, J.E.
Campbell, R.L. Carlson, and G.K. Manning, "The Mechanical
Properties of Certain Aircraft Structural Metals at Very Low
Temperature," WADC TR 58-386, June 1958. As published in
CINDAS/USAF CROA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
1995,p 13
760/Titanium (Ti)
2oo,-----,------,------,-----,------,------,14oo
Ti.060 Ti-6AI-4V titanium alloy plate, typical tensile

temperatures
~----~-----+------~~~R-o~om--te-mLP~er~at+u~re----~1120
Test direction: longitudinal and long transverse. Solution

treated and aged. Plate thickness = 6.35-25.40 mm
(0.250-1.000 in.). 0.5 h exposure. Ramberg-Osgood
parameters: n(room temperature) = 16, n(400 P) = 19,
n(600 P) = 15, n(800 P) = 11. UNS R564001R56401
~----~----~------~----4_-----+----~840
ro
400F (204 oC)

600 F (31'6 oC)
800F (427 OC)
c..
::;;:
~----4_+h~~------~----4_-----+-----4560
~--~4_-----+------~----~-----+------1280
L -____
____- L_ _ _ _- L_ _ _ _
200
160
.;
28
_ _ _ _ _ _L -_ _
16
12

56
84
112
--V-
20
ui
1/)
!':'
80
24

alloy plate, typical compressive stress-strain and
R564ooIR56401
840

ro
c..
::;;:
:i
~
560
280

thickness = 6.35-25.40 mm (0.250-1.000 in.). RambergOsgood parameter: n(room temperature) = 26. UNS
1120
-'"
~O
140
. /~
..............
120
40
20
12
16
6
8
24
Titanium (Ti)/761
Ti.062 Ti-6AI-4V annealed titanium alloy bar, tensile

stress-strain curves for room and elevated
temperatures
140r------,------,------.------r------,------.980
120~----4-----_+------+_----_vL---~
__~~
100~----~------+_----_+~~--+_~--=+------;
~ 80~----~------+_~~~~--~~--~~----~
Sheet thickness = 31.75 mm (111 in.). Results are the

average of 12 heats. UNS R564001R56401
700
560 ~
:2
ID
ID
en

1995, p 13
Ci5 6~-----~----_A~~~_+----~~~---+------; 420 Ci5
40~----~~~~~~~--_+------+------+------;
280
20~~~~L---_+------+_----~----~----~
140
10
0
12
Sltrain, 0_001 in.lin.
140,------,------r------,------,------,------.980
120~----~----_+------+_--__~~~~~--~MO
100~----_+------+_-----+~~--t,~
700
40~----~~~~~~--_+------+_----_+----__4280
20r---~~~----+_----~------+_----_+----~140
10
Ti.063 Ti-6AI-4V annealed titanium alloy bar,

Sheet thickness = 31.75 mm (111 in.). Results are the

average of 12 heats. UNS R564001R56401
Design Criteria for 6AI-4V Titanium Alloy at Room and Elevated
1995, p 19
762/Titanium (Ti)
Ti.064 Ti-6AI-4V annealed titanium alloy extrusion,

typical tensile stress-strain curves at room, elevated,
and cryogenic temperatures
2 8 o , - - - - - - - , - - - - - , - - - - . . , . - - - - . , - - - - - - , 1960
-423 F (-253 OC)
240 ----+-----+----+----:......---+_--__j 1680
200
0.5 h exposure. Ramberg-Osgood parameters: n(-243 F)

= 20, n(-321 F) = 21, n(-110 F) = 20, n(room temperature) = 33, n(400 F) = 29, n(700 F) = 19, n(900 F) =
9.6. UNS R564001R56401
----+-----+------:~~---+_--__j1400
L-_--, 400F (204 OC)

I _ _ _~/b~::..4::::::::::;;;:::l--700 F (371C)
80 f900F (482 C),-----l 560
40/-----:~~~----+----+----+-----j280
__
_ _ __ L_ _ _
_ _ _L -_ _
12
~O
16
20
200
1400
160
1120
Ti.065 Ti-6AI-4 V annealed titanium alloy extrusion,

temperature) = 21, n(400 F) = 19, n(700 F) = 14,
n(900 F) = 9.8. UNS R564001R56401
Room temperature

840
120
400F (204 OC)
vi
700F (371, OC)

900F (482 OC)
'ii
(J)
560
80
12
16
'"
a.
:2
vi
(J)
en
Titanium (Ti)/763
200
28

56
84
112
Ti.066 Ti-6AI-4V annealed titanium alloy extrusion,

typical compressive tangent modulus curves at room
140
1120
160
'-.;
~emperature
r--- t-..
120
'--
-'"
ui
"'
~
80

840
~ 1"--~
700 IF (371C)
560
~~
24
r ~ Koc ,130/S
--
1200
1000
ui
"'
600
400
8
12
16
20
1400
::;:
~
::;:
280
40
~ 800
Test direction: longitudinal. 0.5 h exposure. RambergOsgood parameters: n(room temperature) = 21, n(400 P)
= 19, n(700 P) = 14, n(900 P) = 9.8. UNS
R564001R56401
-....
"l'..~ r---........
200
UNS R564001R5640 1
4
21C, 10- /s
150
"'~1~
475 oC, 930/s
(
re
541::- ~
540 t;;:- ~
0
fl
---
~
"""::::
50
200
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
Strain, mm/mm

alloy rod, temperature and strain rate effects on
0.10
0.12
0.14
Source: D.L. McLellan and T.W. Eichenberger, "Constitutive Equation

Deve10pment (COED)," Vol 1, Technical Summary, SAMSO-TR-68320, Ju1y 1968, P 80.. As pub1ished in R. Boyer, G. Welsch, and E.
Collings, Ed., Materials Properties Handbook: Titanium Alloys, ASM
764/Titanium (Ti)
500
400
&.
:;;:
1\
~ ~e
.....,
300
ui
en
- 70
Ti.068 Ti-6AI-4V titanium alloy, temperature effect

on flow stress-strain curves
Strain rate at lO/s with a starting microstructure of about

50% ex in a transfonned ~ matrix. UNS R564001R56401
60
- 50
r---,
~
:
200
900 oC
- 20
1000 oC
100
20
40
60
80
Strain, %
100
120
10
140
Source: G.w. Kuhlman, ALCOA, Forging Division. As published in

Titanium (Ti)/765
700
600
---
600 oC -
Ti.069 Ti-6AI-6V-2Sn titanium alloy, true stress-strain

curves (a) sensitized (b) reheated
- 100
- 80
500
'"
::2:.
Il.
.,.,
400
~
~ 300
..-
::J
----700 oC
200
g
~
r-----
750 oC
t=
.;
- 60 "".
1---
800 oC
'"
1-
/900 oC
850 oC
- 40 ~
Source: H.G. Suzuki et al., Effect of Phase Transformation on the Hot

Workability ofTi8AI6V-2Sn, Ti-5AI-2.5Sn, and Other Alloys, Sixth
World Conference on Titanium, P. Lacombe, R. Tricot, and G. Beranger,
Ed., Les Editions de Physique, Paris, 1989, P 1427-1432. As published
in R. Boyer, G. Welsch, and E. Collings, Ed., Materials Properties
Handbook: Titanium Alloys, ASM futernational, 1994, p 663
- 20
100
1100 oC
O
"1000 oC
(al
500
700 oC
400
'"
::2:
.,r
Il.
300
~'"
200
""----~,
1'--.... ........
-.......... t-......
--
60
~
30
20
1000 oC
1100 oC -
10
900C
'-
~
- 40 gf
100
70
- 50
t--..
1----~
1200 oC
0.1
0.2
0.3
Strain, in.lin.
0.4
0.5
In the sensitized mode, smooth stress-strain curves are

shown aboye 750 oC (1380 P), and work hardening
occurs below 665 oC (1220 P). At 850 oC (1560 P), for
example, the stress level of the reheated materials is
almost twice that of the sensitized material at low strain.
The sensitized mode involved quenching from 1220 oC
(2190 P) to the test temperature. The reheated mode
involved heating to the test temperature in 60 s.
!!l
t=
766/Titanium (Ti)
180
160
140
1120
Ti.070 Ti-6AI-6V-2Sn annealed titanium alloy sheet,

typical tensile stress-strain curves (full range ) at
room temperature
980
Test direction: longitudinal and long transverse.

UNS R56620
1260
1--....

840
120
en
700 ~
~ 100
vi
'"
~
vi
'"
80
560 ~
60
420
40
280
20
140
O
O
en
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
Strain, in.lin.
0.10
0.12
0.14
Ti.071 Ti-6AI-6V-2Sn annealed titanium alloy sheet,

temperatures
200,---------r---------r---------,---------,1400
Room temperature
Annealed, 760 oC (1400 F), 4 h. UNS R56620
1120
Source: "Properties of Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn," Timet Titanium Engineering

Bulletin No. 10, TMCA, Sept 1967. As published in Aerospace
Structural Metals Handbook, Vo14, Code 3715, CINDAS/USAF CRDA
200 F (93 OC)

400 F (204 OC)
600 F (316 OC)
.;
840
-'"
vi
vi
800 F (427 oC)
'"
'"
560
1-------.W/7L-+---------+-----+----- 280
~------~---------L---------6L-------~80
en
c..
:2
Titanium (Ti)/767
200
-80F
(-b OC)
180
1260
--........-......
r--...'"
1"'-
160
180F (82 OC)
Ti.072 Ti-6AI-6V-2Sn mill-annealed titanium alloy

plate, tensile stress-strain curves at several
temperatures
1400
O o~ (-18 OC)
P1ate thickness = 12.7 mm (0.5 in.). Tensi1e yie1d strength

= 1120 MPa (163 ksi). Tested to ASTM-399-70T. UNS
R56620
1120
"" Room temperature ""
140
970
120
840
gf 100
700
8:.
:2
ui
Ul
80
560
60
420
40
280
20
140
0.02
0.04
0.06
Strain, in.lin.
0.08
C/J
0.10
0.12
Ti.073 Ti-6AI-6V-2Sn titanium alloy plate, tensile

stress-strain curves at room temperature for different
heat treatments
200.-----,----,------,-----r-----,----,-----,1400
180~--~~~-----~~R--S_+-----+----_r----_r--~1260
I
____
-----r----- RM
TM
160 ~--J.--~.-::t-=-=-:-=+::;~~~::j;:;;;;:;:::::t:::::;j==~ 1120

-.1= : =t--. _
1- _RD
",:."
RB
, . . p:--= -=--
140~17~~--_1-----_+-----+-----r-----r--~970
120 ~-I---~--_1-----_+-----+-----r-----r--~ 840 '"
~
gf 100
~
700 <Ji
00
80~--~----_+----_+----_r----~----~--__1560
60~--~----_+----_+----_r----~----~--__1420
40H---~----_+----_+----_r----~----~--__1280
20~--~----_+----_+----_r----~----~--__1140
OL----0-.0~2----0~.0-4----0~.0-6----0.~0-8---0-.~10----0~.1~2--~0.1S
Strain, in.lin.
Source: M.E Amateau, W.D. Ranna, and E.G. Kendall, "F-15 Program
Final Report: Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn and Ti-6Al-4V Fatigue Crack
Propagation," ATR-72(9990), The Aerospace Corp., Sept 1971. As
pub1ished in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code 3715,
1995, p 26
00
AH curves 12.7 mm (0.5 in.) except RS which is 32 mm

(1.25 in.). Heat treatment: RB, beta annea1ed, 1010 oC
(1850 P), 1 hin vacuum, argon coo1ed. RD, dup1ex
annea1ed, 927 oC (1700 P), 1 h in vacuum, argon coo1ed
+ 760 oC (1400 P), 1 h, argon coo1ed. RM and TM, mill
annea1ed. RS, so1ution treated and aged, 913 oC
(1675 P), 0.25 h, water quenched + 593 oC (1100 P),
4 h. Yie1d strengths MPa (ksi): RB, 965 (140); RD, 1040
(151); RM, 1123 (163); RS, 1193 (173); TM, 1096 (159).
Tested to ASTM-399-70T. UNS R56620
Source: M.E Amateau, w'D. Ranna, and E.G. Kendall, "F-15 Program
Final Report: Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn and Ti-6Al-4V Fatigue Crack
Propagation," ATR-72(9990), The Aerospace Corp., 1971. As pub1ished
in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vo14, Code 3715,
1995, p 13
768/Titanium (Ti)
Ti.074 Ti-6AI-6V-2Sn aged titanium bar, tensile

stress-strain curves for room and elevated
temperatures
2oor-------,-------.-------.-------.-----~1400
Treatment: 870 oC (1600 F), 1 h, water quenched +

565 oC (1050 F), 4 h. UNS R56620
~----~-------+--~~~~~==~----~1120

1995, p 25
840
'"
a..
'00
-'"
::2'
ui
ui
'"~
ro
560
'"
~
~--~~r_------r_------r_------+_----~280
L -______L -______L -______L -______L -____
~O
10
6
200
1400
160
1120
120
ui
'"
~
UJ
80
40

840
ui
560
280
'"
a..
::2'
1/
Specimen tested in longitudinal direction. RambergOsgood parameter: n(longitudinal) = 30. UNS R56620
1-
'00
-'"
Ti.075 Ti-6AI-6V-2Sn annealed titanium alloy

extrusion, typical tensile stress-strain curve at room
temperature
12
16
20
24
'"~
ro
Titanium (Ti)/769
200
160
----- r--- ~~
J
120
-'"
<Ji
l'!'"
1i5
80
Test direction: longitudinal. Ramberg-Osgood parameters: n(longitudinal) = 22. UNS R56620
1120
...-
840 ro
a.
::;;:
<Ji
~'"
(f)
560
1/
1/
Ti.076 Ti-6AI-6V-2Sn annealed titanium alloy

extrusion, typical compressive stress-strain and
compressive tangent modulus curves al room
temperature
140
";
40
Compressive langen! modulus, GPa

112
56
84
28
280
12
16
20
6
Compressive langen! modulus, 10 psi
24
240
1680
Ti.077 Ti-6AI-6V-2Sn heat treated titanium alloy

forging, tensile stress-strain curve at room
temperature
200
1400
Porging size: 127 x 152 mm (5 x 6 in.). Treatment:

870 oC (1600 P), 1 h, water quenched + 593 oC
(1100 P), 4 h. UNS R56620
1120

1995, p 12
160
~
ui 120
'"
l'!
i'i5
80
40
1/
/
V
V-
ro
a.
::;;:
840 ui
i'i5
560
280
8
12
16
770/Titanium (Ti)
Ti.078 Ti-7 AI-4Mo titanium alloy forged bar,

isochronous tensile stress-strain curves at elevated
temperatures
1oor------r------,------r------,------r.~~__.700
Treatment: 982-1010 oC (1800-1850 P) + 788 oC

(1450 P), 1 h, force cooled to 566 oC (l050 P), air
cooled + 566 oC (1050 P), 24 h air cooled. UNS R56740
80r-----_r------r_----_r~~~r_----_r----~560
60r-----_r------~~r_~_.~~r_----_r----~420
00
ro
~
ID
~'"
oo~
Exposure
~'"
BOO
1h
10 h
100 h
250 h
500 h
1000 h
140
O~----~----~------L-----~----~----~O
80r------r------,------r------,------r------.560
/700 F (371C)
60~----_r------r_~~_r------r_----_r----__1420
ro
40
~----_r--~~i=;"OF,.-;~"'---r_--_r----__1280 gf
10
Source: "Tentative Data Sheet for Crucible C-135aMo7AI-4Mo,"

Crucible Steel Co., Dec 1958. As published in Aerospace Structurai
Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code 3708, CINDASIUSAF CRDA
Titanium (Ti)/771
200
1400
160
1120
120
'00
-"
ui
(1)
~
1
80
40
...-

840
400F (2?4 OC)
....-
8'.
::;
- 550F (288 OC)
ui
(1)
~
.C/)
560
280
12
16
20
24
200
1400
160
1120
/~~
120
'00
-"
ui
(1)
~
1
80
40

exposure. Ramberg-Osgood parameters: n(room temperature) = 33, n(400 P) = 50, n(500 P) = 50. UNS R54810
Room temperature
VI
Ti.079 Ti-8AI-l Mo-l V single-annealed titanium alloy

sheet, typical tensile stress-strain curves at room and

840
560
280
12
16
'"
c..
::;
f..-- 400F (204 OC)

f..-- 550F (288 OC)

exposure. Ramberg-Osgood parameters: n(room temperature) = 16, n(400 P) = 32, n(550 P) = 24. UNS R54810
..- Room temperature
1(
Ti.080 Ti-8AI-l Mo-l V duplex-annealed titanium

alloy sheet, typical tensile stress-strain curves at
20
772/Titanium (Ti)
120
Ti.081 Ti-8AI-l Mo-l V mill-annealed titanium alloy

sheet, stress-strain curves at elevated temperatures
840
600F (J16 OC)
Sheet thickness ::;: 1.3 mm (0.050 in.). Treatment: 788 oC

(1450 P), 8 h, force cooled. UNS R54810
~.
100
80
40
20
///
-/'
700
.-:
560
ro
a..
:2
420
vi
tJ)
~
280
!/
Source: "Creep Strength ofTi-8Al-IMo-1Y al 600 and 900 F,"Tilanium

Melals Corp., 1962. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
900F (4l2 OC)
140
10
100
.;
-'"
vi
tJ)
450F (232 OC)

alloy sheet, stress-strain curves at elevated
temperatures
700
80
560
60
420
Test direction: longitudinal. Sheet thickness ::;: 1.3 mm

(0.050 in.). Duplex annea1: 788 oC (1450 P), 8 h, force
cooled + 788 oC (1450 P), 15 min, air cooled. UNS
R548 10
ro
:2
a..
vi
tJ)
(f)
280
40
ro
Source: C.W. Alesch, "Onset of Creep Stress Measurement of Metallic

Materials," Convair, 1964. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Titanium (Ti)/773
200
160
550F (288
c
U>
ii
80
ocy
l---
550F (288
840
oC)
28
g'
~
560
280
12
18
20
Compressive tangenl modulus, 106 psi

84
112
56
U>
V-
~
V
-'"
'---
80
40
24

alloy sheet, typical compressive stress-strain and
140

exposure. RT, room temperature. Ramberg-Osgood
parameters: n(RT) = 50, n(500 P) = 22. UNS R54810
1120
120
1- RT

840
ro
;;
a.
~550F(288C)
r---
U)
160
.;
ro
a.
;;
r-----,
J
4

exposure at temperature. RT, room temperature.
Ramberg-Osgood parameters: n(RT) = 50, n(550 P) =
50. UNS R54810
1120
RT
l!
Ti.083 Ti-8AI-l Mo-l V single-annealed titanium alloy

sheet, typical compressive stress-strain and
140
---,.,
---- ji
120
200

56
84
112
40
28
gi
~
U)
560
550F (288 "C)

280
12
16
20
6
Compressive tangent mOdulus, 10 psi
774/Titanium (Ti)
120r-------,--------.-------.------~------~
840
Ti.08S Ti-8AI-l Mo-l V mill-annealed titanium alloy

sheet, isochronous stress-strain curves at elevated
temperatures
700
Test direction: longitudinal. Treated: 788 oC (1450 F),

8 h, force cooled. UNS R54810
250 h
0.1 h
80~------~~~--~------~~----_+------~
560
ctl
11.
Source: "Creep Strength of Ti-8AI-IMo-1 V al 600 and 900 F," Titanium

Melals Corp., 1962. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
::;
~ 60~----_1+_------~-.~--_+------_+------~ 420 <Ji
'"~
i
100 h
280
Ti.086 Ti-8Mn titanium alloy, comparison of

experimental and calculated stress-strain curves
1000r---------~--------,----------,---------.
140
UNS R56080
800~------~~-----+~--------~--------~
120
Source: H. Margolin et al., Calculations of Stress-Strain Curves and

Stress Strain Distribution for an Alpha-Beta Ti-8Mn Alloy, Mater. Sci.
Eng., Vol 34, 1978, p 203-211. As published in R. Boyer, G. Welsch,
and E. Collings, Ed., Materials Properties Handbook: Titanium Alloys,
100
ctl
600~--------+_~L-~--~--------_+--------~
11.
80
:2
<Ji
'ijj
O<!
<Ji
'~"
400~------~~--------~--------~------~
60
40
200~--AL----+_--------~--------_t----------
20
0.5
1.0
Slrain, %
1.5
2.0
(IJ
Titanium (Ti)/775
1000 I---I----I--::::=~::::::::======t
Ti.087 Ti-8Mn titanium alloy, stress-strain curves for

a, ~, and a-~ phases
140
UNS R56080
800~--------_+------~~~
__~----_+--------~
120
Source: H. Margolin et aL, Calculations of Stress-Strain Curves and

Stress Strain Distribution for an Alpha-Beta Ti-8Mn Alloy, Mater. Sci.
Eng., Vol 34, 1978, p 203-21 LAs published in R Boyer, G. Welsch,
and E. Collings, Ed., Materials Properties Handbook: TItanium Alloys,
100
ro 600~--------_+~~~"~--+_--------_+--------~
a.
:2
80
";
""<Ji
U)
!!!
400~------~~------,~~~--------_+--------~
60 en
40
200~~'-----~--------_+----------~------~
20
L-----~-------~------
0.5
1.0
__ 1.5
_ L_ _ _ _ _ _~O
2.0
Strain, %
Ti.088 Ti-8Mn annealed titanium alloy sheet, tensile

280r-------~------,-------_,------_r------_,1960
-425 'F (-254 'C)
Sheet thickness = 1.63 and 1.78 mm (0.064 and

0.070 in.). 0.5-100 h exposure. UNS R56080
240~------~-------+--------~----~~------~1680
- - - 0.064 in. (1.626 mm) sheet

- - 0.070 in. (1.778 mm) sheet"
200~------~-------+------"~------~------~1400
.;
160
f--------+--------+----:~,K::---+__-----'--_t_----'-----_I1120
8:.
""
:2
E
en 120
840 U
40r---~~~------_+_------~------+------~280
o o~------L-------..L---------L--------L-------.J O
4
8
12
16
20
Source: RL. McGee, J.E. Campbell, RL. Carlson, and G.K. Manning,
Very Low Temperatures," WADC TR 58-386, 1958. As published in
1995, p 3
776/Titanium (Ti)
14or---------~--------_.--------_.--------_.980
Room temperature
120~--------+---------~~------~--------~840
100~--------+-----~---r--------~--------~700
40~----~~~---------r--------~--------~280
1000 F (538 OC)
20~,I,~----~~~-----r~--~--~--------~140
0~--------~4----------8L---------~12--------~1;
Strain.O.001 inJin.
Ti.089 Ti-8Mn annealed titanium alloy sheet,

Sheet thickness = 1.78 mm (0.070 in.). 0.5-100 h exposure. UNS R56080

Source: D.E. MilIer, "The Detennination of Physical Properties of
Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Structura1 Sheet Materia1s at E1evated
Temperatures," AF Technica1 Report 6517, Part 3, Wright Air Dev. Cen.,
June 1954. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
Vo14, Code 3712, CINDASfUSAF CRDA Handbooks Operation,
Titanium (Ti)/777
250
Ir~
Ti.090 Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI titanium alloy, true stressstrain curves for ~ and a + ~ processed material
200
ro
~ 150
10/s
~
~
~ 100
......
"
--
.....
A)
..rrJ..
!:
." ....
Tested at 790 oC (1455 F) at various strain rates for (a)

structure and (b) a + ~ structure
30
Source: G.W. Kuhlman et. al., Sixth World Conference on Titanium,

P. Lacombe, R. Tricot, and G. Beranger, Ed., Les Editions de Physique,
Paris, 1989, p 1269-1275. As published in R. Boyer,G. Welsch, and
1.0/s
JT"
0.10/s
-
10
50
(a)
250
200
10/s
r
In
30
~
20 gf
--
ro
~ 150
.....
..-
....
-.-
1.0/s
~al
~ 100
()
!:
o.1O/s~
-
10
50
0.15
O
(b)
0.30
0.45
0.60
0.75
0.90
778/Titanium (Ti)
Ti.091 Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI titanium alloy, true

longitudinal tensile stress-strain curves, effect
of ex fradion on unaged material
1000
A
800
11
&.
:;;
600
I!/
<Ji
200
JI
ID
~ 400
r -f
'/
17
./
--"'"
140
120
:..:::::
V
I
- 100
'iii
- 80
"'<Ji"
.(fJ
- 60
ID
:;,
- 40
- 20
5
6
True strain. %
Source: T.W. Duerig, G.T. Terlinde, and J.C. Williarns, Phase

Transfonnations and Tensile Properties ofTi-l0V-2Fe-3Al, Metal/.
Trans. A, Vol11, Dec 1980, p 1987. As published in R. Boyer, G.
Welsch, and E. Collings, Ed., Materials Properties Handbook: Titaniurn
Alloys, ASM International, 1994, p 859
10
Ti.092 Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI solution treated and overaged

titanium alloy bar, tensile stress-strain curves at
1200,----,-----,-----,-----,----,-----,-----,
160
1000~--~-----+-----+----~----~----+-----4
Test direction: longitudinal. Round bar. Maximum 0,

0.16 wt%; maximum N, 0.05 wt%
140
120
100
'"
a..
:;;
<Ji
(fJ
'iii
"'<Ji"
600
(fJ
80
60
400
40
20
12
Strain. 0.001 mm/mm
14
UTS, ultimate tensile strength; TYS, tensile yield

strength. Curve A: ex, 30 vol%; UTS, 875 MPa; TYS,
831 MPa. Curve B: ex, 10 vol%; UTS, 877 MPa; TYS,
467 MPa. Curve C: ex, O vol%; UTS, 878 MPa; TYS,
262 MPa. Increasing the amount of ex increases the yield
strength but does not affect the ultimate tensile strength.
The ~ transus was 805 3 oC (1480 P), somewhat high
compared to other heats. This is probably due to oxygen
content (0.15 wt%), which is on high side of normal
range. Treatments aboye 600 oC (1110 P) done by vacuum encapsulating specimens wrapped in tantalum foil.
Below 600 oC treatments were performed in a liquid
nitrate salt bath. Strain rate = 0.00055/s
1i

Materials Properties Handbook: Titaniurn Alloys, ASM International,
1994, p 859
Titanium (Ti)/779
16
---
RJom templature
14
!/
12
1-
10
00
-'"
ui
'"
~
lI:~V
800 F
(~27 OC)
70
ro
a..
::;;;
56
ui
'"
~

Materials," AFML-TR-77-198, Batelle-Columbus Laboratories, 1977.
1995, p 44
42
28
~
2
Test direction: longitudinal. Bar diameter = 76 mm

(3 in.). Heat treated: 760 oC (1400 P), 1 h, force cooled
+ 566 oC (1050 P), 8 h, air cooled
84
/V
98
40~r40C)
h V ....-
Ti.093 Ti-l0V-2Fe-3AI heat treated titanium alloy

bar, typical tensile stress-strain curves at room and
112
14
10
12
14
Ti.094 Ti-l0V-2Fe-3AI solution treated and overaged

titanium alloy bar, compressive stress-strain curves
1200
160
1000
ro
100
a..
::;;;
'"

Materials Properties Handbook: Titanium Alloys, ASM Intemational,
1994, p 859
120
800
ui
Test direction: longitudinal. Round bar
140
Room temperature
00
-'"
600
ui
80 '"
e!
ro
60
400
40
200
20
12
Strain, 0.001 mm/mm
14
780/Titanium (Ti)
16
Room telperature
14
12
~~
h~
.;
1---
400 F,(204 ~
10
'"vi
'"
~
Ti.095 Ti-l0V-2Fe-3AI heat treated titanium alloy

bar, typical compressive stress-strain curves at room
112
Test direction: longitudinal. Bar diameter = 76 mm

(3 in.). Heat treated: 760 oC (1400 P), 1 h, force cooled
+ 566 oC (1050 P), 8 h, air cooled
84
70
ro
c..
800F 1(427 oC)
:;;
56
V--
vi
~'"
(f)
Source: O.L. Deel, "Engneering Data on New Aerospace Structural

Materials," AFML-TR-77-198, Batelle-Columbus Laboratories, 1977.
3726, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operaton, Purdue University,
1995,p46
42
28
~
2
98
14
10
12
14
Stran, 0.001 nJn.
Ti.096 Ti-l0V-2Fe-3AI solution treated and aged

titanium alloy die forging, typical tensile stressstrain, compressive stress-strain, and compressive
5~6------8~4----~11-2-----1~4-0----_,16~400
r -____,28
______
160 f----+----+----'~':#1__--__1_--__+--__i 1120
.;
840
120
ro
c..
:;;
'"vi
'"
~
vi
'"~
560
80
40~~?-4----+---r---1+---+----~280
L-----~4------~8------1L2----~16L-----~----~2~

6
Compressive tangent modulus, 10 ps
1i
Test directions: longitudinal (L), long transverse (LT),

and short transverse (ST). Thickness = 78.74-83.82 mm
(3.100-3.300 in.). Die forging aged 482-510 oC
(900-950 P). Ramberg-Osgood parameters: n(L, tension) = 9.6, n(LT, tension) = 13, n(ST, tension) =
13, n(L, compression) = 18, n(LT, compression) = 15,
n(ST, compression) = 18
Titanium (Ti)/781
Ti.097 Ti-l0V-2Fe-3AI solution treated and aged

titanium alloy hand forging, typical tensile stressstrain, compressive stress-strain, and compressive
200 O;_ _---=2;::8_ _-.:5;:6~_
____=r84:...--~11.::.2---'-14rO--__i16~400
Test directions: longitudinal (L), long transverse (LT),

and short transverse (ST). Hand forging aged 510-538 oC
(950-1000 F). Ramberg-Osgood parameters: n(L, tension) = 24, n(LT, tension) = 20, n(L, compression) 21
160 1-----+""_=-+---.,,-L-b--==.!~='--_+_--_I1120
840
120
'"
o..
'i
""<Ji
~
::E
<Ji
Ul
Ul
~
560
401--~~+---+---4---4+---+---_I280
L---~4--~8----~12----1~6---2~0--~21
Ti.098 Ti-l0V-2Fe-3AI titanium alloy, strength

ductility trend curve showing effect of varying
amounts of primary a
1500,-----r-----,--------y-------r---210
200
ro
g 1300 1---"-1r-----~'-r---_Ip.,.--__t---_+---- 190 ]

~Q)-
]l
-
,go
180 o
N
~ 1200
N
~
170
>= 1100
160
150
1000~--~-----1---_+---_+--~V~-4
L -_ _
~~
0.2
____
____
0.4
____
0.6
True fracture strain
______
0.8
140
1.0
>=
Data on yield strength versus tensile fracture strain can be

plotted for each of several primary a volume fractions, as
shown in this figure. These data show that the alloy in the
most ductile condition at any of the strength levels studied is that which contains a small (-0.1) volume fraction
of primary a. This condition represents a compromise in
the sense that alloys containing no primary a unavoidably
have grain-boundary a, whereas at higher volume fractions of primary a, strain localization tends to occur
between the primary a partic1es. Both grain-boundary a
and strain localization lead to premature fracture initiation, and thus the alloy that does not exhibit either of
these conditions has better ductility.
Source: G. Krauss, Ed., Deformaton, Processng, and Structure, ASM
Materia1s Science Seminar, 1982, American Society for Meta1s,
1984, p 323
782/Titanium (Ti)
300
Below
Above
f3 transus
f3 transus
J.
250
8:::;;;
Ti.099 Ti-l0V-2Fe-3AI titanium alloy, effect of

microstructure on flow stress
V_
1
e
(/
<ii
f3 .1-
IJ)
[l!
/0
t
;:
~ 150
..
/rX.
~-
100
cf
CJ
50
12
14
16
18
Ln Z is the temperature-compensated strain rate as

defined by C.D. Zener and J.R. Rollaman, J Appl. Phys.,
Vol 15, 1944, p 22-32
200
40
30
V'
et+f3
:i[l!
Source: G.W. Kuhlman et al., Sixth World Conference on Titanium,

P. Lacombe, R. Tricot, and G. Beranger, Ed., Les Editions de Physique,
Paris, 1989, p 1269-1275. As published in R. Boyer, G. Welsch, and
t
;:
o
u::
-
20
10
20
22
28
26
24
Ln Z
Ti.l00 Ti-l0V-2Fe-3AI titanium alloy, flow stress

versus strain
250
Effect of strain rate at 815

30
200
1O/s
8:::;;;
---.....,
150
-
<ii
IJ)
u::~
100
0.1/s
-
10
50
0.001/s
10
20
30
Strain, %
40
50
60
oc (1500 P)
Source: R. Boyer, G. Welsch, and E. Collings, Ed., Materials Properties

Handbook: Titanium Alloys, ASM Intemational, 1994, p 860
Titanium (Ti)/783
Ti. 1 01 Ti-1 OV-2Fe-3AI titanium alloy, flow stress
400r------,------,------,------,------,------,
versus strain
Effect of forging temperature at lO/s strain rate

50
Source: R. Boyer, G. We1sch, and E. Collings, Ed., Materials Properties

300
'"
:2
40 ~
'"
Q.
'"
(fJ
(fJ
;:
o
lL
30
200
20
10
20
30
50
40
60
Strain, %
16o
J...--
14
O(
12O
Ti.102 Ti-11 Sn-5Zr-2.25AI-1 Mo-0.21 Si titanium alloy

forging, large ring, tensile stress-strain curve at room
temperature
1120
~ 840
Heat treated in full section: 900 oC (1650 F), 1 h, fan

cooled + 500 oC (930F), 24 h, air cooled
10O
'"
Q.
:2
O
560 '"
1i
6O
4O
280
2o-
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
Slrain, in./in.
0.10
0.12
0.14
0.16
Source: R.E Simenz and W.L. Macoritto, "Eva1uation of Large Ti-6A14V and IMI-679 Forging," Technica1 Report AFML-TR-66-57,
Lockheed-Ca1ifornia Co., 1966. As pub1ished in Aerospace Structural
Metals Handbook, Vo14, Code 3711, CINDASIUSAF CRDA
784/Titanium (Ti)
200
1400
160
1120
120
~
!Ji
!I)
1i.
80
40
iV
v---
Room temperature
560
12
8
20
16
,.---
k:::::+--
~~
'w
120

(0.063 in.). Solution treated + 510 oC (950F), 8 h, air
cooled. UNS R58030
1120

Emerging Structural Materials;' AFML-TR-70-252, BateIle-Columbus
Laboratories, Oct 1970. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
'"
o..
:2
850 F (454 OC)
840 !Ji
!I)
~
560
)V
1400
600 F (316 OC)
I~
1i.
40
Room temperature
400 F (Jo4 OC)

~
80
Ti.l04 Ti-ll.5Mo-6Zr-4.5Sn titanium alloy sheet,

1680
160
Source: R.E Simenz and W.L. Macoritto, "Evaluation of Large Ti-6AI4V and IMI-679 Forging," Technical Report, AFML-TR-66-57,
Lockheed-California Co., 1966. As published in Aerospace Structural
280
200
!I)
'"
o..
:2
550F(288C)
240
"'!Ji"
Specimen size: 15.88 mm (0.625 in.) diam; 44.45 mm

(1.750 in.) long. Heat treated in full section: 900 oC
(1650 F), 1 h, fan cooled + 500 oC (930F), 24 h, air
cooled
840
~
Ti.l03 Ti-l1 Sn-5Zr-2.25AI-l Mo-0.21 Si titanium alloy

forging, large ring, compressive stress-strain curves
at room temperature and 288 oC (550 F)
280
10
20
15
25
30
Titanium (Ti)/785

240 .----'----,---,----,----,-------r--,----, 1680
Room temperature
200
1400

(0.063 in.). Solution treated + 510 oC (950 P), 8 h, air
cooled. UNS R58030
400F ( 04 OC)
160
~~~+~~-.~~~~==~~::::+;;;~;;;~1120
600F (316 OC)
850 'F (454 'C)
'iii
-"
vi
CI)
1!!
ti:!
a.
:::E
120
vi
~~~1--~~~~--~~~~~~~~~+-~~840
'
Source: O.L Deel and H. Mindlin, "Engineering Data on New and

80 ~~~~~~+-~--+-~~+-~~+-~~+-~~560
40
~-M~i--~~+-~--+-~~+-~~+-~~+-~~280
10
15
20
25
30
240
Ti. 106 Ti-l1.5Mo-6Zr-4.5Sn titanium alloy sheet,

typical compressive stress-strain curves
1680
Tiansverse
/ ..... ~9itudinal
Jr
200
160
1120
11
'iii
-"
vi
CI)
120
40
ti:!
a.
:::E
840 CI)
vi
'
80
Sheet thickness = 1.6 mm (0.063 in.). Solution treated +

1400
+-
~
560
280
10
15
20
25
30
Source: O.L Deel and H. Mindlin, "Engineering Data on New and

Laboratories, Oct 1970. As published in Aerospace Structural M etals
786/Titanium (Ti)
240
1680

1400

cooled. UNS R58030
1120

RLm tempJature
200
160
/;V-
.;
""ui
m
~
120
40
(~04 OC)
600F (316 OC)

850F (454 OC)
rf.
:2
840 ui
VI
ii5
80
400 F
560
280
10
15
20
25
30
240
/'
200
~
lA ~
160
.;
""uim
~
120
80
40
1680

1400

cooled. UNS R58030
1120

Room temperature
400F (J04 oC)

~
600F (316 OC)

850F (454 OC)
rf.
:2
840 ui
,~
,..---
560
280
10
15
20
25
30
Titanium (Ti)/787
Ti.l09 Ti-13V-ll Cr-3AI titanium alloy, tensile stressstrain curves at very high temperatures
4 r---------.---------,----------r---------, 28
UNS R58010
Source: P.E. Moorhead, "Tensile and Creep Properties of Columbium,
Tantalum and Titanium Alloys at Elevated Temperatures," Bell
Laboratory Report BLR-62-26M, Dec 1962. As published in Aerospace
3~-------7~--------+_--------~--------~21
2050 'F (1121 'C)
~---------
gf 2 I-----J'---------t.-~------_t_--------+------------j 14 gf
~
~
w
00
2300 'F (1260 'C)
OL--------~2--------~4~--------6~------~80
150 ,------r-----,------,------,------,------1050
Ti.ll0 Ti-13V-ll Cr-3AI annealed titanium alloy

sheet, typical tensile stress-strain curves at room and
125

exposure. Ramberg-Osgood parameters: n(room temperature) = 43, n(200 P) = 30, n(400 P) = 17, n(600 P) =
12, n(800 P) = 11, n(lOOO P) = 10. UNS R58010
100
~
.;
75
r------,.M+-r-+------+-----+-----1----~525
<Ji
00
1----~~----_+------+_----+----_4----~350
251--~--~----_+------+_----+----_4----~175
L -_ _ _....l-_ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _:':__ _ _ __'__ _ _ __ _ l_ _ _ _
12
16
20
(J)
::;;
"'<Ji"
24
788/Titanium (Ti)
Ti.lll Ti-13V-ll Cr-3AI solution treated and aged

titanium alloy sheet, typical tensile stress-strain
200
1400
160
1120
120
840 ro
o..
'iij
-'"

exposure. Ramberg-Osgood parameters: n(room temperature) = 23, n(200 P) = 17, n(400 P) = 16, n(600 P) =
15, n(800 P) = 11, n(lOOO P) = 10. UNS R58010
::;;
<Ji
<Ji
U)
'"
~
1000 F (538 OC)
560
80
en
40~--~Y------+------~----4------+----~280
ooL-----~4------~8------1L2----~16------2~0----~2;
Ti.112 Ti-13V-ll Cr-3AI solution treated titanium

alloy sheet, tensile stress-strain curves at room and
various temperatures
200 ,..---------,..---------,----------,-----------, 1400

-65 F (-54 OC)
Sheet thickness
~--------~--------~------~~------~1120
840 ro
o..
::;;
<Ji
<Ji
U)
U)
560
~----~~~~------~--------~------~280
~--------L---------L---------L-------~1~
= 1 mm (0.040 in.). UNS R58010
Source: "Data Sheet B 120 VCA," Titanium Alloys Issue 2, TDS-20075M, Crucible Steel Co. of America, Dec 1960. As published in
Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vo14, Code 3712,
1995, p 11
Titanium (Ti)/789
,------,------,------,-------,------,14oo
200
160~-----~------+_---
__~~~
Ti.113 Ti-13V-ll Cr-3AI solution treated and aged

titanium alloy sheet, tensile stress-strain curves at
+_-----11120
Test direction: longitudinal (a) and transverse (b), Sheet

thickness = 3.18 mm (0.125 in.). UNS R58010
Source: P.J. Hughes, "Determination of Design Data for Heat Treated
Titanium Alloy Sheet," Vol 1, ASD-TR-62-335, May 1962. As published
1995, p 11
40~--~~------+_-----~-------r------+_----_1280
OL------L----~------~----~------~----~O
(a)
200,------T------,------,-------,------,------,1400
---+------1 1120
r------+-----t~~~_1------_r------+_----_4840 ro
o-
:2
ui
r------+,Q.r#~4_----~------_r------+_----~560
r---~~------+_----_1------_r------+_----_4280
~-----4~----~8------J12~----~1-6------2LO----~240
(b)
'"~
00
790/Titanium (Ti)
Ti.114 Ti-13V-ll Cr-3AI solution treated and aged

titanium alloy sheet, tensile stress-strain curves at
320,-------,-------,-------,-------,-------,2240
V>
ro
-65 'F (-54 'C)
00
"'vi"
Test direction: longitudinal (a) and transverse (b). Sheet

thickness = 1.6 mm (0.063 in.). UNS R58010
1680
240
160
Room temperature
o..
::2:
1120
li
~
560
80
o~------L-------L-------~------~------~O
(a)
320.-------,-------,-------,-------,-------,2240
1680
240
-65 'F (-54 'C)
00
"'vi"
V>
ro
o..
Room temperature
160
::2:
1120
560
80
0~------4L-------L8-------1~2------~16------~2~
(b)
li
Source: W.M. McGee and R.B. Mathews, "Determination of Design

Data for Heat Treated Titanium Alloy Sheet," Vol2a, ASD-TR-62-335,
May 1962. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
Titanium (Ti)/791
20or-----~-----,------r_----_r----_,----__.
1400
1400
200
Room temperature
Room temperature
lo
200 F (93 OC)
400F (204 OC)
600:F (316 OC)
800F (427 OC)
900 F (482 OC)
160~----~-----+--7S~~~
1120
840 c..
'"
:;;:
1/'IIIi!!
560 Ci
40~--~A_-----+-------~----4_----_+----~
200F (93 OC)

400 F (204 OC)
600F (316 OC)
800 F (427 OC)
900F (482 OC)
160
._120
840 c..
'"
ui
1Il"
:;;:
III
280
III
80
i!!
560 Ci
40
280
4
(a)
12
16
20
24
(b)
1400
200
1120
12
16
20
24
1400
200
R90m temper~ture
200F (93 OC)

400 F (204 OC)
600F (316 OC)
800 F (427 oC
900F (482 OC)
160
1120
._120
1120
840 c..
'"
:;;:
III
-"
uf
840 c..
'"
:;;:
ui
III
ui
III
ui
Ci
Ci
i!!
560 Ci
III
i!!
80
560 en
40
280
III
i!!
280
L-----~----~-------~----~----~----~O
(e)
12
16
20
24
(d)
12
16
20
24
Ti.115 Ti-13V-ll Cr-3AI solution treated and aged titanium alloy sheet, typical compressive stress-strain curves at
(a) Sheet thickness = 1.6 mm (0.063 in.); test direction: longitudinal. (b) Sheet thickness = 1.6 mm (0.063 in.); test direetion:
transverse. (e) Sheet thiekness = 3.18 mm (0.125 in.); test direetion: longitudinal. (d) Sheet thickness = 3.18 mm (0.125 in.); test
direetion: transverse. UNS R58010
Source: P.J. Hughes, "Determination of Design Data for Heat Treated Titanium Alloy Sheet," Vol l, ASD-TR-62-335, 1962. As published in Aerospace Structural
Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code 3712, ClNDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 14
792/Titanium (Ti)
I -423 "F
320
Ti.116 Ti-13V-11 Cr-3AI solution treated titanium

alloy bar, tensile stress-strain curves at room and
low temperatures
2800
400
,1",
"C)
UNS R58010
Bar diameter = 19 mm (Y. in.)
2240
240
-320 'F (-196 'C)

1680 ro
--
ui
rn
160
Il.
::;
...
80
0.16
0.08
r-... -10 'F (-23 'C)
Room temperature
Source: ER Schwartzberg, S.H. Osgood, RD. Keys, and T,E Kiefer,

"Cryogenic Materials Data Handbook," Progress Report No. 1,
ML-TDR-64-280, SuppL, 1965. As published in Aerospace Structural
1120
""
ro
560
0.32
0.24
Strain, in./in.
200
1400
160
1120
.;
120
ro
80
40

840
::;
560
280
ro
Il.
1/
Test direction: longitudinaL Aged at 538 oC (1000 OP).

Ramberg-Osgood parameter: n(longitudinal) = 30
1-
""uirn
Ti.117 Ti-15V-3Cr-3Sn-3AI solution treated and aged

titanium sheet, typical tensile stress-strain curve at
room temperature
12
16
20
24
Titanium (Ti)/793
200
160
28

56
84
112
'--1---
120
'i
"'ul"
'"
80
40

titanium alloy sheet, typical compressive stress-strain
140
Aged at 538 oc (1000 F). Ramberg-Osgood parameter:

n(longitudinal) = 26
1120
840
'"
a.
ul
'"
560
280
12
16
20
Compressive tangent mOdulus, 106 psi
24
1200~------.--------~-------~------~

curves
160
140

thickness = 0.5-1.9 mm (0.020-0.076 in.)
120
Source: MIL-HDBK-5, 1991. As published in R. Boyer, G. Welsch, and

E. Collings, Ed., Materials Properties Handbook: TztaniumAlloys,
f------+---.--h4--.::........--+__------j
100
~
ul
80
~----~~-----+-----+__----~60
40
20
8
Strain, 0.001 mm/mm
12
~
ii
794/Titanium (Ti)
900
-
800
I~
700
Long
'"~
ii5 400
300
'"
60
40
ii5
b?'
.;
<Ji
200
80
Source: MIL-HDBK-5. 1991. As pub1ished in R. Boyer, G. We1sch, and

-'<
<Ji
100
100
~ngitudinal
'"
::;; 500
o..

thickness =0.53-3.17 mm (0.021-0.125 in.)
L---
transverse~V
600
Ti.120 Ti-15V-3Cr-3Sn-3AI solution treated titanium

alloy sheet, typical tensile stress-strain curves
120
- 20
10
Strain, 0.001 mm/mm
o
1200
30

60
90
120
Ti.121 Ti-15V-3Cr-3Sn-3AI aged titanium aJloy sheet,

150
160
1000

thickness =0.5-1.9 mm (0.020-0.076 in.). Aged at
540 oC (1000 P)
140
Source: MIL-HDBK-5E, 1988. As pub1ished in R. Boyer, G. We1sch,

and E. Collings, Ed., Materials Properties Handbook: Titanium Alloys,
ASM Intemationa1, 1994, p 913
120
800
100.;
'"
o..
::;;
-'<
<Ji
<Ji 600
'"
~
(f)
80
60
400
40
20
16
12
Strain. 0.001 mm/mm
20
24
~
ii5
Titanium (Ti)/795
1400
2
1
Compressive tangent modulus, 10' psi

6
8
10
12
14
11

titanium alloy, typical compressive tangent modulus
curves for room and elevated temperatures
16
- 200
Test direction: transverse
' - Room temperature

1200
205 oC.........
ro
1000
Il..
425C
::;;
r--1---r-__ 1---~
1---
1---
<ti
'"
~
1;)
800
---
'\
1\
............
>
'00
'c.~"
.............
al
600
Source: Collected Engineering Data Sheets, AFML-TR-78-179, 1978.

As published in R. Boyer, G. Welsch, and E. Collings, Ed., Materials
Properties Handbook: TitaniumAlloys, ASM International, 1994, p 913
150
i
al
100 .~
'"c.~
E
400
50
200
20
1200
40
60
80

12
15
18
100
21
120
Ti.123 Ti-16V-2.5AI solution treated and aged

curves for various temperatures
24
27 oC (80F)
160
93 C (200 1F)
1
20 oc (400 F)
1000
140
120
ro
100
Il..
::;;
<ti
'"
2!
80
1i
60
400
40
200
20
00
'00
-'"
<ti 600
!l
12
15
Strain, 0.001 mm/mm
18
21
O
24
= 1.6 mm
Source: "Determination of Design Data for Heat Treated Titanium Alloy

Sheet," Report No. ASD-TDR-62-335, Vol 1, Lockheed-Georgia, Dec
1962. As published in R. Boyer, G. Welsch, and E. Collings, Ed.,
Materials Properties Handbook: TItanium Alloys, ASM International,
1994, P 1007
3)6 oC (6qO F)
427 oC (800F)
800
Test direction: longitudinal. Sheet thickness

(0.063 in.)
'"
1i
796/Titanium (Ti)
1200
21

24
160
1000

(0.063 in.)
140
Source: "Determination of Design Data for Reat Treated Titanium Ailoy

1994, P 1007
120
800
ro
100
Q..
'00
""<Ji
<Ji 600
'~"
80
U5
'"
U5
60
400
538 oC (1000 F)
40
200
20
00
12
15
Strain. 0.001 mm/mm
9
18
21
O
24
18
21
24

titanium alloy sheet, typical compressive stress-strain
12
15
160
100
400~--~~~~---+----+----4~~~----r---=,60
40
200~~~~--+----+----+---~-----r----r---~
20
Strain, 0.001 mm/mm
Test direction: longitudinal. Sheet thickness

(0.063 in.)
= 1.6 mm
Source: "Determination of Design Data for Reat Treated Titanium Alloy

1994, p 1006
~
Titanium (Ti)/797

9
12
15
18
21
24
14oor----~----~---,-------.----.----.----,----.200
Test direction: transverse_ Sheet thickness = 1.6 mm

(0.063 in.)
1200~--~----+----+----~~--~--~----+---~
1000~---+----+---~7-~~~~
~------
150
~ 800~---+----+--I~~~~----~---+----+---~
:2
<Ji
'"
~ 600~---+--~AU~~7~~~----~---+----+---~
400~---+-~~4---~----~-=~5=3~8=OC~(1~00~0~O=F~)-+--~
50
9
12
15
Strain, 0.001 mm/mm
18
21

titanium alloy sheet, typical transverse compressive
stress-strain curves for various temperatures
Source: "Determination of Design Data for Heat Treated Titanium AlIoy

Materials Properties Handbook: Titanium Alloys, ASM Intemational,
1994, p 1006
Pure Metals and Miscellaneous Alloys (MA)/799
Pure Metals and Miscellaneous Alloys (MA)

MA.OO1 Lead and lead alloy single crystals, tensile
stress-elongation curves
4000
MUltiCrysJalline
.. Pb
3500
2500
00
al
2S
b
'"'"~
2000
..!!1
'iii 1500
<=
/
/
1000
500
/(\
S-1
.'
/ ///
/
V->/
~
~
.,,"
,,/
l---"S-1
Pb
1'5-1
0.35% Sn
///'
.'/
0.05
0.10
4.5
1
0.15
Elongation
0.20
co~merci~1 rbll~d shlet 30 lc
0.25
b. Commercial rolled sheet, 65 oC
3.5
v,v /
ro
~ 2.5
'" 2.0
~
en
P ,~
./ /:
~/
/'
/
600
Test specimens 19 x 32 mm (3/4 X 1/8 in.) with 250 mm

(10 in.) gage length. Specimen longitudinal
500
'iii
c.
c
I~
300 ~
ro
L~""
1- 200
i- 100
0.5
0.01
0.1
10
Greep rate, %/year
Souree: Lead and Lead Alloys, Properties and Selection: Nonferrous

Alloys and Special-Purpose Materials, Vol 2, ASM Handbook, ASM
lnternational, 1990, p 549
400
1.0
MA.002 +99.90% lead sheet, stress versus creep

rate
(o.
7' V~
v/
3.0
0.30
Laboratory extruded, tested 30 oc
4.0
1.5
P)
S-1
10.0007% Cu
(~321
Souree: S. Guruswamy, Engineering Properties and Applications of

Lead Alloys, Mareel Dekker. As prepared for the lnternational Lead
Zinc Researeh Organization, lne., p 110
//
ro
O~
3000
Tested at 77 K
100
800/Pure Metals and Miscellaneous Alloys (MA)
3or-----,-----.------.-----.-----.------~~
MA.003 Refined lead and lead alloys, stress-strain

curves
Curve 1, refined lead. Other curves, various alloys. Curve
4 is fine grained, and curve 5 is course grained. Lead has
httle mechanical strength, and its strength is very
sensitive to changes in chemical composition. Variation
of 99.99% purity (UNS L5001O) to 99.9999% purity
(UNS L50001) can result in a change in ultimate tensile
strength from 14 to 9 MPa. Changes in rate of strain of
testing cause similar variaton. Creep strength (Pb. 004) is
more signficant.
25
4
20
ro
a.
::;;
r
~"'
(f)
Source: B.P. Haigh and B. lones, J. Inst. Metals, Vol 51, 1933, p 49.
As published in W. Hofmann, Lead and Lead Alloys, Springer Verlag,
1970, p 201
10
0~----2~0-----4~0------6~0-----8LO-----1~0-0----~12-0~
Elongation, %
60
50
l/Y
11
"' 40
~t.
(])
.s=
(f)
20
10
30
111
111-
L-
/'
001
011
12
~ 10
o
o
:J
00
'6 8
O'b
0=
"o
o
o
"o
o
o
o
'e"
Cl
jg
x
:J
'b
cP<f'oOo
.!:::
o
o
ce
00
o<J>i"o
o~o
~
~
';!:
o '
o o
o
'b00
00
~CO<p~;P ~.
20
40
Shear strain
60
80
100
MA.004 Pb-5ln lead rod, stress-strain curve (top)

and change in flux versus strain (bottom)
Top: stress-strain measured at 4.2 K and a strain rate of
0.0001/s. Bottom: the change in flux accompanyng the
motion of dislocaton as a functon of shear strain
Source: e.s. Pang and 1.M. Galligan, in Precious Metals: Science and
Technology, The International Precious Metals Institute, 1991, p 61
100
80
.;
c.
<Ji
MA.005 Battery grade lithium (2% impurities),
0.70
'.--- f..---0.56
I(
0.42
60
::;;
<Ji
"'
40
0.28
20
0.14
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
Test direction: longitudinal. Sample size = 42.9 mm diam

x 89 mm (1.688 in. diam x 3.5 in.) tested at room
temperature at 3.81 mm/min (0.15 in./min). Modulus of
elasticity = 1880 MPa (273 ksi); 0.2% yield strength =
0.652 MPa (94.5 psi). Other tests with rates varying from
0.127-3.81 mm!min (0.05-0.15 in./min) yielded an
average modulus of elasticity of 1900 MPa (276 ksi) and
an average 0.2% yield strength of 0.558 MPa (81 psi).
Source: Private cornmunication with R. Schultz, Fermi National
Accelerator Laboratory, March 2002
3.5
Slrain x 0.001
MA.006 (l-PU and 8-Pu-l.7 Ga plutonium room

temperature full-range stress-strain curves
Full range uniaxial stress-strain curves for unalloyed (l-
500
X a-Pu
- 60
400
ro
300
o-
- 40
::;;
<Ji
"'
plutonium and fcc 8-phase Pu-1.7 Ga (at.%). X is fracture

point compared to cast iron fracture point. 8-phase is
ductile and work hardens like aluminum.
200
Casi iron
- 20
Aluminum
100
o-Pu
10
20
Slrain, %
30
Source: s.s. Hecker and M.E Stevens, Mechanical Behavior of

Plutonium and lts Alloys, Los Alamos Science, Los Alamos National
Laboratory, Vol II (No. 26), 2000, P 339
MA.007 a-Pu and o-Pu-l.7 Ca plutonium room

temperature expanded-range stress-strain curves
600
Expanded-range uniaxial stress-strain curves for

unalloyed a-plutonium and fcc o-phase Pu-l.7 Ga (at.%).
Modulus of elasticity, a-plutonium, 97 GPa; o-plutonium,
42 GPa.
500
x Fracture
400
a-pul ~
200
Source: S.S. Hecker and M.E Stevens, Mechanical Behavior of

Plutonium and Its Alloys, Los Alamos Science. Los Alamos National
Laboratory, Vol II (No. 26), 2000, P 339
/VE
/
~ = 97 GPa
-42GP,
'Jield strength
100
ji-
o-Pu
0.2
0.6
0.4
1.0
0.8
1.2
Strain. %
MA.008 Silver-copper eutectic alloys, stress-strain

curves at 25 and 625 oC for lamellar and equiaxed
grain structure
40
Equiaxed grain structure (25 'C)
50
Lamellar structure produced by unidirectional solidification had an initial strain rate of O.020/min. Equiaxed
structure produced by extrusion and recrystallization had
an initial strain rate of O.025/min. It is superplastic at
675 oC with low stress and elongation as great as 500%.
30
40
"E
E
'0;
30
""~ 20
uf
ti)
uf
ti)
~
ti)
20
10
Lamellar structure (675 'C)
10
Equiaxed grain structure (675 OC)
00
-'"
10
20
30
Elongation. o %
40
50
Source: H.E. Cline and D. Lee, Precious Metals: Science and

Technology, The International Precious Metals Institute, 1991, p 645
500~----~------~------r-----~-------r---'
MA.009 Silver, Ag-6Sn alloy, stress-strain curves for

silver and silver-6 at. % Sn solid solution at various
temperatures
Arrows indicate end of linear hardening range (stage 2).
400~-----+------~------+------4~---,~
Source: R W.K. Honeycombe, The Plastic Deformation of Me tals,

American Society for Metals, 1984, p 233
& 300~-----+------~----~~~~~---=~~=-_4
:;
,,;
Ul
~
<Il
~ 200~-----+--~~~~~--+------4------~--_4
0.1
0.2
0.3
Natural strain
0.5
0.4
8
500r------r------r-----,------,------,-~--_,
MA.010 Silver, Ag-Ga alloy, stress-strain curves for

silver and silver-gallium solid solutions
Tested at 77 K, constant grain size. Arrows indicate linear
hardening range (stage 2).
Source: R.W.K. Honeycombe, The Plastic Deformation of Metals,
American Society for Metals, 1984, p 235
& 300~----~------~~~~~~_4--~--+_----_4
:;
i
<Il
~ 200~----~~~~~~--+_----_+------+_----~
100~~~~----~-------4------+------+-----~
0.1
0.2
0.3
Natural strain
0.4
8
0.5
0.6
MA.011 Sn-0.5Bi tin solder, true stress-strain

at -20 oc (_4F)
80
Curve 1,Sn-O.5 Bi at.% (Sn-O.9 Bi wt%); curve 2, Sn-l.5

Bi at.% (Sn-2.6 Bi wt%). Strain rate 5 x 10-5 S-l.
60
ca
o..
:;;
<Ji
~ 40
ID
20
/'
1--
!(
-ir
v
o
o
0.1
Souree: T. Reinikainien and J. Kivilahti, Deformation Behavior of

Dilute SnBi (0.5 to 6 Al. Pet) Solid Solution, as published in Metal!.
Mater. Trans. A. ASM, Vo130A, Jan 1999, p 126
!-----~- [\1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
True strain

at 90 oC (194F)
80
60
ca
o..
:;;
<Ji
~ 40
ID
Curve 1, Sn-O.5 Bi at. % (Sn-O.9 Bi wt%); curve 2, Sn-1.5

Bi at.% (Sn-2.6 Bi wt%); curve 3, Sn-3.0 Bi at.% (Sn-5.2
Bi wt%); curve 4, Sn-6.0 Bi at.% (Sn-lO.O Bi wt%).
Strain rate 5 x 10-5 S-l.
f4
1('~2
[(
20

Dilute SnBi (0.5 to 6 Al. Pet) Solid Solution, as published in Metall.
Mater. Trans. A, ASM Intemational, Vo130A, Jan 1999, p 126
..---
0.1
11
0.2
0.3
True strain
0.4
0.5
Pure Melals and Miscellaneous Alloys (MA)/805
40.-------,-------~------_,------_r------_,
30~+_----+_------~-------~------~------~

at 23 oC (73F)
Curve 1, Sn-O.5 Bi at. % (Sn-O.9 Bi wt%); curve 2, Sn-l.5
Bi wt%); curve 4, Sn-6.0 Bi at. % (Sn-1O.0 Bi wt%).
Strain rate 5 x 10-5 S-l.
Dilute SnBi (0.5 to 6 At. Pet) Solid Solution, as published in Metal/.
Mater. Trans. A, ASM Intemational, Vo130A, Jan 1999, p 126
'"
O-
:2
rJ
~ 20~~~~~~~~~-------4_------~------~
i
())
0.1
0.3
0.2
0.4
0.5
True strain
20 --

at 150 oC (302F)
Curve 1, Sn-O.5 Bi ato % (Sn-O.9 Bi wt%); curve 2, Sn-l.5
Bi wt%). Strain rate 5 x 10 -5 S-l.
15

Dilute SnBi (0.5 to 6 At. Pet) Solid Solution, as published in Metall.
Mater. Trans. A, ASM, Vo130A, Jan 1999, p 126
'"
O-
:2
rJ
<J)
10
i
())
~
5
,---- ""~.
0.1
'-
~\
"-
0.3
0.2
True strain
0.4
0.5
400
4
350
300
2450
Comparison of curve 1, pure uranium; curve 2, U-3 Mo

(wt %); curve 3, U-5 Re (wt %); and curve 4, U-3Mo-0.5
Cr (wt %). Alloys were annealed 700 to 800 oC, 2 h;
water quenched, tempered 400 oC, 2 h.
2100
-2
1750 '"
a.
::;
~ 200
1400
Q)
::;
t=
MA.015 Uranium alloys, compressive stress-strain

for high hardness alloys
250
2800
150
100
Source: P.A.Kulin, J. De Avellar, and R. Jenkins, The Preparation of

Uranium Alloys of High Density and High Hardness, as published in
WD. Wilkinson Uranium Metallurgy, Vol II: Uranium Corros ion and
Alloys, Interscience Publishers, 1962, p 870
---
Q)
1050
2
1-
700
1/
350
50
0.1
0.3
0.2
0.5
0.4
Slrain
50
350
45
315
/ '-
40
35
30
MA.016 ZA3Fl zinc flats, tensile stress-strain curve

Flat size: 12.7 x 6.35 mm (0.5 x 0.25 in.). Five
specimens were tested. Average ultimate tensile strength,
281.8 MPa (40.87 ksi), average yield strength, 194.1 MPa
(28.15 ksi)
260
Source: Noranda Technology Centre, Pointe Claire, Quebec, Canada
245
210
&.
::;
175 !Ji
'"
~
U)
20
140
15
105
10
70
35
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
Slrain, %
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
MA.017 Powder-metallurgy zinc rod, effect of

various amounts of prestrain at 240 oC (464F) on
stress-strain behavior at room temperature
36
252
32
224
28
196 Il.ro
:2
ui
!I)
ui
1i
(1)
Source: G.R. Edwards, J.C. Payne, and O.D. Sherby, Strain Softening in
Powder Metallurgy Zinc, Met. Trans. A, Oct 1971, P 2956
(1)
::
!::
Rods compressed longitudinally at room temperature.

Initial strain rate 0.067/min. Curves indicate that
specimens which had been prestrained 55% or more at
240 oC (464 P) no longer strain-softened appreciably
and were considerably weaker than material that
contained the much larger, elongated grains.
168 ~
24
16oL-----oL.1----~O.-2----0-l.-3----0~.4-----0~.5-----0~.6----~o.i12
True strain
15r-------,-------,-------,--------,-------,105
MA.018 Powder-metallurgy zinc rod, compressive

stress-strain curves with effect of strain aging
at 0.6 Tro
14~----~+-------+-------_r------_r-------i98
13H-------~------+_------~------_r------~91
Unload
9r-__~1~h~a~n~ne=a~I~7_+_~~~~~----_r------~68
Tm' melting temperature. These curves compare true
stress-strain curves for a continuously deformed sample

and for a sample (solid circles) that was unloaded and
annealed at several points in strain (open circles). Both
samples were compressed, parallel to the extrusion axis at
140 oC (0.6 Tm) and at initial strain rate of 0.067/min. No
drop in flow stress was ever observed when the
interrupted test was continued, even after a 4 h anneal at
0.6 Tm on a sample deformed to 25% true strain. The
effects of strain rate and temperature on the degree of
strain softening in powder-metallurgy zinc were also
inconsistent with dynamic recovery. Strain softening was
enhanced by high strain rate and low temperature, being
most prominent at -76 oC and 0.17/min.
Source: G.R. Edwards, J.e. Payne, and O.D. Sherby, Strain Softening in
80~------O~.1-------0~.2-_------0~.-3-------0~.4--~~~O.~6
True strain
36
32
r ~
-'"
196 f
::;
c
\"""'"
0000
t
aJ
24
20
~
0.1
Comparison of longitudinal (parallel to extrusion axis)

and transverse (perpendicular to extrusion axis)
mechanical behavior for powder-metallurgy zinc rods at
room temperature with an initia! strain rate O.067/min
224
'00 28
MA.019 Powder-metallurgy zinc rod, compressive

252
~
aJ
168 ~
~nsverse
0.2
0.3
.6.
~-vo
OA
True strain
140
-.>
0.5
0.6
112
0.7
Source: G.R. Edwards. J.C. Payne, and O.D. Sherby, Strain Softening in
Alloy Index
1.1 % carbon W-type water-hardening (tool
steel) .......................... 276
2.25Cr-lMo chromium-molybdenum alloy
steel ........................... 94
3.3% silicon alloy steel .............. 127
3.60-3.90% carbon ductile steel ........ 29
4.35 carbon equivalent compacted graphite
iron ............................ 25
9Ni-4Co-0.20C ultrahigh-strength
steel ...................... 151, 152
9Ni-4Co-0.30C ultrahigh-strength
steel ...................... 153-155
lOB46 carbon sleel .................. 85
13-8PH Mo (stain1ess steel) ....... 220-224
14-8PH Mo (stainless steel) .......... 225
15-5PH (stain1ess steel) .......... 225-228
15-7PH (stainless steel) .......... 228-234
17-22A(S) ultrahigh-strength steel ..... 150
18Ni (250) high-strength maraging
steel ...................... 142-147
steel ...................... 147, 148
steel ...................... 148, 149
21-6-9 (stainless steel) ........... 163-165
+99.90% lead ..................... 799
124EG-T5 (cast alurninum) ........... 279
200 high-strength maraging steel ...... 141
201 (stainless steel) ............. 161, 162
201.0-T43 (cast aluminum) ....... 282, 283
201.0-T6 (cast aluminum) ........ 279,280
201.0-T6 (cast alurninum) ........ 279, 280
201.0-T7 (cast aluminum) ........ 281, 282
201-1 (stainless steel) ............... 162
201-2 (stain1ess steel) ............... 162
202 (stainless steel) ................. 163
205 (stainless steel). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
242.0-T5 (cast aluminum) ............ 284
300M ultrahigh-strength steel ......... 150
301 (stainless steel) ......... 162, 166-180
302 (stainless steel) ................. 180
303 (stainless steel) ................. 181
304 (stainless steel) ..... 162., 181-189,214
304L (stainless steel) ............... 190
310 (stainless steel) ............. 190-192
316 (stainless stee1) ............. 193-202
316L (stain1ess steel) ............... 202
321 (stainless steel) ............. 203-205
347 (stainless steel) ............. 205-208
348 (stainless steel) ............. 209, 210
354.0-T5 (cast aluminum) ............ 286
356.0-T6 (cast alurninum) ........ 288-291
409 (stainless steel) ................. 268
410 (stain1ess steel) ............. 215, 216

420 (stainless steel) ............. 216, 217
422 (stainless steel) ............. 217, 218
434 (stainless steel) ................. 162
439 (stain1ess steel) ................. 268
1007 carbon steel ................... 69
1008 carbon steel ................ 69, 70
1015 carbon steel ................ 70, 72
1018 carbon steel ................... 92
1020 carbon steel .......... 72, 73, 80-82
1023 carbon steel ................... 83
1025 carbon (0.25% C) steel. .......... 84
1030 carbon steel ................ 73, 92
1035 carbon steel ................ 81, 82
1040 carbon steel ............. 82, 84, 92
1041 carbon steel ................... 92
1045 carbon steel ................... 85
1060 carbon steel ................... 86
1060-H12 (wrought alurninum) ........ 300
1060-0 (wrought aluminum) . . . . . . . .. 299
1100-HI2 ........................ 301
1095 carbon steel ................... 82
1100-H16 (wrought aluminum) ........ 302
1100-0 (wrought aluminum) ......... 301
1112 carbon steel ................... 87
1340 carbon stee1 ................... 92
1522 carbon steel ................... 91
2014-T4 (wrought alurninum) ..... 299,311
2014-T6 (wrought alurninum) ..... 304-314
2014-T6, ciad (wrought
aluminum) .............. 304-311,313
2014-T62 (wrought aluminum) ........ 315
2014-T651 (wrought aluminum) ... 315, 316
2014-T651X (wrought alurninum) ..... 316
2014-T652 (wrought aluminum) ....... 317
2017-T4 (wrought alurninum) ......... 318
2024, ciad (wrought alurninum) ....... 319
2024-T3 (wrought alurninum) .... 319,325,
327,331,332,343,346,347
2024-T3, ciad (wrought alurninum) .... 343,
346,347
2024-T3+ararnid 2/1 (alurninum
larninate) ............... 503, 505, 507
larninate) ............... 503, 505, 507
laminate) ............... 504, 506, 508
laminate) ............... 504, 506, 508
2024-T351 (wrought alurninum) ... 327,332
2024-T351, ciad (wrought alurninum) ... 332
2024-T351X (wrought alurninum) ..... 333
2024-T36 (wrought aluminum) ....... 299,

334,343
2024-T36, ciad (wrought alurninum) .... 343
2024-T4 (wrought aluminum) .... 319, 322,
326,327,335,344
2024-T4, ciad (wrought alurninum) ..... 344
2024-T42 (wrought alurninum) .... 335, 336
2024-T42, cIad (wrought aluminum) ... 335,
336
2024-T6 (wrought alurninum) .... 321, 325,
328
2024-T62 (wrought alurninum) .... 337, 338
2024-T81 (wrought alurninum) ... 323,325,
329,338,339,345
2024-T81, ciad (wrought aluminum) .... 345
2024-T851 (wrought aluminum) ... 338-340
2024-T851O (wrought aluminum) .. 338, 339
2024-T8511 (wrought aluminum) .. 338, 339
325
325,330,341,345
2024-T86, ciad (wrought alurninum) .... 345
2024-T861 (wrought alurninum) ....... 342
2048-T851 (wrought alurninum) ... 348, 349
2124-T851 (wrought alurninum) ... 351-354
2219-T6 (wrought alurninum) ......... 355
2219-T62 (wrought aluminum) .... 355,357
2219-T81 (wrought alurninum) .... 356,358
2219-T851 (wrought aluminum) ....... 358
2219-T852 (wrought alurninum) ... 359,360
361
2519-T87 (wrought alurninum) ........ 362
2618 (wrought aluminum) ........... 363
2618-T61 (wrought aluminum) .... 363-367
3003-0 (wrought alurninum) ......... 367
3004-0 (wrought alurninum) ......... 370
3140 carbon steel ................... 92
4023 carbon steel ................... 92
4027 carbon steel ................... 92
4042 carbon steel ................... 92
4130 chrornium-molybdenum alloy
steel ........................ 95-99
4140 carbon steel ................... 92
4140 chrornium-molybdenum alloy
steel ...................... 100-102
810 / Alloy Index
4330 nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloy

steel .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103-105
4340 carbon steel ................... 92
steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103-112
steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103-105
4419 carbon steel ................... 92
4440 carbon steel ................... 92
5052-H34 (wrought aluminum) .... 373-375
5052-H38 (wrought aluminum) .... 375-377
5083-0 (wrought aluminum) ...... 378,379
5086-H112 (wrought aluminum) ....... 381
5086-H32 (wrought aluminum) .... 381, 382
5086-H34 (wrought aluminum) .... 383, 384
5140 carbon steel ................... 92
5456-H111 (wrought a1uminum) ....... 397
5456-H311 (wrought a1uminum) ....... 395
5456-H321 (wrought a1uminum) ... 394, 398
5456-0 (wrought a1uminum) ..... 393, 396,
397
6013-T4 (wrought aluminum) ..... 399,400
6013-T6 (wrought aluminum) ..... 400-402
6061-0 (wrought a1uminum) ..... 299,409,
414
6061-T4 (wrought aluminum) .... 299,410,
414
6061-T6 (wrought aluminum) .... 299,406,
407,411-413,415-419
6061-T651 (wrought aluminum) ... 404,405,
408
6061-T651X (wrought aluminum) ..... 420,
421
6063-T6 (wrought aluminum) ..... 299, 422
701O-T7451 (wrought aluminum) ..... 423,
424
701O-T7651 (wrought aluminum) ..... 425,
426
430-432,434,435,437
7049-T7351 (wrought aluminum) ..... 429,
430
436
7050 (wrought aluminum) ........... 443
440,442
7050-T7351X (wrought
aluminum) .................. 445-447
7050-T73651 (wrought
aluminum) .................. 438, 439
447,448
439,443-445,448,449
7050-T74511 (wrought aluminum) .449,450
450-452
7049-T73511 (wrought aluminum) ..... 429
7050-T753l (wrought aluminum) ...... 442
452,453
7050-T7651X (wrought
aluminum) .................. 453-455
7075-0, dad (wrought aluminum) ..... 459
7075-T6 (wrought aluminum) .... 299, 456460,463-466
7075-T6, dad (wrought
aluminum) .......... 459-462, 464, 465
7075-T62 (wrought a1uminum) .... 466,467
468
7075-T651X (wrought aluminum) .. 469,470
7075-T7351X (wrought aluminum) .... 471,
472
7075-T7352 (wrought aluminum) .. 472,473
7150-T6151 (wrought aluminum) ...... 474
7150-T7751 (wrought aluminum) ...... 476
7175-T73511 (wrought aluminum) .... 477,
478
7175-T74 (wrought aluminum) .... 478-480,
482-485
7475-T61, dad (wrought aluminum) ... 489,
495
491
7475-T7351 (wrought aluminum) .. 488,491,
492
7475-T761 (wrought aluminum) ... 496,497
7475-T761, dad (wrought a1uminum) .. 489,
490,497-500
7475-T761+aramid 2/1 (aluminum
laminate) .................. 509,510,512
1aminate) ............... 509, 511, 512

laminate) ....................... 513
7475-T761+aramid 4/3,5/4 (aluminum
laminate) ................... 510,511
7475-T761 +aramid 5/4 (aluminum
laminate) ....................... 513
8090-T8 (wrought aluminum) ......... 501
8630 nickel-chromium-molybdenum
alloy steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113-118
8640 carbon steel ................... 92
9310 nickel-chromium-molybdenum
alloy steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119, 120
52100 chromium alloy steel ........... 93
A2 (tool steel) ..................... 269
A20l.0-T7 (cast aluminum) .......... 284
A286 nickel-chromium-molybdenum
alloy steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102, 103
A332.0-T5(PC) (cast aluminum) ....... 285
A356.0-T6 (cast aluminum) ...... 291-293
A356.0-T6P (cast aluminum) ..... 293,294
A357.0-T6 (cast aluminum) ...... 294-297
AAR grade A high-carbon steel ........ 75
AAR grade B high-carbon steel ........ 75
AAR grade C high-carbon stee1 ........ 75
AAR specification M101 grade
C austenitic manganese steel. ........ 77
AAR specification MI01 grade
E austenitic manganese steel ......... 78
Admiralty brass (antimonial)(copper) ... 536
Admiralty brass (arsenical)(copper) .... 535
AerMet 100 high-strength structural
steel. .............. 135, 136, 137, 138
AF 1410 ultrahigh-strength stee1 ... 155, 156
AFC-77 (stain1ess stee1) ..... 218, 219, 220
AFC-77 (stainless steel) ......... 218-220
Ag-Ga (silver) ..................... 803
Ag-6Sn (silver) .................... 803
AL 2205 (stain1ess steel) ............. 266
Alloy steel. .................... 93-127
Alpha (a) iron alloy ................. 63
Alpha (a)-Pu (plutonium) ........ 801, 802
Aluminum bronze (copper) ........... 540
A1uminum bronze D (copper) ......... 540
Aluminum-killed deep-drawing carbon
steel ........................... 71
A1uminum-killed steel. ............ 67, 71
AM-350 (stainless steel) ......... 250-255
AM-355 (stain1ess steel) ......... 256-260
AM-362 (stain1ess steel) ............. 261
AM-363 (stainless steel) ............. 261
Arctic stee1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
Arsenical tough-pitch copper. ..... 517, 518
As-quenched carbon (0.2% C)
stee1 ........................... 78
ASTM A36 carbon steel ......... 132, 133
ASTM A36 high-strength low-alloy
steel .......................... 129
ASTM A128-E2 carbon steel ....... 89,90
Alloy Index / 811

steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129, 130
ASTM A514 grade A high-strength
structural steel. .............. 133, 134
ASTM A514 high-strength structural
steel ...................... 132, 133
ASTM A517 grade A high-strength
ASTM A517 grade B high-strength
ASTM A517 grade F high-strength
ASTM A517 grade H high-strength
ASTM A537 high-strength structural
steel ...................... 132, 133
(grade 50) steel .............. 132, 133
ASTM A633 grade C high-strength
low-alloy steel. .................. 132
Austempered ductile iron .......... 26-28
Austenitic manganese steel ......... 77, 78
AZ3IB-F (magnesium) .............. 555
AZ3IB-H24 (magnesium) ........... 556
AZ3IB-O (magnesium) ............. 556
AZ61A (magnesium) ........ 557,558,559
AZ63A (magnesium) ............... 562
AZ63A-F (magnesium) .............. 560
AZ63A-T4 (magnesium) ............. 560
AZ63A-T6 (magnesium) ......... 560,561
AZ80A-T5 (magnesium ............. 563
AZ91-T4 (magnesium) .............. 567
AZ91-T6 (magnesium) .............. 567
AZ91A-F (magnesium) .............. 564
AZ91C-T4 (magnesium) ......... 564--566
AZ91C-T6 (magnesium) ......... 565, 569
AZ9IE-T6 (magnesium) ......... 568,569
AZ92A-F (magnesium) .......... 569-571
AZ92A-T4 (magnesium) ......... 569-571
AZ92A-T5 (magnesium) ............. 571
AZ92A-T6 (magnesium) ......... 569-574
B-1900 (nickel) ................ 632, 633
Battery grade lithium (2% impurities) ... 801
Be-38Al, Lockalloy (beryIlium) ... 708, 709
Be-2%BeO (beryIlium) .............. 705
BG 170 brake grade (beryIlium) ....... 705
Blackheart malleable iron .......... 56, 57
Boron-niobium high-strength lowalloy steel ...................... 140
Boron steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
C5 dual-phase high-strength low-alloy
steel .......................... 139
C355.0-T61 (cast aluminum) ......... 287
Carbon steel .................... 67-92
Carbon steel, cold-worked (0.2% C) ..... 74
Carbon steel (Fe-0.08C-1.45Mn-0.21Si) .. 90
Cartridge brass 70-30 (copper) .... 526-528
Cast iron, unclassified ................ 23
Cast steel, unclassified ............... 23
Chrornium alloy steel ................ 93

Chromium-molybdenum alloy steel. . 94-102
Chrornium-rhenium alloy (chrornium) ... 711
Commercial bronze (copper) ...... 522, 523
Commercial high-strength low-alloy
steel ...................... 139, 140
Commercially pure grade 2
titanium .................... 731,732
Commercially pure grade 3 titanium .... 734
Commercially pure grade 4 titanium 734, 735
Commercially pure molybdenum ...... 717
Commercially pure-0.03C
molybdenum .................... 718
Commercially pure niobium .......... 720
Commercially pure recrystallized
tantalum ....................... 724
Commercially pure tantalum .......... 723
Commercially pure titanium
(CP-Ti) ................ 729-731,735
Commercially pure tungsten .......... 726
Compacted cast iron, unclassified ....... 23
Compacted graphite iron ............ 25, 62
CON-PAC high-strength low-alloy
steel .......................... 129
Conventional niobium high-strength
low-alloy steel. .............. 139, 140
Conventional silicon-manganese highstrength low-alloy steel ............ 140
Copper beryllium-TFOO (copper) ... 519,520
Copper beryIlium-TH04 (copper) ...... 520
Copper-boron high-strength low-alloy
steel .......................... 140
Copper gilding-metal (copper) ........ 521
Copper-nickel 10% (copper) .......... 543
Copper-nickel 20% (copper) ...... 543, 544
Copper-nickel 30% (copper) ...... 544-546
Copper-nickel-aluminum (copper) ...... 554
Copper-nickel-silicon (copper) ........ 541
Copper-niobium-nickel high-strength
low-alloy steel. .................. 140
Copper-niobium-titanium high-strength
low-alloy steel. .................. 140
COR-TEN high-strength low-alloy
steel .......................... 129
Custom 450 (stainless steel) .......... 262
Custom 455 (stainless steel) ...... 263-265
D2 (tool steel) ................. 269,270
D3 (tool steel) ..................... 270
D357.0-T6 (cast alurninum) .......... 297
D6A ultrahigh-strength steel. ......... 156
D6AC ultrahigh-strength steel. ........ 156
Dead soft rimmed steel ............... 67
Deep-drilling copper ................ 533
Delta (o)-Pu-1.7Ga (plutonium) ... 801,802
Dispersion strengthened copper ....... 519
Dual phase steel .................... 86
Ductile cast iron ............ 26-35, 41, 45
E8ZR (niobium) ................... 722

E332.0-T5 (cast aluminum) .......... 285
EK3IXA-T6 (magnesium) ........... 575
Electrolytic tough-pitch copper .... 515,516
EX-TEN 42 high-strength low-alloy
steel .......................... 129
steel .......................... 129
steel .......................... 129
EZ33A-T5 (magnesium) ......... 576-581
F332.0-T5(SR) (cast alurninum) ....... 286
Fe-5Ni-Cr-Mo-V high-strength
low-alloy steel. .................. 130
Fe-8.4Cr-8.4Ni transformation-induced
plasticity (TRIP) high-strength steel .. 158
Fe-17Cr-7Ni-Ti(stainless steel) .... 265, 266
Ferritic commercial high-strength
low-alloy Arctic steel ............. 140
Ferritic compacted graphite iron ..... 25, 62
Ferritic ductile iron ......... 29,31-33,35
Ferritic ductile iron, unclassified ........ 24
Ferritic malleable iron ................ 56
Ferritic nodular ductile iron ........ 36, 37
Flake cast iron, unclassified ........... 23
Flake graphite, gray iron ........... 52, 53
Forging brass (copper) .............. 534
Fully alurninum-killed deep-drawing
carbon steel. ..................... 71
Gamma (y) iron alloy ................ 64
GM 980X dual phase carbon steel ...... 86
Grade 2 equivalent titanium .......... 733
Gray cast iron ................... 46-55
Gray iron, class 20 to 50 .............. 48
Gray iron, class 20 ............... 50, 51
Gray iron, class 30 .................. 48
Gray iron, c1ass 35 .................. 50
Gray iron, c1ass 40 ............... 49-51
Gray iron, c1ass 60 .................. 51
Gray iron, unclassified ............... 24
H-l1 Mod (tool steel) ........... 271-275
Hadfield steel ................... 88-90
Hastelloy X (nickel) ............ 682, 683
HaynesAlloy No. 188 (cobalt) .... 715-717
Heat-treatable aluminum alloys ........ 279
High brass (copper) ................ 529
High-carbon steel ................... 75
High leaded brass (copper) ....... 531, 532
High-silicon bronze A (copper) ........ 542
High-silicon nodular graphite iron ...... 61
High-strength low-alloy (HSLA) steel ... 86,
129-133, 138-140
High-strength maraging steel. . . . . . 141-149
High-strength nonresulfurized carbon
steel ........................... 76
High-strength steel ............. 129-160
HK3IA (magnesium) ............... 582
HK3IA-H24 (magnesium) ....... 582-587
HK3IA-O (magnesium) ......... 587-592
812 / Alloy Index
HK31A-T6 (magnesium) ......... 592-594

HM21A-T8 (magnesium) ........ 595-599
HM21A-T81 (magnesium) ........... 600
HM31A (magnesium) ........... 600-602
HM31A-F (magnesium) ......... 602-606
HM31A-T5 (magnesium) ........ 607, 608
HNM nicke1 al10y steel. ............. 121
HY-TUF nickel alloy steel. ....... 122, 123
HZ32A-T5 (magnesium) ............. 609
170 brake grade (beryllium) .......... 705
1400 (beryllium) ................... 705
IN 100 (nicke1) .................... 640
IN 617 (nickel) .................... 679
Inco 713LC (nickel) ................ 634
Incoloy 25-6 (nickel) ............ 702, 703
Incoloy 330 (nickel) ................ 702
Incoloy 800 (nickel) ............ 675, 676
Incoloy 800H (nickel) ........... 676, 677
Incoloy 803 (nickel) ............ 123, 124
Incoloy 825 (nickel) ................ 701
Incoloy 840 (nickel) ............ 124, 125
Incoloy 864 (nickel) ............ 126, 127
Incoloy 901 (nickel) ................ 693
Incoloy 909 (nickel) ............ 698, 699
Incoloy A286 (nickel) ............ 125, 126
Incoloy C276 (nickel) ............... 636
Inconel 600 (nickel) ............ 637-639
Inconel 601 (nickel) ............ 683, 684
Inconel 617 (nickel) ................ 680
Inconel 625 (nickel) ............ 670-675
Inconel 686 (nickel) ................ 678
Inconel 702 (nickel) ................ 641
Inconel 706 (nickel) ............ 694-697
Inconel 713C (nickel) ............... 635
Inconel 718 (nicke1) ............ 652-659
Incone1 725 (nickel) ............ 660,661
Inconel HX (nickel) ................ 681
Inconel MA 754 (nickel) ......... 659, 660
Incone1 X-750 (nicke1) .......... 644-646
Interstitial-free steel ................. 67
Iron alloy ......................... 24
L6 (tool steel) ..................... 276
L-605 (cobalt) ................. 712, 713
L-type 10w-alloy special purpose
(too1 steel) ...................... 275
Lancashire brass (copper) ............ 533
Lead alloy single crystal ............. 799
Leaded nicke1 silver (copper) ......... 551
Lead single crystal ................. 799
Low brass 80-20 (copper) ............ 525
Low-carbon steel. ............. 67-69, 71
Low-silicon bronze type B (copper) .... 542
M2 (tool steel) .................... 269
MA 6000 (nickel) .............. 642-644
Magnesium single crystal ............ 555
Malleable cast iron ............... 56-60
Manganese-chromium dual-phase
high-strength 10w-alloy steel .... 139, 140
Manganese dual-phase high-strength lowalloy steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140

Manganese nitride dual-phase
high-strength 10w-alloy steel .... 139, 140
Maraging steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141-149
Metastable austenitic stainless
steel ...................... 210-213
Microalloyed high-strength 10w-alloy
steel .......................... 131
Molybdenum-modified Hadfield
steel ........................ 89, 90
Monel 400 (nickel) ............. 692, 693
Monel K-500 (nickel) ........... 684-687
MP35N multiphase alloy (cobalt) ...... 719
MP159 multiphase alloy (cobalt) ...... 719
Muntz metal copper ................ 530
N50 (beryllium) ................... 709
Naval brass (copper) ............ 537,538
Nb752 (niobium) ............... 720, 721
Ni 200 (nicke1) .................... 631
Nickel alloy iron .................... 62
Nickel alloy steel. .............. 121-127
Nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloy
steel ...................... 102-120
Nickel-molybdenum alloy (nickel) ..... 700
Nickel silver (copper) ........... 546-549
Nickel silver 55-18 (copper) .......... 550
Nimonic 75 (nickel) ............ 647, 648
Nimonic 90 (nickel) ............ 665-668
Nimonic 263 (nickel) ............... 669
Nitronic 33 (stainless steel) ........... 214
Nitronic 60 (stainless stee1) ........... 214
Nodular ductile cast iron .... 36, 37, 39, 40,
42--44
Nodular graphite cast iron ............. 61
Nonresulfurized carbon steel. .......... 76
01 (tool stee1) ..................... 269
Oxygen-free copper ................ 515
Pb-5In (lead) ...................... 800
Pearlitic compacted graphite iron .... 25, 62
Pearlitic ductile iron ........ 29, 31-34, 41
Pearlitic ductile iron, unclassified ....... 24
Pearlitic gray iron ................ 47,49
Pearlitic malleable iron ............ 56-60
Pearlitic nodular ductile iron ..... 40, 42--44
Pen-metal copper .............. 534, 535
Phosphor bronze (copper) ........ 538,539
Phosphorus-deoxidized high
residual phosphorus (copper) .... 516, 517
Powder-metallurgy zinc .......... 807, 808
Powder metal preform steel ........... 65
Pure uranium ..................... 806
QE22A-T6 (magnesium) ......... 610-612
QE22A-T8 (magnesium) ............. 613
Quenched-and-tempered carbon (0.2% C)
stee1 ........................... 78
Recarburized ductile steel. ............ 38

Red brass (copper) ............. 523,524
Refined lead ...................... 800
Refined lead alloys ................. 800
Ren 41 (nickel) ............... 649-652
Rhenium ......................... 723
Rimmed carbon (0.03% C) steel ........ 68
Rimmed low-carbon (0.03% C) steel .... 69
Rimmed steel ................... 67-69
S200E (beryllium) .............. 705-707
SAE 950 high-strength 10w-al10y steel .. 138
SAE 950X high-strength low-alloy steel .. 86
SAE 980 high-strength low-alloy steel .. 138
SAE 980X high-strength low-alloy steel .. 86
Silicon aluminum bronze (copper) ..... 541
Silicon brass No. 1 (copper) .......... 552
Silicon brass No. 2 (copper) ...... 552,553
Silicon-manganese dual-phase high-strength
10w-alloy steel. .............. 139, 140
Silver ........................... 803
Silver-copper eutectic alloys
(silver) ........................ 802
Sn-0.5Bi (tin) ................. 804, 805
Sn-1.5Bi (tin) ................. 804, 805
Sn-3.0Bi (tin) ................. 804, 805
Sn-6.0Bi (tin) ................. 804, 805
Spheroidal cast iron, unclassified ....... 23
Spring brass (copper) ........... 525, 526
SR200 (beryllium) ............. 705, 706
Standard grade nonresulfurized carbon
steel ........................... 76
Steel, unclassified ................... 24
Stee1 preform powder metal ........... 65
T-1 ASTMA517, grades B, F, and H
high-strength structured steel. ... 134, 135
T-l type A high-strength 10w-alloy
steel .......................... 129
T-1 type B high-strength low-alloy
steel .......................... 129
T-250 high-strength maraging steel ..... 141
Ta-lOW (tantalum) ............. 724, 725
TD nicke1 (nickel) .............. 688-692
Temper rolled low-carbon steel ......... 67
Thorium-carbon alloy (thorium) ....... 725
Ti-0.02C-0.20Fe-0.005H-0.01N-0.200
(titanium) ...................... 734
Ti-lOV-2Fe-3Al (titanium) ....... 777-782
Ti-l1.5Mo-6Zr-4.5Sn (titanium) ... 784-786
Ti-11Sn-5Zr-2.25Al-1Mo-0.21Si
(titanium) .................. 783, 784
Ti-13V-llCr-3Al (titanium) ....... 787-792
Ti-15V-3Cr-3Sn-3Al (titanium) .... 792-795
Ti-16V-2.5Al (titanium) ......... 795-797
Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr
(titanium) .................. 736, 737
Ti--40 (titanium) ................... 729
Ti-5Al-2.5Sn (titanium) .......... 738-740
Ti-55 (titanium) ............... 729, 735
Alloy Index / 813
Ti-6Al-2Sn-2Zr-2Mo-2Cr-0.25Si
(titanium) .................. 741-744
Ti-6AI-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo (titanium) ... 744-751
Ti-6AI-2Sn-4Zr-6Mo (titanium) ....... 752
Ti-6Al-4V (titanium) ............ 753-764
Ti-6Al-6V2Sn (titanium) ........ 765-769
Ti-70 (titanium) ................... 729
Ti-7Al-4Mo (titanium) .............. 770
Ti-8Al-lMo-lV (titanium) ....... 771-774
Ti-8Mn (titanium) .............. 774-776
Transformation-induced plasticity
(TRIP) high-strength steel ...... 157-159
TRI-TEN high-strength lo~-alloy steel .. 129
TRIP steels ................... 157-159
Tungsten copper composite (copper) .... 553
TZM molybdenum alloy
(molybdenum) .................. 718
U-3Mo (uranium) .................. 806

U-3Mo-0.5Cr (uranium .............. 806
U-5Re (uranium) .................. 806
Udimet 700 (U-700)(nickel) ...... 646, 647
Ultrahigh-strength steel .......... 150-156
Uranium alloys .................... 806
USS COR-TEN A high-strength
low-alloy steel. .............. 129, 130
U.S.S. dual-phase 80 high-strength
low-alloy steel. .................. 138
Wl (tool steel) .................... 269
W-Hf-C (tungsten) ................. 726
Waspaloy (nickel) .............. 661-664
Weathering steel ................... 140
WI-52 (cobalt) .................... 714
Worked chromium (chromium) ........ 710
X-40 (cobalt) ..................... 714
X2020-T6 (wrought aluminum) .... 299, 318

X5090-H36 (wrought aluminum) ...... 385
X5090-H38 (wrought aluminum) .. 386-388
XM-27 (stainless steel) .............. 267
ZA3Fl (zinc) ..................... 806
ZElOA-H24 (magnesium) ............ 614
ZElOA-O (magnesium) .............. 614
ZE41A-T5 (magnesium) ......... 615, 616
ZH62A-T5 (magnesium) ............. 616
Zircaloy 2 (zirconium) .............. 727
Zirconium copper (copper) ........... 518
ZK60A-F (magnesium) .......... 617, 620
ZK60A-T5 (magnesium) ......... 617-626
ZK60A-T6 (magnesium) ......... 623-628
ZK61A-T5 (magnesium) ............. 628
ZK61A-T6 (magnesium) ......... 628,629
Zr-1.5Sn (zirconium) ............... 727
UNS Index
The Unified Numbersing System (UNS) is a joint effort of the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) and ASTM Intemational providing designations for the purpose of metal and alioy identification. The designation is not a specification. No requirements are established or implied.
A02010 ...................... 279-283
A02420. '" ...................... 284
A03320 (formerly A63320) ........... 286
A03360 (formerly A13320) ........... 285
A03540 ................. '" ...... 286
A03560 ....................... 288-291
A120l0 .......................... 284
A13560 ................. , .... 291-294
A13570 ................. , .... 294-297
A33550, ................ , ......... 287
A43570 .......................... 297
A91060 .............. , .. , .... 299, 300
A91100 ...................... 301-303
A92014 ...................... 304-317
A92017 ................. , ........ 318
A92024 ...................... 319-347
A92048 ...................... 358, 359
A92090 .................., ........ 350
A92124 ...................... 351-354
A92219 ...................... 355-361
A92519 ................. , ........ 362
A92618 ...................... 363-367
A93003 ...................... 367-369
A93004 ...................... 370, 371
A95052 ...................... 372-377
A95083 ...................... 378, 379
A95086 ......... '" .......... 379-384
A95154 .......................... 389
A95454 ...................... 389-392
A95456 ...................... 393-398
A96013 ...................... 399-402
A96061 ...................... 403-421
A96063 .............. , ........... 422
A97010 ...................... 423-426
A97049 ...................... 427-437
A97050 ........ , ............ ,438-455
A97055 .......................... 455
A97075 ...................... 456-473
A97079 ................. , ........ 473
A97149 ...................... 427-429
A97150 ...................... 474-477
A97175 ...................... 477-485
A97178 .......................... 486
A97249 ...................... 486, 487
A97475 ...................... 488-500
A98090 .......................... 501
C10200 .......................... 515
CliOOO ...................... 515, 516
C12200 ...................... 516,517
C14200 ...................... 517, 518
C15000 ...................... , ... 518
C15725 .......................... 519

C17200, ..................... 519,520
C21000 .......................... 521
C22000 ...................... 522, 523
C23000 ...................... 523, 524
C24000 ...... '" ................. 525
C25600 ...................... 525; 526
C26000 ...................... 526-528
C27000 .......................... 529
C28000 .......................... 530
C33200 .......................... 531
C34200 .... , ..............
532
C35330 .......................... 533
C37700 ............... " ......... 534
C44300 .......................... 535
C44400. , .......... , ......... , ... 536
C46400 ...................... 537, 5~8
C51000 ...................... 538, 539
C61400 .......................... 540
C63000 .......................... 540
C6421O .......................... 541
C64700 .......................... 541
C65100 .......................... 542
C65500 .......................... 542
C70600 .......................... 543
C71000 ...................... 543, 544
C71500 ...................... 544-546
C74400 ...................... 546,547
C74500 ...................... 547, 548
C75200 ....... " ................. 548
C75400 .......................... 549
C75700 ................ , ......... 550
C77000 .......................... 550
C79000 .......................... 551
G10080 ........................ 69,70
G10150 ........................ 70,72
G10200 .................. 72, 73, 80-82
Gl0230 ........................... 83
Gl0250 ........................... 84
Gl0350 .............. , ......... 81, 82
G 10400 ..................... 82, 84, 92
Gl0450 ........................... 85
G10600 ....................... , ... 86
Gl0950 ....................... '" . 82
G15220 ........................... 91
G41300 ........................ 95-99
G41400 ................ , ..... 100-102
G43400 ...................... 106-112
G52986 ........................... 93
G86300 .............. 113-115, 117, 118
G93106 ...................... 119,120
113042 ...... , ......... , ......... 116

113050 .......................... 116
K1151O .............. , ....... 129,130
K11576 ........ , ............. 134, 135
K11630 .. , ................... 134, 135
Kl1646 ...................... 134, 135
K11856 ...................... 133, 134
K12000 .. " ....................... 132
K14675 ..... , .................... 150
K24728 ........................ , . 156
K32550 .................... , . 122, 123
K33517 ............. '" ....... , .. 105
K92571. ..................... 155, 156
L50001 .. , .......... , ............ 800
L5001O .... , ..................... 800
Ml1311 ..................... 555, 556
M1161O ....... , .............. 557-559
M11630 ...................... 560-562
M11800 ......................... 563
M11910 ......................... 564
M11914 .................. 564-566, 569
M11918 ..................... 568, 569
Ml1920 ...................... 569-574
M12330 ...................... 576-581
M1321O ...................... 595-600
M13310, . , ................... 582-594
M13312 ...................... 600-608
M13320 ......................... 609
M16100 ......................... 614
Ml6410 ..................... 615, 616
M16600 ..... , ................ 617-628
M16610 ..................... 628, 629
M16620 ........ , ................ 616
M18220 ...................... 610-613
N02200 .......................... 631
N04400 ...................... 692, 693
N05500 ................. , .... 684-687
N06002 .................. 681, 682, 683
N06075 ...................... 647, 648
N06600 ...................... 637-639
N06601 .. , ........... , ....... 683,684
N06617 ...................... 679, 680
N06625 .. , ................... 670-675
N06686 .......................... 678
N07001 .................. , ... 661-664
N07041. , ............ , . , ..... 649-652
N07090 ...................... 665-668
N07263 .......................... 669
N07702 ............ '" ........... 641
N07713 .......................... 635
N07718 ...................... 652-659
816/ UNS Index
N07725 ...................... 660, 661

N07750 ...................... 644-646
N07754 .......................... 659
N08330 ............ '" ......... , .702
N08800 ...................... 675, 676
N0881O ...................... 676,677
N08825 .......................... 701
N08926 ...................... 702, 703
N09706 ...................... 694-697
N09901 .......................... 693
N10276 ........................ , .636
N13100 ........... , .............. 640
N19909 ...................... 698,699
R30035 .......................... 719
R30159 .......................... 719
R30188 ...................... 715-717
R30605 ...................... 712, 713
R50400 .................. 729, 731-733
R50550 .................. 729, 734, 735
R50700 .................. 729, 734, 735
R54520 ...................... 738-740
R54521 ...................... 738-740
R54620 ...................... 744-751
R5481O ...................... 771-774
R56080 ...................... 774-776
R56260 ........................ , .752
R56400 ...................... 753-764
R56401 ...................... 753-764

R56620 ...................... 765-769
R56740 .......................... 770
R5801O ...................... 787-792
R58030 ...................... 784-786
R58640 ...................... 736, 737
S 13800 ...................... 220-224
S14800 .......................... 225
S15500 ...................... 225-228
S15700 ...................... 228-234
S17400 ...................... 234-238
SI7600 ............ , ......... 265,266
S 17700 ...................... 238-249
S20100 ...................... 161, 162
S20200 .......................... 163
S20500 .......................... 162
S21800 .......................... 214
S21900 ...................... 163-165
S21904 .......................... 165
S24000 .......................... 214
S30100 .................. 162, 166-180
S30200 .......................... 180
S30300 .......................... 181
S30400 .............. 162, 181-189,214
S30403 .......................... 190
S31000 ...................... 190-192
S31600 ...................... 193-202
S31603 .......................... 202

S31803 .......................... 266
S32100 ...................... 203-205
S34700 ...................... 205-208
S34800 ...................... 209,210
S35000 ...................... 250-255
S35500 ...................... 256-260
S36200 .......................... 261
S40900 .......................... 268
S41000 ...................... 215, 216
S42000 ...................... 216, 217
S42200 ...................... 217, 218
S43035 .......................... 268
S43400 .......................... 162
S44627 .......................... 267
S45000 .......................... 262
S45500 ...................... 263-265
S65770 ...................... 218-220
S66286 ...................... 102, 103
T11302 .......................... 269
T20821 ...................... 271-275
T30102 .......................... 269
T30402 ...................... 269, 270
T30403 .......................... 270
T31501 .......................... 269
T61206 .......................... 276
T72301 .......................... 269

ASM Atlas of Stress Strain Curves

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Atlas of

Materials Park, OH 44073-0002

Library of Coogress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Atlas of stress-strain curves.-2nd ed.

TA460 .A86 2002

Printed in the Uoited States of America

Many people are involved in a project of this size, and we would

We feel ASM Intemational has been reasonably successful in

Representation of Stress-Strain Behavior

IT IS APPROPRIATE that a collection of stress-strain curves is

The parameters that are used to describe the stress-strain curve of a

Linear Segment of Curves

From the origin, O, the initial straight-line portion is the elastic

Modulus of elasticity, E, also known as Young's modulus, is the

2 / Atlas of Stress-Strain Curves

where S is engineering stress and se is engineering strain. Modulus of

Resilience is the ability of a material to absorb energy when

From the definition of modulus of elasticity and the aboye definition,

Typical values for modulus of elasticity

Stress-strain curves for selected steels. Source: Ref 7

High-carbon spring steel

Comparison of stress-strain curves for a high-strength high-carbon spring

Representation of Stress-Strain Behavior / 3

Nonlinear Segmenl of Curves lo Yielding

Elastic limit, shown at point B in Fig. 1, is the greatest stress the

drops suddenly, fluctuates about sorne approximately constant value of

4 / Atlas of Stress-Strain Curves

( i-... Yield point

Typical yield point behavior of low-carbon steel

NonJinear Segment of Continued Deformation

Strain Hardening. The stress required to produce continued plastic

Because an appreciable fracton of the plastic deformation will be

Representation of Stress-Strain Behavior / 5

The toughnE~ss of a material is its ability to absorb energy up to the

True Stress-Strain Curves

is expressed in terms of engineering stress, S, by:

The derivation of Eq 10 assumes both constancy of volume (AL =

To determine the true strain, the instantaneous change in length (dI) is

True stress/true strain curve

Comparison of engineering and true-stress/true-strain curves

6 / Atlas of Stress-Strain Curves

and the true ultimate tensile strength is:

Various forms of power curve cr = KE n

measured values of ef. However, for cylindrical tensile specimens, the

Mathematical Expression of the Flow Curve. The flow curve of

Eliminating P m.x yields:

and from Eq 15:

where e is the base of naturallogarithm, so

Values for n and K for metals at room temperature

0.05% carbon steel

0.6% carbon steel

Representation of Stress-Strain Behavior / 7

Deviations from Eq 25 freque:ntly are observed, often at low strains

The true strain term in Eq 25 to 28 properly should be the plastic

where EE represents elastic strain.

Instability in Tension. Necking generally begins at maximum load

From the constancy-of-volume relationship:

The true-stress/true-strain curve of metal s such as austenitic stain1ess

where eK is approximately equal to the proportionallimit, and n is the

and from the instability condition (Eq 32):

so that at a point of tensile instability:

Considre's construction for the determination 01 the point 01 maximum

8 / Atlas of Stress-Strain Curves

Therefore, the point of necking at maximum load can be obtained from