I

EYner

eMHex xScor
Monexynun xypA 6a 6affpunurr AyHAaxnax 3aMaap qyxan xapbqaa raprax
xt4rx3orsgp xapyynHa, AynaaH 6a Macc MoneKynyyAblH MeprenrqoeHeep
caHaMcapryil ysergsn MeH roceH Toceenefl orHe. Xl4lZH MofleKyIl xypAaap ryrsx
6rnouau ryronr Y3Ho.
1 $. EePnYnnlrftH

rorul6o.

Xufi caeHH xaHaHA yt{pyyflax Aapanr ns xnfin MoneKynyyA caBHbl xaHblr

AyHAax yrra rex Y39x 6onuo' eHs
xaHaHA urflxyynx
"rAdi'yrunynucrtlH
xufin gapanr
6apuuranx rool-loo yfingsn
U

2N_ _
=;;, (Sepxynnraran rorr,ru6o)

(1 ,1,

rsx y3yynx 6onHo, eng e - Hsr MonexynblH AyHAax sHepru

l-apranraa. / -upuer 6yxnh ry6 porop hgeafl xvtil 5ahraa
Monexyn caeHbl xaHaHaac a6conpr ynH xaptaMxafr ofipor
Koop4tanarutn cucreumftn renxneryygrilr xy6utx 1'1pMary
napannenb aauq. MoneKyn xoopoHEHH Mepron4eeHhur
csxryri opxre. Moneryn .x -ToHxnorr nepneHAuKynrp
Meprexeg ryynnri runynucufrH x -KoMnoHeHT ocporgop
3ypar

AoHe, hnrecnsep MoneKyn xaHaHA 2lel *rr*sorgfr

rul/flxYYflX orHe. MofleKyn yr xaHblr Hsrx xyraqaaHA Meprex
6onuo, m - MoneKynutH trracc. ens
roo Hb

1. .ly4'$eanxnhn

MoneKynyyE caBHbl
xaHaHaac xaHa xYprSrl

ln"ltlz*t1

eep xoopoHgoo
rrileprengenryfi qeneorsfi

Meprox 6ypgee xaHaHA

H]4CH3 r3X 3arBap.

zlp,l

rMnynbc erHe, rsrexfleop

MoneKynblH HsrX XyraqaaHA xaHaHA erex hMnynbc Hb

fi

zlp,l ln,lr

t mt
1z*r11 =
6onso. Har uonexyn Herx xyrallaaHg xaHaHA erex ilMnynbc, AyHgaxaap

z_
-,,,Ere;E
p;lml=-=f=y 2*pj.t =it,

Z*

yyng,
Xrafin

F-Her MonexynulH AyHAax KhHeruK oHeprl4.

TOoHbt MoneKyn Hgrx xyraqaaH4 caBnbl, .r -fl nepneHAhKynfp xaHaHA

urunynuCnfiH xoMxga Hb caBHbl TopxYY xaHaHA xiltiHssc yfinvnex xyvrsfr TgHLlYY, Tgp
:
AapanrHH xYL{ MeH, AapanrblH xYq Hb : pS, ,S l2 ' lAitaxYY

N
V=

Ze:

ps

(1 ,1

3l

13 rgBsn eHAoec (1 ,1 ,1) rapHa.

Sepxynnrarin roruueor AyHAax aBax 3aMaap raprax eep HersH apra ysue. exe
aupnanuiriu reopeM Aeep rynryypnaAar apra rcM'

EoAonr.

*Z
3yyx, oapyya 2

u,r, =

Z i,r, +\

n,i = Z F,',

+\ n,i

ranaaciril-:*ro,orrfi aau. 3yyx rans

_l . ) p,rdt_VLp,r,lo
l',r dt
(,

(1,1

(1,1

Eevx;*

rMnynbc rercner, paguyc BeKrop caBHbr xoMxooHAsgp eepq.nerpger rercner

uhug T -) oo xfl3raapr oHo AyHAax rsr 6onno. lAituA (1,1 ,4) xu

o:I qr,+zx. x =1rt t{z*).

LFI

=-2K'

(1

,1,5)

Eon erapranriln reopeM MeH. Z1r, - xoMxurflyynraftr Bwpuan.- roAor. Moneryn

xapunLlaH yfinvnsnrfir rooqoxryri 6on ruoneryng yfinunsx xvLr Hb seBxeH caBHbt
yilnunex AapaflrbrH xyv 6afrx 6onuo. Vlhtag
Zf,, = $ ilnr)ds , oHF, n Hb caBHbt
nepneH4hKynrp, ,qororlu qilrnocoH Hgrx BeKTop. I-ayccun rouuEoroop

r@)d' =-l rdiwdV =-3pV.

(1,1,5) uu
(1,1,6)
3pV =2K =2N8.
uilr on6on (1,1,1) rapHa.
xoopoH4oo xapilfl LlaH yrZnvnen q"qer e penxuil Toxr4on.q anpianuha reo pe M
Eepuynn u ri u ro ruudor eprerrox 6 on xo. Tyxarin6an :
MoneKyn xoopoHflbrH xapLrnLlaH yrlnvnenufir HgMx rooqud. Xaprnqan

B14praflb

o=IZqr=l>trc*
2?a'
t j

''

+F,r,1=
rt t/

ftfrnvnen scper yrinvnsnrerlrso reHqyy 6ereeg ecper qurflontsi,t'. F,, = -Fii, Tyn\
l-

=+t>
)?+

Flro

ErpHanb

21,
fircqoxnoop (1,1,6)

rafiu

-3pV +Q

opoug

2N_
,D---t+3V

CI

1V

(1,1,7)

9eneer ryfrnr. 9eneereff ryfix gyngax ypr, qeneerafi ryix gyxgax ryraqaa.
MoneKynyyA err,lx ean/loapaaryfr MepreflAeH srvrx sarra6apaaryri xefleflreeHA oprxAor.

mneqynnrar rycaA Hb aBv y3gx roM 6on rep MoneKyn Hor MolreKynraft rueprengAapaa gapaarrrin ruonexynrari MeprenAex xyprnos xecer 3yyp qeneereil ryr7ne.
ryixges ryyncaH 3aMHH yprbrr qefleer ryfinrufiH ypr (/ ), xepernsceH xyraLlaar Hb
ryfinrnfiH xyrallaa rsns. Sgreop xoM)roxr4rgyyxrafr AyHAax frrHr t{eaeerefi ryfrx
)pr (/ ), veneor ryrax gyngax xyraLlaa (r" ) rax Hopneger.
ryfix gyxgax yprbrH yHonrso. MonexynuH AyHAax xyp4brr 7 roe. Her
gyugax
7
xypgrafi xeAoflx 6ycag Hb Aop 6ypnee xe4enreeHryfi sorcox datiraa
roogenbe. Xegnerv MoneKyn rq xyraqaaH p I =ir, -3aM Tyyflaxaaa tt(2d)2 xeugnen

l:f;t,

yprrafi 4yryra uynyyH qhnxHAp Aoropx 6yx ruonexynuhr

Mepryyncen Monerynun too: rdzln, n - MonerynHH TooHbr Hrrr, d - Monexynux
. 9eneer ryrinnaftn yprbrH rogopxofinonroop oHo roo nerrei TsHqyy. en4eec
ran5ail 1yxnir

- ---'-'--:rd'n

(1,2,1)

Toox 6arqaa. Eprriu Hexqeng (0'C,1aru-g)

n = 2.69' l 0r' aT ou ' cM -'.
Xepese aroMbrH graruerputi r (renr ilH aroMaap 6apr rraxaan aa) z.z.
xeHrqneH orTnon
E d2 = (3.14)(2.2' I 0-8 cu)2 = 15.2' I 0-r6cu2
(1,2,2\ 6a (1,2,3) -r (1,2,1) -g.opnyynaxag

(1
I 0-E

crra

rsx

ag6arN

I = 2.5 '10-5ctvt
uleneer ryfinrr,rfin ypr arqMblH AhaMerpaac 6apar 1000 AaxraH ux 6ailaa.
AaBTaMx

r, _ l0scnr.c-r
:l0roc-,
I 10'cvr
6afix xhujssrsil.

fiapanr l0-6atu 6onoxog aroMyyAbtH KoHqeHTpaq 106 AaxrH 6aracau qeneer

qeneer
AyHAaX ypr l06AaxhH 14xc3H 25 crvr xYpHe. 9ns Hu 10-6aru AapanraHA
AyHAax 3ali, rypulr4nrHH Toxoepenltxrariu xsruxssreti xapsqyyn6an, 6ara 6uu recs+tpHeneer ryitnrnila AyH,qax earaH (1,2,1) unepxnilnsnnilr apafi oHoBqroil 6onru
Monexynuu Meprengeenrtl roor yHongxrqeg Monexynux a6conpr xyp4ur ftru
xapuqaxryri xypg 6yroy xop MoneKynbtH BeKrop xypAyygblH FflraBpHr aBq Y33x 13
Yvrp us xypnHH flnraBap n xodp MorleKyn xoopoHgoo xongox oilprox 6aigur
qagHa. Xapuqanryrl xypg xoperfleH rool-loo yfingexeg qeneerefi rytix 4yxgax sai
roruu6o)

t-

J2nd'n
3$. Maxceennuha ryronr
Xnfix uoneryn 6ycagrahraa xapilnqaH yrZnqnsnqsx 6ac caBHbl xaHa Msprex
xyp4aa 6afiura eepqrnger. eHe npoqecc Mar! sana6apaaryrl near4Aaraac Monexytt
xegeflreeHrrir xnnax 6onorvrxryrl. [-oe.{ xrati 6yxnsspss repMoAuHaMrK ToHqBgpr
oprul4x 6afix roxrong MonerynbrH xyp.qHbr Mara.qflanbtr xgnx 6on,qor. Tyxafin6an,
xr,rriu MoneKynbrH xypA
((v,, v., + dv,),(v,,,v, + dt,.),(v,,v, + dv.))
3aBCapT Oprur4x Mara.qnan

* =(#)''' "*r(- +)d,.d, du,,

-MoneKynHH Macc, r -xuila reMneparyp. Xypgxst x -KoMnoHeHT
(v*,v, + dv-) 3aBcapr 6arZx Mara4nanbtr onud rsBsn (1 ,3,1) 99c xypAlH
KOMnOHeHTyyAaap rHrerpan aBax x3p3rrcil, [HTerpanblr
/
\l'2 ''.'
" dv,.(1,3,2)
\z7rr )
Yynufr aryunaap

dw(v)=l+l ,

.. \l I ,,,,i
( * \ t/2
*
dw(vl={
\ ,'i ar. dw(v.\-l 1 "iau..
/

-u2

Xypgnur BeKropbrr xypgHbrorropryrig 6eu6epqer Koop4ilHaryygaap

Maxceenn[fiH ryrenr Aapaax xen6spr opHo
/

a* =l1,1!-l
*-

13/2

\L/LL )

,r,1

2' v) sin0dvd\dtp.

srqer xsMxilrAyyHyyAoop r4Hrerpan aB6an xyplqHH MoAynr4ap ryrex ryr3nT rapHa

dw(v)*(

ryrenrufiuHnrr

*\'''

l;'*)

*"\
*pl-;)+r"av

(1,3,4)

7 *- 13,2 /
2\
] .*rl'\.2r)
-mv- l4or'.

dwtdv=[

\2rr)

uaB,qneH, Maxceennnfin

ryrsnufin Qyxrq rax

Hph4ar, 6n1gor.

3ypar 2. Xyp4aap ryrsx

Maxcaenaxirn ryrsarrfin
Qynxqr,lin rpa$nr.

ful

3He

OyHxqrftH yrrbrr AypbrH

dv

H3rX93p XsMX{],{B. XaphH

xypAHbr H3rx33p xamrufix
rvrara4naxryfi xypg:

v*u =

(2r I *)t''

-,

"r

vl(zct*)'''
BeKropHrxypAHH orropryfig qrnraHAp Kooppr4Haryy'Aaap rnspxtafin6ssc MaxceenTyrcm Aapaax xen6epr opno

o* =( *)"

\zm)

,:!';1:tt r,dv"dv.dg.
t' P

(1,3,5)

ryrenruftn MoMeHryyAur OopoxoA xspgrngrgqsr

@

I,=le'""x'dx, a>0

(1,3,6)

fix nHrerpan

n=2r, r-oepsr6yxen 6ailxa+

E '
, --(2r-l)tl
--U-J- {ar",r

(1,3,7)

,2,

=2r* 1, r-sepor

6yxsn 6ahxap,
tt-Yl'
Zr+t -

('1,3,8)

Z**t
(1,3,7) 6a (1 ,3,8) -rorur,oHyygur xnn6apxaaH raprax 6onuo. Tyxailn6an papaax 2
2 tanaac a, aap Agc AapaanaH ynaMxnan alaary rapcaH rqyHA Hb d = I rox

,o=T"

AX=

I a,
7f

r,=ie-,- 'x&=
0

2a

(1,3,9)

Eognoro 1.
uogynrftu n = 2r, r + I 3spsrrYvAnrlu gyHgax yrrur 6ogox rapra
Eogonr. (1,3,7 ) 6a ( 1,3, 8) roruuor xaporfi oxeA

(,"): (*)' ,r,.rt,

2 (zt'1tr,t)2 (r+r)!

/.r,,r\-Gl;
(,"")

(1,3,10)
(1,3,1 1)

EoAnoro 2. XypguurAyHAax KBa,qpar $nyrryaqnfrr on.

Eo4onr. (1,3,10)-R r =1 (1,3,11)-g r : 0 r3xraBhH on6ooc

(tr,)') = (,')- (,)'

*(t -*)

3. SHeprmriH AyHAax yrra

sHeprrarln xeaApaTHH rqyHAax yTra,

or1.
ryc
ryc
AyHAax KBaApar Qnyrryaquilr
6ogonr. (1,3,10)-n r =1,2{ex raBnH on6ooc

Eo,qnoro

=*,

(,) - Lr(,)

(,')

l],'. (rr,l') =1,'.

Eognoro 4. Arorra KuHeruK gHepruspeg rYrgx rYrsnrufrr on'

Sogonr. Xypgnur MoAynilap ryrox ryrsnrnfiH (1 ,3,4) - unepxuilnsnA c =
opnyynra yfingexeg
dw(e)

t't rtt24r.
=1,
tlnl

EoAnoro 5. Monexyn eprenrrfrn sHqer xypAaapaa TYrsx TYrsnrnfir on.

6o4onr. Monexyn 6yp a6conror xaryy 6ne a1vtn sprengoHs rox Y3gx rou 6on
xegenroeHtafi rruermr SHepru

I( Y|.YL.-M,,-)
/,ol)=.
t,a? +1.oi
,,p- !(2\'t'-t
' -z--2r 'r--r
I 2( /, Iz I,
)
Yyxa 1,, I,l.-uteptlnila ron MoMeHryyfl, f)1,f)r,f)r -euqer xyp,qHH BeKTopblll,
ron reHxfler Aeopx, npoeKllyy4. Xapran M, : I$11, M, = Ir{12, M, = Ir{),

uouexrrfiu npoeKllyyg 6eree4 f)r, ()2, f), -utIn xyBbA epoHx1414

ryftqerrexe.
Mo u enru fi n KoM noHe HryyAa a p

du,(M)

=(z,tr)) g,,.,,t

rYrsx
'

Ho p Mq fi

'.^r[-*

nor,qcoH TYronr

l+.+.+))r-iM2dM3-

OHqer xypguH KoMnoHeHTyypaap rYrox HopMtlunorgcoH ryroflT

d..lro)= (2rrc ) I 1 r, r" r, )'' .^o

[- rl

( r,

eil + t,Q1, +r,eii )) ae4 ao,aer,.

Eognoro 6. Moneryn6H 9pr3x oHqer xypgHbl lvtogynrfiu 6ac

KBaApaTUH AyHAaX

rrlonaeurniH

yrrblr roAopxonn.

6o4onr
'rqceH

H::(ffi l,' ;:, =,

(r,+ r,+ r,)

4$. Monexyfl xaHa Meprex, xoopoHAoo MeprorlAex'

1. Herx xyrallaaHg caBHbt xaHaHbl nerx ran6atlr ueprex MofleKynyyAblH rOOr 6OAOx on.
EoAonr. Casxur xaHaHH ra4apryyH 1 crvr2 ranlahrah xecrnfrr coHroH aB\ z rsHxfll
ragapryyH sHe oneMeHTsA nepneH4ylKynnp 6ar7x, xaprH Heree 2 reHxngr eHO sfleMeHT
xOBTex 6afrx rrrirra KoopAhHaTblH cl4creM aabq. Yr xscrrilr v,xypgrafiraap Hgr

Meprex MoneKynyyg Aorpooc xyp.q Hb ((v",v" +dv*),(vr,vr+dvr),(v,,v,+dv,)) ilHrep

6afix MoneKynbtH roo :

ar=N(
' V

\''' "-r(-*),d,.d,,,du,.

\Ztrr )

(1,4,1)

Sngeec caBHbr xaHaHbr raAapryyH 1 cru2 ran6arZr 1 cexyHgog Meprex urilr uoneKynyyAbtH
roor onx qexex rorvrryfi. YyHrafi ryn (1 ,4,1) eec hHTerpan aBax x3porrofr, rurerpandf vr6av,

ryc6ypesp --@aac

xypren, yzesp0ooc m xyprgnaeua.Texsg.

p
, N( , )"'
' V\Zrm) Jlrnn'
TooHbt Hsrrbtr, Knanefrpoxur
-) rsrr.rmrrongsc,

(exg

(1,4,2)

6een,trafrH
Aapanraap unspxutincsH).
(1,4,1) rouuEor xypAHbr orropryriH 6evr6epqer KoopA[HaryyAaap unepxufinx 6uque,
V, =Ycos0 rsxsA

dC-

=y(!-)"'"*o[
2r)
v\2m) '\ -y!)vr

singcosg

dvdude.

(1,4,3)

.2. CaeHH ra4apryyH xopruanrafr yycreceH 0 6a 0+d0-eHqrufiH 3aBcapaap Hpx Hor

ran6arir rrreprex MoneKynyyAbrH Toor on
Eogonr.
(1,4,3) ooc uoop 0 ooc oo xyprsn, psep 0 ooc 2n xypron hHTerpafl aeq on6on

ceKyHAoA Hsnx

dE,- =

iJ,l"' ,ir g.or odg

+(
v\mr)

3. CaeHH raAapryyH 1 cu2 ran6afir usr ceKyHAoA Meprex Moflerryfiyyg Aorpooc xypg Hb
(v,v+dv) 3aBcapr oprur4x MonerryflyyguH roor ofl
EoAonr. (1,4,3) ooc, g-osp 0 ooc 2n xypren,0-esp 0 ooc rl2xyprsn uHrerpaa aBq
on6on
d

4.

6, =

"(*)''' *r(- +)u o,

(1,4,4)

Her uoneryn Horx xyraqaaH,q, AyHgaxaap, xsgoH uonerynraft ueprengex ae?

EoAonr. Yyxg xaprynaxbrH rynA Hor MorreKyn coHrox aBbq. Tep MofleKynaa
xegeflreeHryil railaaa opur4.x 6ahraa, xapuH 6ycag MoneKynyyg ryynufir hpx Meprex
6airaa Meresp receenbe. [z1xrexe4 ryynrarlr Herx xyraqaaHA upx Meprex MoneKynyyAbtH
roo 6on Her MoneKyn H9DK xyraqaaHA 6ycag MoneKynyyArari rvreprenAex Too 6onno.
Moneryn xoopoHAbrH MepreflAeeHA MoneKynyygbrH a6conpr xypg 6nu xaprH MoneKyn
xoopoH4brH xapsqanryfr xypA yyporrofr, uyxauAaa xapbllaaryrt xypAaap

ryrex ryrenrufin
Syxrq xeperrefi. 3ue ryrennafin $ynxq Hb MeH n Maxcaennnfiu ryrenr 6afix 6onno, rarqxyy
uoneKynbrH MaccbrH opoHg gMxorrscoH ruacc 6arix 6onno. Terexneep xegenreexryfi
uofleKynuH ra4apryyrnriH Horx ran6afir HsDr( xyraqaaHA Meprex MoneKynyyg AyHEaac,
xapuqaxryfr xypA Hb a6conpr xgMxogrmpoo (v',v'+dv') saacapr oprxt4x MoneKynyygbrH
Too (1,4,4) rour,doroop rogopxofinorgoHo, oHg rorrauEong rarqxyy MaccbrH opoHA
eMxoTrgcgH Mae,c p= rum I (m+m) = ml2 nitr raeux xsperrstZ:
d

e,

f .(*)"

*o(-

*),''

a,'

(1,4,5)

Monexynyygurr xaryy uaaphr rex receen6en Maprex 6yh MoneKyn xegenreeHryil

MoneKyflE 2r sailuaac Aoror[J olrprox vagaxryfi, r lu,aapntbl pa4]4yc, rerexneep 2r
paguycraft 6eru6epqer ragapryyr qoroH MoneKyfl Meprex 6ahraa uer 6onno. Xepenreexryfi
uonexynrfir Herx xyrallaaHA Meprex MoneKynyyAux sufir roo

(. -4,r(2r',
#,(*)'

i*r?*),,,a,,

hxrerpanurr aBq Hgr MoneKyn Horx( xyraqaaHg Moprox MoneKynyygbrH Toor on6bn

(1,4,6)

6
SQQerrras orrnon

=4n(2r)'l*+

(1,4,7\

opyynaH (1,4,6) rouuEor apafi epexxrafiRYY

E,

=of

6nqsen

(1'4'8)
"(#)'=i*'l-+)o'''n'Toouox
I

Ergeug, oAoo, qeneeT ryrannaran AyHAaX ypTHr 2$ -g yscsnesc apaft xcl'r6afi

oonoux 6afiHa. Moneryn .{eneersfr ryfix gyngax xyraqaa I r, = | I ( . Xypgnal AyH}qaK
xoMxsor(1,3,11)-g i =0 rsx, raBbxon6on

(r,r)=
Moneryn qeneerefi ryrix gyngax
7

(1v

(1,4'e)

h(*)",
eafr
l).r" :

(1,4,10)

#li

I
I
il

|I
|
I

eprecent

Aonnneprfix aSSem6a cnexpnftx

Xufis anu q Y3YYnonr xypgHbl anb HorsH AyHAaxaap nnepxnfinergor. t4firvr 4yugaxnfrr I
prvr 6on 6ogooA onAor. Xapun AyHAaxyyA y.Artll*
ryrenrmfin syHxq MoAsrAex 6arix
I
.ragaxryfr. I-seq lonnnepuiu eQ$erreec
fraiaxaA ryrehrufiri Qynxqrafrr
lYncey 1
'ryrenflafin onx
cnerrprafin' eprecenr
syHrqrsri xon6oorofr 6ereeg ens QyHxqrfiH xsn6spryt l
ryptuunraap rorroox 6onoux erper. Xnri uyrarvrnar cneKrprsfr rsrAAsr 6unss' ?"ry1'1 I
uyraMHr eprecrexeA yyper ryrlqsrreger x3A x3A3H sQSerr 6rra. Te,qroepuilx.,tooll I
5 S.

MoneKyn xoopoHgoo Meprerl4ex, MoneKyfl caBHbl xaHa Meprex yfingenyyg opHo' YYHsgc
ragHa uyraMHH oprecenr 6ac fionnneprin e$$e]crooc
llJyratuuln eprecertTeHA MoIIeKyn xoopoHpblH MeprengeeH, AapanTaHA nponopLlt4oHan,
t4xogxoH xaH.qhB opyynAar. Monexyn xaHa Meprexeec YYAex xaHAhB Hu Monerynux

l
I
I
I
.leneereil ryfix ypr caBHbt uyraMaH xeuxeereft xuu:uxyftq 6onoog l4psx._Mau oara I
AapanruH yeA fl qyxan 6onx rpne. Epraftx HexqeIIA Aapanraac YY,qenrafi eprecenr I
AohnneprafH sQserreec YYAcsH eprecenreec Hilneep AaByy. l-set.{ fionnnepnta]_ i: I
yygenrsft eprecenreec rnrax
ryynrafir
6yc xarvraapAar
YYAHo'

Aapanraac
ryn
I
gonrr,ronu
yprrafr
rgpon LlaLlAar MoneKyn axrrnarqaac I
6ononqoo 6ait$ar. Xspaee d
xonAox 6ahraa 6on axnrnar.{rix xoMxt4x AonrroHbt ypr fionnneprrax sQQerrrfix ynrvraac I
(1 ,5,1)
1 -- l"(t + v I
I
6OnHO, gHrq c ))'v,c nfrrepnrfix XYPA, v- MOnexynHH xypAHbl, axnrnarqnarqaac xOnAOX i
qhrflOfl .qgspx, npoeKq. MOneryn axvlrnarq pyy OfrptOx Toxl4onq ueH nfru rOUuEO 6afix
6onxo, rarLlxyy xyp4Hbt v - KoMnoHeHr Hb coper tnratail.
Xspase (v,v+dv) rHrepBanA xyprafi, dAonruoxur yprraft rspsn qaqAar xocor MoneKyn
6afix rorvr 6on axrrnarAax uyraM

Aapanraac uyraMaH

c)

d)" =

).0!

-xeMxoeroop eprecHe. $ue rlaqparnim IQ)d),-3pquM (v,v+dv)nHrepBanA

Monerynux rooHg nponopul4ouan. Yyu4 v = c(7- \) I \ryn

1=

1o

( *--;;f
*r'(2

expl
\

yyng

1o

4)'')

/.Lt)T

ah

(1,5,2)

6aiaaa, sHs xaMaapnutu onqrnftx roeQsraq

Typulanraap eHs .qyH 6arnargcau ax.

nponopqilouanrafin xoss$rr.paenr. 3pvnruuran norapuQrr,r xu

UyraMaH xaMaapaflr

xypgrafi

- d)2 esc
velr Hbmcz I Zftr
(r1,

6 $. 3eeeep yssrgnraffx xnn6aP onon

TepuogruaMnK TeHqBepryfi crcreMhfir aqHA Hb opxt4xog ToHA TsHUBepnfir opMen$x

nlErlecc eBarAaHa, 3Ho npoqecc TeMneparyp, AapanT xl4rEp3x, ypcran xeAenreeH yHTpax
,;pron flBarAaHa rocoH Yr. l4ilrvr nporlecc Hb penaKcaqufiH npoqecc MeH.
trye3o raAHbl renqaepr 6yc cTaquoHap Hexlleneep ToHqBopT 6yc 6afi.q11u1r Hb Hor
mlcx,Hg xyqeop 6apux 6onx 6atlean ctacTeMg cTaqroHap npoUecc flBarAaHa.

meparbcmam

mepuocmam 1

,/

,J

'e

tl

3ypar 3. CucreuuilH ecpsr xodp ysyyprail/- r, 6a ?2 reMneparyp 6yr'uil

TepMocrarrafr sanraH rcHqBgpr 6ru craquoHap HoxL{en YYcrex 6onno'

reMneparypTail 2 repruocraTTafr 3anrax,

rreuneparypaap reHqBspr 6yc craLlhoHap Hexqen YYcrox 6onuo (3ypar 3).
Itapaei 1-repurocrar 2'reprraocraTaacaa ilflyY oHAep TeMneparypr oplljl4x 6afiean sHeprl4
cncreMssp AaMxrH 1 repnaocraraac 2 repuocrar pyy ypcaH opHo. klxrsx Syyp xoep
repMocrar, ct4creM eus 3 uu anrponnfiu nrarin6ep ecHo. 3Hs npoqeccufin xeAenrerq xYq Hb
rcilneparypbtH yHanr 6yroy rervrneparypblH Herx ypr Aaxb yHanr ]oM. eue npoqeccr
ffirAex Qusur xoMxhrAYYH Hb eHeprh [oM.
Typutunra 6a ouonun Toceeflneec, sHeprn 3oergex xypg TeMneparypHH rpaAueHTalq UyyA
nponopqiloHan rox MeAerg4or. 3eesep yser4nmfrH craHgapr 6r'{ner:

tnutoe

Hb c1,1cTeMufrx 2 ysyypnrar eep eep

Vpcran=(xosssraquenr

)'

(xogenrerv xyu)

A{rasrax xgMxhrgyyxnfr ypcranuH rogopxoffnonr : A-us ypcran =Hsrx rafl6afiraap Hgrx

xyraqaaHA 3eerAox A- utH AYH xsMxoo.
A-ulx ypcran 6on BeKTop, ryynrfir J, rex roM,qornoB.3eeaep yssrgnufru xyynuygur 1rycHorrcA ToBt{OOnOB.
Xepees o4creM Aoryyp eHepru seergper 6on

Jr:-Kgr.adT'

(1

,6,1)

3n4 J, -eHeprnftn ypcrafl; TeMneparypblH ceper rpagileHT xeAenrerq xyvxnil

K -gynaax AaMxyynanrurn xoeQ$uqreHr.
ryfiqsrrsxe,
'

YYpor

3eenrnilu rosQQraqraestwilr Rax rooUBon 3oxltx es reAruftr ysyynexriln eMHe flax

rooqBon 6ypyyAax Bwil re1tviilr y3yvnbe. Sxeprrfrn ypcran uu sneprufiH HrmHr 6eeunfix
xypgaap ypxcexrsri ToHr{yv. Xepass eneprrfiu HerrHr e roBofl eueprnilx z roHxflsr Aaryy
ypcranHH.qYH x9MH{33r

Jr=le(2)-eQ)le":Cn(Tr*T)e,
rex 6ogrvroop caHarAaHa. Yyng

n -aarx esnsxyyHg HoorAox AynaaH

(1,6,2)

6artaaux,

Q -ruonexyn

z- KoMnoHeHTbtH Mogynu. ffaraaA Bo roBgfl crcrerr,tufiu f -reurneparyprail YsYYpr

sueprrfrx ypcran e(2)2" lailraa, { -revrneparyprari Heree Y3YYpr eueprnftn ypcra-n e(l)Z,

xypAbtH

fiahraa 6onoxnoop ers 2 utx flnraa Hs (1,6,2) 6onno'

11

rycHorr 1. 3eeaep ysergnufin SeHououonor xyynrygblH ToBqoo

KoaQQl,ltlneE
npoqecc

Xapransa
x ypcran

flnQ$ysn

EeeucrfiH

fiynaan

d"_

XenAnex

^dr

AaMxyynanTHH

L_,,

3yypanAanrHH

dgr

=-K gradT

o --Lzr
3

r =!ac,
_.

-n-rclz

AaMlKyynaflTblH

4ax 6eerur,rilx too,

4 =1Pct

dv

o -qaxhflraaH

dZ

n -H3rlK 33n3xYYH

Jr=

1=r;=

n-

dz

cnils

qenerrtin

= -D grad n

'dz
-

dvm--:

HMnynb-

l-{axrnraaH
AaMxyynanT

Taru4araaa

R -gynaaa

dz

3yypanAanr

D -gnSQyst4ilFr

dz

eneprrtiH

,qaMxyynanT

Jn=

dn

Xyynu

Koe$$nqrexr

l-pagltenr

rrfiH ofiponqo
hnsoxuilnsn

na'l

=oE

6 =--L

mZ

d -Aylaaxut xeAenreeHrfi

4yl4ax

xyp4

(e=(lvl)), l-qeneorail ryfix ,qyH4ax ypr, e- AyraaHbr, H3rx s3n3xYYH A3x, AyHAalK sHeprh,
F,l A _H3rX ran1ail Aaxb luaxarq xyLt, g -\axnnfaaH OpHbt noTeHqhan, E -qaxnnraau
opHbt xvqner, m-OeeMVLin MaCc, p -Hgrx s3nsxYYH Aox Macc, q-6eeuniln LlgHor.
Xepeee MoneKynyyA xoopoHfloo Meprerl4enrytaresp Her Y3YYposc Heree Y3YYp nYY ypcax
oqgoi 6on MonerqynuH xyppaap sHeprh ur4nxrx yqpaac nilu 6ahx uu syiln xsper. l-eav
seeeepreft xon6ooroft 6apar 6yx acyy'gaflA Mepren4eeH sHeprn 3eerAex xypAblr epc
xffiraapflax erAer, yyHrail ynMaac sHeprrfrH ypcranHH unspxnfinsn uu (1,6,2) ooc rgc eep
6ongor. Monexyn MoprenAceHeecoe xofiur.{enoer ryfinrrafrH ypr (sata )/xuprefi ryfireeg n
AaxuH MepronAoeHg opHo. z- Koopgr4Harrafi qor Aeep MoneKynyyA MeprenAceu 6on eue
MepreflAeeH z-qerr xapran3caH I(z) rerrllneparyp 6a e(z) eneprrfiu Hnrr 6yxuft turHe
ToHr.lBopr reneeralix Hexqeng qBar.qcaH

rox Y3be.
ypcax
qor,qex
eneprutiH ypcran z-wi,ttt oepor twrnenp,put,, xapHH
ranlafiraap
!4ilnxyy, z
ceper qxrnsn,q pe(z+l)Z"6ailua, yt{rp Hb MoneKyn sneprnilr, MeprenAenryh, I -safiA n
3eeHe, z qsrAogp z+i qsrsec rpcgH MofleKynyyA z+lLlOr AsspxOHeprno 3eex aBqrpHa.
Terexneep ypcran Hb AyHAeo
J o = @Q)

eug

d1
C,:
,AT -rrr*

e(z + t))2, =

-,

#u,

-,

##e,

*tCne,#,

ssnexyyuutl AyflaaH 6arraaux. (1,6,3) 6on

(1

(1,6,3)

,6,2) aac 6yp eep

xen6sprefi ron. (1,6,2 ) nu eueprurin qenoer ypcraflHr rnepxnftnx 6ailraa 6on, (1,6,3) uu,
caHaMpryft uoprengooHA, oHeprr qeneer ryilnruila AyHAax saiA I refi renqyy gafiH,q
graQsysnsu utnnxgerrtlr xapyynx lahraa rorvr (4-p eypar). (1,6,3)-g /xsruxrrgyyxnfi opou4,
yr Hb, qeneer ryfrnrutiH sailuzq4rngfl Aoepx npoeKq l, nhr raauyulrafi Onlt.
Monerynyyg 3vr qhrsop xurp ryrHs rox rooqBooc l,Z,rariu 4yngax ytra lZ / 3 6onso.
L2

Tain6ap. uleneer ryr,rnrniln ypr 6a xyp4brH E nhn z roHxner Asepx npoeKq

{.:/cos0, 6,=e cos? . 0 ns l6a Z uin z rsHxJrorreft yycreceH eHqer, Eeeucnftn
or$eep ryrgx ryroflT

r43oTpon rge, Tgx3,q

<l-Z- >= E

2o!*''

"or'osinoclo =!rc.
a
2x

(1,6,4)

l&trsxnsep (1,6,3) ufrn opoH4

t - = -!rc,zdT
"3'dz

r-*

6u.{}rx Hu syfirsri. Yynrafir (1,6,1) rofi

(1,6,5)

xiluaen AynaaH AaMxyyflanruH roeQ$uqueHr

r:Lrc,,e

(1,6,6)

aY

6onxo. fiynaan

J
AaMxyynanr Hb

qlpafi uyyA nponopquoHan

qonser ryfinrurfrH ypr, AynaaH 6arraaux,

6eenarafrn xypg

axee.

31par 4. euepru 3eex nns6yp

r,

r)

6)
ropt4M.

a-

uonerynyy'g(rvrau

6ara gapamau4)

ueprengenryftroop, l4x reMneparyprafi 1 repnaocrar 6ara reMneparyprari 2 reprrlocrarur

xoopoH.q, eHepru 3eex ropxM, onA cyMHbt ypT Hb MoneKynHH xypAaHA nponopquoxan. 6(Hraneeg eHAep AapaflraH,q) rueprengeeHr,rfi qeuaA 6uri 6onox sHeprufiH Ar4+Qyasop sHeprll
3eerAex ropr4M, oFtA ryrapxai ulyraM Hb Hor MoneKyn 1 6a 2 repMocrarbtH xoopoH4
xeAnexAee 6ycag rraonexynrarl ureprengeH ycr{c3H Mop rapraHa rScgH caHaar nnapxrarinxe

AHQQyS

2 ysyyprailr eep oep xnunrZx noreHq[afiTarZ 2 reprrlocrarrail 3anracaH cmcreM aav yase (nr
}p syparr vsyynmH ufir, rarqxvy rep 3ypraa1 5ahraa q6a rrreMneparypsrn opongp,6a

ll

xuunitn noreHqilan lailraa ree4 6o4qvrx). Tervrneparyp cncreM Aaryy xrrg 6afir. Xspaee
1 repnnocrarux xnuuftH noreHqtaan aa 2 TepMocrarbrn xururiln noreHqhanaac nx 6afiean
Geeruc 1 repuocraraac 2 nyyraa lur4nxfix v3srgen sBarAaHa. 3ns npolleccr xoep
TepMocrar, cl4creM 3Ho 3- brH enrponufru Hnvrn6sp ecHe. l4xsaqnsx 6eeucufis
rcHqeHrpaqninu anraaaprafi ynngcan gussysr4rlr aeq y3Aer. fir,rrpQysrafiH xe4enrerq xyq Hb
roHqeHrpa[rfin rpagraeHT MeH. Herx ran6atiraap Hsrx xyraqaaHA HsBrpex 6eervtcufiu
ypcran :
I ,, = -D gradn,
D -gr$Qysrafi H xoeQSrllreHr.

(1,6,7)

L3

(1,6,3) r4iH rapranraat AyypuaH 6eeucrfrn z qnrnefl Asx ypcranHr

tr, =ln(z) - n(z + l,)fl, = -t"#e ,

rex 6uqux 6onuo. ea1 l=2"-rafin gyngax yrrHH (1,6,4) nnspxnftnnnilr authrnasaac

J"3dz
=-!Edn.
Yyxrailr (1,6, 1 )rafi xutut4x ghQSysrfi H rossQraqraeuru

fi

r on6on

o:Lrc.

(1,6,8)

Terexn

se

p Ayfl aa H AaMxyynan rur n xosQ$ n1uenr u hr

K=CvD
rgx 6rqnx 6onox Hss.
lz1ilxxyy

J,

nu gHeprn 3eennafrr,

J,

Hu

6eouc seenn4fir ryc ryc rogopxoilnox ax33.

3yypanganr

Xrfi nnrr 6afix rycavr 3yypanAanr regrftvrHee ux 6afix auft rsx

6afi xee, xyMyyc. 3yypanganrHH xyynb Aapaax

rorutdoroop

6ogtvtoop. Hxrex q

ranepxnfi ngrAoHg

dv

Z. = -4-f

CIZ

Z,6on xy -xaarratiH Hsrx tan1ahp,xwilu tanaac yvpyynax ulaxarq xy'uennfrx

vr ypcranbtH xypAHbt x-KoMnoHeHT. Xepaso xy-Ye Hb, nutan6ep AYHrgop,
runynucnilH ypcran aBcaH 6on, nupronut 2-p xyynnap, Top Ye x'enffign1, Z,
xyqnsnA aBrarAaHa. Xepaee xrafiH xypg xy-xaarrahrafi napannen 6ereeA x-Aaryy qrrrl
6on nfiu ypcran yycv 6onox rcu.
(1,6,3)-nin agnnaap, nunynucnfiH ypcran xrtan6sp AYHASo:
+ l))2,
J = mnfv.(z) - v
)
"(z
mn-xnhu MaccbtH nnrt, v,(z) Hb z-qsr .q$px ypcranHH xypAHbt x-rortanoueHr, i
MoneKynnp xypAbrH z-KoMnoHeHr. t{eneer ryilmuita ,qyHgax yprblH z -eurnsn
npoerqn fi r l,ree. Vlurgxg,q, uaxarq xyvnsnn fi x x-KoMnoHeHT

Z"=Ji=-*nE=I,*.
clz

exA < 1,V,2=;lZ rs1ruilr aHxaapBan

3

| -,dv
Z, = -1mn''i'
Yyu

ra

fi

r ( 1,6, 1 ) rsil

xt4

ul4x 3yypanga x roessra q re aruitr on6on

_-

n,3
=|mnZl.

(1,6,9)

4$ -g 6ravceneep 6on qefleer ryilnruila AyHAax ypr I =llxdzn,

-TooH KoHqeHrpaq. lr1 x rexnsep 3yypafl fl ax roeSSra r-paexr

',

77:-

mc

MonerynblH AraMerp,
(1,6,10)

3od,

rex 6uvurgexe. exgsec xapaxaA 3yypan,qax rosSQuqueHr Aapanraac xaMaapaxryl4

exe gyrrenrufir rypu:ranra 6arancaH Hb ryxafrn yeAoo

KnHeruK oHorlblH flnaflT

rcAer. Xaprax 3yypafl.qanr,qapanraac xaMaapaxryfr rex AYrHgnr Hb MoneKynyyA
L4

6apar ryncaH 6afrxyyq narirvr enpep AapanraH4 6ac .{eneer ryfrnnafrx AyHAax ypr 6araxrafrn
uyrauaH xeMxgoHooc r4nyy rapaxyftq rnfru 6ara AapanraHA Toxr4poxoo 6onrno.
npsp rapracaH (1,6,6) 6a (1,6,9) uhr xoopoH,q Hb xapbqyynx y3oxog, AyflaaH
Frfiq/ynanruH roeQQnqnexrK 6a syypan4ax xoeSSrqneHr T xoopoHAoq

Y =r|Cr l p
ru xon6orAoHo, Cn I p -nerx MaccbrH AynaaH 6arraaux, p-MaccbrH nan. KpltlCrrapHlaar xoMxr4xsA Hgrgoc nx ytrarah 6afix e,2 xvcHsrr y3H9 Vy. flsepx oilponqoonong
aflaapaaryil opxncon sSQercryyanilr rooqon K, D,n -Krl.Hernr roe$SrqneHryyAHr nH3
Efposp 6oAox y3ceH 6onoeq AyH Hb Amp rapcHaac oHr.[ sepeeryfi axee.

lycflerr 2.

C 5a arnaocQepraftx AapanraH4 xsMx@H K,D,n 6a K p I ryC, un yrryyA

.'
a
K, I 0-a xa.lr . cM -rc'rK-r
r..,10 r.cM-'c
xuv
Kp lrTCn
He
2.40

o"

Ar
1. 91
1. 91

Hz
Nz
Oz

1. 90

$xfQysnft n xoeQQra

tt!.p

qne Hr 3yypangax xossgra qraenr xo6pu r xa psqyyn6aac

D=nl p,
(1,6,1 1)
-MaccblH xcrr. 9enMeu xufix rraonexynrfrr xaryy uaapur rsx 3arBapqnaH uapnftu

r@qox

o=r.2oortrp

Ex rapraxeo. 3ne nu (1,6,10) aac6ara snraarait 6aitaa.

7$. EraxouraH Tyranr
Hsr xersu4oo Henee y3yyflAorryh ne uxt/in N 6eeureec 6ypgcen crcreM 6afie. Eeervr 6yp
c-reneBg optul4x Mara4nan at p rcil ToHr{yy 6ailcaa 6on exs d-TefleBA n-roouul 6eeur
oprrJux 6afrx uaragnaflHr ofl rsx SoAnoro 6ri.
6qAonr. Eeeuc 6yp nnrapax eep eep eHrerefi rsx 6ogu fl Aoo. Terasn crarytcrt4K

BetapanryfiH

ynnaaac

neep roAopxofi euroreil

fuu a aac eep reneBA oprxt4x Mara.qflafl

Geerrac rz -TeneBA,

6ycag N-n

rooxur

p'(l* p)*-'
6onxo. Osre eurilfin N roonur 6eeueoc n TooHbt 6oorunfrr @Hrox snraatail xyern6apuru
roo

N!
nl(N - n)l
Hxrexnesp d -TeneBA n-TooHbt 6eeru opr.r.ux 6ayrx MaraAnan

wr@) =

&rs 6on 6unonnau ryrenr

N >> n ToxuonA

N!
(l - P)*-'
n,tN - n)r7'

'

MeH.

(t*

wr(n) =

^#^p'
15

p)r' - \

p' (t- p)*

=!'n!'g-Zl*
N'

enA n = pN 6on d -TeneBA optxt4x 6eervrrfi x AyHAax roo. SnAoec N -+

uunxBon
_.

*(n\ =n

xfl3raapr

-i

nl.

ene 6on llyacmuu ryrenr MeH.

N>>n>>l , n-fr<<r Hexqeng flyaccoxst ryrsnrnftr aBq Y3be' [lyaccouut
norapnQnvhncHbr Aapaa CrepnuHrrfrH roul6o: lnnl= nltn-n xepern$A Aapaa
6yqaag 3opgrr xsn6epr urnxBooc
'
_o-il'
w(n) = const'e 2u' .
TOrruOnur Hb HopMqnonHH Hexqeneec onHo. n >>l ryfi HopMqnOnuu xuiln6epufir
nHTeipanaap conbx 6onxo. hurex rorrMonHr oflcHbl Aapaa
,

w(n) =

ln-n

l:

12

lh

Jzon'

9xo 6on l-ayccun ryrgnr. MeH.

EoAnoro 1
llyaccoxut ryronr HopMqflonbtH Hexqefl xaHraHa regrrfrr
EoAonr
n'" o

YsYYnHg YY

i,,(r) =f nt o-'i '' ='e'=1.

f,nt.
fr
fi

EoAnoro 2
llloo xasxaA anb q rafl Hb t4xrfl MaraAnanraft ynana. 3ypraan uoor sepsr
sypraarnfix roo
1). seexeH nsr ulooxg 6afix
2) gop xanx Hgr uroou.q 6afix
3) seexen xop u.rooH p5ailx ogrcop 3 roxuon ryc 6ypufitt MaraAnaaHr on.
EoAonr.
1)-p ioxnonA6nxorraas ryrenrutir

wo\fl)/

N=6, n=1, p =l/6 rexxopsrnoxaA

6r (!.),[,__1.]._' :rl)'
=l!(6-l)!\6/
\. 6) \6/

6onxo. 2)-p roxraonA 6 ruooH,q Horq yAaa sypraarrftn roo 6aftxryfi 6ailx MaraAnarbtr oxnosA
onrre. eng uaraAnan 6rnouaH ryr3flrsep

wu(o):#(:)'(,

*i:(;)'

6onso. fiop xanx Har roo Hb 3ypraa 6afix ruaragnan I - wu(0)

3)roxr,rong6uuoruax ryrenrnfir N=6, n:2, P =l/6 rgxxgpsrnoHs, wu(2).

Eognoro

100 cyranaanur 1 Hb xoHxBoproil 6ane. Tsreen 5 cyranaa cyranaxag Tgp xoHxBop

TaapaflAax MaraAjranblr on.
6oponr. 6yx conronrbrH roo cfoo. Hsr xoHxBop 6yxnh coHronrHH toocln.

4t5
p = cssr
croo =

EoAnoro 4

rorut6oHooc Hor 6eera t xyraqaaHA 3aAapcaH 6aftx uraraAnan:

p$)=l-e-'rgx onAox 6on t =0 arutrx,q 6afican N rooxul 6eeueec , xyraqaaH+ n-',
rooHhil 6eeu sagapcaH 6afix MaraAnanbrr onHo yy.
l-lervrr,rfin 3aApanHH

SoAonr.
b-eerrrc 3aApax Hb xoopoHAoo crarhcrrr xon6ooryrZ ysergen ryn
6eeu sagapcax 6aftx Mara4nan 6ruoruax ryronrssp unepxnftnergoHo

w*(n,t)=

r'

-{'

,r

xyraqaaH4 z-rooHbt

p(t)r'(lp(r))r-'
''

n!(N- n)1"

I\Ixaxranrrafi nx roo rexoA

eHo

ryrenr flyacconur ryranr 6onx xyarpxa

_n -n

w(n.t\=n'
n!

1F.q 7 = p(t)N

3agapcaH 6oerurftn AyHAax roo.

lEqgnoro 5.
Xepaee caHaMcapryrl xerraxrrgyyH .r Hb l-ayc*ru rvrenrsHg 3axhpargAar 6on AyHAax

trrrrar, KBalqparuH AyHrqax ytrax', Ahcnepc (Lx)2 nilr ryc ryc rogopxofinHo yy?
Eqgonr.
l-ayccurx ryronr:
lD

p(x)=

Ar2

l*"_

Aorop xnh 6a[iraa rse.

6aftcax 6on xurgpex
npollecc aflHAaa RBarAaHa. Hnrr rasap cafrryfr
xilrg Eoncou qaff gHo npoqecc 3or@Ho.
Monerynyyg xoopoH4oo yanpaaryia xeAeflAer
yqpaac $nyxryaq 6afix su rapqaaryfr. l-eev
Qnyrryaq Maur 6ara 1ahgar. Caaxur V
esnexyynufir V,6a V, rscsu 2 xscerr xyBaas.
@nyxmyau,. CasaH

Xnil aHx xurg

3ypar 5. Caean goropx raonexynufiH

rap)nr ryraUaaHaac xaMaapax 6ygyyav

:Vr +Vr.

A =4 lY 6a pz =Vz lV --l* p, .

Monerryn 6yp 1 6a 2 xocorr oprut4x Maragnafl

esnexyyn 6yxuft xo@rr N, roonur 6eerr,r

rnepxrfinerAgHg.

w,(N,) =

opurx 6afrx

t#NJ

pr' (r-

6ru

Mara4fl an 6unouaH ryroflToep

p)r-r'

r)*V?
*!

(JV1)

J{r/i\t
{;l}

3ypar 6. EunorraaH ryrenr. (a)

p <<l l-lyaccouur ryrenryyA

{!}
N = 20 p =l I 2 , (b) N

17

tc}

uila nHs 6yp yrrag. (c)

EeeuufrH Too xaHran1;lah nxroxnon,q, l-lyaccouutryrgnr aull4rnaH, 6eeurilH TooHbl

Onyrryar-pafix xeagparblH AyHAax yrrulr 6ogox onu6. n= Nr rgx ToM,qornoe.

(n') =
=

in'w 1ny= "*p(-(r))pffi

.,p(-(,),{:#.
(ra,l'

}ffi}

) = \n') -

{,)' * {,)

\nl' = \")

9sAoec

{ra"T-

(,1

.(,

("')=ln'wrtn)=

Np(l

EoAnoro 6
Etrxoruon ryronrogp
/V

r3x Y3YYnHe YY.

EoAonr.
3aaaap. HoptuvnonutH Hexqen

- p+ Np)

$N!

P)*'"' =l'
?' nl(N - n1r'P'(1-

2tanaac p sep 2 AaxuH yIlaMxnan aBaxaA Yyccox ronqenrfir agilrna.

Qxe $ognorbtH xapryr aunrnaH, 6uHoMaH ryrcnrogp, 6eeunfiu Too AyHAax wraac,aa
xasafix xagailnrun KBa,qparHH AyHAax yrrur on6on
((^,)') =\n'l*\")' = Np(t- p),

Yyxrail

0HA30C

(,)

r:v

Np

=t/

of

rnspxrfinsn ror yrraraft 6onx lahraa uu syftn xeper, 6ac

xanranrrafi 6ara lahxag Snyrryaq uxfiahx uu ofinrouxrofi. Eycag roxhon4 Qnyrryaq

=l 6y y 6yx esnsxyvHE

eHo

uaur 6ara axoo.

l_8

,g. EeervrriH rooHr,r

HnrrbrH

snyrryaq

Eenorrx,

EafipuranurH Koppennl{ lyxuit ryroflr aBq y3be. Koppennq yycox ron

I
IErmaa{ Hb 6oerucutiuq xoopoHgbrH xapilflLlaH yfinvnenqsn }oM. l-seq xapilnqaH
1afie.au KBaHr crarncruKvtfru
KoppenflLlrorz 6ongor.

Yryfi
trlnmrroruan
n+qaoo
J

hm
I fuf,H
t

I om (

sapvru 6coop rxun 6eenacnhulafipwun

6eeuceec 6ypgceH chcreM 6atZr. Eeevr cnnu 6aipwranurr 4(f =1,2,...,N) roBon
TooHbt, r Llor Aoepx Hflrr

,,',(.) = (r(.))

, n(r) =p at., * rl

(1

,8,1)

) ,t

AyHAaxrncaH rrra rsilrnfir rsM.qornox 6yrl. 9ne AyHAax Hb KBaHr uexaHrarnfin

ocBon xyraqaaHH AyH,qax 6yroy anca v6nufra AyHAax anb anb uu 6afrx 6onno,
] lrc] fo1r1+rur Hsr 6eera HFrr roHo.
l qoeeM Herr Hb

,," (r,r')

( Ia(.,

-r)d(ro

-r,)

(1,8,2)

-*oxoilnorgoHo. Xo0p 0"", "# nu r6a r'xo6p eep qor ,qoepx 6eerracrfru rooHbr
Inlfiltr{
xoopoHAox cTaThcrl/tK xon6oo -Koppennllt4ilr unepxnilnns (3ypar 7). Llaau Hu
J
(1,8,3)
=no(r)n()(r')g(r,r'-r)
l
'(')(t,t')
6uvseg, g(r,r'-r) rfir xocuu ryrsnrurlH SyHxq (pair distribution function) rex
[*
fmplrqAor.

Xuh

Msr l43orpon crcreM4 (n)=r,',(.) xu caegsi xauarafr uryyg

opou safir oc rooqBon rasap cafiryfi rorruon yrrarai,r 6afix 6onno,

rrt,rHroH

]*ry
_691axan
rqg (1,8,3)ufir
I
nQ\ (r,r') =(n)' s(R), 4 :l r,-r |
(1,g,4)
I
* **tr, 8(R) niar pagnanu ryrsnrrtin Qynxrl ro,qer, ryyHufir rypurilnra Aoop peHrreH
[
clpHnnaap rogopxofinox
I
I lrnaua, xHroxneop g(R)

Itilamu

6onoux 6uit. cuqeM ToM 1ailxag Koppenflq.R-+oo -g

rQ
IiW:,o
I

-f*/kffi

iJ
:

aypar 7. XapuqaHryi

lailpwun

ayp6r g.

g(R)

r,rypyriH 6ygyyer

qof xo6p 6eeu Hflrrbtr r 6a r' mp Hb v -esnoxyyHr,rri xsn,txeeH Aoop r4HTerpanqhnr,f,.

i .l*k rocoH xfl3raapnanrrail cyrvrrvr (nrarln6sp)xs uitwy.asraapnanrryrl AaBxap cyMMaaclqaH
i
i

glrMHr xaccaHrafr ToHqyy, v-o3noxyyH 4sx

6oervrrarlH

t!

no g,r'frrdr' = (r,1) - (ar,

),

N,

.N
:Jld(r,
-rVr.

YYua

'

Toor

v i=l

*-s3noxyyH caBHbt xaHaHaac eailpyy 6ailxag

19

N, rox rsMggrnse. Texe4

(1,8,5)

(rv,)=(r)v
v-e3ngxYYH CaBHbl xaHaHaac safiAyy 6aiaxa+
JJ

OHAesc

[r"'

{r, . )

(lf;)-(or,)'

- (r)' prar'

(oyoy eepeop

*#,

(r)'

- rk/R = (n,1 ) -

rJ tstn)

(ru, ) - (ru,

or*r"n'({lr, -(N,)f )) xervrxrarsvvxuilr

=

dJ

1r

)''
on6on
(1,8,6)

(,) Jrs(R) - rHR)

g(R) nu, HxoBqnoH, R ecexeg Hor pYV ryprsH AexAer'

Tsrexneep crcreurfis Hnfrr ssnexyyn V xanranrrafr I4x, xap[H v 6on ryyunil
xaMaapaxryfi'
MaKpocKon xscsr 6afisan (1,8,6) raran bapyyn ranA 5ailraa uHTerpan vsoc
v
Xaprax v xu nnfir g3ngxYYH V tsil xuwyrxylZq xeMxegrsfi flahaan AypAcaH hHTerpan
N
xaMaapHa. Xnulssnsxo,q, xspBse yHu Hutir g3ngxYVH V rsh TgHl-lYY flahaan N,us
reHLlyv 6ailx ryn Qnynryaq 6arlxryfi, (1,8,6) raun 6apyyn rafl r3r 6OnOx eCrOfr.
ranaac
v =V toxnonA g(1t) r,rin 6yx o3nexyvHsop aBcaH AyHAax yrrblr I ree. Her

II(,)' g(RYRdr =\nl' (sv)v

gHo xHTerpan
Heree Taraac xoep 6eervr HsrrHH rogopxofrnonTHr 6apnrrlrnaxaA

6onox Ecroft. Vlhug

/ \- N-l

\n)g
v

xu 6apar Hufir esnsxyynrefi

TaHqYY

6ailx xnsraapuH ToxronA

(,)Jtstnl-l1,rn

lzlxrexnesp (1,8,6) nu

( (lg,-.

rv,

-;
,)' ) : I {r _ ,}
-(n,)

(1v,L

P=vlV

N(N-l)

ryn eHs Hb

'^ v''

((n,-ll!.D=$r,*o)
tr,l- gyHreil\1v./raapu 6yfr'

rox 6u.{urAeHs. 9He gVH 75 nfin 6-p 6o,qnorun

(x6n)
6eeuufin rooHbt
Snyrrar-lrarin Qypue gyprafix KBaAparHH AyHAax
""rr"i, rnspxnfrnerAAsr
xeMxrrEYYH naex. Yvrp nu.
pa.qran ryrenrnfiu syHxqssp

HSA=(

lJtrfrl-(,))exn(-f,)d,
(n(r)n(r)l

t4hMooc

l' )=1 lJJfrf,'ln1r1-(nllexp(-tf

nQ)

(r,r)

+(

(\

uQ4 =

Zd(, - r,y?' - r) l,

(,),[t + (n),Jk(n)

20

* I] exp(-/R,^.J

(r'-r))dr'drl l,

9$. Open ulrefi x-9ept urufix xapbqaa

titaraanal oHrpon xopurn xon6oor arrJhrnaH yHAcoH TepMoArHaMhK xoMxr4rgyynrafi

ffirryrryall 6ac 2 eep repMogrHaMilK xoMxilrAyyHrafr Qnyrryaq xoopoHAbtH Koppennnqmftr
:ltlWxoftnx 6onAor. lzlurox ro4opxofinoxog 6eeucrfin
rooHbt HqrrHH Qnyrryaq Hb

tmrepM uaxaraax r<oessrqrae rrr'.

k,=ff+l
v\oP

rmteo)

( (lr,-.1r,, ,)'

(lr,)'

-eop nnopxnrznergaer

),

vtil 6ynsr

=!k,,

(g,3,9)

(1 ,9,1)

llilfirmr (1,8,6) rafi xuurrxeg

,r, =fi+Jtstnl*rldR.

('1,9,2)

'!ffif,r

Opuu.rrefin-gepnnxrfiu xapbllaa roHs. eHs roMueo Her raflaac repMoAuHaMuK

m0{TAYYH Heree raflaac Ml4KpocKonuK crarr4cfl4K xoMxurAyyumrir xoopoHA Hb xon6ox erq
ffiraaraapaa qyxan av xon6orgonrofi rcru.
lurxres 6apar uaxarA.qaryia, wvarsauLz uraxarAax roe$$raqr,reatuhr rcr (k, 0 rsx
= )
[@qBon

-1.

(r)Jtsrnl-lldR
Hgean xnilp p =< n > r . Y yauhr

a ruu

=
rnaH uaxarAax ross$ra

(1,e,3)
qrae utuiar

onoxoA

rk, (n) =t.

ffiExA

(,)Jtstnl*rldR=o
Xapux

yeA uaxar4ax xoeSQraqileHr xnsraapryfi raxecger(/g" -+a)

t'In (1 ,9,2) -ui,tu l4Hrerpan Maru rx yrrararl 6ongor. hrfuvr xoppe nnnquhr (long range
wrelation) xon vprenxnsx Koppeflnell roAor.
graarraerprafi xaryy uaapt4raac 6ypgsx n1ean xnug pagnan
_D
ryrgnrt,tfrn $ynxqrfir
Kpl4rl4K l-ler pYY otZprox

dponqoonon

gfR)

[0. R< D,
=tr
R> D

Gu( aBbe. Tsxeg (1,9,2) ooc

__,

,(ar)
_

,'\op ),..r,,,

4rD3

(ru,) 3

'

3Hg rsrur:ronnilr v osp Hb r4Hrerpantlz,nafl. Texgee y->oo xffiraapr

f,DfTerpanq xfl nbtH TorTMOnHr onoo,q

l:lx

o=\r,)?"..,
3D'
TooqBon

o =(N,).'
v*b
Sttg 6on u+ean xnrzu 6oerurrzH xsrvrxssr rool"lcoH rorluhrrgfl MeH.

21.

p-+0 rox roo1loH

0$. 3a ru6a paa ryfi AorrroHyygblH apq l'l Mufi n Snyrryaq

Knaccnx qaxhnraaH copoH3oH Aonrnor xhuse 6onron aBq Y3be. flus 6yp YvcryYpooc
rapcaH ropneop ropellrox AypbtH qsr Aeopx spvrurfrr acry1 Tep qer Aoop YYcryYp 6ypnftn
eAeex qaxhnraaH opHH aMnaVTYp, WKVI rex xnn6apr{nnbfl. f -p WcryVpnfru qaxnnraaH
opoHr aexp(ig)roe. fopnilftH 3pqilM qaxunraaH opHH KBaAparA nponopqhoHan:
1

'

q.

EE*=

r't"rp(iq,)fexp1*

iqo)

a'1N

+2\cos(cp,

-a)).

giqa3ryE xoopoHAoo ynngaaryfr yqt4p 3HA33c AyHAax aBaxaA

(t) x

Na'z.

t4firxyy opqhM rspnutix yycrYYpVYArtiu rooxg nponopql4oHan axoo. l-epnr'rfix epuuuufix

Snyxryaqufir ueflsxnilH rynA
t ,:
\,')* (trr*)')

nftr 6o4ox xeper rapHa.

I

zt

cos(p,

i<k

- e)

l' ) : lry-U (cos' 1p, - e )) =

o

: N(N -1)
rs4rhfir aHxaapBaac

o4oo

(r') * (zN'-N)ao.

(tl-. r r)') = (r')-(l)'

recetr xapbllaaHA

N >>

I rsx rooqoH on6ooc

(rr-(r)l') _,
(r

)'

Yyxnfir KflaccrK 6eeucrtin rooHbl HsrrHH SnyrryaLl:

((r-.r>)') *

--1,

(,\'

(")

-rail xapuqyyn6an Maru r,tx Snyrryaq rocoH yr. exe uu xopBoe repnufrr Soronyygun
rsx y3Bgn Soronyyg KnaccnK 6eeuceec rax $nyxryaqrafi receu yr. ene 6on
xaMTAaa xe.qnex xaHiqflararaia 1ailAruiau ilnporl oru. Ep Hu 6osoxyygblH xoopoHA
raranqaflbrH xyq iailgar (5-p xaecpanr).

22

!I EYNET
eHTPOnt4
Hsr ranaac 5neuha MaKpocKon reneB qeeH napaMerpgep rogopxofrnorgor rgrsr Heree
ranaac MaKpocKon 6ne acap onoH 6eontteec 6ypgAdr ryn MexaHwxnha yygHogc y3mn acap
rfr qefleeHrfi sepsrrei chcreM dailEar. Mexaurr 3yparnanaac MaKpocKon 3yparnang eax
tuliflxr4x Bg rg4gr acyyAflbrr crarficrrlK Srsrr xnn6apxaH uurigger. Crarucrur
repMo4[HaurxrrZr 6yraexep MexaHHK xe4onrooHr4fi genrspenryri rafinan orr xeperryi,
raprH ryxafin MaKpocKon ronoBT gop eep xnqHooH MexaHilK ToneB 6afix 6onox 89 reggr Hb
qyxan ax.

orropryfi, Iluyeunnufrx

1$. Oasurx
.ly'

6eeueec rorrcoH cucrerunfin

reopenrt

Ayrgsp 6eourfix xe,qenreeHnfr rgrulhrrgn

dpi

bi: iq_.
k=l
euA pi 6on ; -Ayroep 6oerurfiu ilMnyrrbc, F* 6on i
dt

Ayresp 6eenA fr 4yraap 6eeueec

yfnvnex xyv. Xspeee cucrenaufiH xe,qenreesuhr xssraapnax xon6ooc 6afiean crcreuufin
Eeerucufis 6afipuran xon6oocsrH Hexl{oflE 6apurgaH xoopoHgoo xon6ooroft 6on4or. Xepeee
ron6oocu x Hexqnyygn fi r
.f,(\,\,..,rr) =0, i =1,'..m, m <3N
msx 6nqux 6onx 6ailean cilcreMur7H qeneeHnrZ ssper s=3N-m 6onHo. Crcreuufix
Gaipunur rogopxofinoxog s rooHbr yn xaMaapax xsMxhr4yyH uaap4arAaHa. Ogreep
reuxrrgyyurftr Q vQ 2,...,Q" roBen 6eeru oyprafiH 6aipu.l1an oAreop yn xaMaapax
xo[rrx]4 rAyvHssp hnspxn

fi

nerAsHs.
Y,

= ri(Q1,{12,...,q,) i =1,...,N

Terexo4 crcrenarfrs KuHerilK 6a noreHr-1uan eHepru

N

'

.2

-t :-iL-/
/ mr,
i.-l

Hb g.qrsop

1
L

U =U(r,rr,...,rr)

-,

yn xaMaapax xoMxurAyyHoop hflepxnftnerpexe.

T = T (Q, Q 2,..., Q,, Q, cl r,...4,), U = U (q,qr,..., Q,)
34rsep yn xaMaapax xeMxnrgyynwu xyraqaaraap xyBbcaH epqfierAex AVpoM (6yroy
xe.qenreeH u ft xyyn u ) n u 11 arpauxr ri x rorulu rrenyyAogp roAopxo fr norAoHo.
IlarpaHxuiH Tsrurrrrofl yyA

dAL

OL

aq,

0q,

dt

YYxg

- 0, i:1,...,,s

L(q1,q2,..,Q,,Q:,Q2,..,Q)=T(%,Q2,...,Q,,,4r,Qr,...Q)-U(qr,Q2,...,Q,) -Iarpaxxrfin

SyHrq.
8r,Q2,...4, 6a QpTz,...,q,uhr epeuxnti KoopAuHaryyA 6a epeHxrafr xypAyyA rsHo.

Crarrcrrx

MexaHhKT JlarpaHxrailH Terruhrroflyyg 6raru xaphH l-auunsrouH Torur4Tronyyg

xop0rn3rAA3r.
AL

P,=C.

(l = 1,"',s)

(2, 1, 1)

-xeMxilrAyyHyygufir epoHxnrl ilMnyabc rex HepnsHa. gnsxyy (2, 1, 1) esc eperxNrz

xyp4yyAbrr epeuxur ft r M nyfl bcyyA 6a epen xra fi Koopgu Haryygaa p hnepxrrlneeg

=\q,n,23

(2, 1, 2)

(2, 1, 3)

l-aunnurouH TgrrJ]ilTrgnyvA Hb QvQ2...,g,,pt,p2,.,.,p, epeHxnil KoopA[HaryyA, epeHxuil

nMnynbcyyAbrH xyBb A H3rAyrc3p epsrr,I6rriH gilQsepeHllilanbrsruHTrsflyyA loM.
uuila Hu epexxri KoopAhHaryyfl, epeHxhra rananynucyyg xyraqaaraap xgpxoH xanaaapax
syfi rorrnslr unepxrfrnxs. Xspaee / = 0 auxnur arlrJvrH Aaxb epeHxurfi xoopgranar, epenxrafi
rMnynbcyyAblH yrra '. Qo = (Qrc,Qzo,..,g,o), pa = (pto, pm,.., p,o) erergceH 6on re4reeprafrx
AypbrH t -aruvt*.qaxb yrra raMunbroHbr reruJilTrenyyAoec
rox

i = Pi(Qo'

on,oHo

Po't)'

Qi

Qi(Qo,

Po,t)

(2, 1,

oaguln orropryfi. Knaccrr crarrcrHK MexaHrKr epeuxri

4)

|
I

I
I

KoopAhHar

uMnyflbcesp 6araryyncan orropryri aBq y3Aer. eHe orropryfir

"o"rr,r, I
Qasurn o.rop.yr ;.* ,rprrrr.
oaguH orropryfi us2s xeruxeecrerZ orropryra 6onso. Mexaxrx crcreumiH artxlH drorr, I
rensnfir oHo orropryfin nrvrap nsr (q,p)Llor AypcenHe. Mexanux crcreuufi, *"g"rr"", ,"
I
TspxYY @, p)qeruftH xe,qenreeHeep ranepxrrinerAgHe. gxe yrraap (2,
1, 4) rrrrrrrrnyygl

||;##trr;ti::ffirroprvri,qaxb,

'

xo,qenreoHrfi rpaerooprariH napaMerp

Knaccvrx crarr4c,4K MexaHilKT Iluyannuha reopeM qlD(an

vyper

Ilnyaunuftx reopeu.

rrr*rrrrn or,

ryfiqsrrs4ar.

t=}aruuHA cucreurrin $asurH orropryftg flMap Hgrso ,r^l

e3oax 6aficax Qasuu qsryygrarln ofloHflor aBq y3be 3ne t,ryrxrafin (qo,p)qer
6yp ,=o l
aruJuHaac 3xIr3H xeAenceep t = t aruJvl+A, (2, 1, 4) terwurrsnggp
ro40pxofinor4ox, eep I
(q,p) \sraoeHo, SrMyx eep 5, rupxrag ruraxr4Ho. Onsxyy (qo,pr)-+(q,p) *rn*rnrrrAl

sasux

33rr3XyVH

eopqflerMerryfr (e. x. 3o nayrxnfiu 33n0xyyH

TsHqyv ). YyHrafir llwyaunnnilH reopeM

eus ss

xspBoo

ro,qar.

! or,oo,

5,

l
I

uyrxlrfix esrr*wrrrr

-[oroo

lrroo=l##dq,po

(2, 1,

6) I
t

roB3fl

D(q,p)
rg""H

yr.

eHs reope.ruriu aryynrHr

D(qu'

*,

Pu)

Q.1.7t

vfl uaxarAax urnxreurfi ypcranrail syfipnex oonro.l

lluyeunnuhH TeopeM Hb uexaHuxvrriH rsrurrarrsnlrriFr urrafig nsrsn yrraiair;##;l

unspxrrinsn rcrr,' (oasurri qsryyA xeAonroeH
can6apnan ypx,ax
AyHBaa

ov"v-i"&;;;l

"Hifff":-'JiHil"*?#X;i3i,"""?H.ffi ;'X"**ti:f #-ro;-f$i*il#Il

x,,i=1,2,...,n, n=2s **ro";:

y^_rr)*s,..x,s,t).

lfimparaap guseepeH Llr4anbqhnbn.

mffi

!r:ZPu,-'^-*\D,oa,r
dt

:Ax, lOxor, D,oHb o,o

0r,^

,A

- oneMeHTeA xaprafi3ax anre6prafiH

ryriqesnr.

d0xt - A- + *
dAx
a*,..
br. '"i ro o*ou

A, ='* dt
ffiilffi,mA 6yp l-auranbroHbr rerlr,hrron

.coop x/

=
-

t;

"KoopAr4Har,,yyAaap nnepxnrtnerp4er
ryn)=

dx, dr,

_\- &,

+C a--=* Oo'o

&,
!, =|,D,oa,o% = oI
6
= Dy.qL
-?""
dt fr '*'^ O*,
A- -"?A\

@lppurnx unhn6,sp rerrsil reHqyv, 3He Hb 6yqaaA q,

p'xyBbcarqyyAaap nnspxuianexe4 6yp

imlfuno. Tyxarinban

* +(*. *) : \.(* # - *#)=,

=

fi o =o . ensssc D(t) =D(o) =

2 $. l-aplaoHlt( ocqunnnrop.
Fapuoxrx oct-lhnnrrropHH raMlnbroHhaH
H (q p) =
'

FauunurosH reruhrrsflyyA

Tenerix roo. Onrponu

fi* ry

aHpaH
opm

(2,2, 1)

0q

,rrrr.r# sc p uilr safrnyyn6an

. oxs rerurrrrenrriu epeHxufr

*X;:^';r=u

(2,2,2)
6uque, yfiA a,q- orr",r'-fi'"1ffi?r" ,r,ao
nilr
awnrnau(2, 2, 1) whn
TgnrxTrsnog? p ufir ro4opxofin6on
p = maacos(a;f + q)= bcos(at +a), b
=mog
(2,2,3)
2) (2, 2, 3) Hu xarvrrgaa rapMoHLr( ocr.ll4JrnrropbrH
rpaerroprfin
easuu
napaMeTp
rrsn 6onno, napaMerp Hb xyrallaa l MeH.
one
2 rsrluhrrsl.rogc

p' ,q'
- _=rj;.
b-

a-

1.

orrop rvfip snnunc rpaeKropuop

[1t["'""1,y:ylj:YT:.T:g
tr.r,
epeec ofinrorraNroil syhn. yvup
Hu, oHepril xaAranarAax xyynt4ap
p' , *ol'q, 2mZE -eueprntix
)rrra, TorrMofl.

25

3aMHax

ax. oxs

(2,2,4)

(2,2,4) 6on b=JT*E, o=JZt

rorvr. 3Hs onntanchfiH Tan6ail

i*r= - ux6a 6ara rsx:<nerroil

onnuncrrH reruhrron

i1r'1= ZnE I a
6onso. eaexyy

I(E)-

(212,5)

Hu

p ). ,m@q22 /D

2m2

-ToHqen 1nww[ir xaHrax, yrsep xsn6sn, orerAceH E' egc 6ara

eneprrrsfi Sa3Hx qsryygufir

aryyncaH uprnrau $nsxYYH roM.

Keasu waccuK xnseaap. Knaccux yxargaxyyH 6onox $asuru orropryfix xeporngr4ox
xypoo flBqyy, 3eBXeH KBa3[ KflaccfiK xs3raapr n $asux sanexyyunfi xsMxggr KBaHT
reneenfrH rooroil AyrZrlyynx 6onAor 6ailua. YyHutIr ocqr4nneropbrH xt4ulooH Aoop
rafin6apnan. KeaHr MexaHuKr 6on craquoHap ocqrnnqropblH sHepru Aapaax
TacanAaHM yrryy4rafr 6arZx 6onno.

/ r\
\ 2)l,

E,=hal
n+:
"
Kaanr roo

n =0,1,2,...

n nfin ex4op yrra4(xaasrKflaccilK Myxl,iA)sHo urepxt4fineng 1l2nhr

E' =tla)n'

opxt4Booc

exeprrfin eHoxvy E = E,yrraA $asutH orropryrag xapran3ax o3nsxyyH (2,2, S)nilr xap )

i1f;= 2nE,Iat=Zrhn
9Hgesc KBaHT Too:

,, -i(E)
2nh
9Hgesc, 6asHx orropryfix Ztth -xevxserorZ esnexyyH TyraMA Hsr KBaHr refleB
rex ofinroHo. Tersxnesp SasurH dqdp - gren eonoxyvHfl xapran3ax KBaHT renetafrH roo:
dqdp
2nh

6onuo. Her xsnaxsgcr rapMoHl4K ocr"lunnnropA 6ailraa sus gytlqesr AypblH

ssperrefi cucreMA eprerrex 6onuo.
Teneltfix roo. flypuH s qereeHufi seperrefi crcrerurils QasuH orsn
xapran3ax renehilH roo:

dqdp

(2rh)"

dqdP

dq,dP,

"'dqrdq"

(2,2,6)

Yynrfrr oftnroxog 6acgapaax reM4orflen AOM y3yynHo.

Tstrlgernsn:
o Ksanr MexaHhKr KoopAuHar 6a rrunynucurix rogopxofi Gycutx xeMxoe LpLq
recsH xapbqaararl 6ailAar, 3ns 6on Sasurx orropryfin Znh -xup
oneMeHT 6ypg usr KBaHT refleB xapran3Aarnilr unepxuhnx6aViraa xopor.
. 6opun xarac KBaHT oHonoop 6on xepaes cucreM, uraccuK uexanrrnilu
ysexg,q, yer xeAenreex xnigsr 6on Qaaurx rpaeKropryA.qorpooc 3eBxeH

nao =2rttn, n =1,2,...

-HexqenA Toxr4pcoH Tpaerrop n 6afrx 6onuo rgiqor. Yyueec ysgxg4, oHg oHonoop
Qasux gsnoxyyH KBaHTnarAcaH 6afrx 6eroeg KBaHT atLp\,q - 2xtt axos.
Eonouxnr renenfiH roo. To4opxori nexqeflg 6yfi crcreurfin 6afrx 6onox
MexaHrK reneulix roor yr cucreuufiH. ryxaftn Hexqon gsx, 6onoux[r tenefifiH Too reHo.

26

;fr! oa cHGTeM rycraapflargcaH 6ailaan

crarilcrl4Kr, cr4creM Qassrn orroprytZg
" Knaccux
ulerrfrr
6afix 6onuo, eopeop xon6en,
AaMxhH

rorrMon eueprnrsfr ragapryyH 6yx

E(q'P)=E=const

{aAapryyH qeryygnrar 6rryv cncrerrauriH 6afix 6onox ToflBYYE MeH rex TooqHo.
. KsaHr crarhcn4Kr, ryxarin eueprursil 6yx xeaur renayygrafir 6raryy cncreu 6afix
6onox renByyA MeH rox ysHo.
ilrnrce cucreM TepMocrarrafi sxepru coflHnqoH TsHqBspr renoBT oplullx 6afiean
. Knaccux crarilcrl4KT, QaaulH orroprytlu

E*6812<E(q,p)<E+6812

-Hexqen xaHrax nayxufiu qsryy4urZr cucreM 6arlx 6onox renBYYA MoH rox Y3H3.

E -exepruiH AyHAax

YYHE

yrra, dE-sHepril AyHflax wraacaa xasaftx x3Mx33.

Keaxt crarrcr[KT,

E-5812<E,SE+6812
-Hexllefl xaHrax 6yx xeanr renayy4rarZr cucreM 6afrx 6onox reflBYYA rox rool-lHo.
yyHA E -eueprutzn AyHAax yrra, 6E-sHepril rqyHAax wruacaa xagafix x3Mx33.
Snrponrafi x

rogopxofinonr

OmmTucr6x MexaHhKr cucreurfin oHrponu,Sraurr ryxaraH Hoxqentr

ffimnm"r-qoor 6yx naexaxrK TonByyALIfiH roo dt- sep

^l =
qftmm

rogopxofinHo. hHrsx rogopxorZncox

crcreurfru 6arix 6onox

lndI,S

-sxrponrfir crarrcrllK oHTponil rox tlpbflar.

Eognoro

1.
fi'apuoHr,rx ocq]4nnnrop KoopgnHarbtHxaa

(q,q + dq) uwepeanA optut4x MaraAflaflHr on.

EoAonr.
tq.q + dq)warcpean,q oput4x xyrallaa

dt
il{[,2,.

do =
=llda
dq - dqldt

rttqocos(att +

a)

dq=

2, 2) reru:Nrren xspsrnexeg)
I

dq

,qr.rlt - rirf 1ru o1

3m+a xyraqaar xarac ynrpan T I 2 = r at -A xapbLlyynaxaA
rl

r';7;5ot

ocqhflnnrop Koop4t4HaTbtHxaa (q,q+dq) uarepaang optxtlx Mara,qnan

unnrox 6onuo. Yr ruaragnanar p(q)dq rex 6h.laen

6onxO. Yynrarar

p(q)dq

=-+dq
ftiqo
-q

3en p(q) Hb Koop4r4HarbtH orropryrl gaxu MaragflaflblH Hflrr rex otZnrorgouo.

Eo4noro 2. Ilwyeunnu tZH reopeur fi r rapnaou fi K oct-lilnnrrop 833p ulanra.
6ogonr. Xspaeo oclluflflflrop l0 aruuHR (Qo,po) qer gsep 6afican 6on (2,2,2)6a
2'2'3) -aac
qn = asina, po: bcosa
'{yxnfir auurnaH (2,2,2), (2,2,3) r,tilr papaax xen6epreil 6r'{ue

q=

Po

ma "in,,t+qocosia,l

, p=
27

pocosa)l -moQosina;l

3xs urnrigrafir xsperneH rooqBooc

EoAnoro 3. IlnyaranrafiH reopeu Her uynyyH Asep xegnerv 2 u:apraxnfia ynu xapnuxafr
MeprenAeexg 6ueneue regrwilr uanraHa yy.

TauAerngn, Iluyeunnuiln reopeM l-aurnuroxur rgrur4TrsnA 3axrpargar cucreM.q fl

Toxl4pHo. l-anarnurouu $ynxqryfr crcreu4 Sasurx e3ngxvyH xa1ranat1axryil. Xrar.uog Hb,

ocopryyqsnrsfi opvrH Aaxb xeAenreeH MeH. ScepryyqsnnrZu xyvsec eep xyr{ 6afrxryfi 6on
6re axx flMap xypgrail 1aitcaaacaa yn xaMaapaH xe.qenreeH Hb caapq hMnynbcee 6apax
6eree,q yyxrara ynMaac $aaun esnexyyrrri xoMxog rypreH 6yyp4ar 6aitua.
3$. Hgean chcreMyyA

Knaccur naexaHrxutiH VyAHooc aBq y3Bgn crcrenarfru MexaHhK TeneB lailgan yr

crcreuutir 6ypgyynsrv 6Yx 6oerurtiu Koop4ilHar 6a uMnynbcsop roAopxoilnorggor.

Tyxafin6an

r1

r12,'..,

f7y.

Pr' Pz r...' Pv.

-gop roAopxorinor4ouo, N- 6eeurris roo.
Sttg s qoneenmfi seperrerZ cucteumfiu, Qasurn orropryran orofl o3noxvyH Agx,
dqdp I (2tttt)'

renshix roor

-rox aBax xeperretl rcMaa rex y3coH. Terssn nB rxtanxou i[6eenleec 6VpAcaH (s=3N)
chcreM.q 9Ho roor N! -n xyBaax erex Hb syrarsra axee. Yyxr,rfi yurp reasn KBaHT MexaHnK
l4B H)l{hnxsH 6eerucufir xoopoHA Hb flflrax 6onouxryfr rox
v3Aor. exnseg Qasuu orropryfrn
N eep qer Aeep N 6eervr 6atiraa rsx 6ogu6. Tsragn, KracerK MexaHuKT, o4rssp qor Aospx

6een,lcufir xoopoHA Hb coflt4x 3aMaap N! eep reneB yvcrsx 6onxo. l-eren oAroop 6eeMc ha
l4xl4rlxsH (nnrax apraryrZ) lafiean eArosp N! renayyg 6on vyxan,tEaa Hor Jr reneB MeH.

Vlhussc N 6een,tufin Sasuu orropryrl rqaxb ronBurir roonox4oo .qaBxapgnHr aphnraxuH

yyAHeoc Sasun orropryilH esnexyyurfir Hu N !-A xyBaax erger. Teresg q
d3r, .d3rr..

.dtrr.. d'p,.d'pr...d'p
r,

-3r9n 33n9XYYHA
d3

rr

d3

r,

...

dt, r,.

dt p, . dt p r.

..

dtp r. t (Q"n)" w

-TooHbt refleB xapran3aHa

rsx rooq4or. lzlHraxeg 3oB yp Avll4 xyp.qsr.

1. l4Aean xuilt. V e3noxvyHg opur,lx, xapnnqaH yfinvnenqeeryfi, N TOOHbt
6ypgcsH cr4creM aBq y3be. Keas[Knaccux naprtaavnan,q ererAcen E osc 6ara
6yx renerariH roor 6onqox on
Eogonr. N uonerynrrln eneprr
N

E(r, p)

=Ztpi.

* p|, u p:.) t 2m

exgesc
E(r, p)
-Hexqen xaHrax reneyygtrfin roo
upxrariH esnsxyyuurZ

(2,3, 1)

f(E, v,N) ut $aeurn orropryfrn

(2, 3, 1) Hexllen

(Ztttt\3N N!-.q xyaaacanrafi rsHqyv

r (E,v, N) =

er# *[
28

d'rd' p,..

d3r*d3

p*

(2,3,2)

l(oopgranaraap taHrerpan aBaxag VN rapua. Plrunynscssp ]4HTerpanur

N

Zrr:*

P:,* ni)<z*r

- ryro{A aBHa, sHg ns (2mE)tt' pagnycrait 3N xgrvrxsscrsri 6eur6eprlrrafix esnexyyHrfir

,cro ft,coH yr. tAiru Oervr6epqrrafiH esnexyya C.rl(2rnE;'/'13il6onHo, yyHA xoe$sraqreur:
C*

xu raMMa Qynxrlssp nnepxurZnerAAor,

c..,
r/v----)-orr

tz+l)

f QN

D5uA (2,3,2) aa

r(E'v,M=ffi(2rmE)3*t2'

(2,3,3)

lIryrc

'

cucreM 6raryy 6nw laitraap sHepril Hb

E - LE I 2 < E(r, p) < E + L,E I 2
cilpr xonxt4H eepqflergAer 6ahaan, crarucrl4K MexaHr,lKT,
S=

lilrq4opxofrngor. Yyng

ar

lnAf

tarlM

renehfiu eurponrfrr

(2,3,4)

={ar
dE

Af 6on eHeprnfiu AypAcaH 3aBcrpr opruux renailriH roo. Maur ux N -A, (2,3,4) -A6attaa
Af rf,r Essc 6ara eueprrrsra 6yx renehfiH roo f(E)oep conr4xog 6ypyygaxryfi. oepeep
nr6n, (2,3,4) rfrx opon4
.l = lnf(E)
(2, 3, 5)
{trlpxnfinen xepornox 6onuo rsceH yr( Aop 4 $ yeeepeti ).
hgux N-A
lnN!^, NlnN-N.
Eac eprerrecen Qarropt4an rerAsx I(x + l) = x ! eynrq nhr uaw nx x -p,

rot

xl.- xr'trTe '.,[2o (CrepnrHrur,tH rourueo)

6arqaanx 6onno. 34resp acuMnror roru6uor aut4rnaxa4 (2,9,5) Aapaax xen6epr

aHo.

s: N{rn
+.1,,?*rnQor!)i
l''' }
'N23N
(2xh)3

I ra's\
Tepuo4ruauurrarixrriqyyneu,reMneparypbrr - =li
roaopxofrnu.
)r ,rox

(2, 3, 6)

TexeA

1=rg{)
r

_N 3
\08 )r.,. 2E

SHAsoc

!3

i='= 2''

lier reprr,rog unaunrcrai,urrariqyynen Aapanrbrr Z = f -g) rsx roAopxoilnu.

r \0V ) r.,

N a..._..
;=lav ), u=T oYoY
' pV=Nr

(2'3'7)
TsxoA

Z:fas)
29

(2,3,8)

aul4rflaH (2, 3, 6) eec eneprnftr safinyynx surponuftr reurneparyp 6a

s3noxyyH sop rnspxra fi n6sec pa paax a Bcaa pxax xen6epreti 6rqnrAene.
(2, 3,9)
S:'J/[5 l2-lncVr)

(2, 3, 7)

nir

Yyxg c =N lV -rooH

KoHr-leHTpaLl.

n,=lffl
,

-xoMxt4rAyyHililr raaHr gsnexyyH

rox

^ rli2

(2'3'10)

(zor,'\'''
::::-

Hopne6er. |

\mr

uhr lqynaaHH xeAenreeHxfi Ae-

Epomnrfin AonrtaoHbr ypr rex receeflx 6onuo.

2. Xoopoxgoo xaMaapanryfi ocqnrrneropyyAbrH cr4creM.

Her ocqrnnnropnilx sHeprl4

s,=hat(n+ll2).
Xoopongoo xaMaapanryil

roosut oct{unnflropooc 6yppex crcreunfiH gHeprh

E=

hol(n,

+t l2)

6on erergceH gHeprurgfi renailfix roor ofl.

Eogonr. Xepaee n1 + nt + ...+ nN : M reasn crcreruuftn oHeprh
E =hca(N l2 + M)
OrerAces sHepruA 6yroy erergcoH M -A xaprafl3ax renehfix

roo

f,

(2,3, 11)
aa M rooHbl

waapurutir Nroonur xaripqarang xyBaaH 6ar,rpuLyynax nnraarai 6yx xyamn6aputu roorofi

rexqyy(3ypar 9). i Avrsop xaripqar xoocoH laiaaan fr, =0 .
Xyer,rn6apurn roor onox HoroH csrret4xrgfi
I I I I I I I I I lraHilnqbfl.XatipqarHyygutHxoopoHAox2 xaaa
l_
I 6ypravrr Her Hor ynaaH uaprKaap reneenyyneoA
( ru - l) rooHbr ynaaH uraapurmilr M roolbt LlaraaH
waapurtail xaMr aBq y3Ben
srilneoA 6yrg
aypar 9
M+N-l rooHbr uap[K 6onox 6ereeg sArcep
uaptaKyyAbrr srHyynoH qH3 6Vp
Aapaaflnaap
snraanait
6afrpuyynx y3ox roM 6on xoopou4oo

t3

I l"l I I I _l I
l3"l L_l EE Lql

.qapaananbrH Too

Hb

(M + N -t)l
M !(N -t)l
6ailx 6onno. Y.lap xu, 6yx uaphK Hsr HgrHoocoo flflraarafi rex tou 6on snraaTa
AapaannHH roo (M +N-1)! OAoo ynaaH uaprKyyA xoopoHAoo 6ac qaraax uapu
xoopoHAoo anraaryil(ne raxrn) rex rcM 6on egreep Aapaeu-ran Aorop r4xrnxgH
ToxhonAox 6onso. flypurn Hor Aypaanafl aBq y3exsA ryyxrerl rxrn Aapaanafl Mt(N *r)l
yAaa roxr4ongoxo. rri vrg

f=

(M

-t)t

Mt(N -1)t

eurponnfrr erergceH sxeprrrefi 6yx renarariH TooHooc aBcaH norapuQurari rsHqyy rex
rogopxoin6ooc
(2,3, 12)
(12)
S = lnIu

M >>

l,

N >> I rex Crepnunrufiu

2)
rorvruEo xgperfleH xnn6apurn6an

S=(M+N)ln(M +N)" MlnM -NlnN.

30

(2,3, 12) us

Te

rrtt

ne

paryp

bt

H Togopxofr

I as asaM

nonroop

-r : -6E= AM0E = {(1 1) -r aularnau}

--| - (ElN+hrol2\

a
a
E

rt I

--l-l-

ha

oi

engeec

/,0 /,,1
dr
ffi=4

-h,' \.
E=N{Lil.,*
L - t\
\'"* ' 'n;:i; -1!'

Erxoop

eree. 3He Horx Hb T

na)'

,hatr

( r )| 1eo''' -11''
3ypar.10 gesp AyflaaH 6arraaux

Horxoop,

tta

-'"6
AT

---[-t-

reMneparypaac xaMaapax

|9,rsit

3Hs 6on

AE

-L

xapyyflxse.

a4lrn, eE -eilrururerinrai reMneparyp

10, =hal I ku1' eHgep reMneparypbrH
rrtxlg Cr + ku . 3He 6on KnaccuK AyH.
Hau reMneparypbrH xfl3raapr Cv
e(cnoHeHqhar 6yypxa,

2. lJ,|
12.\
J'

6arraaux

reMneparypaac xaMaapax 6ataAan.

reMneparypur a6cqncc roHxflor gesp

t2
(z'

exAsec Hor ocqtannflropA HoorAox AynaaH

3ypar 10. @ AaBraMxrafi rapnaoHux

ocqunnsropbrH AynaaH 6arraarr,tx

![rnaaH 6arraauxufir kE

I E/ N -ltat l2 )

6afi4nur

3. XoEp ryBurr,tHt fi 6eeruceec 6ypgcex

cucreM. Seeu 6yp xu -a, rocsH xoep
eep eHeprufrn reeuHt4fi aflb Hsr AogP
opruAor N 6eerueec 6ypgex crcrerurftn
erorAceH gHeprnrgfi renaufrH Toor on.
eHeprurefr 6eeuuftx roor
EoAonr.

qoBop

-r

IGIHT AYH.

N-

eexeprursri 6eorvruilx roor Nn ssp ryc ryc raMgornge.

E = N*e *N_e = (N. - N_)e = Me , M = N* -N_, N = N* +N_ryn

N.=

'
N =l(,n, -M\.
r(N+M),
2

iil 6eervuafiH N- xu -s

oHeprrrefr reaurug cyyx eep eep xyern6apbrH rooN!/(N. !N- D.

xyann6ap 6ypr rxrnxeH oHepril xapran3ax ryn tax]4ll eHeprtaTgil renehfiH roo

lM

N!
N. !N-

N!

(2,3, 14)

];r* + ulrlrx - M)t

r ererAceH eHeprnrefr 6yx renanfiH TooHooc aBcaH norapuQr'arafi rouqyy

S=

lnfu.

rex

(2,3, 15)

rouuo xepornoH xnn6apuyyn6aac

5 = {Nln

N-N* 1n{. -N,ln N

}=

*{N. mlL+ N

h+}

rogopxoilnonroop

I AS aS a-l_ 1 N-M
t 0E O(sM) 2e N+M

(2,3, 16)

(r < 0) cepor 6arax 6arlx 6onox ax ( M > 0 6yay E

Crarucrnr repMog[Hatturwilu yynHosc y3gxog oHo Hb epraftn 6uu.r crcreru ou.

SrtAssc xapaxag reMneparyp

>0

3, 16) aac

N-M

N+M

N,

31

1cr
- =e'"''

(2,3, 17)

N-=

* U-etr '
,ttr "''

(2,3, 18)

e '''
ttr
uttt * r'

N* __
N
(2, 3, 17)

eoc E = M e rox sHeprmfir rogopxofrnoxo4

E

(2, 3, 19)

=-NtthL.
T
ns 6eeru *a

gHeprhrefi reeuJuHE oplul4x, Aapaarniln

unepxrfinen xu 6eev +s sHeprrreil reautaFlp optut4x Maragflanblr ryC TyC 3aaHa
Crcre1a ceper reMneparyptail}ailxap,aui6 gHeprkl Hb 3eper, 6eeUCnfin OnOHxt4 Hb
exepruilx AeoA reBuuH.qeo cyyHa, yyxrtlr ecper cyypbtuhn roAor.

(2, 3,

18) uila gx{wil unepxrftnsn

4 $. TepuoAhHaMnK xn3raap

Sxrponrfix ro4opxotrnonToA eueprufin rogopxofr 6ycurn xsMxoo Henee ysyyngerryfi

rs1rnilr hAean xnfrreep xhuJggflsH xapyynbfl.
A1eanxrtiH eueprr E _ LE l2< E(r,p) S E+ LE
(2, 3, 3)-aac onoxo4

l2

3aBcaproptul4xreneaufiH roor

Af-r'3NAE
2E
Suepru Hb erer4ceH 3aBCapT Optxylx rene14frH eHTpOnh, rOgopxoftnonTgopoo
3N AI :
lnf
,S = lnAf =
_
E
2
2E

+m4*rr9

hf

SHAssc

N-+oo x{3raapr lim

ln

Ar - ln r(E)
N

=ri-(r,f ."f),N=o

Sxrponrafrx ytra A^E rfrH xgrvtxeeHssc xaMaapAarryfi uu yvuprafi rcM, ufiM 6afiuaax
6a 6raryy 6nut crcreuufiH AorooA cTaTilcrl4K tlll4Hx agnnxaH 6afix 6onxo.
Hsrx osnexyyHp Hoor4ox 6eoruuris roor(N lV +) ererAceH TorrMofl yrraraft 6afinrax
N -+
V -+ q AaBxap xF3raapr wnnxnxnilr repMoAilHaMnK xq3raapr ulhnxux rsx
flpbgar, TepuogrnaMuK xq3raapr uhnxuxog chcTeMnirr 6wtyy rox Y3Ho YY 6rryY 6uu rsx
y3Ho yy, Anraa 6afrxryfi, crarficrt4K tul4Hx uxwn 6afix Ecrofi.

CmamucmuK opwnax waapdnaea. Maxpocxon 6neuha xrxilrxoH MaKpocKon

xecrrfir sflraH aBq AsA cucreM 6yroy crcreM rox Hopnoe. [sA cncre]ilnfin xyaqg 6ne
vnpox xo63r Hb repMocTaTHH YYpOr ryffqerrens. Tepuocrarufir 6eeurfix Too
xoMxoorcgpog A9A ct4creMgsc xaararytZ ux rox ToollHO. [eA cncreuA TepMOCTaTHH
Hsnee Maut saru6apaaryfi yqt4p AoA crcrenanfiH refleB saru6apaaryil eepvnergeue,
aruuHA 1aileau renoB 1airtran gapaaruila anxhHA ffr flMap 6onoxur MsAox
mfiu roxuong crarncrulK tut4Hxrnrsg, nporHo3 xspgrnoxogc egp rapqryil. Heree
Mau ofloH 6eerraeec TorTcoH cl4cTeM.q eBepMerq cTaThcrt4K syfi rorron rnopAsr. Top
Torrnbrr onx rnpyvnsx Hb crarucrur Srsuxrfru soprnr rcru.

32

5$. MaragnaJrbrH HRrr

Maul ux xyraqaaHA axfirnaflr nayyn6an repMocrarbrH oMx sarvr6apaaryh seneeuni,t

6onox refleB 6ypges ofloH y4aa opcoH, 6aficax, rapcaH rex
YSox 6onox rantah. 3us negnurr ,qapaax Manraap rorur,Bonx 6onHo. fisg cucreMrrZH
@suut orropryfig (q,p) qer Aaop roBroir L,qLp xeruxserefi QasuH s3nexyyH aBq y3be.
Xauranrrafr nx f xyraqaaHg Qasun rpaeKrop rrZru ssnexyyn 6yprafir onoH y4aa gafipv
rapcaH 6afix raapHa. l4Hrsx,qso sHo s3flexyyHA eHrepeeceH xyraqaa N nilr uuftr xyraqaa
I -g xapuqyyncaH xapbllaa na T uilr xnsraapryfr hxecrsxsg HMap Hsr xrr3raap nyy rgMyyngx
lmMaac AoA cr4creM 6afix

6onuo,

..

Ar

(2,5,1)
l?- 'l'->u:
hmf
&rg xstuxt4rgyynrailr cficreM Sasuru orropryfin ryxafiH oneMeHroA raapanAax (6afix)
raraAnan rex y3ox xu syftrsri. eHe xsruxut1yyH (q, p) qsrrilH 6ailpwunaac xaMaapax ryfl
grlQ$epeHquan xen6opeopoo
(2, 5,2\
dw= p(q,p)dqdp
rsx 6rvurgsne. OasutH orroprytin qorsoc xaMaapax eHexyy p@, p) SyHrrl cilcreM Qasurn
orroryti4 raapaflAax (6arax) Mara4naflbrH Harrbrr xapyynHa, ene Qyxrqnilr ryxaitn
cncrenanfiu crarrcn4K ryrenrurin Qysxrl rex HgpnoHo. (2, 5, 1) 6a (2, 5, 2)

rogopxorZnonrooc y3sxo4

I o(0, ildqdp =t.

Cucrerunin crarrcrLrK ryrenrrrlH Synxqrarar oflx rorroox
Tyrenrrafrn Sysxrl on.qcoH Toxror4 roy xurZx 6onox ae?.

(2,5, 3)
Hb crartactuxnitu ron yvpgr oM.

G(q, p)-AypbrH AhHaMrK xoMxilr4yyH 6arir. Tsp xsvrxrr4yyuuil xyraqaaHu ,qyHgax yrra:

d = lT liorrUr, p(t)Vt pr4)* =

1,y,!ctnttt,
(l
't^11,
T

1,"''

P)P(q' P)dqrlP

,t[ynr oarapyyn6sn

G = G@ p)

=i orr, p)p(q, p)dqdp.

(2,5,4)

filtputH AI4HaMTK xoMxilrAyynufi AyHgax yrrHr ryrenrrar,rH QynxqufiH rycnaruxaap rfiuxyy

roAopxoftnx 6onox nse. YyHratZ aAfinaap G(q, p) xeMxrrAyvH AyHAax yrraacaa xasafix

xasafrnrHH KBaiqparHH AyHAax yrra:

(AG)' = G(q, pf

-(G@a)'

ri,x roAopxofinor4ono.
Crcrena roHtlBopr rerleBr 6ailxap cncrerurfis
ylraacaa xasafi x xasa rinrux xap uqan ryrl xeMxoo :

J(acl'
-G

atr.g.VTVB

ffi

(2,5, 5)
AhHaMuK xoMxurAyyH AyHAax

(2,5,6)

Her laons 6ogucr N=6'1023 resg 6o4oxog MaKpocKon cHcreMA gHo xapbllauryri xerr,txes
-YnoMx 6ara 5ailpar ax. OuguK xoMxilrAyyH
AyHAax yrraacaa sMx gaM6apaaryft xasafix
ysergnrfir $nyxryaq rspor 6rnse. Tsrexnesp repMotrr4HaMuK TeHt-lBopr oprxr4x crcreurftH

yrrHr rorrMofl rgx y3e3A AyHAax yrraap Hb coflr4xo,q rusgsrgsxyilLl anAaa rapaxryfi.
TyrsnrnfiH SynxqrafrH xsnnorsop xsn6sn apPlnrvB AilHaMnK xauxurgyyrnfi ryrenrrfrn
Qyttxtt AyH,qax frra Aeepog ynoMx xypq MaKcilrvlyrurari roegH yr.
33

GracreuufrH crarrcrnK ToHqBopr rerreB 6aftnan. (2, 5, 6) Hexqer xanrax rrftnt

tenehfrr crarrcrlrKT crcreuurix rsHr-lBopr rgfloB rox ofrnrono. Yrqun6en, Susux
xoMxur4yyH 6yp, Mau eHAep napnfiaunanrafiraap, AyHAax ytratailraa roHqYy 6ah4ar
rufiu renee 6arlAan rorvr. AsA cl4creM aHx rgHqBgpr 6rr-r: TefleBr oprur4x 6aftcan 6on
sBaaHAaa roHqBopr reneBr lrilnxhHs, sHg yeA AeA cucreM TepMocrar xo6puu gyng
TaHqmp rorroHo. Teuqaepryil TenoBooc rsHr-lBgpr reneBT ur4flxr4x xypron xopornecoH
xyraqaar penaxcaqrin xyraqaa reHs. TeHqaspr reneBr uhnxrx ysergenrefi xon6orAcon
acyygnbrr roHqBepr 6uu.r npoqeccuha crarncrilK MexaHrKT, ToHqBgpr reneeuftr rgHqBopr
renehfiH crarhcn4K MexaHuKT Tyc ryc EarHaH cyflaflAar.
Kaasu6uryy cucreu. fisg crcreM, rogopxofinorrroop, MaKpocKon chcreM MeH y.{l,ip
TepMocrarrari xaprnqau yilnvnenqox eHepryr Hb Eoroog eHeprureft Hb xapbq!rynaxaA TyH
6ara. Yvup Hb. loroo4 oHeprr AoA cucrenarfin 6eeruufix rooroil nponopqnoHafl,
repuocrrafi xapunqaH yftnvnsnqex oHeprh Hb AgA o4creM ufia rapapryy.q$px 6eeunilx
roorofi nponopquoHan:

Eq:N, E*r*N2t3
Sx,qsec

E*,
E

- ArI/3
-N'''
N

Maxpocron cucreMA eHs xapbqaa MauJ 6ara roo. 9He yHgceH Asep AoA o4creMyygnfrr
TepMocrarrafi 6onos eep xoopoHAoo xaphnqau yrZnvnsnqsx eHepruftr xepsrcexryti 6ailx,
AsA cr4creM 6ypurir 6rryy crlcreM Morsop y39x 6onox ranrail. llxrsxsg xvpBon MsAesx
xyraqaa 3aax xopsrrofi, yvrp Hb xaphnqau yfinvnsn cyn 6ahnaa q rgcoH ygaaH xyraqaaHA
yp AvH Hb xyprrMrnar4ax rooqoxryfr 6arax apraryri xeruxgsxA xvpgx 6onuo. lOy v rscen
xscorxoH xyraqaaHA AeA cr4creMyyAr4rir xapunqan yfinvnenryfi 6yroy Her HereHAoo
crarncrhK xeneoryrl canaHril.q chcreMvvg rsx y3gx ruexasrrrfiH xyynb xgpsrngxo4
uegergexyfi Ll angaa rapaxryri 6ononrofi .
Axcau6nu. Aav ysex 6yri cucrerureil nB A>Khn 6yreqrefr xrpHoo l=0 aru:rng $asuH
orropryfig eep eep 6arZpulrnrail 5ailcaa ( e. x. eep eep (qo,p)6yxrafr) cncreuyygnfrH
6arqur ancarra6nu reAer. AHcaru6nrarlr 6ypenpyynerv ctacreMyy,qrfin roouur
orropryfi Aaxb Hnrrbff p(eo, po)ryrsnruran Qynr<qrefi nponopqroHan rox(ysex 6onHo.

flnyeunnhH roruurror.

t=0 arulung

6ailcaa chcreMyyA xogenceep t = t

or{coH 6afix 6onxo.

Qasun orropryrin AypbtH Sonayaxrarir

?ntrvtg SasurH orropryfix eep 5, My)Kr4A, lun

I o@r,p)dqudpo: lo@, p,t)dqdp

Iluyannnnuila reopeMoop aHxHbt 6a cyynvufin rrltyrruafix o3noxvyH roHl-lyv,
mngxvyH,q xfl3raapnant 6ailxryil yqnp s3floxyyuurir xu xaxranrrafr 6araap aev
TorexflSop,

p(qo, po,o) = p(q, p,t)

l4frttxyy xeAenreeHufi rpaexrop Aaryy ryrsnrufin Hnrr eepqflergexryfi,
rHTerpan 6afix 6onxo (2, 5, 7) rafir 4raQSepeHLluaflb xsn6eprefi 6reon

dp

*i( AgL_ggqL\=oP *{H.o\=o

dt =oP
0t A\)p, 0q, 0q, 0p, ) 0t \ " '

(2, 5,7)

(2, 5, B)

YyHrfir llnyannui,tH rsrluhrrsfl r3A0r. eHe reru:rrr9n crarrcrhK MexaHrKufin epenxraft

r"rJ
Hxl4fl roOHA qyxan yypsr ryu r_lgrr3x3e.
14

Tyrenruix Qyxxqrafix xsn6ap. ,Qe,q oacreurfix ryrsntniau Syxxrl

6afix 6crora. Tsx4se qMap uilHxrarZ rnrerpan 6aitx Bo rogorr Aapaax

xaphy erue. Tyxafin6an. 6rryy crcreuurin xo6p 4eg chcreMsec 6ypgceH xgcgr aBq
Xop geg cilcreM xoopoHAoo crarilcrrK xaMaapanryfi reesn
p,r(Q,, pt,,Qz, pr.)dqdqrdp,dp, = A(qt, p,.)dqdp,. pr(qu pr.)dqzdpz
r4HTerpan

34

Ptz(Q, Pr.,Qz, Pz,) = A(Qt, pr.)'

l, prr(q,

pr(q, pr,)

pz(q, pr.)
Synrqr,rrlH norapr,rSrvr ap,g,nrvl xsMxurAyyn 6atlx Ecrofi 6onx 6afiua, Torsxnsep,
Synrqrafin norapN$vr aflAilThB l4Hrerpan 6afix 6cror,t 6onx 6aftua. Orropryft qar
r.ll4Hxesc yygsnrsrl AonooH oop aAAtaTr4B r4HTerpan 6ailgrnilr 6rA uexaxhKaac
6unee. Her su eueprufru r4HTerpan, 3 Hu runynucuris 3 xounosexr, 3 Hb rnanynucnfin
3 xounouesr ggreop 6onHo. Erryy cucreuutiu .i U =1,2,...) ,qYrsop AoA
H ogrgsp xeuxnrgyyHufrr KooppuHar 6a nunynscgoc xaMaapcaH xgMxilrAYYH
yrrHr Hb rycraH E,(Q,p), P,(Q,p), M j(q,p) rax rsMAornee. TyrenrnftH SyHxquilx
Hb ogreop ar,p.ArvtB xoMxur.qyynyyprarln uyraMaH rou6rxaq xen6epreft 6afix
pt.,Qz, pr.)

Tyxafin6an
ln

pi =a,+ BE,(Q,

=ln plQpp,,)

+ ln

p1+yP,(Q,p1+6NI,(Q,p)

a, F,y,5 -rorrrraon rosQQr,rqueHryyA

(2, 5, 9)

roxAoo F,y,6 ur ryxatiu 6urYY cncreurfin

AoA o4creM4 aAHnxaH 6afix dcrofr. TyrsnrmrZn $ynxqraur Llaauu,q 6uA AenrepeHryft
6onuo. (2, 5, 9) -A a Hb HopMqnonbrH rorrMon reguit rotu, ryyHuti r O,dq,dp, =l

rogopxorinHo. 8,y,6-gonooH yn xaMaapax rorrMonbrr xaphH ryxafix 6nryy

a1nrwl r4HTerpanyygurH 7 rorruofl yrraap rogopxofinx 6onox rcM.
6n4 cratnctuxuha xyBb4 .qapaax qyxan EyrHenr xrfix 6onxo. Yyug. eueprr,
uunynucrriH MoMeHT rscoH aq1urvtB l4HTerpanyyAHHxaa (gonooxox) yrraap
cucreuuftn crarncrlaK lrr4Hx 6ypsH rogopxofinorAoHo, ryxarln6an, aflb i{ AoA
crarilcrr,lK ryrgnr rogopxofi 6onx anu,{ Srasrx xeMxltrgyvHufr nu AyHAax yrra
AOHO.

raftn6apnacaH cgrrgMx 6uryy crcreunriH crarucnrK urrnxrfrr 3yparnax xgpsrqssr

xnn6ap ryrsnrufiu Qynrq 3oxr4ox Oonorux oflrox 6ailraa rcrra. A4gurue 6ww
cTaThcTl4K tXr4HXl4A XaMaaryil yqpaac CTaTUCTI4K tut4Hxl4ilr 3eBXeH aF,AnTnB
yrraac xaMaapcaH, Ilviyawnnufin rsrururren xaHrax ryrenrnfin $yurqeep
6onox rou. lr4firrlt xarurrfis xnn6ap SyHrrl 6on eneprn, hMnyflbc, rlunynscufrH
T TorrMorr Eo, Pu, Mo - yrrarail 6ailx $asurH LlsryyA Agop r4xhnxgH rorrMofl
p=cont), 6ycag 6yx qsr Aoop rcr yrrarafi( p =0) rnilv Syxrq tou. 9ne Qynxq
Tpaerrop Aaryy rorrMon yrraa xagranax ryn IluyastnnuhH Torluhrren xaHrax Hb

rorurdonong rogopxofi 6ru ayfin 6ac6nir. Yvup Hu.

E(q, p) = Es, P(q, p) =Po, M(q,p) = Mo
7 reruturron xaHrax qeryyfl $asuru orropryra4 2s *7 xsMxoecr

'fudp,

-l4Hrerpan rorooc nnraarail 6arlxurn

ryng

(2,5, 10)

yvycreus. t1firr,rg
p(q,p)QyHxq rep n,tpxuftu qeryyA
MlDr(

xnsraapryfi 6onox xeperrsfi, Torexflaop, 6rryy cucrerraurlu ryrenrrfrn $yurqnfix see

p(q,p) = cot*t.S(E(q, p)- fr)d(p(q,p) - Po)6( M(q, p)-Mo) (2,5, 11)

{yxrq (2,5,10) rerularrenyygrafrr xaHraxryrl QaeurH Llervy'A Aesp ryreflrrafiH $yxrq rer
6afix, xexqenwilr 6ypgyynx erexeec raAHa
rgrooc anraarai't
IO,dO,ap,-rlHTerpan
ah 6aiax 6onorux onroHo. (2,5, 11) ryrenrrrar MhKpoKaHoHl/K ryronr rgHs.

furyy

cucrerrarfix fiMnynbc. vtvnyntcwfiH MoMeHT cr4creM 6yxnsepse AaBUhx, oprgx

xon6ooroi. Syxneepse erer4ceH xeAenreeH xrfix 6yir crcreuriln
K l.u]4Hx 3eBxoH 3Hepril3c xaMaapHa, 3H3 yrraap craTucTt4Kr gHeprH oHqroil YYpsr

35

L{aauu4 xMnyflbc runynucnfiH MoMeHrrrir aeq ysexryfrH rynA Aapaax apra

xsporfloe. Cucreru 6yxneepee <<xaryy >> xarlpqar Aorop 6aitraaraap receenbe,
xaftpqar rafieaH opr-unx ruftu Koopgr4HarbrH cl,icreM xopornse. l4urexeg nMny
nu nynucu ft H MoMeHT xe[en reeH h fi r urerp an 6ailxaa 6on rx o, 6ac cncre u niria xuxnr
6onox AoA o4creMufis crarrcrux ul4Hxr4A xarZpqarutZH Heneo 6atixryia 6afix
Tsrexnesp, AgA o4creMrfru ryrenruraH QyHrqrran norapuSrvr (2, 5, 9) ttu

lnpi=a,+pE,(Q,p)
6onno. XapuH Eraryy crcreurriH Mr4leo

KaHoHr4K

(2,5,12)

Tvrgnr

p) = const'i(E(q, p)- Er)

rex 6nvrrgexe. (2, 5, 12) aac AsA crcreuufiH ryrenrurZu SyHrlt

gaA

p(Q,

(2, 5, 13)
P(q' P) = const '
'PEikr'o)
napaMerp eHeprnfiH ypByy xeMxeecrsrz, ceper xoMxnrAvyH 6ahaan 3oxrlHo,

oepor xeMxurAyvH MoH 6ahaan, sueprufru yrraA AeeA xs3raap 6ailgarryil 6ogrr
(HopruovnonuH Hexqon anpargaxa). lll 6yner 1g -A B
I ododn-uHrerpan nrafrnexryfi
TeMneparypbrH ypByy xoMxilrAyyH MeH reAgr Hb ro4opxorl 6onuo.
Fyfiqen
rsxqeep. Maxpocxon reneB. TeHqaepr 6uui reneer 6afrcan

6ru

cilcreM xanranrrarl ux xyrallaaHg ToHLlBapr reneBr uhnxAgr. 9ne xyraqaa

xgMxggHosc xaMaapgar. Crcreruuilu xeruxeo roMpoxbtH xrrpeep penarcaqrfiH
rxecAer. Cucreurfin 6ara xscryyg Aop 6ypgss Hrfleog ryproH reHllBopr opcoH
eep xoopoHgoo reuqespryrl 6arix 6onno. 9se Hb, ct4creMwitt 6ara xocryyg Aop
eep eepuia B,y,66yxr,rr7 ryrsnrnrin Qyxxqrefi 6avrx 6onno rocoH yr. lAitu
cncrerrarfir ryfrqsg 6uur renqaeprsrl rsx 6yroy noKanb rsHr-lBopr refleBT 6ariraa rsx
Xyraqaa eHrepexeA oAr$p F,y,LnapaMerpyyA eepqnerAceep flBaaHgaa rorrox
6yp4ss 6yx cracrerunila garyy rorrMon yrrarail 6onxo. exs 6on chcreM
TeHqBepr opx 6arlraa Hb rop.
Yyussc eep repnilran ryfrqeg 6rur rsHqaop q onoHroo roxt4oflAAor. 3Hs ryfirleA
ToHl-lBgpr renoB nu 6yxsn clacreMA-rgHqBgp rorrox penaxcaqnftH xyraUaa ryvxuft xr
xocorr rsHllBop rorrox penarcaqufrH xyrallaaHaac vx 5ahqanail xon6ooryft, xap[H
cltcreM.q flBargax nHs 6yplrilH npolleccyygbtH xypgbtH anraatail xon6oorofi.
xr4r.lrsg Hb xoopoH,qoo xruufix ypBan,q opgor xs4 xsAgH 6ogncux xonbllbtH ryr1qo4
TSHr.lBOp rOrvr. XuvrufiH ypBafl xapsqauryfi yEaaH aaarggaruilH ynMaac MonetvnyyA
xoopoH4oo xyanpaxyrZH TgHUBopoec, eepeop xgfi6gfl, xonbqur
xoopoHAbrH rgHLlBepsec MoneKyflyyAbrH xeAeflreeHhr4 rSHr_lB9p Ht4fl93A

rypreH Torr
ene nq4an xonbllbrH ryftqeg 6rul ranqaspuhr ryxalia (rsnqespr 6ru) xuruuilu
xapran3ax rgHr.lBopr renoB Msresp aBq y3ex 6onoux erAer 6ahua.
l-yfrqs4 6uu: reuqasp cucreumrZx MaKpocKon refleB rsx ofinronr opyynax
erAer. l-yiqsg 6uu reHqaspvtilr rnepxrrZnerq xgMxhr4yvuyygrarix AyHAax yrrur e
crcreunilr rogopxofinoxurr MaKpocKon 3yparnan re4er. Vlitu xoMxtarAvyHyyg
xru:eon6gn, cucrerraufrH xaxranrrail 6ara, Aop 6ypxee rexqesprstZ, xscgr
xoMxu rAyyxyygur,t u AyHAax yrryyg 6a rZx 6onno.
6$. Murpo KaHoHl4K

ryr3nr 6ypy rgHtlyy MaragranbrH sapqtaM.

Mnxpo KaHoHr4K ryronr rsnqaeprerZ 6raryv cncrerurfiu crar[cn4K unaxuhr u
qa4ax yy racoH acyynr raBurgar. Oepoep xon6sn, MuKpo KaHoHl4K
ryrenreep (
KaHoHt4K aucau6nrap ) aecan AyHAax xyraqaaraap aBcaH gyugaxrafi ToHt-lgx 6onoe
rex. 3xe acyy4nur opro4uK npo6nervr rogor. Xepees Qasurx rpaeKTop $asux
E(q,p) -Eo-rscsn rorrMon eHeprursrl qoryy4eoc 6yp.qsx ragapryyr xnrg 6ypxsx
6on rsHqyy rsx 6onrraoop. Ep Hb rorrMofl eueprursri Qasutu orropryil 6on
xoruxsocrsfi Mynx, Qasuru rpaeKrop 6on raxq xsMxescrefi MyDK, rgrsxflggp r
exeprursrl raAapryyH qer 6ypurir gafip4ar Hsr rpaeKrop rsx 6arlx Ecryra. Ep nu
36

2s

rreeHufi 3opgrrgi ct4creMilfrH Mau oorqpgorerZ MexaHuK xeAenreeHnilf crarhcruKaap aBLl

1mrfrH TynA flMap HorsH ur4frAoMrilfi anxaM xrfrx xsporrefi 6onHo. 3Hg anxaM Hb
tnr:Fspr 6uryy chcreM 6afix 6onox, xyp.r 6onox MexaHhK TeneB 6ypges rgHqVY
nmafnanrafr raapangaHa rccgH TaaMarnan }on/l. TaauarflanblH oxoeqrofi gmx Hb ryYH
ffi o/ypnncaH AyrHonr rypurranrarari xr4p roxr4pr{ 6ailna Bo rgArsep rogopxotZnorgAor

lfuo.

Gramcrmx mexaxuxufiH 3apqhM (rranores). Sraryy cracren,t 6afrx 6onox, xypu 6onox
rexaxu K rofl e BTeo rsH rlvv MaraAnanra fi ra apanAa na.
miryV cucreuufrH crarrcrytK utrHxrfir aev yeexuriH ryn 3aaBan rorrMofl euepruiln
rffiFryy aBq y3ex an6aryra. 4$ -g 6ravcsH rar7n6apbtr y3He yy. Mraxpo KaHoHl4K ryrenrnftr
ffiapuryynaH Aapaax 6arignaap .rogopxorlnx 6onHo. Yyxg xnaccnK MrKpo KaHoHt4K

tffi

EFn

It
ptrl=]ar
[o

ffiEon Qasurn orropryin

^ ,t
PeM

x3P633

x.,plrr

(2,6,14)

P s. M

E*68l2< E(q,p)< E + 6E l2

-ruau HilMroH Ye.qox qeryYAufrn

,f,Iln2rK:

(c) :
fgaxr

I o1r1 p1r1r, = [G@))-

av

orrror.

MnKpoKaHoHuK ryro.nr.

ifupru aa E-5812<8,<E+6812, 6E<<E -rrltau HuMrsH YeA Opruhx KBaHT

mrftx onoHnorrrir M rse. eue onoxnorufrn enenaexrrfiH Toor (6yroy KBaHr reneililFt
mr) 6f rse. Tereen m - KBaHT TefleBT oprxr4x Mara.qnan
lt x)ps)r meM
(2,6, 15)
,.=jffI |.0 x)p6r) m {. M
OnroxuonA AyHAax
I

(c)=IG*w,,,=
il nt 6T',
- FG,a*,

mm roAopxoffnorgoHo.

BprerreceH eHTponu
mmyy o4creM reHqBopr reneBroe 6ar7x 6onox, xvp\.{ 6onox 6yx uexauur reneyygufrn
xlmroop rgHr-lBgpr rener,lriH eurponrrlr rogopxorangor. EypsH 6nu rsxqaepr reneilfiH
omrponrair o3sflx 6ahraa ryxafru MexaHilK renayygurZH Tooroop Hb roAopxofingor. lyxailn
imxpocxon refleBT o3snx 5ahraa MexaHilK renayygurrin rooroop rogopxofincou sxrponrir
oHTponta rgxs. Chcrerr,t 6ypeH roHr1Bspr reneBTee xarurnfis onoH rensrlZr
exeprrrefi ragapryyruitH 6yx qsrnfrr) o3orHsH optuxx xaurriln rx enrponrreft
6onno. l-laaurrag ep rerreceH rsx ro.qorronutr gaaraxrytZ.
Snrponu 6a naaragnan.
|&q/y cr4creM ryxafin MaKpocKon refloBroe 5'l roonsr MexaHuK tensuilr assnx 6afiraa 6on
rry renenfiH oHrpon[
(2, 6, 16)
S'= lnd'f
cucreuufi u rsHqBepr renetafi H oHrponu
(2,6, 17)
S: lndlTopxyy 6'I renear cucreM oprur4x Mara,qnafl TaHqyy MaraAnaflbtH 3apqilM 6coop
crr
, ol
l.l) :-=----=d

6f

.!

e'
qaauuA
6a uaraAnanHH oHo xon6oo 6ra,qen4
37

(2,6, 18)

r4x

ryc xyprox 6onuo.

7 S. TenqW Mara,qnaflblr rafin6apnax xRn6ap 3arBap

XnfrA rsnqBop rorrox npoqeccufir 3yparnaxuH ryng xuilu KuHernK oHon MoneKyrl
xoopoHAbtH Meprengeeuufr 4enrspexryfi iurHxrflrogr aBq y3A9r. l-oren roHqBspr renesnfis
crar14crl4K uexanuxurir Mofleryn xoopoHgbrH MeprenAeeuuil psnrspeuryfi uuuxl,1flr39'
ryfireep rouuEongor Hb coHt4pxonrofi. Tenqaepr roneernx crarucrtlK MexaHl4K
qufrn xyraqaarail xap.bt-lyynaxag Mau ilx ruftru xyraqaaraap aBcaH AyHAax xeporns,qgr,
rnfiueoc q cilcreru-raliH Mt4tpocKonhx ronehfiH Mara,qflanblH qaaHa uonexynnfiH'
sau6apaaqp7 xe,qenreeH AanAnargaH YnAAer.
Tenqeeprera 6raryy cr4creM xypv 6onox KBaHr reneB (rvrr,rxpocxonnr renea) 6ypgse
TsHqyy uaragnanrafi opruytHo rocsH runoregnfrr epeHxrti rox[on]q ulyyA uanrax
6onorvrxryfi. Xaprn KuHer[K oHonbrH xypesHg 6on sns 3apqMHr uanraxblH YYAHssc
cncreunilu MLtKpocKonhK 3aH aBupbrr roHqBgpr reneB xypron Hb MepAeH cyAanx 6onuo.
Knaccux MexaHrKr 6on naoneryflyyAbtH, t(oop,quHar 6a xypgurx orropryfi gaxs,
Qynxq xyraqaaraap xepxoH eepvnergexufir 3yparnaAar reru:ntrgnrfir 6anascutx
Tgrulrrrgn rsx HspngAer.Ahu rsruurrgn Hb xt4tlsgfl6en xnfiH KuHeruK oHonblH
Toru[Tron, ryyxraft xarac KBaHT xyaran6ap 6onox Ynex6exrriH Teruurron ues. Ji
Hb t4Hryt4q Aoop cyypuflAar ryn oAreep reruurrefliltir ofiponqooncoH TgruJrrren rsx Y3Aor
flrvrapv roxilon.q roHl-lBepT reneB TorrAoroopoo fl TorrAAor Tyn, oftponq
xnn6apvunraa eHg rep rsnrryfi, rsHqyy MaragnanbrH 3apqMHr raftn6apnax 3arBap cncreM
6aftx Ecrofi.

Yynrsfi xon6or4yynaH 6anancbtH Hor xnn6apxan rorurrrefl aBq Y3be. 6apar

cilcreM 6afir, xeaxr reneayygurir Hb AyraapflacaH rse. Cucreu opt{t4Hbtxoo Heneereep
q i KBaHr reneBooc eep anb q k reaHr refleBr uhnxhx 6onouxroft rge. i -+ftulhnxhnr
Herx xyraqaaHA sBarAax MaraEnandr pik r3B3n MaraAnafl eepqnerAex xypA:

dwn_
_,,r
\, *rp*, _Z*,p,0,

dt?k

gHA wi Hb cr4cTeM

TofleBT optilt4x MaraAnan. Eyx

raaur

TenoB pik MatapJl'

xon6orgcou rse. Elac p,o : po, rex rooqu6. Xepass 6yx uaragnafl TgHl-lYY wt = wz = ...
T3ruhrrsnnfix 6apyyx rafl ycraH rer 6onso. Toxsg
dw,_0.
dt

klxrsxeg w, 6Vp oepqner4ex vagaxryti, Tsroxnggp

wt=wz=... renes

6on

TeneBT xapran3aHa.

Xepaee chcreM aHx AypbtH ryrenrrsil 6afican 6on xanranrrafi ux xyraqaaH4

TeneB pyv roo Aoxex( ot{Ho rox y3yynx 6ongor 6attna.

3B

TgH

lhrart

l-

,Qyudax Keadpam xasailnm. TyrenrrarlH SyHxqeep

wfa

.quHaMr4K

xeuxrrgyynufr

G=

Io@,0)p@,p)dqdp
rogopxoilnorAAor. Terexneep G xeuxur4yyu AyH[ax wfaacaa xasarix
:rcirnuH KBarqparbtH tryH,qax yrra (Rracnepc)
D(G)=(AG), =(G*G)2 - G, _G2
ffirbEoroop 6o4orgoHo.
2. Xoopongoo crarucrt4K xaruaapanryfr xodp xocreoc 6ypgceH cncrenlufin
tW:srnafin Qynrq xecer ryc 6yprarzH ryrenrufiH $yHrqraraH ypxBoprefi renqyy re,qor:
Q: PrPz

mfn" A, pz- uer 6a xo6pgyraap xecrnfrx ryrenrufiH SynrrlyyA.

t Xoopongoo crarhcrr4K xaMaapanryrl xoOp xscreec 6ypnqcen

ftg q,6 - Her 6a xopgyraap xecrufiH xeMxnr4yyHyy4.
+ (A+ B)=Z+8, 7A =cZ, yyHA, c*rorrMon
n- A,4LB =G4\Gt - B) = AB

-ZE

39

cucreMA G = G,Gr.

Iil EYflgr
n4ECGt4t4H TYT9flTYY[
nrvrap repnnftn rourarrrafi optut4x 6ailraarail yeflAyytlaH
raAfl an brH 3a pqil M a uJr rnaH f u66cnrta rYronrYYAt4 fr r reaerryfi ra praH a BAar.

Cucreu TepMocTaTTafi
Ma

1 $. Kaxonur

ryram

Tepuocrar aBq y3be. exeprnfrr Hb Eo,gsnsxyvxxfit HbYo, 6eernnfix roor xu A{o

TeMgornoe. Tepruocraraac Z esnexyyxrsfi, N rooHbl 6eemreti xrorc4rxgH MaKpocKon
xecrnfir flrraH aBbe. Tep xscer HsrgH /? -TeneBA opturx MaraAfianblr coHl4pxoe. T
renehfiH exeprnfir E, ree. TepuocrarHr ogoo 2 xecrmc 6tPaceu rcx Y33x 6onno. Y
nx xscrrfrH 9Hepril Er- En, o3nexvvH V, -V, 6eeunht roo ivo -N6onno.
renahftx roor f(d,Vo,No) rse. Tsresn AoA xocirr ftulq n -reneeA 6afrx
rens[ilx roo

r(E - E,,Vo-V,N0-N)-l
6onxo. Eraryv cncteunftH roneB 6yp raxran Maralq5aJTrai rmr

crirrr{crr4K uexaunxmiln .
-reneBA
6afix
rrarqAlant
cr4creM
3apqhM
6coop
n
AeA
vHAcoH
(Eo- E,,Vo*V,No- N).1_ expS(.En -E ,I/n-P,/Vo -N).1
(3, 1, 1)
W, _f
r(En, %, N,,)
r(En,r.,ffu)

3xg
raauJ

rx xecrnf,x snpdrt. flgg xecer xapuqanryfr

6ara rcx rooqoH 6ara xsr\rx[rgyyxyygnfiH 3oprsp qmn6an
,s(E _ E,,Vo_V,No * N) = s(Eo,vo, Nor-9e
*..
aEn ' dYn aNo

S(80

- En,Vo*V,No - N)-6on

ynAffiH

-$r-$ur

YYHA

r1Eor1Yoril.
Yyuufir rycraH AaxhH 6rqaen

*L W*"
-!g.
tfT -!y
(3, 1,2) uilr (3, 1, 1)-g opnyynHa, AoA cucreunftx snaxlyn f 6a Eeerurafin roo
eepvnergexryfr TorrMon 6atiraa roxronA (3, 1, 1) rfr
( t\
w, = Cexn[-;)
S(8, * E,,Vo *

V, N o -

N)

(Eo,Yo, rV")

(3,

1,

N
(3,

1,

-rgx 6nque. HopruunonutH Hexqen

L*,=.T*o(-t):r.
Sxgeec

c=v

T",.r(-+}

Cyuruur rycrafinau Z ycrssp rsMAornee. 3xs cyur*rr

z=t"*o( +)
40

ilrr

cJmM

rcx

H9pn3HO.

(3, 1,

1"

3) xu

/ n\
r E\
ll)expl
-",r )a
'\, 5r )|

n=expl'[

yy.

(3, 1, s)

6on l-ra66crarZr rasouux ryrenr MeH. 3Hs ryrenrufir o3IIoXYYH, reMneparyp, 6eeurfin
Fib rorTMofl cl4cTeMA x3p3rn9H3.
t+epeurtn dyndax ymea, sxepeuilx ducnepc mooqooflox xt. Sneprufrn gyHgax yrra
C,, .*R(* E, I r)

=\

E,w,

Z"*pa{a

=-I r roxrsMAorfloBon eHo6yrapxa, %,rap

g

ro

^f
ap

lontto,Teroxneop,

=9-hz,
ap

---:
g,

(3, 1,0)

Ei;exP(8v,,)

=lEjw, =--r\

Lcxp(p ll,)

*"A,z", lZ.
AB'

(3, 1,7)

Ercnepc
---------.i ----i

(AE)-=E'-E-l -a'1 t z -( 9L, ,\' - 3-( 9Z t z)=@

(ap aB\aB ap

aB'

(AE)'

(
--t

aE\ ( ar;) dr
I

l-

- T

(3, 1, 8)

/ rF\

\aB), yCr),dp \0r),

-

$nyxrya

.( aE\

+l

(AE)' = k^T'l
= knT'Cr.
D
[a7'r,

ra

fr

'

nxyy AyaaaH 6arraa uxa ap unapxuhnerAox 6ailna.

2$. Kaxoxrax ryrenrufiH aHrponil

ilfrarnpocxon

6neuila sHeprnrlH ryBruHyyA Mau rxilryv 6apar racpanrryfi rsx 6onox yvnp

Hexqon:

L*'

"l

t1

H${Terpafl xsn6sprsfr

6H,{He
":,

Ii,, Z

exp(- E I r\Q(E)tl\:'

-l

{3,2,

1)

fu,,E\dE 6on sHepru Hu (,E, E + dE)3aBcapr oprxr4x renayygutln roo.

a@)dL'

Lat
dE

(3,2,2)

-renerfiH rooHbr usrr. 3xe Syxrq 6on naaLu ryprsH eq4er SyHxl-l (Ngean xuilH
Mogex 6onso (ll 6ynsr, (2, 3, 3). Maur ryprsH 6yypgar, Mau ryproH ecger 2 eep
ypxBsp : exp(--fl lr)O(E) Maur xypu uaxcruyrraratZ 6ailx Ecrofi. Tep
qor Hb Eufia AyH.qax yrra E eec 6apar sopoxryri 6afrx raapna. (3,2, 1)
-A ArrZnsnx xyauilr E uhu E = E qor Aosp reersfr 6araxau uHTepBarI opyynHa,
nil+rrepaanbtH epreH: LE nilr
41

l_

(3,2,31

tI)Q(E)LE =l
iexp(-E
1,

xapbqaaHaac roAopxorinuo. CrcreM yHAcoH.qes enepruftaE* tn l2< E <E + LE l2

ilHTepBanA opul,iHo, oHo r4HTepBa.nbrH rarqHa opul4x Mara4nan eqvyxoH rgx ofinrono.
Tere)<neep,

o4

creM. yHAcoHAgo

Ar - Q(E)AE

(3,2, 4)

-rooHbr renarfrr o3noH oprxnHo, uftrug sHrponu Hb

,S: lnAf = In(()(htg)

(3,2, 5)

(3, 2, 3) aac opflyynaxa4

lr
E-rS
ln-I =-:-

S:lnZ
9xgsec

+E

(3, 2, 6)

ZTT

9HA3OC

I
rF\
z="*rl; )

eHs 6on KaHoHr4K cyMMbrH repMoAHHaMhK yrra oM,

xonOoorofi ax. Ogoo KaHoHr4K ryrenrufir

KaHoHt4r( cyMM

,, = "*o[{:a
\r)

-rex 6uqux 6onxo.

(3,2,7)
qeneer sHeprurefi uilu

''1

(3, 2, 8)

3 $. SonuuMaHbr sHrponlr

Onrponrfir

ryrenrufin Qynxqeep rnspxrfrnx 6onuo. Tyxafin6an.

(3, 2, 8) uha 2 ranaac norapnSM aBcHbr Aapaa E,nhu xyBhA 6o,qson
En: F *tlnwn
Yyuuilr xeperngH
u,r, =
=
- r ln w,)w, =I'T *, - rzw,ln w, =
3eBxeH

1
?,o
= F -rlw,lnw, = -rln z *rlw,lnw,

3xg

xoprvrvr4flonbrH

,"*u"n

6a (3, 2,7) whr

lnZ +E

*rpJrnr.rr.

SHAgec

lr = *\w,lnw,

Yynufi 3yyH Tan sHrponil uen(3, 2,6). .tsrsxnesp

S=

_lw,lnw,

(3, 3, 1)

Yynrafir 6onbqMaHbr oHrponh roHo.

fiynaan uJunxurrr 6a ryrenrrfix Syxxqufix aapua{. Snrponra 3eBxeH

Qyxxqsep nnepxrafinergsx 6afiraa 6onoxnoop rurflxceH AynaaH ryrenrufiH
eapnaqrail xon6orgox dcroft. 3uo acyygnbrr rogopxofr aav ysue.
TepuocranarZ axhfl, AyflaaH conrnqox 6ononqoorofi,6eeuuitH Too Hb rorrMofl
6afir. Cracreumrin roHrlBopr renestafiH oHepril
(3, 3, 2)
E =\t,w,
42

m, {ltcreMhfiH i renee Aox oHeprh, v4 -u4creM i reneqg optxt4x MaraAnan.

'illllf,prccraruH Tercrefl ryu 6ara eopqnenreep crcreM lafi u eneprn rercrenryil 6ara
rWUBrAeHe rgAor Hb

4g

rll' ,8w,

=l6e:,w,
''

''

PdY

(3, 3, 3)

rdS

fin eneprnfrH oopqflenr Hor ranaac MexaHilK TonBtafrH oHeprnilH eepi{nenrrgft

ranaac ryreflrhfrH $yxxqrr,rn eepqnonrroti xon6oorofr 6afiaa. 3xHrft eepqflenr Hb
axlan. Yvrp nu cucreunrin I -uexanrx reneBiliH sneprrtix eepqnonr
)c

gs,dV
:-:r-5y =-nAV
qilfion f renee,qsx Aapanr, AapaflT 6on uexanrK yrraralZ xoMxrrAyvH MeH.
n*, . dv = -Pdv
\de,*, = -lq\rw, =

*\

\e

,5w,:5Q

= rdS

(3, 3,4)

(3, 3, 5)

(3, 3,6)

Synrqurln Baphallaap rurrJrxcoH AynaaH ,lHrex nnspxmfinerAex axgg. fiynaan

Qyrrqrrir saceapnax(eopvnox) usr xyvr,rx 3vlin loM.
f,m6ar npoqecc. flynaaH rycraap (6Q= 0 ), 6raryy(dN = 0 ) reprvroAranaMilK cl4creM
opvrurofi axflbrH conr4nqooroil 6aux 6onso.
6on ryrenruiH

dE =dA, 6A= /tdl

fi,+apaag opriHooc cr4creM4 y3vyngx Hefleer rnspxurlnex napaMerp. Xru:se uu,
raAHbrH opoH.q opulr4x 5ahaaac rafivr napavrerp Hb ra,qHbrH opHbr xvqnsr 6ailx
Euewilu s3onxyyH v nnraaryfr, 6uenhr xyp$flerq ra4Hbt 6vidcuitu 6afipu:unaac
xgMxilrAYYH MeH.

II+Bso

raAHbrH napaMerp Malx anryyp xyBbcax 1aitean chcreM4 KBa3rcrarrK

rapHa rox ofrnrouo. .[ynaaH rycraap ctacreM,q RBarAax KBa3[craquoHap
apua6at npoLlecc rex Hspns4er. Agua6ar npoqeccA cr4creMufix eurponr
ryh.

Gfrenrcrnx uexaxuxnfix rafin6ap. l-avnnuroHilaH,q raAHbtH Heneer rycracaa )"opyynaH [JJpe4rHreprfiu rerulurrsn 6uqeen

(3,3,7)
,(L)ty,(x,1)
uapuileunan. l-agHuru 2- naparuerp xyrallaaraap Mau anryyp eepqnergex
cucreM, xyraqaaHH t-afui,v{ 6ypg napauerpufrH ryxafin arul4Hbt ),=^(t\-rrraA
cralliloHap rgfleB4 oprur4x dailraa rex roor-loxar apna5ar uapufranafl roHo.
napaMerp xyraqaaraap Mau anryyp oepqnorAex npoqeccoA x3MX39 Hb
xoMxhrAyya 6ailpar Vliu'ri xoMxilrgyyuuilr apuadar [HBap[aHT roHe.
xHBapuaHruH Hgr Hu rensmilH roo toM. Yvrap us. (3, 3, 7) rgrtuilrrofleec xapaxaA
eepqflergnee rsxsg / TonoB / renneepee ynAex xapilH I renaniln gHeprx
oepqnerAex 6onoxoop 6ailua. / -renee / -reneeepee yngsHe ro4er Hb ryxarax
cucreM 6afix 6onox 6yx Mt4Kpo reneilfiH Too Af eepvner4exryft rgceH yr

H(x,l)ry,(x,1)

reoperu). l4nrsxnsep eHrponil, S = ln Af , eepvnergexryft.

,f,mlo6ar npoLlecco4 "rpaeKropl4 Aaryy" 1rl -Maragflan oepqflergexryia (Iluyannnutin
). 3ne Hb Knaccr4K roxhon.q 6on Sasurn rpaeKropr,l EarW (qn,po)-+(q,,p,,)

f (q* pu.o) = .f (q, , p, t)

yrrarafi 6on.{hxHo.

43

(3, 3,8)

Ogoo Hsr qyxan rorrlr"EoHut rapranraa xuue

ynaMxnan aBq 6u'{een
(3, 3, 7) Tgnurrronnrln xodp ranaac napaMerpaap
Ad
3- tt t *. lw,(x, 7) + n 6, 11 |ty,(x, 1) =

a^
^oA
= * r,0)v ,G. L) + t,1fi {tY ,(x,1)
d^
a1""

3se rsrururrsnutln xodp rang

aBbf

3YYH ranaa

ad y. (x'1)

eep Ypxl4x KoopAilHaraap 14HTerpan

lpx =
p n 6, t1
! wi @,
f^rv,(x,
a
a
(x' L) dx
(*'
+
e'
(x'
dx
7)
D
Q")
e,
v
i
t)
Q)v,
= ! w i $,
[
hw'
l-auranurouaH epMhr yt{t4p 3YYH ranp,2-p riluJYYH

{, 1r, ^1r,
[vi@,D*A

(x,

l)dx

fi

(,,
!vi

^r,

u,'u

Q, lpx =

*v,

=',Q)l *w'@' l\ri

(x'

{! fi,

; tx'1) H (x'

(x' 1) dx\ =

^\v'

l)dx

klfinxyy
L)
I wi G,
t1

H O, L)Y,(x, )')dx =

=:-s,()"\
o/"

YyHr,rilr aBcaapxaH 6rqssn

(3, 3,9)

.ufi ,,=o''
a^

a^

Yyxnfi 2ranarw,-oop Ypxl4x cytvtu ae6an

O ._

sl

0e,

(3, 3, 10)

4* 'h.n ''=4*'i

yrra eepqnerAexryft y'{I4p

AAUa6ar KBa3hcrarilK npoqecco p, wt-MatalItanblH

Fr,&=;.o(w's') =fegl
(aa),

?*,

m-? al

(3, 3, 10-1 1)uhr aBcaapxaH 6uque:

i:oH
a7=r,gq)/,

(3, 3,

\42

aBcHHr
3yvn ranA, xoHAtleH 3ypaacaap KBaHr 6onou crarhcrt4K AyHAax
Knaccnx roxilon4 (3, 3, 12) -blH oPoHA

,-@-:fqg')
,,:__6f_ - [a,l,]"

xeH.qfleH 3ypaacaap craTncrt4K AyHAax

TgMAgrn9x9O.

TOMAOTnoB.

(3, 3,

(ryrenrufiH QyHxqesp aBcaH 4ynpax) rfir

12) 6yroy (3'

(3, 3, 12) 6yroy (3, 3, 13) nu aAvra6ar uapnilananuH Yp AYH rclM' (3' 3'
HbraM},tnbToHuaHaac(6yroyraMrnbToHbrsyrrrqesc)napauerpospaBcaH
mnepxrfinsrAex MexaH,ax "iyv"u nil crarucrr x AyH,qax -Hb-r{yxan
yypsr ryftrlerrsAsr.
3xe xon6oo 3apilM rooqooHg

:i:!::::]"Jylli?:

;;;5il;;;;;"ri"rirr,{yy

44

rouEoxg
6on gapanr rorvr' 6ng geep (3, 3, 5)
Hr' (3' 3' 11) 6coop
rox Tool-lcoH, Torgxfieop oHexYY Aapanr

m 3, 11) rorvruoHu ser xsn6ap xoperfloo

ffrrr,

( aE\"
\arl /s

(3, 3, 14)

P=-1-1
'

rcm'
TepMoAuHaMrK aryynrarafi 6onx 6afiraa

ryrsnr

4 $. KnaccrK KaHoHt'rK
xen6ePrefr 6uqrrgene

p=Aexpl-E(q,fllrl

(3,4, ',l)

ngrAgHg'
KoopAnHar 6a rMnyrbcgsp nnspxnfi
p)-cracrervil,r fi n gneprn, 9Ho xoMxl4 rAYYH

rorrMon.
rvr,v'v' TYYunftr

E(q'p)trpodn=r
I;;r;;r=/Jexp[*
7 =!exPl*E(q,P)lt\dqdP
,q=1,
L

(3'4'2)
(3' 4' 3)
3apt4M qefleeHht4

Knaccrar oafrAarryfi' xaprH

nsu oeeucriln xeAenreoH 6yxen KBa3H
Hb KBaHr 6ailx aala:,,3':::,]:Y:1ffi;
qeneeHrfr
3epor
Hb KBa3rKflaccuK 6ycag
KBa3nKnaccilK xaph H MoneKvn

tilffi "#;;"ir#r';;;;

;;il
;*;

.{e;eeHyr

3ep3r

;gil
*"o"n..#I
-du', 9-"::,..*: ::*?11""f1"*HdX;:#lX
;"wa"". sy, xq xsn 6epreft 6 r ur rpser:
;,,
ffi"i':HJffi:#fl?Jt o*
"y,
:8.(q,p), oHA n- xeAenreennfi xsaHr xecrnfrr rbpopxoin:: t-1:::1;rf"*il1
KoopnrHarvvg 6a ilMnvnbcYYA napauerpuilu YYpor
[J;"';;;r;;;;re. Tersxr,eep l-vr66ctafin *,rrnl
(3,
4, 4)
E,,(q.p\tt ),,in
E"(q'P\ttdqdq
\o' .'"+'
d*,(q,p)= AearoMyyAb

,r

6a SonuurrlaHbl ryrgnT rapq upAgr'

ryrgnrg3c Maxceennuilu ryrenr
CucrerraufrH'sHepru
6eeueec bypgcen KnacctlK cmcreM aBq Y3be'
(3' 4' 5)
E(r,p)

ffigcolx

KaHoHl4K

=Z*.Eu(r*

*r,[)*]',n,

TYrgnT(3'4,1)Husue-roxt4onAAaHhMnynbcSScxaMaapcaHAaHKoopAuHaTaac
2 ryrsnrriru YPxBsP 6onHo'
(3' 4' 6)
p(r,p) = P,Pp

hHrerpan ae6an

3ox14Ho'

(3,4, 9)
P$,P)dP = P,!. PodP = P'
xeperrefi 6on6on (3,4, 6) ooc
6ng rarvrnynumep ryrcX ryrenrtarar coHnpiox
nHrerpan aa6an 3oxl4Ho'
(3,4, 10)
=
Po! P''dr =' P'
P$'P)dr
I
6eerrlcnfin cncreM KoopAnHaTaap
optxt4x *ooporglo xaphnuaH yfrnvnsnryfr
J

opoHA

Ilfern
45

lr)

p, = CUexp(-U(r,)

ex4eec raAHbrH opoHg nsr 6eeu KoopguHaraap ryrex ryronr

d P' = be-'\')'' dxdYdz
Yyxnilr Eonuqnaanur ryrsnr rcHg.
(3, 4, 8) aac Hsr 6eeru runynbcsop ryrox ryrenr

(3' 4'

d*o = oe-o''"'d\rd\d\,
eue 6on MarcaennuiH vrunynucegp ryrox ryrenr.
5 $. Sprsrv 6ueuirn KaHoHlrK

(3' 4'

ryrenr

eprerv Er,rergfr xaMr sprgrq roonrrbrH cr4creMg KflaccHK crarucrhKr4ilu xauourx ryrgnr

r;. E,(q, p).

p=(Zntt)-'"*plffl

(3, 5, 1)

gHg cr4creM Asx gHepril, F'-gHe crcreM Agx qeneer gHepru.

sHepr[ Hu rafieaH oprxr4x 1vtewhu L{efleor gHepruoc eep. E'(q,p)nu yn

9agE'(q,p) -6neuua
qereer

ToonnuH cr4creM pox E(q,p) ereprrarefr gapaax xapbqaaraap xon6org4gor

(1 xaacpanr (1. 1 5) ) :

E(q.il-aM@,p)

E'(q,p)=

(3, 5, 2)

f,l -eprenrufrn eHqer xypg, M(q, p)-6wenha mrunynucnriH MoMeHr. (3, 5, 2) r,rtir (3, 5,

)A

opnyyn6aac

p = (2nh) r explF'

E(q' P)+ d'M(q' P)

(3, 5, 3)

Knaccur crarucrr4(q gprgrq 5neuila KaHoHr,lK ryrenrufrr eep xen6eprefi receenx 6onxo.
Yyunfr ryn oprsrq roonflHH cl4creM Asx oHeprrlrlx gapaax:
E,

:1,*Y-''
H22-

-1L.rt

rf' +rJ

(3, 5,4)

-unepxrfrnnrfrr xspernee (1 xaacpanr (1 . 13)). v'-6eeurariu opron.qsrr{ cucreM Aex xypA,

-6eonanfix patrnyc BeKTop. (3, 5, 4) ssc eHtler xyptrryfi xecrrrir rlrrax Eo(v',r) rsx
T3MA3rn0B9fl

Eo(v',r)
Ogoo

KaHoHr4K

=ZS*u

(3,5,5)

ryronr
F'
p = (2nh)-' expl

Eo(v',r)

;I

mldlrl2
(3, 5, 6)

-rex 6nvrrgexo. 3He ryrsnrnfiH SyHxLl QaeuH grofi o3ngxyya'. dxrdyrdzr...dp'r.dpirdpi"...

optxt4x MaraiqnanbrH Mflrr MeH, yyHAp' : my' + m[Slr].
0(x,,!,,2i, pl,, p',,, p'i,-) _
*t , i =1,2,....
0(x;, ! i, Z;,v1*,v,r,v,,)
yqpaac dx dy,fu dp'odp',rdp',, = m3 dx idy idz i dv *Stirdvi, rsx 6onno. lAiaua
,|

F'-Eo(v',r;+:lz[Ar]'z

dw = C

expL-fdx,$t

dz,...dvi

Yn xegnex roonnbrH ct4creMA ryrenrnfiH rnepxnfinen

46

dv'r

rdvi,...

(3, 5, 7

dw = C

expl!-98-Dfdxdydz,...dv,,dvrrdv,,...

(3, 5, 8)

6aior 6onno. eHgEn(v,r)Hu (3, 5, 5) ssp nnspxnfinergeHo. l-arrlxyy Y'wi,tu opoHg Yn

cucTeM Agx xypA TaB[rAaHa, T3r3xn33p, Sprsrq ToonflblH cl4creM AeX TYrSnT Hb Yn
cucTeM A3x rYronTesc 3eBxeH

-lr,,to,l'
2ct
sHeprhop enrapHa. Oepeep xsn6sn crarhcrt4Kl4tiH xyaug sprenr uu rebeec
xyvrefr gyfiqex HorsH raAHbtH oponrotl oKBhBafleHT loM. KopuonncsrH xyq
rxl4Hxr4g Henee y3vynrqorrytZ axss.
6nenix repMoguHaMuK.
aHH TeHl-lBspg 6rae 6yxneepse xurg AaBtt.tilx, xrrg oprex xe4eflreeHTsh 6ahx
Ypreec xrrg AaBu[x xeAenreesuiar rycrafinaH aBq Ysex uaapAnararyfi, l-annnefrn
nryfiu sapvurr,r 6coop rrir'a xegenreen 6uertiH MexaHhK tul4Hxl4A Heneenexryft,
yyAsH repMoAuHaM[K gll,tHxt4g Hb Hefloenexryil, xapnH 6uerrix gHeprnA 6yxen
fr xmnerrx gHepn4 HsMsrEsHo rsgor yrraap, 3eBxeH oHs yrraap fl,
xgMxilrAYYH Hb eepqnerAeHe.
Egnex rgHxflsr rorZpon rorrMofl S! eHuer xypgrata sprerq 6ue aav ysue.
4) soc y3oxo4 }neuiln yr 6nereti xaMr eprorq ToonflblH cl4creM psx E'(q,p)eHeprmg

rypg

napaMerpt4tau yypsr ryfiqerreue, raxAoe

oE'(q,

p)

ao

= _M(q,

p)

ryronroep AyHAaxnaH, (3, 3, 13) rouuOo xeporneBen

(y):-M

(3, 5,9)

\aol,

tr = E(q, p), M = fVli( , p) -oHeprr, uouenrufin AyHflax (6ytoy

repMoAnHaunx )

Stre xapuqaaHbl vHAcsH Aeop oprorq $vteuha suepruftu grQ$epeHqilanHr ererAceH

dE':rdS *MdQ

(3,5, 10)

dF'=*Sdr -MdQ

(3,5, 11)

. Sprsru roonflbrH cl4creM Aex qeneer SHepru: F' = E'- St nila gu$Qepeuquan

2) rsH qenr ri r pyr gaxun6an

E'=

(3, 5, 12)

-(lM

4n$SepenLlilanqnaagAapaa nu (3, 5, 10) ufrr opnyynaaA

Yn xep5ex

lilr gr,rQSe peu quan u ti r on6on

dE =rdS +ClalVI
qeneer
sHeprr '. F = E - Sr -rafiu guQsepeHquan
ToonnHH cr4creM .qgx
(3,5, 13)
dF =-Sdr +f,ldM
yn xegflex rooflflbtH ct4creMg yfl xaMaapax xyBbcarq Hb eHuer xypg 6uu xaphH
chcTeM .q3x oHep

rH

MOMeHT rcM, T3XA33

.r:(,

aE

Iana

ar )
) =f(ana

/,

(3,5, 14)

J,

xHrA oprox xoAenreoHhfir, rO4opxoil yrraap, TeBeeC 3yrraax xyv 6a KOprOnhCuH

2 ryvHrfr opon 6rati 6oncoH Mor33p gyfiqyynx receoflAer. Toeeec 3yrraax xYq
lr'sHxflor xypex safig nponopqiloHan yvpaac) 6vteuitn xsMXseHA nponopqhoHan'
topr4onrcbrH xyq 5neuila xeMxgoHooc xaMaapgarryfr. l4ftusec Kopl4otlt4cblH xYt.|

47

gpror'.{ MaKpocKon 6vreniln repMoAnHaM[K r.ll4Hxt/t4 y3yyflsx Henee eqYYxoH rcr,1, rYYurfrr
rooqoxryfi 6arix 6onno.
6ne ra,qnu opoH.q opul4x 6afiean xumnila noreHuuar

lt= lto(P,r)+u(x,y,z)
6aixryfi yerarin xnvui'ru noreHquafl, cyynrfiu rhuYYH Hb
6eeurrfiu ragHbt opoH Aaxb noreHllrafl sHeprr. Fagnu opoH4 optutlx 6ueniln AynaaHbl
rexqaepuftu Hor Hexqefl Hu 6uerrlu Aaryy xuwrrrtilu noreHqtaafl TorrMofl 6atix saAan MeH.
eprerv 6nenfia xuurriu noreHUhaflA ragHbr opHH noreHquan sueprntiu yyprnfir reBeec
3yrraax xyvur,rfi noreHllnan ryriqerrsue. Tsrexnesp oprorq 5neuiaa AynaaHbl rsnqaeprfix

exg exxrrZ rruyvH

Hb raAHbt opox

Hor Hexqer as 6ueuhn AarW

po(P,r)-4L:

(3, 5, 15)

coost'

po-tafiaaa 6nentln xNvtytfiH noTeHllhafl, m- MoneKynntiH rraacC, r-Aprgx TeHxflgr xYpox

Sprerv lnenilu 6ypeH oHepril Hb AoTooA gHeprh eprsnrriu KuHeThK gHeprrl
unftn6sp 6onHo.

**'
E=Ea2I
.I -eprsx reHxnsrrsfi xapuqaHryri raHepqrfru MoMeHT,

(3,5, 16)

-RorooA oHepru. eprenr

ryrenruftr oepqhnger rs1ruitr caHax xepsrrsfi, rtlruseC rauepqrfiu MoMeHT, AOrooA

aflb anb nu fl (6yroy M ) eec xaMaapHa, 3eBxeH xanranrrail yAaaH epronTeHA
xoMxhrAyyHvrfrrC) ooc xaMaapaxryil, rorrMofl rex 6onHo.
Maccun ryrAnT Hb erer,qceH, xhrA eprgrq Tycraap xaryy 6me aaq yaue. exrponu AoToOA
oHeprxgc Qynxq, naasafi oHg

rox[onA i
S=S(E
' -*'r.
2t'

6ne rycraap y,{hp 6ypeH sHeprh eprenrurlH MoMeHr xodyn xaAranarAaHa, xaprH
Hb ererAces E 6a M -p lononqoor xarurrrin rx yrraa aeax 6croli. YyHrafr ryng 6
xmrA eprex roHxflsr Hb uuepqrfiu MoMeHT anu 6onoxyfir-l vrx 6aftx rnriru reHxngr 6aft
3oxt4Ho. l4ftrr,t rsuxner 6on, eMap q 6ahcaa, raHepqutiu roHxllgr 6arix raapsa. esg
epeec ofinroruxrori syrZn, yqr4p Hb, xopBsg 6re nnepqhfiH rsHxnereec eop tsnxnsr rofi
sprex pru 6on rop rsHxnsr Hb oopee unnxilH (npeqecc) xoAenreeHg opno (uexaHrKaac
rufiu sprsnr xfirg 6nw wti,l'lsgc q rsHtlBopreil 6uu.tss.
6$. l4x KaHoHr4K ryroflr

TepuOcrarutu eneprufir Eo , eenexyyauitr Vu , 6eerrltnfts rOOr No rgx reMAOrn

Tepruocrar Aorop eror,qceH Z ssnexyynrsrZ xuxtarx3H MaKpocKon AoA xocrhl4r rrlraH
ysue. xecrrfiH 6eeruufrx roo xyBbcax 6ononqoorotl 6aftr. flsg xecer N roonu 6eeur
6ailxAaa ,?rofleBg 6ailx ruaragnanutr coxrpxoE. Tep renenliu eHeprnfrr {(N)ree.
xscer NTooHbt 6eevrrsil E,(N)eueprnretZ 6ailxa1 TepMocTarblH Yn.qcoH t4x xecer Zo s3nexyyH.q

N,,*N rooHbt 6oen,trsti Eo-E,(N) sneprrrsfi 6arix 6onno. T

renshfir{ roor I-(d,Vo,No) ree. Terasn AeA xocer n -reneBA 6afix yerilx
renaniH roo
f(E - En,iVo*V,No*N)'1
6Onno. Eraryy CrcreuuftX TeneB 6yp r,rxran Mara4flafiTafr reCsn CraTucTl4K
yHAcoH 3apquM 6coop AeA ct4creM

,?

-refloBA 6afrx ruaraAnan

48

r(E - E,(N),Vo -V , N -N).1 _ expS(Eo *8,(N),% -Z,No -N).1.

r(Eo,vo,No)

l(Eo,vo, No)

-V ,No - N) -6on yngcsH

(3, 6, 1)

xscriltiH eHrponn. ,[sg xecer xapuqauryfi

rex rooqoH 6ara xerraxurgyynyyghfiH sspresp sagan6an

S(E -

E, (M) ,Vo

las
r

t4x

Pas
r 0V,

)Eo'

p-=_as

lNo

rycraH AaxuH 6ta.{esn

S(Eo-E,,Vo-V,No-N)

S(Eo,Vo,Nn)-!n,-LV *LN
TTT

*"

(3, 6, 2)

f,, 1) -A {3, 6, 2)uhr opnyynaag AsA crcrerumtiu $nexYYH Z eepvnergexryfi

xapuH

roo eepqnergeHe rex y3oH (3, 6, 1)-r

/ rN

w,(N)=CexP[- -E',(N))
,
)

(3, 6, 3)

. HopuvnonbrH Hexllen:

lw, :t**n[
c

cynarvrqrr

a -T.*o[Pru
u*Lt,t

w,(N): *o

)=,

- l'tru)''1

fr\r)

n.N

(N)

=tt I"*oIPlr

rycrafinan E ycresp rgM,qsrnee. 3ns

*E

ltN

ilx

KaHoHut( cyMM

rcx

-r'(ru)).
_

'

HgpnsHg:

(3, 6, 4)

(414D), ; *, (***)

(3,6,5)

fn66cniln nx KaHoHHK ryroar. nnos. ese ryrenrufrr g3noxyvH, TeMneparyp ererAceH

roo xyBbc4ar crcreM4 xoporngHo.
dyudax moo, 6eentuilu moouat ducnepc mooL4oonox ua.5eeunhH TooHbr AyHAax

6eevrrafiH

f
N = INw,(N) =

Nexp((prN

*8,(N))lt)

)exp((pN - E,(N)) tr\

_ t ffi.,_
ilr
lE:r .-0.lnE rex6Nqnx6onxo. Tersxneep,
_
op
op

Av,-

ly -T_/!=T
TOOHbT

KBa.qparHH AyHEax

op

N,N

(3, 6, 6)

op

yrra

f
=2N2w,(N)=

A,
_ln5.

N'z'exp(( 1tN

exp((7-rN

TOOHbrlqrcnepc

49

- 8,,(N))lr)

- E,(N))

lr)

;2^
to a ,^
^ r'-t
op'

(3, 6, 7)

ta-(rrrl' =r'3-(9/E)=
(^')'=ttt:.-N' =r'o'7
aplar,
Ot''-

\-ap-)

r*.
ap

flynr cufipyynQsn

(AN)'=r-1--.
---aN
'
d1t
0 =l

lr

(3, 6, 8)

rox rYp reMAornee.

ArN

m=

ttf *e

A!
ve,a

d*

=fire.

exAsec eneprnfix AyHAax Yrra

E=ur--lV*-lA.
'opaB
=

Cuftpyyn6sn

alt=.

0p AB )
t,'u,L

E:(
ryrsnrunx snrponunr

r4x raxoxux

(3,6,9)

T"j:i;"il;;[,

(3, 6, 10)

rox roAopxoftnxo. (3, 6, 5) aac

lnw,(N)='n* r

*!'(N)

ttN

'
I

Yyxrafrr (3, 6,

10)-g opnyyn6an

s = -Iw,(N)ln w,(N)=
n.N

-lll-

w,(N)-Ir,(r)

LP

n.N

'n.N

, I lrV-E
-

-**I

FT

exAeec

_l
ln-:
?

-pN +E - sr

enAeec

F-pN _Q

. -ro)
_r=.*p[;.,l.

QHe 6On hx KaHoHl4K CyMMbtH repMogtaHaMrK

noreHquantofi nilu xon6oorofi ax.

yrra toM, t4x KaHoHtlK

rYrgnr

Cyrrrrt,t

-raX

OAoo l4x KaHoHl4K

(Q+uN-E
\r)

w,(N)=exPI

(3, 6, 12)

rex 6nvurgsus.

'

7S.

r-P
-l

rYr3nr

Tepuocrarux exeprufir Eo senexyyHr,rrir Vo 6eorucufrn roor No rex

Tepuocrar Aorop erergceH N roonur 6ooursfi xvtxnxen MaKpocKon AeA xocruilr

aBq v3be. Xecrr,1fix g3nexYYH xyBbcax 6ononqooroit 6ahr. ,Qeg xecsr Z

6aftx.qaa n TeneBA 6afrx uaragnansrr couupxoE. Tep renautiu eneprrfir E,(V)ree.
xse,sr V o3ngxyyHrofl, E,(V) sneprnrefi 6aixag repMocrarbtH YnAcoH nx xsCflr Vo-

50

E0- E,(V)eHeprrroft 6afix 6onno. TepruocraruH renarftH roor T(Eo,Vo,No)

Tgregn A9A xorcr n -TeneBrq 6ailxyeniln repMocrarbrH rensilfiH roo

r(E * En,Yo*V,Nt) N).1

6nryy crcrenaurln reneB 6yp raxrn Mara,qflanrafi recex crarucrr4K uexaxrxnfrH

3apqhM 6coop AoA o4creM r, -TefloBA 6arix uaraAnan

S(Eo-0,(V),Vo*V,Nr*N)-6on

vnAceH nx xecrnfrx oHrponn. EeA xecsr xapuqanryfi

rex rooqoH 6ara xeruxrrgyynyygraraH aepraep sagan6an

6ara

g E,V)-*, _--.Ot
)E,,
OVn
'
'nt
lasPA.SpaS
r 08, r )Vn r 0N,

- E,(V),Vr- V,No - N) = S(8,, Vu,No)

cucreuriln 6eeruurZx roo eepqnergexryr,r, xapilH o3ngxyyH

n,1)-r
E"(V)

I/

+ "YYHA

eepvnergex 6onox ryn

w,(V)=r*O(!\

(3,7,2)

. HopruvnonbrH Hexqen

U*,VYV=cIJexp(=
c
K

=t

t,

;'

,(v)\yr, =t

-PV - E'(v))dv

"*p(\

cyMMbrr Z ,ycresg rsMAsrnge:

- E,lv)\,
ZP -\LlJ I "*r(-PV
'\
t

(3, 7, 3)

tb

w,(v) =

:!!-!'(v)1, I
"*o(\
r
);'

l.^n[

fu66cuha r - pTyrsnr

-PV - E,(v)\dv

(s, 7, 4)

rues. 3ns ryrenruilr Aapanr, reMneparyp ererAceH xap[H

xyBbcAar cncTeM.q x3p3rfl oH3.
rx KaHoHnK ryrsnrrrir 6ac, eepee?, r --- p rvronr rsx HgpfloAor.
1.

xaphnllaH yfinvnsnqsnryfi xo6p xscrsec rorrcoH cucreunilu nx

xrcgr ryc 6ypurZu t,tx KaHoHt4K cyMM btH ypxeeprsrZ raHqyy. Yyuurlr xapyynHa

KAHOH14K

vfr

AyHAaX yrra, ssnsxyyur,rrz gncnepcuhr rogopxofi n.

Kanoxrr ryrsnrggp eueprnfru AyHEax yrra, gHeprufix gmcnepcuilr, rx KaHoHr4K

op 6eerrarrZu roonur .qyH,qax yrra 6eeurafiH roonu pucnepcnftr rogopxofiflcoHbr

?, :

exP(tD /

ll

r)

O -reprvrograHau rxnfi s noreHLl4arr rsx xapyynHo yy,

Z -uua, ilx

KaHoHr4K

ryrsnrsH4 | lE-nin

51

repMogxHaMrK

KaHoHt4

yrrur rogpyyncHu

8$. Xoep meneemsil fleeuceec

iypdcsn cucmemuilx dynaan 6aemaamx, gHmponu'

nr

E/e_

u,4

c'J

42

4/
0

cy/td

t/e

3ypar 11. Xoep renostofi cucreunriu oHeprh 6a gynaau 6arraanax reMneparypaac

xa*uapa* 6aivan. Tervrneparypsrr eueprufiH saBcap A 3ep uflSpxufinxee.
SHeprurir

- Horxoop, AynaaH 6arraaruxmir ftu- nerxeep aavee'

\

KauOurx ryrsnrnfir HOr HSrcHAss noneeryra 1V 6oerueog rorTCOH Cl4cTeMA

gHeprh e f
Eeervr 6yp xoepxoH rerreBTorl roe, Hgr ronerafiu aHeprr 0 xereo renBilfiH
Oneprr 6a gynaa, 6arraaruxurZu reuneparypaac xaMaapax xaMaapnblr onox xgporrsfi
TepuOcrarrratl KOHTaKrai Her 6eeru ae.{ Y3be. Xoep rensrfiH KaHOHI4K cyMM
(3,8, 1)
Z :l rexp(-e I r).
Hsr 6eeurfiH EyHAax oHepril
exp(*e lr)

T-

-a-

l+exp(-e

lr)

Nrooxur vn xaMaapax 6oeuNriu.qyHAax oHepril sHoxyv trsec NEaxnH Ax1aiAx Bcrofi

ryn
Ne
exp(*r / r)

E=N1e):Ne

l-i-exp(*air) l+exp(eir)

(3, 8, 2)

eHe QyHrqrilH rpa$ilKnur 11 3yparr AYpmnxse.

Torruon o3noxyvH
AynaaH 6arraarux :

flex

at\

Cn=l .

(3,8,3)

\ar ),,,

exg

eHeprra Hu (3, B, 2) oop nnepxntlnenrAox

ryn

l- = "'"
-- exp(s tr) - .
kt,N[t]'
kuNe+,
(,
+exp(e l r))''
or t +exp(t l r)

(3, B,
tt
lynaax 6arraauxrfin rpa$raxviir 11 3yparaac Y3He YY. fiynaaH 6arraaux ua
1ahraar aHxaapHa yy.ltlhtvt MaKcrMyMbrr lllorrxrfin raxur(auoruanu) regsr, 9H3 raxrr
6ueg sxeprililH reauilH rogopxofinoxoA onoHroo ryc xYprcAgr ax3o.
r >> t 6ailx engep reMneparypbtH xe3raapr rorrMofl 33noxYYH Agx AyflaaH 6arraaux

c,

c,

* LkoN[:)'

(3,8,5)

hfixxyy eHAep TeMnepary1T Cn - r-2 , xaprH r << 6afix uaru TeMnepaTypblH

Cn

k,;N

(c lr)' exp(*s

1r7.

My)K144

(3,8,6)

SxcnoxeHquafl ypxilrgyyH 6arlraaraac YYA3H 3H3 xoMxilrAYYH reMneparyp 6yypaxag

ryproH 6yypxa.

52

, TeMnepaTypbrH roAopxofinonT:

_tt

rAS\
4l

T \AE )N
-,

E,^

(3, 8,7)

s@) = ldL
'oT
1HO.

rooqoonoxbrH rynA oxnoe4 (3, B, 2) ooc 1 / r -t E aop unspxnfrnue

9:
fl +tha

"

ln

( ry-1]=

\.E

h(ns E) -tn E.

(3,

8,8)

nHTerpan aBarAaHa

i+

=]t-rr'

,s(E)

- r)+

E)rn(Nc

='a [r"tn Ne -ElnE*

(Ne

- E)-

Ern

E+0ll,

(3,8,9)

(Nt -E)ln(Ne-E)].

12 geep sue QyHrqrfrn rpaQnxufrr N = | 6a e = I recsH rycrail roxhonA 3ypxee.

3ypar 12. XoEp reneereft

cncreuuilH gHTponu
sHeprrsc xaMaapax
5ahgan.
3Hs xrueeHg eHeprnfiH 2 renee

xoopoHAoo e =1

rSceH

saacaprari. 3yprufiu 3yyH )racr

dS / dE ynauxnan oepor, ufirvrogc

TgH,q rerraneparyp r 3epgr,

xapuH 6apyyH xaracr

$;4

0S I 0E

ynaMxnan ceper, rinasec reHA

reMneparyp r ceper.

il,ff

&xryw{

r rypunara Assp reMneparypaac xaMaapyynaH rogopxofinoxog xnn6ap 6ahAar;

enrponufrr reMneparypaac xaMaapeaH $ynrq xsn6sprefi rnepxrfinsxuilr xnqoee.
dE

=dE d,
dr

(3, 8, 10)

nuilr (3, B, 7)-A raBbx

s(r)=
6m.{be.
1

tus(r)

ia'!!!
rdr

=[or?

(3, 8, 1't)

(3,8, 12)

1l uir xocornoH rurerpanvun6an

s(r):91

rlo

53

.P'5

(3, 8, 13)

E uu (3, 8, 2))
rz\dr opnyynra xl4fix 6t4qmn

BapyyH ranblH hHrerpanA

0i
lqf

x=

t I r,

dx = *(e

L---)--

0,9

= .-N"'i
t,t'l
dr
"d"'r?lrexp(c/r)

s{dild
&4

g,Z

N [n(1 +

xoep reneergfi cucrerrarilH

3Hrponu reMneparypaac )6Maapax

6afigan. TeuneParYPutr sHePrHt4H
3aBcaP-t ggp rnsPxrfinxee.
3eaxeH sepor reMneparyp aBq Y33B'
r -+ co )cq3raapr s + Nln 2 6onHo'

S(r)=

l+exP(x)

exp(-x))]|"' = NlttO +exp(*e / r))'

4$.25
!g(E I r) -+ 0 rsx rooqoxog
tl
3ypar 13:

(3, 8, 13)

tl' . ,+ln(1+exp(-elr)1.
Nl'l+exP(e/r)

ene SynrqrafiH rpaQr,rrrafrr 13-p 3ypraac xapHa

r -+ oo xn3raapr S + Nln2 = ln2il , gtto

6yx 2ry TsfleB 6YrA ssnergcen 6afiHa.

54

EYNET

OEPMt4 6A EO3E CTAT1,1CTI4K

nf,r

cnhHrefi 6ooruceec 6ypgcen xrafrr Oeprvru xnil 6yxsn cnrnrefi 6eerraceec

Sose xrfi reger. Oeprrltra 6a Eo:e xmrl eep eep crarhcrr4KT 3axupargar, HaM
Oepurn 6a 6ose xnfin snraa opc MogperggHe.

1$. l,lx KaHoHHK ryroflT 6a Oepuu xrafr

Eeuceec 6ypgcaH ilAealr xilil aeq ysue. t4gean re.qor xu 6eeuyyg Hgr HoroH.qsg
1*nrnenqsxryri n rscsn yr. Xsgyra ruiu't lailnaa q rocoH roAnrft xoopoHE xyvxufi
trap H3r9H y[n$aa XOn6OO 6ahpar. eHs Hu hB nxutn 6eeucoec 6yp4cen crcreM
lbnr 6yprarar Hor HorHooc Hb flnrax bonoux laitxryh rgcoH 3apqrrurafi xon6oororZ
Hsr 6oo[arfia 6ailx 6onox KBaHr rensilrirl nxgercrrir i ree. Terssn, gxe
\rHAcsH Agop, onoH <Depuuonooc 6ypgcsn cucreMA ner 6eerrlrfiH i -renesr
TooHbr oepnaron 6arix 6onoxryrl rscsn xoprr raBurMar. Xaprax 6osonyygurH
xcaraapnanr 6ailxryfr. Her 6eorvlnfix l-ronear xoAeH q 6osot-t xaur 6afix 6onxo.
ryrenrufrr OepunoHur o4creMg xgpgrflge. lzlx raHonux cyrr,tna
-4ry:&q!
t

e=I"

(4,1,1)

N = fir+ nz+..., E,(N) = nttt + n22+...,

fil 2,. ' . -rooHyyA xsr 6eeurfiH renByyAl4rlH rxgexc, n,Hb Hgr oeerr,lrfiu
ufrH roo,

o=Ie , =IlIe-;--:llr,,
pN-E,t(N)

t!

.i\ni

o,

(1t-e,)n,

,,

=\"7

(4,1,2)

4 Hb ocrcn ror, scBgfl Hor rccoH yrrarafi 6ailx6onno,

.

i- reneer

:l+e

n,

=0,1. VlhuA

lt-,tt

(4, 1, 3)

optul4x 6eorurfix AyHAax roo

i =\n,"

'(F

(lr-,)n,
t

t-

ei)

tp t,)'

l+e

n,=-7J-.
1

(4, 1, 4)

e' +l
tDepm u -,Qu pa xu it u my an

m MoH.
Too roAopxori erergceH ToxronA xvtuuilw noreHqilafl Hb N
= Lnl uexqnrrr
6af,x ylaprail, e. x, sFrs Hexqnrfir xaHrax 6arix uraapAnaraHA Toxxpyynx xutanha
ranrfi r rogopxorZnAor 6arl na.

55

xufi
2$. l,tx KaHoHt4K TYrcnr 6a Eose

Hgroeen/|railHHgrTeneBToptul4x6ogoHutTooHAxffiraapnanr6aftxryft,(4,1"1
ni =0,r,2,.. _yrryyA aBHa. (4,
(p- i)ni
TJtrxnssp
(4,2, 1)
z,

\l
E = fllr**'I

=Le

=flr,,

init

n,

cyMM (yaranoell
yrra
:-" .:"::T,:X'""Yj"",1ffi1
Hu xutuuilH noTeHquafl ceper
nniln6sp toM, cyMM urafinex Hexqen

=0,t,2,-. rox aBcaH

;"t;;;;H

6ailx neAan, P<0,oHo Hexqong

(4,2,2)

Li -

11

ti

l* eT'
i- reneer optuvtx 6eerurafiH AyHAax roo

!-e

=ln,e

tl-ti

e'

(p_e,ln t

--

lt-i

l-e'

CrafipyYn6en
n=.
"i

(4,2,31

t,

,T *l

MeH'
3ue 6on 1ose-1ituwmeiluuil mYeenm
Eeerrarafiu

noreHqhafl
roo rogopxofi orergcoH Toxtaong xrrr,tuftH
N

=Z;

xoxr{nrfrr xaHrax 6aftx yvrapraft'

to*rpiln*

Hb

e' x'

oHs Hexqflrafir xaurax 6afix ua

xnuniln noreHqr4anblr rogopxoftnno'

3$. Oepurra 6a Eose xnftn nx noreHqtaafl

[4x norenqnan (lll 6yner(3, 6, 1 1)

-r

xap)

o=rhfl)=_rmr.
\E/

lzlx rauonrK cyMM

(4,1,2) 6a (4, 2,1)).

Hb TeneB 6ypg xapran3ax

hx

KaHoH'1K cyMMblH YpxBop

=-rLlnz,= IQ,'
a= -rlnE = -rlnffz,
;it

Yyng, OePrunxnilF,

lt'i

Q,=-rln(l+e')'
6ose xmilg

lt*ti

Q,=rln(l-e '

56

).

(4,3, I
(4, 3,

4$. EonuqMaHH Tyrorrr.

IrIlaHH xrfi reger Hb Hor reneBT opturx 6eeur,rrix flyHAax roo Hgrogc orroH AaxhH
Erlgar tnitu xuh rcru. Oepnan -fluparnfra 6a Sose-SfiriurefiHrari ryrenrcoc y3oxe.q
Eaf,xuiH rynA (4, 1, 4) 6a (4, 2, 3) uriH xyeaapur sKcnoHeHL[4anb ruuyyH Horsec

ux6ailx xeperrsfi, gHo HexqenA

!!.:ct.

(4,4, 1)

fli ='
EonuquaHur ryronr. eHA

/\

<< 1 6afrxutH rynA

e;

1) +

<<1,

(4,4,2)

Qaeaa d3pd3r -sren o3noxyyHA opruhx reneurH rooroop vpxyynx yr oren

6eeurfir roor on6on

optur4x

: uo?

dN

41!,
(2xh)'

g :2s

+1,

s-cnunnfi roo.

Geeuuis roo

4op nunynscrrlr

eu6ep qer Kooplqr Hara ap unspxrafr

nss4 eHqryygoop

r4HTerpan

Aapaa

pz

p=rfT*,

=2m,

dp=(Zrry)'''

,-"'4,

xrfixeA

=ffi"+

*=Hwiu?r'''ae

N (2n13'2h3
e': :V
gmY\n'
It)-xeuxurpyyxrarzr a6conrcr

yt.qgBxr4

rgx HopflsAsr. A6conor

" t\r
rT"

n=
,

-rl/2

Errurgexe, yyHA vq={2ot"

\*,

4, 3) aac xapaxaA (4,

4,2)

(4,4,3)
uAoBxr4 Hb

(4,4,4)

-*"rrr".nexvyH.

Hexqerr Hb

(_lh'\'''
<<1.

-lV\mr)

xuit 6afrxuru ryn xwh erer4ceH

6afix ecrofi axoo.

57

(4,4,5)

TeMneparypr oHo rsHqsn 6ycur xanraxyfir-1

5$.<Depura6aEosexuhxaaua6arulx6areneg6aiAnulxTerunTrsfl.
orropryfiH
TenerfiH TooHbl HRrT 6a 6eer.acufin roo. Her $oeurafix Qasun

afleMeHrsA xapran3ax Hsr 6oeMhfix tensiltiH roo:

dPrdP,,dP,,,

s eoh)' '

Sugeec, nunynucnfrH Mogynb Hb (p,

(4, 5, 1)

'

p+ dp) 3aBcapr 6afix ronarfts roo

g4r p'dp ,

(4, 5,2)

Q;D,

roo
eu4esc, sHeprn nu (e,e + de) aaacapr 6afrx renahfrH

(p'=2me.

p=tlr,*, oo=?Yt

'''de -opnyynraap

Irt l--

(4,5, 3)

vgY lt at:' D(t)dc.

Jlo'r"

D(c) ,'

r?'f

(4,5,4)

J2o'h'

-xoMxhrAYYnrtlr qeneer 6eeuuftu renerfrH TooHbl HRrr reggr'

Seeuufin roo:

r=i##i=f#'[##^,
eneprr

o =I
k1x

(4,5,5)

norexqran

"*h

o = +rTh(
--'l*Jo

ueD(c)de

"t'e-r'zttt

ffiii#i,

)D(e)dc

=*-y*rjrn1,
,,12r'lt'

(4,5, 6)

',

"t'-tit'1ett2de

(4, 5, 7)

T3MA3r HS 6osol-lutx. XecerneH l4HTerpaflqrn6an

AsgE reMAsr Hu QeprunoHblx, AooA

*y
2 Vgm''' t;t'=dt :
_
12
l--Z3 g.
s'^ - --_F---r-=
J
*'
ot'rt"
3 Jin'ht

hx noreuquan roo xsMx93r33p39

ryn

{)= *PV

(4, 5, B)6a (4, 5, 9)aac

PV =aE.

(4, 5, 8)

(4, q,

(4,5,

uen ryn, 6on

eus xapuqaa 6on nMap HsrsH uapnfreunan 6ru, epenxraft xapbqaa
,.31, rex raBrxaA (4, 5, 10) Hb nAean
- xsgraapr u 6uenox ecroft, rtaftueec E = N

xrfi

reneB 6ail,qnun ronuilTrsn 6onx xysrpua'

58

Eee xnftx agua6arulu EruunirrYYA

lt=z

r9>KopnyynaxaA
C2=

{2lV a; p1at

-PV :Vrt'' J'1t lr).

aac5l2

sperr,t6rafin HereH

(4, 5, 1 1)

repnrfiu Syuxq

MeH

ax'

s__lrao) uu N=_lrao)
v v\)tr)r.,
l/ v\)t)r.,
p@t aac 312 epsuflwftH

HsrsH repnrfiH Qynrq MeH, rersxneep,

S/N6on rsr

r*rBH repnnfiH $yxxqxq rueH, S 1 1t1 = gQt I t) .

(S:const ) agraa$ar npoqeccoA plr xapdtlaa eept{nerAexryfi, TorTMofl. Eacxyy

Iapbqaa 3eBxoH

trtlt

sec Qynxq MoH

Vt't'

ryn 6ac n eepqnergexryfi, rorruon. l4finXyy

= const.

(4,5, 12)

(1.5,11)eec
PV5'3 = const.

rt''

I P =const.

(4,5, 13)

(4,5, 14)

qArgep roruurrsflyyA Hb epraftH Hor aroMT xnfut a1na6arHH Torutarrenyygrefi

Gaf,Ha, xaprH KnaccLlK roxt4orlg agra6arun rgrurrronYYA rapraxgaa xopgrnoAor

:513 6a C pv
- - C, : R xapuqaaxyyp Oeprvril 6a Sose xuilg roxupAorryfi.
Eose xrix reneB 6afiAnuu roruurron.
(4' 5' 11)aac

2 Vgm''2 *1 3',2de
(4, 5, 15)
3 Jin'ht J ,r' "r' *,'
F,5,5) -rail cucreMnoH P;V,N,I gepenfin xonEoo rox V3sx 6onno. Oepeep
a

---.__--

1rnapaMerpaap .qaMxuu eus 4 xsMxlrrAyynufi xoopoxg xon6oo yycHo. 9ne yrraap

(4, 5, 15) 6on Qeprvrra 6a Eose xhfiH renes 6afignuH rsnuurrsn MeH.

59

V EYN3T
oEPMt4 CTAThCT]4K[4 t4H 3AP vlM
1$ .OePrvrra

xoPernee

ryrsnruix SYHrq

.f(e)=T

rr\J
po 6on

r -+ 0 xmraapr ens QyHxq = Fo qor A33p opc eepqnerAeHe'

noreHqran nha r = 0reuneparyp Aox Yrr?, lto = lt(N lV,0)
f(e\

[l,xlPaa t1[1o

(5, 1, 1)

=I

[0,xrP:lat>Fo
Torsoc
A33tu ecexeA
Xaprax reMneparyp a6conrcT
rpns'
6onx
e = p(N lV,r) yrrblH opt{t4MA HanyyAyy
c-0

oHg

$yuxqufru

!,0

i(ei

(e)

xsMxurAsxvYH

Hb,

reHqeeprefi cucreMA,

'

-f

eueprurei

reneeYYgl'tiH

o3norAcgH XyBb

)MXOOT

nnepxutinHe. Ctrcreurfir
(a6conror rersec) )Gnaa)cA

6eeruc

elp<l

3ypaacancaH

4a e4 M
3Heprr,

-H3rx33P.

6VxuI
MyxlrA

urr4rDxr4Ho.

50000

ryrsnrufru $yax\ e I Lt
ror reMneparypr
6afrgnur
ogc xaMaapax
6ac r = trt I 5 teuneparypr ryc ryc

aypar 14.

p>l

sypaacancaH

el
-AE

Oeprvrra

6Yxrai
Mla(aac

Meranng

,tt

Hb

K rafi AVfiqexYiq

xsrvrxssrefi 6ahr 60nHo.

Y3YYnxoo.

2$. Merann Aaxb qengor sflerTpor xun

Oeprvrr,r CrarVCTAKvtfiH vyxan xsp3rngg 6on ruerann 19M' 3apnu MeTannbIH
OneKrpOHyyAbtH ChcreMrfii qeneerrsneKrpoH xrfi ru3rsep TeCeenX 6OnAOr' lzltaut

qeneer enerrporl 6yxufi Merafln rcAgr.

r = 0 reuneparypr qefleer oneKrpoHbr eHeprnfiH xaurrfiH ylx yrrblr ar rsx roMAornse.
yrrurr $eprvrh eHeprr reus. Tyyurtlr

,r-=-4.Lm

rex 6hque. exexyy po -r

$eprrail ytMnynbc rsH3.

gfle
= 0 reunepaTypT qefleeT

runynucuftx orropryfig pr pa1nycrail 6eru6epqerufir o3fl3H 6afipuuua, sxs

Sepmu 6eu6epqer reus.
Heree Tanaa6 $eprvrr,r gHeprh Hb qeflesT gneKTpOH Xnila t = 0 teunepaTyp AsX xt4
noreHquanrafi TSHqYY
t, = llo
r = 0teruneparypr snerrpoHyyAblH roo
60

N = D@)de =
T

dt

m'l,,,

:ffi

,,1,,

(5,2,

uo=L{ro.f,f'.
pr,

*lepn4 6a

Seprvru

h(3r2

(5,2,2)
(5,2,3)

f,)',,.

6ervr6opqrrariH paryuyc raranxyy eneKrpoHu TOOHbT HCrraap

A4Or axe3.
4A

f{e)

ffi*
#bF-

t0
q'E

q6
4+

qe

+
"a'tre*

t\
\

\.-

\S b.-

e8*6?8?

a/"*r,tt$ t
3ypar 15. Rne 6yp rerraneparyp gsx Sepn,|ur ryrenrurin gyuxqrarix naq.
Soerrarin roouur Hflrrbtr, Tr = r / k, = 5ggggK 6atixyfqaap,
coHrox aacaH 6onHo.

rypg, Sepur AoflrroHbt roo,

vo = Po I

m,

Seprvrra reMneparypbtH To.qopxofrnonr

ko = Po

fuiG,rr 3. 3aprarvr Meranfl.qaxb qeneer

enexrponur
fufieran

Rb
Cs
Cu

r=0

vo,l0t ctn 'c-'

4.6
2.5

1.3

4.7

1.1

1.34
1.08

0.85
0.79
0.73

3.1
2.1

1.56
1.38
1.39

reMneparyp
Tr = e, I kpL04 K

Oepurr,r

5.5
3.7
2.4

1.8
1.5

2.1

7.0
5.5

8.2
6.4
6.4

5.5

1.8

teuneparypr oneKTpoH xuha nnilt sneprurZr onu6.

e=

eole)de

sneKrpoH xurin napauerpyyA

Oepur

0.86
8.50
5.76
5.90

Ag
Au

7,. =o I k6,104

3Hepril,
lln = tp,3B

N lV,1022cm-3
Li

lh,

Oepnau xypg

KOHLleHrpaq

Na

1)

ffi'[e'''

de=

61

:Y#

e'/' =1 1s,,

SnAsec Hsr ofleKrpoHbl AyHAax eHepril

E=1 F'

N5
Ter reuneparypr Her eneKTpoH AyHgaxaap

Sepvrra sHeprnfrH 0,6

rafi

rcHqYY

4x33.

ffns 6yp reMneparypr Qepvrr,r ryronrnilH QyHxqrarln flBLlHr 15-p syparr Y3YYnxO3.
4-p
Oeprvrr,r'xuhu xuuruiu noTeHll[an' 6a a6conpr ngsaxntir xep xe4sH TeMnepaTypT
xYcHorr$p xapyytlxss.

Xycxerr 4.
Teruneparyp T,

Xvturfrs noreHUI4an
trtl K* K
50000
50000
49700
48200
36200
-100
-1 2800

K
0

500
5000
1 0000
25000
50000
100000

a6conpr

nAoBxt4

L=exp(FIKET)
Xnsraapryfi
xnsraapryfi
21000
124

4,3
0, 98

0,28

q
T =7, TeMneparypr xnrurfiH noreHquan rerg otipxoH yrrarafr, rexASo flr r3r 6uut.
Xrmnfin noTeHLlhan TeMneparypaac xaMaapax 6att4nutr 16-p 3yparT Y3YYnxgo'

sypar 16.
z

,to

II

0
-z

-4
.A

tDeprvrr

xrfix xrnufiu

noreHqhar reMneparypaac

-\

d"r.r,
waHm

xuiflilYx

xaMaa pax

6ailga n. Toxrrofi

xnaccur

rpa$ux 6afi ryynaxbtH ry.np,

xuiSx

xapuqarryi H3rx33P,

uyx

p(0)= eo=(312)zt3

rl

6ailxyfiqaap rooqoonx

xoxueurpaquir coHroH

-0

aBcaH.

n
r{eneer gneKrpoH xrfix sHepru reMneparypaac xaMaapax 6ar,tA,nutr 17-p ayparr
3$. Eexuen oneKTpox xufi
Xepase reMneparyp Seprvrra reMneparypaac HilneeA 6ara (T <TF)6ailaan sneKrpoH
KflacclrK A1ean xntiresc eep uhHxrsrt 6ahaa. 3ne YeA gneKTpoH xnilr 6exuen I
Sexrrlen OneKTpoH xnfiH gynaan 6arraaux TeMneparypHH HsrAYroop 3eporT nponopqho
6ailAar. 3 xycHsrresc Y33xsA rcAr3ep MeTann.q $eprvrra sHeprrTgft gyftqex TeMnepaTyp

104 K -eep xoMxhr4ox eHAep yrratati ax33. Tsgrsep MeTanfl Aaxb

sneKTpoH

TeMneparyp T <<lO4 K lailxa1cailr. uapnftaunanratlraap, 6exuen rox Y33x 6onox

ql4H9o
6exnaon oneKpoH xufrH uer eBopMell [ur4Hx reBgn Hsrr Hb hxcsx rycaM rcgult
rurlHxrgfi 6onxo.
Tailn6ap. t4onyyg 6a enerrpoHyyAaac oypgcau LlaxuflraaH caapMar cncTeM - nna3M
v3be. fian enerrpoHyygaac 6ypgceH rorraoprotZ cncreM 6afix 6onoxryfi Hb MoAoox.
ofleKrpoH noHrofi xapunqaH yfinvnenqsx eneprrftn epervr6e '.Zez 14, YYHA Ze-nonYt
62

sneKrpoHooc l/toH xypox

AyHAax 3ahi a _ (ZV /try'),,, .
Snerrpou xuil ngean 6afix Hoxqefi Hb KynoHbt
sHepru
oneKrpoHbr AyHAax KfiHerrK sHeprilac
onoH AaxrH 6ara
6afix napan.

n[yHgax KrHerLrK oHepru Seprvua streprursfr n)Kun

spsrvl6srerz ryn 3H3 Hexqefl
7e?'
*o

aa ro

-rsx 6rvrr4oHo.'./ - (Zf I N)t/36a trniriu

(5,2,2))
nnspxuilnnuilr opnyyncHu Aapaa sue reuqsn
6ru.r

,'*\'

7"1-;. ) '"

Hqn nx 6afix rycaru gHo raHqofl 6uw teguhvrHgg

caiFt
6Nener4ex Hb t4flr 6anua.

0,tt
tl /t

0l

blar

17.

xufix sNepnr

Oepanr,r

xaMaapax
ppEp

Eexuen snerrpox xufin xuuniln noreHLlnafl,

oHeprh,

AynaaH 6arraaux

AE / Ne o-r,

p:lpt /to

rt=

-r aavoa. 3u4

t
H,,{r-r(
t2\P,

eHeprra

t/
1'

firt

;) .l
14

(5, 3, 1)

ffi ;:yru:;o?r"#ir,';;[i)::-:i",.,,0",,,,,,,1'"'
n
^-^
""i "*;p* ; ;;'H##iffi [:::

npo nooput4oHan
p q ro Ha
dailnruilr
6a
rz4r n hr uiiuwt,,,,,^:^^uiluxyy run

*/r*g*a"&tr re

cq

s
;.
*-

J\\

\)'

in

rt, 7l
3ypar 1 8. Kanr,rrin

.qyflaaH 6anaalxwhr T

Qyxxrl xan6epoop y3yyrcB

63

),

0,,1

oocxaMaapcanC/T

4 S. Llaraax oAofi

llluHxnsx yxaaHA 6axAarra cafixaH H33nryYA Ye Ye rapcaH oaftgar. Tyyuuil H3r

nu crapraycHH Aaryyn oA 6onox Cr,rpuyc B nesrgcex ryyx 6rnee' 1864 ottA
Craprayc rpaeKTopblHxaa Aaryy flr uynyyxaH 6nLu, 6ara sspsr ryraex AailacaH
6aftx
xegenflerrfrr r*rrnrnrurp rohoo*ie.'3na yosrgnnfir ryynufi oriponqoo eep ogv---- A6afix
Ecoop
rooqoo
6arze. 1862 ona Knapr<urx xrtzceu
6onox
'r"*-on*
E r.r:
B rafix
^..-,..,^
xapcaH rc.qsr. op6rarurH xsMxr4nreop crapr,ryc
6yit
1.96.1023r rgx rorToorAxeo. l-agapryyrratlx reruneparyp, oAHooc upx
l'9'10ecru
xgMxgsrs3p, ,q,ynaaHbt rlarlpanafrn xyynnirttYHAcgH 493p,- oAHH paghycutr
Tyxarin6an
rovr.
6atix
snrr
oflxse. v1ilvr oAcaHaaHA 6arrauryri

.a;;;;;6;p"r*
ffip;;;;;il;A;,;

M
p:7=@

1.96'1013r

= 0,69 '105r'cu-'.

usrrrafi xilxur ogblr qaraax ogofi rsx Hopnex 6oncon 6eree4 Cup
3ec q unvv Hflrr qaraaH opofi 6alagar 6atina. BaH MaaHeH NS 2 rArqrfin
6,8.106r.cu-, axgo. 106r.cu-3 HflrraA ycrepervufiH aroM xogpoH,oo fMap
6afipurax ae?
Xoopougox zai'tr a rse' atp=1840'10-2'rrssen
l4ilrvrepxyy acap hx

( lg+o.l o ", )'"

rt'cu:l
x
'27'rc-z'10-8cu'
----='-----"-;- 1 l'27 '10

q:l

l0"r

cu'

l-grsn ycrepervrtiH MofleKyn Aorop 2 qer'a xoopoHAoo 0.74'10-8crra 3ailTaf1 flailgat

6ogoxoA qaraaH ogofr 4orop sneKrpou t-lourefr xon6orpcou 6afix $onoMxryil,
oneKTpoHyy4 6exuon snerrpon xrtZ fravt1amail opiuNno'Tyxailnflan' 1033cu-3
Sepuu oHeprn
It2 .3ft2 N .,,,
l0 orPr 3' 105 gs.

,,

h(T)'''

= 0.5'

3us 6on MeraflflHxaac l05AaxrH hx xeMxee. Qeprvrr,r eneprrfir reMneparypTali

Tr=trlkrxJ.loeK Ogusr ryHA reMneparyp 10'K rsx Y3Bon ,Ho

Hb

reMneparypaac2 epevr6e Aooryyp toM.

Onerrfon xrti reug penflr,tBt4cr 6uu rupxu p 6aux qagax 6onoe yy. 3xs
XeHAexufu yqhp rsBon Qeprvrra xntln ouonulr 6rA 3eBxeH peneTnBucT 6uLu Uprrg
y3ooA, gfleKrpoHbt eHeprutlr p' l2m rgx Tool-lcoH. $nerrpogH rafieHul sHepr[
to = mc2 = (1.10 ".)(3'10'0cv'c'')' * l'10-6apr
3us sueprn Aoep rooqooncoH $eprvrra sneprureti ,lxtan 3psM6srefi 6afiraaraac y:
qaraaH OAoftg oneKTpgHblr penflrilBvlcT sfleKTpOH ray 6OnOxOOp 6aitiaa, r3x4go
pefleTt4Bt4cr eQQexr'ilflT AaBaMrari 6vtLu axse.Tsxg qerrltrtir 6ac 6exuen xrfi rsx
bonox yy. Oepvrn oHeprn 6oerrariln Maccg ypByy nponopql4oHan. HyKnonu (nporon
Hefirpouut )Qeprura eHepru sneKrpoHbl Qeprvrra exeprutlr MaccblH xapbqaa :ml M =lll
aap ypxcgHrerl ranqyy ire*4 npotoHbl roo sneKrpoH ut roorofi aAilfl rox 6oAoxog)' lAt
6o4oxoA HyKnoHbt Sepvrra sHeprh 0.25'10':pr 6onHo, 3Hs nu l07K TeMneparyp
AynaaHH

sHepril: kuT =1.4.10-espr33c $araBrap 6auaa. 9n4ssc Y3oxsA T3HA

xr,ril 6oxuen 6vrru

6afix 6onox toM, roxAog 6exexeg otlpxox.

64

R pagtrry,"ail qaraaH ogofi aeu ys. onerrpoH xrari 6exruen,

ry'_
mmncr 6rul, xapraH nporoH
xrlZ 6exuen 6uw 6afir.

rexlqos

fpmrrarlraraH oHeprr

_GM, I R
r3x y3yyn (Macc xspBee R paAraycrarzr 6ervr6epqer Aorop xrrA rapcaH 6ailean
ilmnqfiriH oHepru :-3GM2 l5R
)
funrrpox xrfiu rrnerhK oHepril spsrvr6sspee
.

h2

Nst3

h2

M5t3

*N - *r;'p

YluA m -gneKrpoHbt Macc, Mr, -nporoubt Macc.

lfrli're'rraqra i H 3He p ril, ofl eKrpoH br aH ep ru xo6 yn
fi xnn opgM6orsrZ (anpuanutiu reopeM
Dl$)flfl,Bm qaraaH ogorZn Macc paAilyc xo6p

Mt'3R=102t'r''l'ct,t
AoHo, Y3YYnHs YY.
to$Bso qaraaH oAois ruacc Hapnut ruaccrari rgHl-lyy lailaan Hflrr Hb nr,aap
6afrx es.
uilmc =1.99.1033r
fll@pcapur 6oxuon nerlrpon xnfirssc 6yp4can xyfireH o.q rsx
vs.qsr. Heilrpox ognur
Mt', R=l0l7r'r''r'cv
uaccrari Herzrpou oAHbr paAilyc FMap 6arix ee, AyHr KxnoMerpsop unepxuitn.

65

VI EYJI3T
EO3E CTATvlcTl4

XgPgrfl 9e

XUTAH

1$. Eexrvren Eoge xufr'

NrooHut6oouVs3enxYYHAopullx(rahraarse.Hsr6eevrrafirrHsrTeneEAofl
Jn' n i' o " *'v'' ou "-"1:l :::
roo H A,
::H:i3'y::J"
snraaran
roreecT:;;:#"r;1#
parvpr
ne
reM
".'u'
Asoru

6 o so H ut

3:;;1,"1#'ffi iT:XX?l'xl,1T^i:1,;
6vrYr 6onno'
6osoHwn
- - -io'.ii-grHulre
ft

nrta ryrenrr

ft

x SyHrq

.t@)-EeourfiH roo

P so'

o+. ,'

x="!ffi

TenerfiH TooHbl HRrr'

7t).,

YL
t
fn
sm-'-y

D(t) --

ll2

.- ,
? = zst

^..2ttL 7T1h3

I
L'

clll4H

TOO

SeenauriluTooHblerorAcoHHFrTaAxulumilHnoTeHqylanTeMnepaTypaacMoHoToH

rrleu.Tyxain6an,6oevrcufiHTooHblHqrTNlV.arer*ceHrgxTool-[oH(6,1,1)_sec
ynaMxnanblrAanA$yrrrqrailrrynaMxnanbtHrotvtu6orooponoxoA(p<0yvrp)

dlt -

-'Sdee"

Y)tt

"''' D(c)(t-

d;--l"@'

:'t'r' .-o'

'idcD(t)9'"
i,,r' r,rr. -1)l

MsAsrAoHs' Ceper xi
xurunitH noreHllilan ocex Hb
SnAeec reMneparyp 6yypaxag
yrraA (6, 1' 0)
rapaxryfr' #,-0-xs3raapbrH
ecflee, ecnoe r3X3A TOr39C A99rx

xaHrax reMneparypblH

yrrblr =',, rge

3He yrraA

' *1
O1eldt
l/:- Jl-* _, ,"
,",,

Vifilt

glmr,,)|''
Zt,, r, ht

,u

,'_

2,3152'
[4HrerpanuH Yrra oilponqoorooP:
(6, 1, 3) -aac

3.3126h'rN)'

'o - gr,, *\V

-

-l

TeruneparyP

r ==ro

-aac

AOOTX

oyyxag
D@)de
I^

"1

""'

rooHooc 6ara 6onqnxxo:

- hHTerpanblH yrra qaauflA 6aracq 6oorurailH

(6,

N'=iD
,lL\d?
)n
|

'N'
Hnilr ooerrartlu roo 6uu ]i?I::::.,31:,ft:l"l"U.:ilffi;::rf6
su Hvrvr'
N' Hb
oHA rY
UHA
qor Asopx
rvcrax 6onovrxryfi (ep us raHLl
::Y;;';;;";;;
roor vlHrerpaflA n
ut'' -

eHeprrarstl 6oerucuirn
yrrbrr nHrerpan M3AoPASrtYll

flillr#;"ilr":ffifiij;";J;J"o
tff:lrttr:t-';op

Eose
6eeuc MaKpo onHoopoo cvvx Y3srAnnnr

KoHAeHcauA opoorYfi yngcsx

6esvrcrfis roo rox xenx 6onox

66

torvt'

[ ( ro-g

N'=Try*=y#i**

(6, 1, 6)

(6, 1, 3) 6a (6, 1, 6) aac

(, )"'

N'
_--t-t

n - [ r.,.,)

hnAeHcar{narAcaH 6oorurfi

roo:

ror pyy oilproxuu xl4p33p e=0 enepnarofi 6eou onuJrpcoop r=0-A 6Yx
r =0 sxeprurstZ ToneBA cyycaH 6airx 6onsO. r =To - TeMnepaTypHr 6o3e
nrgpHcaqnilx reunepaTyp roAer 6ac Sose xrtlu 6exex TeMnepaTyp '{ rsAsr, 6exex
ac 6ara reMneparyprafi Eose xutir 6exuon 6ose xilfi rsHs.

Eexuen 6ose xltfrH TepMoAuHaMuK. eHepru nu

*S
cD@)de g(mr)t: rV xt''dx
," -i
- er,, -t l
2t.? ft:h) d e, + I'
{
rooH )rrra orZponqoorooP
(6, 1, 7) uu

(6, 1, 7)

: 1, 78

E:o.l11g*'':{t'' ,.

(6, 1, B)

rpreHqnan ( lV 6yner (4; 5, B) xapHa yy)

n=-tu:

-o.oassd{-v.

Srrponra

5E
== rgg) -?(y)
(
3r
\0r ), ,, 3 0r
,/,

6arraaruxrfir

C,:ko(#),,
rogopxofin6ooc

c..
',

(6, 1, 9)

-=!L
27.'

Eose xurin TerrsB 6afiAnsrx rortuurran.

Qnsr, (4,5, 10))
PV

=?t
3

Qeprvrra 6a

6ose xufr xo6ynang uu

(6, 1, 10)

(6, 1, 8) rafir opnyyn6an

r =o.otsr@;'"
reMneparypatu 5/2 3eporr nponopl{vtouan 6auaa, esonxYYHssc xaMaap4arryfr ax.

xyBr{pan. 6ose xrrls 6exex reMneparyp 6on Soge xrfrH xyBbA reMneparypblH
yrra. r =ro r{er A93p Sose xufia AypAmH repMoArHaMrK xsMXnrAYYHYV.q
, xaphH rorrMqn g3fioxyyH Agx AynaaH 6arraaruxufin ynaruxnan Hb TacpanTTaf

67

3r-rg Hb r ==ro Ller 6on, Hgr 6coHgoo, Qasux

xyBrpanbrH t-lor rocoH yr. 19 3yparA h4ean Sose xhilFl
rorrMofl o3floxvvH Aex AynaaH 6arraaux
reM neparypaac xaMaapax 6afi gn str Y3YYnxeo.

2$. LUranrsn Hea Aax Sasutx xyBl{par

eprafrn AapaflTaH,q a6conpr
xYpTsn uIhHreH x9BS3p33
6oArac. l-envrfrH aroM xoopoHAHH xapunqaH
6ycaA nnepruila xufiHesc pyraapaa oHqnor Bo
MOfleKyflflp noreHqhanHH Hb Mt4Hl4MyM
ryexaH (rynsrnfi 6utu.t), yyxril ynMaac KBaHr
xen6engsn xyvrerZ, gHs )rrraap utaHrgH renuhr
r.ljkrHrsH r3x 9pbqraaAar.

l-enr 6on oHqrotl 6opuc,

r3r TeMneparyp
t/'t-4 *ts
"t

3ypar 19. Torruon e3nexvyH

Aex hAean Sose xmtiH
AyrraaH
HsnKoep

6arraaux, Ntr -

tlluHrsH Hea uitn rafixauu:nr

rsBgn

reMneparypr SaeurH xyBilpafl axhrflarAAar

opc eepqnorgAer 2. 17 K'aac xon 6rul (20 sypar). 2. 17 R aac Aootx tunHroH

Hea

aroMyyAbrH lusgergsxyfiLl xyBb Hb chcreM ufrn yngcex roneBA cyyx 6oge xr

flBarg.qar rox roor-lAor 6anaa. 1 arru AapaflTaHA Hea-r 4. 2 K -A urHrgpyYnoxsA
aroM xoopoHgbrH xapmflqau yr7nvnennfin xyu Soee roH4eucaqufir sBgox vagaxaapryfi
6ononrori. 3ns ranaapaa ultHrsH Hea xutZ ruer luilHx y3yYnggr. Seeuc YH.qGH Ter
MaKpo onHoopoo cyyx Hb 6osonyy4utH LlJr4Hx. Oeprunon xs3eg v unrexryft. He3
@eprvrroH yqpaac caflaHrhg aroMyyA Sose roHgeHcaqA xo3ostt opoxryft. Xapru aroMyyA
xoEp xodpoopoo xon6orAox xocyyg yycrsx qagBan 6ooe xongeHcaq YYcq 6onox
Uluxran He3, uau 6ara reruneparypr, 2.rc 1K -4, xor ypcarrrrrari Sas4 uunxgsrrftr 1
oHA Typrunnraap rorroocoH 6arixa.

eN

3ypar 20. He3 6a Hea, rynguriH

ryvHufi opoHg, xrot<rr Hyxogp rooxr4x

o
d
o

xypAbrr Hb xapbllyyncan rpaSux.

Heo roucr xcr ypcaurrafi 6on.{}txcoH xgcrufir
aHxaapHa yy. He'-A xor ypcaMTrafr uuux, 0.

x
xo
o

1K xyprsn ulafiraxaA, unpssryfi 6afrxss.

Anraa uiHxvy roA

Oepnauorr 6osoHur

o
o

[asApsrAcsu 6afiua.

lllrureu renuhr xapilfiLlaH yfrnvnenqsnryfi 6eevroltZx crcreru Mgrssp receenex

xon6orgyynau xsgsr syfin gyppcyra.a. [21fiu rocoeflofl, sxfloo,q xapaxarq, acyygflur
xnn6apuyynx dailraa Mer 6onoeq 3apr4M qyxan wanxuilr railn6apnaxaA Tyc xyprs.qgr.
1. A6conrcr rsrr [J]4Hrss Hea nrln uonu g3nsxyyH renrtlu aroM xoopoHAbtH
yrinvnennraH erergyyHyygoop 6oAox rapracaH o3noxyyHosc 3,1 AaxuH t,rx
I-enrfiu xodp aroubrH xapunqau yfinvnsnnilu xyunilr ryprurnraap q oHonoop
aapnirn rorroocoH 6aitpar, yyanil ererAyyHyyAnilr awnrnaH xaryy 6neufia Sn
xnn6ap craHgapr apraap renufin aroMbrH craruK TopbrH rgHl{Bopr
6ogox raprax 6onxo. lzlsrex 6opoxog HxeBqflsH 9 cpr3.MoJrr*'o3nsxyvH rappar
axilrnargcaH s3naxvyn 27.6cu'.vronr,' lait1ar axos. 3Hg 6on
xeAenroeH [ufiHroH TefleBA xyvrsrl Hoflee y3yynggr rgcgH yr, u.rt4HrgHufr
Htangog xon sarlg xapuqaxryrZ qonoersri ruunxilx 6onoux 6ypgcstt
68

6yrsqrefi 6onxee rocoH vr. Ssnexyyuttfr econrufrx uarTTraaH Hb t{yxaMflaa KBaHT

rgr xgn6gnsofl MeH rgx xonx 6onxo.
2- Hopuanu refleBg 1ailraa uhHrgH renLr Esx 3eeBop ysergon epntiu KfiaccilK xufi gex
MeH tnitvi y3or,qnggc oHu nnrapparrytZ. Tyxaran6an, 3eeBep yssrgnrfiu
xoeQQraqraeHryyg spevr6sspeo, Hflrr su renuitn Hqrrrafi TsHl-lYY lailu xuItp,
Toorlooflcon yrrarafi Toxt/tpgor.
3. llfuxreH Asx xvq xapuqanryfr cyn rutirueec,{ 5. 2 K ssc Roeu reMneparypr uluHrsH
renu 6aitparryfi, sr+s Kpt4rt4K reMneparyp 6on 6yqnax reMneparypbtH ,qoo,q xfl3raap
6onHo. Xon6oocun eHeprh crarrK ropblH roHllBspr xonQrrypaqry 10 Eaxua ux
6aix q 6onox aran aroMyygbtH rsr xsn6ensenufiH Heneereep Monb s3ngxYYH
HsMsrAceHr4fi ynruaac axilrflaflrbrH yrraa xypron 6yypgar. Kpurux reMneparypblH
yrra xon6oocbrH sHeprilA uryyg nponopqiloHafl.
4- A6mnnr rgr reMneparypr r.rluHroH renw 25 atw xyprsn AaparlraHg rorreoprofi
TeneBA oprugor. 25 aw aac ,qsou AapanraHg rorreoprotZ rerleB 6on xaryy refleB
axoe. 2. 17 K osc Aooru xeprexeg Hea railxanrail uilHx lyxnil eep reneBA
unnrysr. Xyngrarln xyvHrfi opoHg xr4xnr Hyxgop rooxt4x ypcrang syypaurrafi
wuaxuilr Hb xoMxvrxoA 6apar rsr rsxosp 6afixes(20 sypar). XaprH AynaaH
AaMxyynanr Hb Mau fix 6atZxss.
3ypraac Hea rrlH AynaaH 6arraaruxufiu requrr xapHa yy.

3ypar 21 Hea urZu gynaaH

6arraaux.
,[ynaaH 6arraarrax 2. 17 K opquMrq

opc occeH Hu rur,rureuui rxr4Hxt4A spc

eepqneflr rapcaHur xapyynx 6aftraa
xsper. liJnnxunrufiu renaneparyp (2.
17
ooc E3orx reMneparypr

6
Y

x'

t()

G
=
o
F
o
\o

l-uilrrroH

renu epufiu uruursuui aprn

syyparvrrrafr

uunxrsfi 6aficar

6on

xaprH ulfinxuflrnfiu reuneparypaac

xo

naM reMneparypr 6apar ayypaurrai

umuxryr4 r3x3sp qyloy epHrH

urilHroHo3c 6apar10b gaxnx 6ara

syyparurrafr uvruxrori 6afixoe.

:yypauurafi uruuxuir ua4HrcH
lA
II

aaj
i.i.

naprfrxan 3aecpaap ypcax xypAaap

nb x3M)o(oo. Mypyrin xen6epeep uu

11
,ii

sHgxyv

Teunepamyp, K

rxr4nxu

nruir )"

-luunxr4flT

r3x FpbAar axoc.

llhrnxuntnirH TeMneparypaac HaM TeMneparypr 5ahraa renwilr xor ypcaMrruil renll 6ytoy
uIt{HroH renu ll ro.qgr., [-enu ll ufir Hopuan KoMnoHeHr xor ypcaMTrarZ KoMnoHeHT xoepuH
lonbq rox y34or. Xsr ypcaurrail xounoHeHr Hb yHAcoH TeneBA cyycaH aroMyy4aac
6ypgAsr 6on nopuan KoMnoHeHr Hb AynaaHaap egeorgceH TonoBA cyycaH aroMyygaac
6ypg.qer.

lllunxnnrrfrH TeMneparypaac Esou reMneparypr r.uhHroH renuilr renil I reAsr. l-enra I -tr
ytfgcsH renoBg cyycaH aroMyyAbrH roo 6ycag 6yx roneeyypeg cyycaH aroruyygurn urfir
roorofr xapbLlyyflaxag syr7pneuryr7 qeon. UkHrex renr I 6a urHrsH renh
opLUuH 6afix
y3yynoB.
reruneparypbrH
6a
ruyxrrTr
22
Aapanr
rypan
Xsr ypcarvrrrafr ur4Hxr4fir Sose KoH.qeHCaqbrH ruyyg yp AvH rex y3ex Hb yr{rp Apat1anraft.
Yxgcen refleB4 cyycaH aroMyyg xer ypcaMrrafi u.rr,rxx yayynsxrarlri rynp xoopoHAoo cyn r{

li

tttcoH xaphnqax yrlnvnsfllloorofi 6afrx nu rapqaaryrl qyxafl rocoH Hapilfrx cy4anraaHur

gyrHsnr 6uri.

fenrfin $asurx

AHarpaMM. l-enmrau Sasurr AharpaMMbrn xscrurZr 22-p syparr xapyynxoe.

llJuuren-yyp Mypyfr Kpkrn4K r-lsr 5, 2 K eec a6conlor rer xypren yproflxrnHs, roxo,q xaryy
rerleB yycexrvr,r (ene xecrNr7r 22-p syparr y3yynoeryft). llhnxrnruriH reMneparypr
]+opMan [unHreH renr(renr I ) xsr ypcaMrrafi renea4(renr ll-a) uilnxilHo. L qsr rar4gr\.l
TeMneparyp Hb rur4HrsH renil l, urrHreu renm li, yyp rypByyflaa xaMT oprur4x OatiAar
rypaMcaH u3r rcM. Xaryy renuilr aHx raprax aBcaH Keesor4 25 aru aac Aop ,qapanTaHA
69

xaTyy rcnV 5ait$arryfi 6onoxblr MsAxoe. 22-p 3yparT Y3YYncoH Heree Hor rypaMcaH qor
1.743 K 4 xapranaaxa.
3xg xaryy reflfi ur,lHrsH renil l, LuilHrsH renu ll rfru xarrlr oput4Ho. XoEp ryparrncan qerufrr
xon6ocoH rrltypyraraap uilHrsH renr l, uuHrcH renu ll ryc rycgaa opullx 6afix nttpr
xu.nfl3H3.

3ypar 22. Xaryy

renufrH

xailnax Mypyrz, [x]4HroH renuhu

He I 6a He

Il

$aa xoopoH,qoo

F
o

xilnflex Mypyr4.

F:
q

He ll -p, aroMyyp

o-

YHACgH TenOBA KOriAeHCaqnarA -

(u

uu crcreuuix

caHbr ynMaac, x3T ypcaurrai

rrlr4Hx hnopAgr. 25

aru aac 6ara

renu a6conrct rar

xypron uJuHroH 6ailAnaa

AapanraHA

xa,qrancaap 6afiAar axgs

ITJ4J
Tennneparyp,

Aronayyg Hb xoc xocoopoo xofl6orgox 6osoFr yvcrex aMxaaryfr verfiH He3 rfru Sasuln
ArarpaMMbrr 23-p 3yparr y3yynxoo. Xsr ypcarr,rrrafi uuHxryil raHL[ ulrHrgH QaS 6ahaa.
Mypyfi HaM TeMneparypr ceper nanyyrafi 1ahraa Hb oHo xscerr Qepruu urHrgHhfi eHrponh
xaryy iueuiau oHrponrrsoc 6ara repruilr xapyyflHa.

3ypar 23.

Arovyyp Hb xoc
xocoopoo xon6orpox 6osoll
yycrox aruxaaryri yerin He3 utZH

:o

QasuH AharpaMM. [IJuHrau Qas

Hb xor ypcaurrai 6uuL. 2 Saaur

F:

xrnnocoH Mypyr4A ceper Hanyyrafi

xecsr 6afiraa Hb oHo rccorr xaryy
TenoB Hb uluHrSHoScSo HflYY
oarvr6apaaryri ronea rcru regrufir

(E

o(U

trt

xapyynHa, Mec 6onrorctn ryn

lurureuvrrir xaflaax xepsrrei receH

Temneparyp,

Yr.

3$. Keasra6eeut 6a xer ypcaurrai ulrHx.

Onou roxron,q xer ypcaMrrafi KoMnoHeHr Hb BaKyyM Mgr 6yrcy ep 6ailxryil rcM luhr
6onqrxgor. Xsr ypcarvrrrarZ uflHronrti N,, rooHbt aroM YHAcoH TonoBA cyyraa rgEsr
ToAopxofrnonroopoo 6on eAeorAoeryl4 TenoBfl dailraa recsH Yr. Xapru sArmp
xyu4nfrx ree flaooparopuils cucrerrarotZ xapbl{aHryta xypgrafr xoAsn6en cafl 3He
6onno. No arorr,t 6yxrafi xor ypcaMTrafi KoMnoHeHT, ryyHA ypcranaap e4eenr YYcax
eepeep xgn6gn, Aop xaqx raHL{ aroM Hb yHAcsH TonBeec egeergceH reneBg ul/
xYpTsn, syypaurrafr uraxxryrT ypccaap 6ailx 6onxo. lz1tfuu unnxhnT, Aoryyp Hb reflu
6yfr xoonofis xaHasur ee cssilfrr renufiu aroMyyp MeprecHeec, YYc.{ 6onuo. Xspaes u
uunxrflT eBargBan ypcax 6ytl u.trHreuuil sneprw, ilMnynbc aflAargax ypcran4
yrll4pr{ 9x9nH9

Xer ypcarvrrrafiH ur4H)tqvp4 LluHroH renu ll flaxb ogeentnhn sHeprh 6a runyn

xoopoH4btH xaMaapan op,qor. Xspaae gHo xaMaapafl qoflegr 6eerr,arfru aHepril [Mnyn

xoopoH,qox xaMaapanrail anvn 1airean xor ypcaMrrafi rxt4Hx

aToMbrH 3Hepril rMnyncbrH xoopoHAox xaMaapan
70

6afix raapaxryfi.

L{

Arou

s:!Mv, = P'' -O'k)'

22M2M

(6, 3, 1)

xoopoHAbrH xaprnqaH yrlnvnsnqennila ynttaac HaM exeprrrsfi e.qeenr, qeneer

Eeeuuftu egeenrrefi agnn 6nur, (6, 3, 1) ur,rr 6mur), xapr,rH AyyHbt ryyru Aonruo 6yrcy ryyrr
@nox xen6epreri rcrvr. Ep Hb AyyHbr ryyru Aonrho nMap q rufiHrsH4 rapx 6onox 6h3eo,
yyxA rafixax ]oM aflra.
Onos 6oor'ueoc 6ypgcsu cucreurfin HaM
3ypar 24.
sne prrrefi reno ayy4rarl r 3yparnaxag xopgrn g4gr
Mo nltaccratZ
rorrcoH xon apua 6nil. hrirr,t renayygufir eren
egeerrrvy4 rex 6yroy (6eervrreft gyftqyynsH)
6ile rgr reMneparyprarZ renr
KBa3r4 6eevryyg reger. Tyyru SoHoHyyA 6on
6yxrfi qrnnHgp
uilHrsH renn ll- qiaa orgn eAeenryvA roM.
cae gorop V
Typu:rnrsrH Horonroor Aop v3ospofi, xapmH ogoo
xyp4rai goou.r
xgr ypcanarrarau uunxyyplrfir onu6. eHe
xe.qenx 6auaa
rur4Hxyyp renr ll g Qoxon repnufin groa e4eenr
5afigraac fl reflfi ll xsr ypcaurrafi uuuxrerZ
6ailgrviilr xapyyrrHa.
24-p sypar xapHa yy. A6conror ror reMneparypr r.lyrru4H,qp Eorop rahaan oput4x flMapq orgn
egeenrryfi 6ahcaa renr4 Mo wacctaia 6ue (6eepexxrara o6uerr, ocBon nefirpoH 6afix
6onuo) Vxyp4rail yHaxog. Ene xegonx lailxa1 oron oAeoflryyg yycBon 6uep, TopMocnox
xyt yfrnvunx sxnoHe. r sHeprLlrsir hk nunynucrefi grsn egeeflt 6uia 6onoxuru ryng
oHeprx xagranarAax xyynb xaHrax xepsrrsi:

lr,r'=!Mov'' *"r.

(6, 3, 2)

V'-srgn eAeonr yycceurar7 Aapaax xypg. Eac ilMnynbc xagranarAax xyynb xaHrax
xspsrrefi:

MrY - M,Y'+ hk.

(6, 3, 3)
XoEp xagraflarAax xyynb AaHAaa eeper 6nenorAffi,q flanxryh. Yynuilr ysyynsxnfrH ryng
(6, 3, 3) niar MoY -hk = MoY' -rsx 6nvssg xodp ranurr Kea,qpar 3gper AoBrxyynbe

uiv'

-zhMoYk+ h'k' = Ml,v''.

(ll2)Moeep ypxr4xoA

i*:r' -frvk *Lr,'k' =i.rin''

(6, 3,4)

Ogoo (6, 3, 2) eec (6, 3, 4) wilr xacaan

ftvk

-+2Mn lt2k2 = tr,

(6,3, 5)

3ne xapuqaa 6rensr4sx xyp4HbtAooA xffi[aap 6wil. yr xnsraap k rafrH qrr V rris qurrsft
AaBxqax 6aftx roxron4 xapran3aHa. XypgHbt AypAcaH xn3raap (6yroy xypAHbr Kpl4n4K

Yrra):

rr,:*infu!t(%.
hk

(6, 3,6)

Evreufrx Macc Maru ux 6on eHe Hexqefl xnn6apuux Aapaax Aypcrera 6onuo

V,.

'

=min!t-.
f1k

(6, 3, 7)

Eue V" gsc 6ara xypArara xo4on6en eAeonr yycrcx vagaxryfi rsroeA r{ gcopryyqsnryri
xeAenHe. E,ne V" eoc rx xypgrail xegen6en e.qeenr yycsx ompryvqenrsfi ytrrpna.

71

(6, 3, 7) xapbl{aaHbt xqfl6apxaH reoMerp rafin6ap 6rafr. Srsn eAoenrutiu eoeneprn, hk

uMnynbcogc xaMaapax xaMaapfibrH Mypyr4 6afiryynu. KoopgmHarHH gxssc 3x aBcaH,
uaxarZ nypyfir Aoopooc Hb rxvpramH, uynyyH uyraM Tarbfl. 9xe u:ynyyHH Hanyy Hb Kpt4Tl,lK
xypgraft ToHqyy 6ailx 6onuo. Xspess egoonr Hb, qefleer aroMbtH egeenrrsfr aAun
6ailcancas 6oneo=tt'k'l2M 6artx 5ailcaa, ene rvrypyfir Aopooc Hb tuyproceH uynyyH
uyraM a6cqncc rexxnorrstZ napannefl, raroxnsep, Kpt4T1,1K xypA rerrsft renqyy 6afrx
6ailcan.
Koopgrnaruru o)oc ox aBcaH
napa6on uypyfi 6on ror reMneparyPr
renufiH qeneerofi aroMbrH xyBbg
oHofloop rooqox rapracaH uypyi.
Xnxrrxee H rofi pryygur )Mx[rAcoH
egeonruftH aHeprr 6a uunynuc4
xapran3yyrraH raBbxos. Sgreep
qsryygrrir,qaipyynax yprcm( ulyraM
3ypxga. KoopguuarutH oxaoc rapcaH
racanqaHru uryrau 6on, rqyyHbr xyp.q

B
o
$
6

&

b
\\
*

6
(')

273 u.c*t rsx rooqox 6oAox

rapracaH, QoHonur Mypyfi. Yprenx

r"uyfryyH, 3ox4x HSrxoop, Kpr4Tr,rx
xypAblr rogopxofinro. 3ns LuynyyH
AonrroHbr BeKTopblH rypurr4fl ra,q3op

ao)

oI

cyAnar.qcaH uyxng

fffi
floneuoutr eeKmop,

6d

108 cto'1

3ypar 25. 1. 12 K -g LuilHreH reflr Aox oron

egoonruriH tr sHepril Aofln4oHbr BeKTopbtH xoMxee

aac xaMaapax xaMaapan

e* I k

xapbqaaHH M 1,1H14MWblr Ofl Ox

Oononqoo er,{ 6afiraa pna. Tsraec
oxneH 0,6.lOtctrl-l opqrM Ayyclx
uiyraMaH rupxufir $oHoxur M)fi( reHo.

1.9. 108cu-l opqr4Mg xapran3ax

rep xaarfiu
rupxrfir cnexrpufiH poroHbr Mpx raHo.
Mr4Hr4MyM Aoop reBTori

9eneer aroMg

V,2M
=minlk =g.
[IJuHrsH renu

llA

HaM

eHeprrrefi $ononursHeprm

t*:h@=f;rk.
eng v, 6on gyyHur

(6, 3, gl

(6, 3,

Aonn4oHbt xypg. 3ns roxhonp Kpt4n4t( xypg

liv k

V = min---l--;
'r1ks

rc,3,

Typumnraac y3oxs4 ypcranbtH Kpr4Tl4K xypg Tsr 6rul rsxges AyyHbt xypAaac HuneoA
25-p sypar Asspx racanqaHrh uynyyH uyraMbtH Hanyyraac, rofl Tenea, 6ara
Xepase hk unu Marrr Hx yrrag e ovypyit Aooru xoroficoH laiigar 6on uhu 6afix 6onox n
Ufuuren renta ll tariH srsn opeonrufix xrHxoHo cnerrpuilr HefiTpoHbt ynH
capHrnuH rypruuflraap roAopxoilncox 5aiapar (25-p sypar). Yprenx uynyyH
HefrTpoHbr rypulffiraap cygnargcaH, AorrrLtoHbt BeKTopbtH l4HTepBang flaHgayrnfrH
xypAur rogopxorlnHo. 3Ho uyraMaap rorroor,qox Kpt4n4t( xypg:

' =+=5.lorcvr.c-r.
hkn

V,

(0,3,

Oa ko x3Mxr4rAyyHyypnilr 25 3ypraac ro4opxofinxo. Typu"runraac y3oxoA

qgHsrnsrgceH t4oHyyA renr ll-rofr yycMan.q, rogopxorl reMneparyp 6a gapanraug,
qeneeroft 6oervl urNr xogeflx 6arixss, regrssplrfrH gperishylH KptlTt4K xyp,q 5.103
xuprefr 6afrcaH Hb rooqooHbt AyHTor,l roxr4pqos. Oep rypLuranrag 6ara xypATail
72

tzlrarvr spryynrnilx xyaug AonrroHbl

h xeAenreeHE, epryYner YYcoH, caaA ) {l4pq 6afixse.
tl ToHA
syparr Y3YYnmH hHTepBaflblH ragHa opul4Ho, TerosA
i eercropsrn yrryyg 2S-p
6on a6conpr rer reMneparypr renu ll
I xapyyncaHrvy. sre xdrri,i xyp4aac 6ara xypgravr
xapyyngar 6avtua' Xapr'1r a6conrcr rersec
I gpffi ."rptWqtnryra'xegenne rsflsrufir rooqoo reMneparypr
tuhHroHg HopMan KoMnoHeHT
I i*d 6ose KoFtnegcaqrfrn reMneparypaac HaM
KoMnoHeHr" 6ailx 6on6o. Ulusreurfr HopMan
t 6t"t ,irn egeenryygraran "uopruans
xaxyy xaHaH
[ *]*rnor"tr nu 6r,rer,trH'xeAonroeHg yqpax ecoprYYqflufrx YYcryYp MeH' caBHbl
A33p xer ypcamrrafr
[ ;;;- ;;fi; ;oonofrroop ,rilHroH raAaru ypcaxHbryptxhnra
YnAox xer ypcaurrafr
I Gro"nr;I;;- HeoceH ryyxrara. Hopuan KoMnoHeHrKpnrNxcaBaH,qaa
xypAbrH rnspxrfinennfiu 4eep
rapv 6onuo.
I ilil;;;; ;; ;pryyqsnryra ra.qartuypcaMrrafi
xaHarafi xapuqauryti,
xoonofiH
uranisnmfi,
xor
I ;il;;"r"p1un*", xypg ro4orr
I rypg",r, Mn regsrr ruuuroHuri Maccbrr ae6an xeHgorgexryfi xeaeep YnAeHe. V" eec nx
yj.t"n xoonotlu xaHaHbt MexaHilK oe cgersfi xaphnqaH ytinvnenqcoHeoc

*O"O

qAeenryvA

YYCHo.

tr

s.Xap qaqpar

reHqBepr optul4x qaxhnraaH

l, Eose crarucruxufrH eep Hor xsporneo Hb AynaaH
qaqparrafir
Qoronu xnfi rex yeex
[ *porroH qaqpar rovl. Xap qal{par rerAerq sHoxYY
qaxuflraaH copOH3oH OpOH

3axhpargAar
cytt"pnosrqufiu sapquM Aaragar yqpaac $oron xoopoHgblH xapnflqaH ytlnvnenqen rsx
6*fi"r.Vr,1boror", xui 6on yHoHxVY t4geanb xmi rcu. Ooroust ilMnynbcililH-MoMeHr 6yxsn
;;;;iail
Sorouur xufi Sose crart4cruKq 3axuparErqar 6ailsa.
-r$;r, aanarriax ynrraaac
BaKyMA 6uu xapuH Marepilaflnar opLtt4HA 6ahx asaac $oronu xmfiH
t{u,{pry
'Hexqofl
Hb qaqpar opqilH xoeputit xaphnqaH Yfinqnonqen 6a.a 6aiaxap
*ot 6arix
*rrro. l-ea.{ hx 6uLu .{ recix 6ogmcstH oponqoo 3aaBan 6arlx nu qyxan: @orosur
uh,rp*"x ruuHreox laiapar 6ogracryfr 6on xoopoHAoo orr ytlnqnenqgerryfi SoroHyyg
;6;; rMnyflbcoo coflhnqox va4axryfi, rsroxneep, reHqBopr opoxryra' SoAnc Sorouur
rrrHreex Uaqpyyflx 6ariuaax can $oroHur xuha $oroHut Too eepqnerAeHe.

f, 6onxo. Marcaenniltitt uyrauaH rorularrsnYY4sg

If

I
I
I
I'
Il
!l
I

tr

l:::::ryTffi:::T::*:
I *qW

6afix Ecroil

ax Eose-3fisurrefixrfi

rYronr, rsroxfioop

(6' 4' 1)

''=) -

l'

IiOoror", TefleB 6ai,rgan Aonn4oHbt BeKTop, ryilnuLpanutH t,tilrfl3floop roEopxofinorggor.

K BeKTopr
f [FxnnraaH mpoH3oH xeH.qnox xasrrafi .qonriloHbr BeKTopbtr K rgBofl 9Hg
2
xaMaapax
Hb
qaxnnraaH
opoH
copoH3oH
Yn
xaarrafi
Rsop
Ii *hn"*ahKynflp

eop rvfinr-uupan 6afix 6onno recsn vr)

HfrS;lXilrr"pxofinor4ono(2

I *or"r
I

sHeprh AonruoHbr

J*'
!
I
f
I

Xf;^^:;*^ap'ar,

""*roo",rt*o
qaxilnraaH
Ooroxut renelrix roo. geneer

(+,,,+,=,+,,),

ryrlnuurpnaac xaMaap^arryft.
ry6uu xoMxsSH

copoH3oH opHbtr .Lr,rprvrerrsfr

n,,nz,ni=,. rr,t2,

+scen AncKper Aonr1aom BeKTop 6yxuh yn xaMaapax xaerrafi Aonr!{oHyyAblH cynepno3rq

mreceenAer ran6uit. fionrron BeKropbrH sArcop Ar4cKper yrryyAaap ,qonrroH BeKTopblH
cropryftg qeryyg 6araryyn6an rop YYSH3. ToputH xaurrilH 6ara Her uooHA Hoorgox

uonrwxhlt

xeMNeg

rssA 6oAoxfioop
LIIoo 6ypr Hor Llsr 6yroy xsr AonriloH BeKrop xapran3aHa
o$nxYYHA
BeKTopbtH orropryfi x dk
"dk,dk,-groa
dk"dkydk,
:lj

=dodorlk,

L)3

,^

(2r)'
I
BeKTop Hb
TooHht qer 6yroy Aonrl4oH BeKrop optxt'1Ho' flonruoH
renenft H roo
(k,, ki + dk,)-, (k r, k, + dW), (k,, k, + dk 3aBcapr optxl4x Sorouut
(2r

")
dk dk dk.
2 " )t "V'
(2r)'

i;ffi;ff;;;r;i;,;

j:fllfrt f|t,*6"yi

eep ryftnurapanrah 6aiax6"'::.

orropryfrs 6ervr-6epqer KoopghHarg rxrnxosg!^-^rrleHLlrYYAeep
BeKropblH Mogyab (k,k+dk\ nacapr oplxl4x Qoronut

euA2Hb Aonrro Yn xaMaapax

hHTerpan aBq AonruoHu

roor on6on
k2dk

o"'

(6

-saacapr opul4x renanfrH roor

eHA ,D = ck fe>KopnyynaH Aaarar\,Ixhil n (a,a + dal)

a'da

-.

(6,4,

-on'n
flaaraux aa (ot,a

+ dot)-3aBcapr optuvlx $oronyygulH sHeprn

I
dE,=ha7*

l-{aqparmttn cneKTP Hflrr

dE
d;:

a2da -.

-l jtni

r'

(6,4,

ha3 ,,

et-'/,

Lt\3'

eHs 6on qau,pazuitu cneKmp HfrzmHH Llnanxudu xyynb MeH'

SHgssc t4HTerpan aav Sorouul xnfrH Hrtlr ereprnfrr on6on
, I ttaj dat

r=)'o

'n'''

halr =x

opnyynraap

,
''
o't
-1

E=#ri*

enA 6afiraa rHrerpan to l 15 -refi ranqyy' SHeprnir

E

xen6eprsfr 6uqAer. TexeA

=4oTt
c

r=k1
o:4=5.67.10
60c'h'

aH H xoeSQu tlueHrn reHs'

(6,4,

2
)_____:_

ceK-zqao

r C me @a u -5on bu,M
nponopqhoHan
OoroHur xuilu suepru a6conpr reMneparypblH AopBeH 3gporr
HorAYrgep
reMnepaTypblH
sHeprl4
Terasn KnaccnK $rasnxr 6on rAean xnittt
nponopquronan u 6afr Aar 6hnse.

YyHrafi

74

xufiH TepMoAhHaMuK.
xvrilH xr4MrfiH noreHquan
Hu rsrrslZ roHllyy

rorrofi
(D

fux

TsHl-lYY,

F=0 , Tyn repMo4ilHauuxufrn

:0.

xuiln rx noreHlluan (lV 6yner(4, 3, 2) )-g

1-t.--.0,

e: ha rox raBhafl rensufrx

(6,4, 3)- aap roor-loH $orouut xriln rx noreHllranratir rogopxolin6ooc

f)

- r JI lnfi_
'

!? r.
"'f',n-c'

xxTerpanHr xgcorqraoH ilHTerpan.{un6an

g2

nal.a3
n
-lT
-!3 e0,",, _ | n. c.
ln

nnepxurinen (6, 4, 6)-ratZ xrtuBosc

I

(6,4, 8)

{>= --1E.
J

Tanaac

14x

noreHuilafl

{l
rcp nnspxmfrnneec

-PV.

-17'
'o-!E
euepnafrH unspxuftnen (6, 4, 7) wur opnyynEan

4o

P = l--'|t

3c
xrfrH gapanr s3snxyyHeoc xaMaapaxrym, xaprH TeMneparypbtH AepBeH 3oporr

ffiaau

ax.
6arraauxufrr

c..:(y)
'
\ar

),

rqgopxofrn6on (suepru (6, 4, 7))

cn

=Ue
c

(6, 4, 9)

7't.

xnriH gynaaH 6arraaux reMneparypbrH rypBaH 3operr nponopqhanan. M. Ilnaxx

receenenA orr rnriqeurryfi exe pyHr 20-p 3yyHbr oxsH4 aHx raprax aBcaH 6ereeA
flnaHxuriH rorruonurr Qrsu4q aHx opyynxss. Yyrssp KBaHr Snsnxufiu ryvx gxonrcH
yqgsr Oafrua.

l$qparufix cnexrp xnrr. Xap

Llaqpar 6ypsn h3orpon urilHxrsfi yqhp r{or 6ypssc anb q

uxrflxoH xsruxssrsi sHepril LlallapHa. Xap qaqparrriH exeprrfiH, uorx ssgnxvyH,
6rer euqorp Hoor4ox, cneKrp HRrr:

I dE' ha3
e^(ot\:
=--" 3 I hotlr
r' \
4rv dat +ftc
e -l
1

o3noxyyHssc do 6uer eHqroop, gaerauxrfr

do

(6,4, 10)

taacapr Herx xyraqaaHA LlaLlpyyfiax

cer(a)doda
6uewila rapapryyrurlH Horx ran6ait Aosp, yr ran6arZn HopManbg 0 euqer YYCroH,
xyraqaaHA rapx 6yra sxepruriu, gaararuxrfra da Myxmg Hoorgox, xgMxgo
. ceo(a\cos9doda, do:2nsin9d9
ragapryyruiaH uhHrsox qaABapHr qaLlparrarin AaBTaMx (D , ryctanux eHqer 0
xaMaapcaH Synxrl rsx y3aH A(a,O) aap roMgsrnge; sHo xoMxhrgyyH Hb
75

ragapryy .qaBraMxufiH d@ Myxl44 0 -enqreep rapx 6ylt eHeprufiH

xgAeH

uuHrsexufrr XapyynHa. l-agapryyx 1crra2 ran6araA 1 ceryn,qo4 UilHrssrgox oHeprn

(6, 4, 11)
c e o(a) A(a, 0) cos 0 do d rt
l-agapryy ryccaH qar-lparrafiH Hsr xecrufrr oilnroxAoo capHuynaxryft, gaeranax 6a
eepvnexryfr otZnroAor rse. Tyyueec ragHa 6rae r-lar-lparnfrr potyypaa nserpyyngerryft
Oepeep xgn6en, orlrooryfi qallpar 6on 6yrg ulhHrcsrgceH qallpar rccoH Yr
6re eepee ra,qapryyraapaa l ceKyHAsA 0 enqreep qallpyyflax eueprnfiu xgMxsor
(6,4,12)
J(a49)dodco
6apuxun
Ar
rgHqBsp
roe. Ene Qoronut xuhreil AaBTaMx 6a eHllor 6ypr
UnHrgocsHrerl renqyy xeMxsoreop 6yqaax qaqpyynffiH 6afix Ecrofi. Tyxain6an
J (a,0) = ceo(a) A((D, 0) cos 0

6reg nra 6yp 6afix Hb MeAsox. Xapun xapbqaa

6ne1uxun, yHilBepcan Synrq 6ailpar, ryxain6an (6,4, 13)aac

J(a,0), A(a,0)Synrqyya

nHs 6yp

e+: ceo(a))cose
A(a,0)

Hb

(6,4,

141

klrixxyy anu .r 6raeA J(a40) I A(o40) xapbllaa xap LlallparrfiH cnerrp Hrrraap
rogopxoilnorAoHo. Yyn rrZr Ku pxeo$au xyyn b reua.
Xspass 6ne qaqparraftr capHryflAar 6on KupxroSutx xyyflb tlHTerpan
ronaudonorgoHo. CapHnyngar roxlroflA 6ue qaqparwilr oilnroxgoo eHllruilr eepvnox
ryxafrx AaBTaMx 6ypg 6rae eyr 6ypsec hpcoH qaqparurir utaHrsoceH xoMxoe 6ue syr
eepee LlaqpyyncaH xoMxos xoopoHgoo reHqvy recoH rsHqBsprafrn Hexqen n6ailx 6onxo.

It

g,eyo :

ceoQfil A@t, 0) cos o do

(6,4, 15)

Xepaee 6re qaqparrrZr capHuynax.qaa orinrun ouqrrrZr rogviilryil 6ac 4aarauxufrr

ger 6on 6yx vurnsn rcpwilryi,r 6yx gaararvrxaap aecaH ilHTerpan xen6eprsti 6anaxc
6ailx 6onox rcru. Tyxarin6an
l t @, 0)dod o = c I e o@) A(at, 0) cos 0 dod at
Oep geepeo ryccaH qaqparrafir 6yrpwur ruhHrooAor iweuhr a6conrcr xap 6re reue.
rogopxofinonroop 6on ufrur 6ueuiluA(a,0) =1, tergxnssp rfru 6nenfin Llaqpyynax

Jo(a,0): ceo(a)cos0
A6mnrcr xap 6raerarZn Llaqpyynax qaABap Llaqpyynax qilrooc xaMaapax 6airi4an
xnn6ap, ryxarln6an, iuenhn rapapryyrwilH HopManbrafi yycrecen euqrrfrn
nponopqnoHan.
6reraraH Hgrx raAapryyraac Herx xyraqaaHg Llallpax urfir euepru 6ytoy,
xgn6gn, opr{r4M (6, 4, 16) aac AaBraMxaap Hb 6yx gaarauxuftH rupru,q, eHqreep Hb
r l2 xyptsn aBcaH NHrerpaarafi rsHqyy. Spvururafir /,,oop rsM4orngBgfl

Xap

Jo

eHR E oHeprh

(6,4,7)

=,i "o(,)d," i 2t

coso,in

odo =

aap unopxtlrlrrra.lr. TrrZlrssc

Jo = oTa

(6,4,

171

A6conror xap 6uevtiln rapapryyruilH Horx tan5aitraac qaLlpax spqhM yr

reMneparypuH AepBeH mporr nponopqiloHan axeo. (6, 4, 17) nir CreQax-Eon
xyynb r3A3r.

Tsnqeepryfr qaqpar. ,Qynaax reHqaepryfr L{aqpar aBq y3be. l-laqparrafin cneKrp

repnfiryh qnrflonsop xyBilapnarAcas 6ailAafl aflb aflb Hb rsHr-lBspr r.larlparuftxaac
6ailx 6onno. 3ne qaqparnfiH,,qaarauxrfra da uatepBang, n-qhrflon Asx do6uet
xapran3ax ereprufiH Hnrr 6yroy nsrx esanxyyH Aox xoMxeer e(o1n)dado ree.
tanlailraac qallpax qaqparnfiH gaarauxrrZn 6araxaH' Myx, rrrrnefl 6Wn
76

rgrq yxar.qyyH opyynx 6onso. TyxalrH AaBraMx, qurflofl Aex r-laqparr,rrin

6yc Hnrrrari 4yfiqsxyrlq rufrru rsuqagpr HnrrHH TeMneparypur ryxafiH AaBTaMx,
Aox qaqpanarZH reMneparyp rex rogopxorZnno. Tyxafin6an rlaqpanafrx
e(a,n) = eo(a)
-rocgH Terlufirrarrogc rogopxofinHo. Tep reMneparypbtr
T

h,l r _}
u{u 4tr'c''
e(a.n)

,un

Eognoro
Hapnaac cerryHfl TfraM qaqpax

rmrox roM4ornee."Tgresn

uurZr

sueprilsc ra3ap Aoopx lcu2 ran6afi4

rapex

Hb HapHbt TorrMon raAgr.

Hapuu rorrMoJr:O.136 N'c*' .cM -'

1. Hapxaac LlaLlpax eHeprnfiu urfir ypcranbtH xoMxoo 4 .1026x .c*' rox ysvyn
2.3Hs AyHr auurnax, 6ac Hapurr xap 6rae rsx roor-loH Cre$an-SonbllMaHH xyynb:
=5.67.10-1274 x.c-' .cn-'xsperneu Hapnur raAapryyH eQQerrra reMneparyp 6000

roxv3yyn. l-aspaac Hap xypsx safi1.5.l0r3crr,r, Hapxur paAfiyc 7.lOrocNarsx

3.

Hapuur

ragapryyH reMneparypbtr

vHenceH apra 6on o4Hbt

ragapryyrnfia

YH3nr33HA H3r9H aAnfl X3p3rn9rA3x sU Or,rnrOrr,lXrOft. o,qnur ragapryyrufrn

yHoflrgor 6ac oAHooc l4psx qaqparurlH cneKrp HflrrHH MaKcuMyMbtr

6anx xuhx 6on4or. O4uooc tlpox qaqparurln cnerrp HFTTHH MaKctaMyM frra

xaMaapax xa Maapfl Hr rogopxorZn.

SoAonr. l-faqparrafin cneKTp HFrrbtH MaKcfiMyMbtr uuHxt4flbe. (6, 4, 10) -g. x =ft.a I ksT
MaKCl4MyM

rrra

d( _ x') l:0
_l
dx\e' -1)

on,qoHo. 3Hs

rsrurrrsnuitt ffiryyp
J"o*.

h@*u*" I

/t,u*. (cM)

kuT x2,82

2trhc

= zgurrr

0.51

=r

o6uexrufiu qaqparufin cneffip HqrrbtH MaKcHMyM yrra4 xapraa3ax AonruoHbt ypr

O6uerr
Eprouqrafi u peneKrrB qallpar
IiaepuHragapryy

300

Hapuur

6000

4u*", cM
0, 16
1, 6 10-3
0. 8 10-5

1. I-aspan eadapeyyu meMnepamyp. l-aepurr ragHaac rxilHrsgcoH . eHeprug Oyrlaax

rBqpyynAar roHqBopretZ xap 6ne rex v3oH reMneparypbtr Hu 6o4ox on. l-aspurr xouorufiH
rypt! TorrMon reM neparyprafi rsx roo L"looporZ.

77

vil

EYn9r

xATyy 5tAEVnH EynAAH

UJ[4HX.

Crarucrux ttexaanxnilr epreH xspsrnsgor ruegnsrurln can6ap 6on xaryy 5neufin

Xaryy 6ue regsrr Kpucrann, anaopQ 6re xopsrr 6arraa4ar. eueprmrZu 3apqxM
6on 6o4racutu xarrarufix 6ara sneprilroil ronoa xauruila rorraoprofr refleB Hu 6afix
Xanarufrx 6ara eueprrrstz renee 6on llsn1rsfr 6yreq 6ai,w raapua. So4rcun
6yrsq 6on Llorqrsri 6yreq rcu. Kprcrannp aroMyyg 6yroy raoHyy4 xs Her HeroHT
xapuqaHryrl xypMaap 6arZpuLcan 6ailAar.
Xaprx anaopS 6raeg aronayyg Hb xypMaap 6arapnaaryh 5ailpar 6onoxnoop avopQ re
6on rufivr q rorrBoprofi renee 6nu, 6oguc flBaaHtqaa arvropQ 6yrqeecse
6yrqsng r.ur4flxr4H opox Ocrofr rgx y3gor. ,Qop 6ilg Kpr4craflnuH AyflaaH wnuxutir aBq y3He.
roM.

1 $. Kpucrarrrr

rop 6a xpucrann 6yrsq

w ffi
x

ffi
ffi

ffi

ffi
zif-ht

3ypar 26. 3Hg 2 xeltxoocr Horon yer 6yreq

(6yroy xprcran) viiau xecruiar V3yyflxee.

XoGp xarrlxsscr (2D) yer 6yrsr.1. 26 syparr xodp xeuxsocr HeroH yer 6yrr-lariH xgcru
AYpmnxoo. Yer rsxnsop oHO 6yrqutlr ran ran rilrluissree xnsraapryft vprsnxuncoH
orinroxo. 3ypraac xapaxag sHs 6yrqr,rir nt,n2-utZn pypurH 6yxen yrryyga4

T(n) = nttt+a..n)
-BeKropoop napannen 3eoroeA raBrxaA eeprefrree AaBxqaHa (eep Aespee 6yyHa) reAer
Me4or.qaHe. Oepeop xen6sn eHs yer 6yrsq T(n) rpaHcnnqg eepvnergexryfr.
6yrqrftu rpaHcnsll l4HBaphaHr urrsxrfir Kphcraflr'rbrH TpaHcnflLl rorur xeM rsHe.
TpaHcnnq lerlu xsN4mrZH xaxyyraap eop reru xsrurfin u:usxrefi 6arZx 6onuo. Xutuse Hs
3ypar Aeopx (rpucrann) 6yrqmrZr, xaefiaft Aoep Hb, 3sperqm 2 ruoneqynrfiH 4yng
qerufir roftpyynaH 180 rpaAyc epryvnssA opxr4xoA eeprsfirse AaBxqaHa. exe roxuonp
Kpucrannbrr 2-p spsrra6urZu reru xsrurrix renxnsrrbtZ toMaa rsx qpbAar.
1QypurH r6arlpulnnrarl qer coHroH aBaaA fi1,n2-A nHs 6ypraran 6yxen yrryyg erq

r'=r*np,t+nf)

(7, 1, 0)
-6atipuunrafi qsryyg yycroBon oAreep r.{oryyA iru r 6arlpuunrafr qerrsfr repniriryh
xoopoHgoo rpaHcnflq eKBilBafleHr Lloryyg 6aux 6onxo. e4resp Llsryy4 orropryriH
YYcrsHe. Xepasa oHs rop r 6afrpuranrarZ rlsrrerZ rpaHcJrrq oKBuBaneHT 6yx qsrrarlr a
6on yr ropbrr Spaae rop rcHs. Spaae ropbrH reoMerp r egc xaMaapaxryil, xapu+ t,
xoep BeKropbtH xoopoHAox oHqer, yprblH xapbllaaHaac n xaMaapHa.2D 6paae
qeryygunr

ra=ntat+n1a2), ht,fr2=0,tl,t2,...rexr3MA3rnge.
(7,
Spaae ropHr yycrgx qaAax a,,ar-xo6p cyypb BeKropbrr eop eepeop coHroH ae.{ 6onxo.
YyHrtZr 27 sypar geep rarZn6apflaB. 1-napannenorpaMuH

a,a2 *brH opoH,q, xtaursgn6en, 2

-napaflnenorpaMHH xodp 6afiryynarq BeKropbrr cyypb BeKropoop coHroH aeq 6onHo.

Yvrp

Hu (7 , 1 , 1) -A a, , a2 btH opoHA rep 2 lauryynarq BeKropbtr raBilaA nt,nz-F, nH3

6ypnrin 6yxen yrryy4 sree4 6,afiean Spaas ropbtH 6yx qsr rapq rpHg.
78

'"ffi
ty

. 1, 2, 3-roxrong napanneflorpaMblH 2 5ailryynau BeKrop

Spaae ropbrH cyypb BeKrop 6onx qaAHa. XapurH 4-roxuong vagaxryfi.

3ypar

27

l+apannerpaMbtr rns 6yp n-A T(n) BeKropoop napaflnen 3eereep (paste ) xlryn6apnax
saMaap 6yx xaBrrafir 3ahryh 6ernox
6onuo. Xapran (7, 1, 1) -A a,,a2btH opoHg
4-napannenorpaMbtH xo6p 6atiryynarv
BeKropbrr aa6an 6paas ropbtH 6Yx
qerufir (opxrrgyynanryfi) raprax
vagaxryfi. 1, 2, 3 -napanneflorpaMyyA

v)KVn ran6,ailtail. 94rseprfix

aa

a) OemopeyilH mop
@

ropur 6ypy Spaee ropbrH cyypb

@
6) 2 eep

e
@

@
@

BeKropyy4brr rogopxofinox,

.Ge0@0o

6
@
@

@@

@@@@o

@@@

@@

Z-pr 6paas

ropbrH qsr 6ypr xaAar4ax MoneKynyyAbtr

t
uol aeyyncaH 6atuc

@@o

anb

anvuaac uu 4 -napannenorpaM xoEP

AaxilH uxran6ahrah.
Kprcrann 6yrqrfrr rogopxoftnox arun
2 xecresc 6ypgsus. Yyng 1-pr Spase

o
@

@
@

xapuqauryri 6arlpurrnrafr us roAopO xorZnox uaapgnararail. 2-p xscgnlftr

ro4opxoinox roHe. Syrquftu
,(\_
\e 6asuc
rogopxoranorrrHr 28 syparr xhuogroop

\:e rarZn6apnae.
a) xscorr rpaHcnnq oKBuBaneHT

3ypar 28.

qeryyArliu YYcrecoH Epaae rop 6) xocorr

r_l3r oYpA xaAarAax xoep eep roH
ryc ryc 3ypar4xoo. fioog xscerr xodp
noHur ropbrH qer 6ypg xaAaxa,q yyccgH
Kprcrafln 6yrqrra r Aypcenxeo.
ropbrH

xeuxeecr (3D) yer 6yrqufix 6paas ropbrH qeryy,qnfir

ra = ntat + n2a2 + n3a3 , n1,/12,n3 :0,+1,*2,... rex roMAgrnge.
Srsn uoo. 3D yer 6yrsll( Kpncranfl 6yrsq) uB vt>t<un oron napanenflonune4 epcen 3D
spner uer 6yrsqrsri. Tufiru"xsroH sron napanennonnnegufir oron uoo rgHg.
3ren uoor t,L2,a3- rypBaH cyypb BeKrop gssp 6aftryynua. Sren uoo Aoropx naonerynuftH
frDopghHarbtr Lt,az,a, - 3 BeKropur ryflryypnaH rogopxoringor. Tyxarin6an, erofl [uoo
o
rmropx / Ayrgsp aroMbtH 6ailpwnn
Yj = xr..jil, * xr..il,* xr,ilr, 0 I x,,!,,2, <l
3

*rx

ererAeHe.

Sren uroonur s3onxyyH

C)

= a,[ara,1.

79

Ypeyy rop. Spaes ropbtH L1,a.2,a3 -cyypb BeKropyygblH TycnaMxaap

b, = Zrlarar]/ o, b, = Zxfara,ll {1, bt = 2ttftqr)l {1,

rsx roAopxofinor4coH b,b2,b3

Togopxoilnonrooc

rypBaH BexropbtrypByyropblH cyypb BeKropyyA roHo.

=2tt blaz :0 b,a, :0

b,a] = g
bra, = 0 b,a, :)v
b:tr=0 brar=0 brzr=2n

brat

ffl1, /f12, m3

= 0, * l, !2,... YrrYYAaaP

K^=mrbr+mrbr+mrb,
-pagnyc eerroprofr qsryyg 6ai,tryyn6an xaau xaauaa xs3raapryfi qsren rop YYcHg. Y

rop r3H3.
Top 6a ypByy ropbrH qeryyguilu xyBbA
rn' k- = (nflr + nzaz + nrar)(mrb,, + m,b, + mrbr) =
:Zr(n,m, + n.)m) + hm1) =2n.6yxsn too

ypByy

Epaee ropbrH Tsru xauuin uhHx. Kprcrann rop

(7, 1,2)

rpaHcnnq roru

3spsrqggrosp rsru xsrurfis sMap Hsr rsHxngrrgfi 6arZx 6onHo. Topur xeren
rofrpyynaH 2tt ln eHqreep opryyflsoA opxt4xo4 eeprsfirse AaBxLlax 6aftean yr ropHr
epeu6ufin rsru xsr\lhfiH (C,) rsuxnsrrsti rcrraaa rsHo. 3eBxoH 17=1,2,3,4,6
6afrx 6onHo. 3ns Hb, xr4lrJsgn6en,2r /5 oHqreep epryvfloxe4 eeprefrree AaBxuflar
Top 6ahx 6onoxryfi rocoH vr. Topur sMap Hsr m xaarrailp, TonhH oftnroH xyBl4

3urrfix ry6 rop

reer ry6 rop Tanc roer ry6 rop

3vpar 30

SsneryyH

eeprefirse AaBxqax 6ailaan yr ropur rerul xerr,trfiH m xaBTrailtail r,ttaa roHo. TopbtH
xeurin roHxnoryv.q rsru xeMrfiH xaarraliH orrflonllcoH qgr o.qr$p xyBrpranrag
xeHAerAoxryfr, xo4nexryfi. Hor yn xegnex qsr 6yxrfi epryvnox, Tonr,lH oftnrox y
aAnnrran xyBr,ipranrbrr xaMrag Hb aBq y3mn xyB[pranrbrH 6yner yycroHg. Top
qgroH 6ynsr rsus. TopyyR rerrrl xsMLlftH urrHxespee 7 qeraH 6ynerr (
xyBaargar. KpmcrannorpaQg cuHroHr4 6ypuran rerur xeuufir unepxnfincoH ruoo
ropHyy4 xoporno4or 6ailsa. Ky6 crnroxrag rypBaH eop xy6 utoo 6yxnil
6arraxa(30 eypar).

Oypse qyBaa.
tt,a2,l3-rypBaH yersfr syxxtt rsAer
eepqnergerryra Synrq remH yr:

Hb

AypblH n -a T(n) = ntat +

n2a2

+ n3a3-

/(r+T(n)):.f (r)

l4irvr Qyxxqwhr a'a2,13-rypBaH BeKropoop 6ariryyncan

uoo Aorop

Oypue qyBaaHA

3a4aflx 6onuo:
-f

(r):f f

exp(ibr), f,:f,!Xr)exp(-ibr)d3r

3ug cyrvrrr,turr ypByy ropbrH BeKropyygaap aBLr 6yri, xapnx ilHrerpanur srofl uooH
oaenxyyHsop aev 6yil.
80

2 $. KpucranrbtH Aopnro

Arou 6yp reuqaeprrin 6ar,rpangaa 6arix yep aroM xoopoHAHH xapnnqau yfinvnsnufin
reHquan eHeprr xarurrfrH 6ara yrraH paa 6airx 6onno. Arorvryyg reHr-leepntiu 6afip
xen6engex xeAenrooH Hb noreHllran exeprntln urnnrrrytvtttfrx qsruilx opLll4HA
6afrpHaac xasarix xoMxeo ux 6uu.t) Toxuong noreHquan
Amp qyBaaHA 3aAaflx 2-p eperu6srefi ruyygegp xmraapnax

Isrfsnssn 6ara (renqaeprfix

rrcprrilr

MuHrMyMbtH qor

Gonno.

6aftpu:nng 6yit sron uoo Aorop s AYrsep aroM TgHqBopl4l4H

Gripaacaa uhnxceH uunxrnrnfir u"(n) rox roMAornoBon, noreHqhan eHeprh (rorruon
rruyyuuftr opxns)

f. = 4ar + n2a2+ n3a3

Ai'i' {n - n'}'r'

(n)zro

(7,2,

(n')

1)

^,,,A,,0

Arrouyygurn xaphnqaH yfin.rnen regreepr,trin xapuqaHryti 6atlpunaac xaMaapax Hb 3Y141-{

Etpor, n * n' rccoH eop 6afrpr.uranrafi 2 uioo Aoropx aroMyyAblH xapunLlaH yfrnvnen rep
mp u:oonu xapbqaHryil laipwun n-n' aac xaMaapq raapHa.
I(@gyraap spervr6rafin, xoopoHgoo rgHt-lyy, xoflt4Mor ynaMxnan 6onoxuts xyBbA

(7,2,2)

Ai,f'(") = Ai,'(-n)

Ayrrcp aroMbrH xegoflreeHltfi rgrurrrsnnfrr

m,il,,,(n) - -AU I )u,.,(n')
fltpuogp 3oxr,rox yvu prafi . floreHqran (7,2, 1) esp r,rnspxnfinerpex 6atiraa ryfl oHo
ttrIUhTrofl
t.qyrcop aroMbtH Maccbtr/??r rgx rgMggrnoBon

m,ii,,,(n)=-, A|f'(n-n'P*(n')

(7,2,3)

n',s',*

nox 6uvnrgeus.

nmr,r6a.qa xoeQQNqNeHryyA 6ac (7, 2, 2)-ooc eep HexLlenYYAnftr xaxrax Ecrofi.

Tyr<ain6an. Elueuhr 6yxnesp Hb tuunxyYnexsg, 6ac 6yxneep Hb spryYnoxeg( arouyygun
4axryfr Oailpur,tn eepqnerAoxryfr ryn) ge$opuraqrfiu xyu 6rari 6onoxryfr. Xnutee Hu,
fuuiar 6yxnsep Hb turnxYYnexgA 6yx n -A ?/r(n) = const; rexsA (7 ,2,3) aac

n;;'1n1=

(7,2, 4)

n,.t'

{exqen rapq rpHe.

Toruurroflililul wnitgnhr xaarrafi Aonrho xen6spreil xafin
(7,2, 5)
u, (n) = e, (k) exP(lkr, - iott)
X.an6snssnnrln arrannuryg 3eBxeH s osc xaMaapHa, eepeep xsn6en, Hsr uJoo Aoropx
anoMyyAbrH xyBb,q eep eep, xapilH eop eep uoo AoTopx eKBuBaneHT aToMyyAblH xyBbA

V,2,3)

n(14n.
e, BeKrop xen6ensonmrin anannrryg, ryfr n upan

{1,2,5) -r (7,2,3)

-.q opnyyncHbt

'

xo6pur xoEynaHr

Y3YYfl H3.

Aapaa xoEp ran ryc 6yprarlr e'*' -ExyBaax 6Lt'.tssn

m,a'e,,,=

I li,f'fn

n')e,,,oe'k(t'-")

n',s',t

,ir(r"'-r")

giko

-reArrtlr aHxaapq,_

T,ri,,;'rrP'u'"
- roM.qorflon xurfin

(7,2,6)

=Ai,i'(k)

crripyynx 6hqesn
-m,c,)'e,.,+

f l;;

1t<)e-,,r.

=o

Srgn uoo Aoropx aroMbrH roor r rgBgrl s = l,'2,...,r . Texsg 17 ,2,7) Hu 3r yn

usAorgexyyHrgfi , Horsx repolr, uyraMaH, 3r rsruilTronrfi n cucreru 6onso.
81

(7,2,7)

Al.f'(k) Marphu 6on

eprr,rrar

Marphtt toM:

(7,2,8)

A;;"'(k): Ai;:(k)Vvup nu

A;,f'(t ) =Il";f'f"p-rkrn =1 (,2,Zlnilr aunrnax )

Inni;:f-.p-'u', = IAi.,'(n)e'n" = Al',,:(k)tr

(7

,2,7)reruurrenufrr

IP!6=-,,,!l71rl7l;

= ar

r!{,",.,

s.k

6u.{hx 6onHo. euflesc y3oxoA ,[[,e,,, 6a o' Hb spMt4T MarptaqbtH xyarailx

xyanfin ytra 6ailx axss. Sprunr Marpur-lbrH xyauhn BeKropyyg xoopoH4oo oproroHanb
Ecrofi ryn xop eep xyar,rftH BeKrop (a * a' )

rex

rn"ef")'ef"') '* o

(7,2,91

xexqnufi r xaHrax dcrori.

(7, 2, 7) rsru[TrsflA AaBTaMx 3eBxeH KBaApar sspsrretZ opx 6afiraa, oHo rgruu
onAox r,r'sepor rl,1tlrusec q rqaBTaMx oepsr yrratai,t rapHa.
(7 , 2, 7) reru:urrenp k BeKTop 3eBxeH e'n'" eop EaMxuH opgor. (7, 2, 7) rsruurrsngk
-k -eep conbcHbt Aapaa yr rarultrronooc KoMnfleKc xocMor aBaxaA Tgrulhrr
xoesQ, qra e H ryya eepqn e rAoxryft . T3Jl3,ff;
! .r,. 1_U ;
(7 ,2, 10)
q
rox aBq 6onHo, roy eept{norgoxryti
(7 , 2,7) Torurrronsoc onAox xyeufiH AaBTaMx yr reruJnrrgn p, 6airaa k aac napaMerp
Mafraap xaMaapax Hb MgA9ox,
a = a(k)
Tsgss ar- AaBraMx k -gonruoHu BeKropooc xaMaapax xaMaapan Hb rgru $yxrq 6afix

6croi.

Yvnp xu. MexanrxrrZ'H rorlurrrgn xyrallaaHu rsrr,tgerrfir ecporssp conrxoA hHBa

6ailgraac xepBoo .HeroH uurr (7 , 2, 5) ponrno rapax 6ononqoorofi 6on ryyuril ocpgr
MeH rnftrra gonrilo rapax 6onoruxrofr [oM. t{hr, ocpor qur rc,qor Hb exg k,-k
rogopxofi norpox 6ailraa ry n
(7 ,2, 11)
@(-k) = ar(k)
(7,2,7) rgrururrsng k BeKrop 3eBxeH e'4 ssp .qaMxuH opAor. Terexneep yr
k uftr k+k- ssp connxoA toy q eepvnergexryfr, k--ypsyyropblHAypblH
Tersxnssp xyanriH BeKrop, xyawilu yrra Hb
(7 ,2, 121
e, (k + k- ) : e, (k), ar(k + k,, ) = a{k)
6ailx raapHa, oepeep xen6on,.k-orropryrag yenex (ynrapax) Qynxr-lyyg, ye(ynrpan)
ypByy ropbrH AypbrH BeKrop uex. 3Areep yenex QyHrqrr,rr ypByy ropbrH, b,b2,b3
BeKrop yycrox, orgn uoo Aorop aBq y3ox Hb xaHraflTTail, saaaan nhu u.roo renrryfr,
urooroft reHqvy o3onxyyHrofi eep uoo Aorop aeq y3coH q 6onxo. e4reep
nxeBqnoH Spunnnenrri xsrgyresp 6yc gsep aBq y3.qor, rogopxofingor 6aftxa.

(ek'"

e'(k+km)rtr

Epunnrcsxnfi xergyrssp 6yc. Spunnrcenuri Hergyresp 6vc 6afrryynax npoqeAyp:

xepu qsr 6Vp nVy uyraM rarHa,
Tgp uyraM 6ypg, rer AyHAyyp Hb orroncoH, nepneHguKynflp xaerrafi rarxa. T
xaarrafiHyygaap xffiraapnarAcaH, TeBnepceH Llsr Agep reersft, xaurnfrx 6ara
ypByy ropbrH Hsr qor Aeep reBrrepue. Tep qoroec ropbrH

6yxuh uroo 6on Spunnrcenrri nsrgyrsep 6yc 6onHo. 2 xsruxsscr KBaApar ropbrH
82

3ypar

t+

3l

raanpar ypByyrop.

Ypayy ropurH BerropyyAbrr 3aax

6yil aapu'hxau yprgrlK uJyraM

6ypufir racangaHru uyraM rsr

EyHAyyp Hb nepneHAeKyJrqp

orronxgo. 3yprrrlH rosg 6aIraa

KBaflpar 6on racanAaurur

uyraMHyy.qaap YYCrsrAcoH,
KoopAuHarHH ex geep
KBaAparyyA AyH.qaac

rearefi
xaurufis 6ara

ran6a'irah uu. 3Hs xsagpar 6on

/t

6punnrceHui Hor Ayroop 6yc (6ytoy

I
t
I
I

\\.

Fyy rop Aeop SpunnnsxrrZ Hsrpyreep 6yc xspxen 6afiryyncuurr

kraf, (7, 2,7) cilcreMooc k 6Vpg .qaBraMxrri H 3r yrra oflAoHo.

31 3ypraac v3He yy.

a, = a4(k), i =1,2,...,3r
mxyy AaBTaMx AoflrhoHbr BeKTopooc xaMaapcaH 3r uevrprsta Synxq 6onso. k aerrop
UmppxofinoflrbrHxoo My?Kaap ryrZx yrryyAaa aBaxa.q ryyHrfir AaraH Mei{rp 6ypufiu
r4,:at,(k) Syxrq xapran3ax yrryygaa aBcaap 1ailraag ; AaBraMxilran yrryyp rercfler
eMap HoroH ryy3 ( 6yrcy rupx) AyyproHe. flns 6ypnrau rvrevprarlH vvcrox ryy3yyA
xgcsrxgH orrflonqox (4aexqax) 6onno.
er=ao(k) Synxrl 4 xevrxgscr orropryrl.q onoH xyygac 6yxwi,r rrnep ragapryyraap
e. Xyygac 6yp gaarauxuilH SyHrqr,rraH Hor Meqrpr xapran3aHa. XyyAcyyA 6yrg
ag 6ailx uu an6aryri, xoopoHgoo orrnonllox 6onHo. firvrap xen6epuriH orrnonqon
6onox ns ryxatiH Kpl4cranfl qMap crMMerpurprreri Bg rogreoc xaruaapua. 3He
H xapilyr 6ynrufiu oHorr or.qer axeo.
Xsfsnsgnuhn 3r Mot{tap Aorpooc AoflruoHbr ypr Hb ropbtH TorrMonooc rnyy 1ahxap
nix gyyHurAonrilo 6onx xyarppar ruilrvt Moqpyy4 6arZx 6crorl.
Ypr gonrrouut uapriaqflan.q KptacranflHr ynH xap]4rvrxafi yprsnx 6re rox y3gx 6onox
eHe roxr4ong 6reg oep eep gncnepcutiH xyynurafr 3 snsun Aonrro rapax
Ts:rgss anb aflb AonriloH4 AaBraMx nu k ufin KoMnoHeHryy4aac Horgyrgop spervr6rafix
ropnufin *yHxll6ereog k = 0 yrraA rerrsfi reHqAgr 5ailaa 3Hs Hu xon6snsgnuhu 3r
Eorpooc k 6ara 6afixa1
a=lcf(klk)
(7,2, 13)
fru gucnepcufiu xyynurafr 3 vrevrap 6uu rscoH yr. Texgee oAroop vrevprfrr
Meqhp roAer. Sgrssp rvrevprfiH oHqnor roBon k 6ara 1ailxap, Kpl4crafln yprsnx
uthr xsn6enssx 6oroeA oHo xen6gn3on, k -+ 0 xq3raapr, 6rae 6yxnsopgo rurnxrx
6onx xyanpna.
2 6a ryyxsoc Aoeu rooHbr aroMbrr orofi rxooHAoo aryyflcaH Kpr4crafln,q at<ycrnxnfin
c eep (3r-3)Moqmp 6nrz. 3Areep rr,levprarzH oHqnor Hb roBen k=0,qsep AaBTaMx
6onoxryfi, k -->}xffiraapr rorrMon yrra pyy rsMyyflHe. Sgrsep xen6eneenrilr ontuxnhn
rsHs. 3Hs roxiloflA, 3r3n r.uoo Aorpoo, aroMyyA Hor Hgr3HTgfrree Xapuqaaryil
6ereeg roxAss, k = 0 xsgraapr, r.rooHbr xyHgnrzn reB xo,qflexryfi rafieau oprur4Ho.
0 xnsraapr onrNrurzx rvrevpyyprarzH ,qaBraMx 3aaBan eop eep 6afix ns anfraryil,
aflnHH rerui xsrvtmiH [l14Hx3ec yyAsH 3apilM vlevpurix AaBxqax 6onso. ,flaaxr_1aaryfi
a;(k) Qynrqrarlr k =0 qsrnfis opr{t4M t"lyBaaHA 3aAaflx 6il.{ilx 6onxo.

(o=0)^+!r,k.k.
v
t^ t
2t

(7

,2,

14)

Mx k ooc roru Synxq yrr4p oHA ruyraMaH ruuyy4 anra. fiaaraMx saraag Tgru
6arax Ecrofi rex. Yvrap xu. MexauurilrlH rsrlur4rron xyrallaa t-uhr
-l gop conrxop
83

T
eep 6onAorrYli' 3Ho Hb FMap Hor qurr flMap Hsr AaBTaMxrarZ
rapax 6ononqoorofr
4onrro
6on ecper L{hrr MoH rmtina 4aaranaxrarl rnfivi gonivto rapax 6ononqoorofr isceu yr.
a;(k) = @(-k)
Arycruxrin uevup k = 0 qerufiu opqHHA rorru xoMrofr 6arlxurH
rynA (T ,2, 13) -g

/'(ktk):f(_ktk)
k uila aBax yrryyAbtH MlDKaap b,b2,br rypBaH BeKrop Agop 6airyyncax

napaJlnenonrne4rsti t4xiln e3noxyyx 6yxrarZ Spunnrcsuuit 1-p lycnilr cogrou aa.{

6onHo
r9x As9p ToM[grrrgcoH.
i
Ynupax AaBrarAax (yensx) 3axHH HOxqOn. N,NrN, -rooHbr 9r3r ropooc 6yp4cex
Tercner Kphcrann 6yreq 6afir. 3axutH Hoxqneec sailnc xwitxufia
ryn yr 6yrqrafrr orropryilg
t1,t2, a3 -rypBaH oep qrrfl3flAN,a, , Nrzr,1y',a, -rypaaH eep gaaranrratiraap xg3raapryfi
YproflxnyvJrgH TbAopxorinud, eepeop xon69n, A, = N,a,, A, = Nra,A, = Nra, -rypBaH
gaaranrrariraap xffiraapryra yprsnx<nex Kpl4crarr 6rroq 1afina rex
604u.
.Qonrro wuilg wyyp ropbrH orropryfiA A1' A" A, Aaaranrrarl yer Qyxxq 6afixux ryn4
eik

(tn

\At

n1 Az

+.:A: )

Uimtk\ t

rikr^

nikrn

"imrkA,
"irl<At
-Hexqon n\,t7t2,ffir-brH AypbrH 6yxsn yrraA 6rensrgsx
6crori. yynr,rfi rynA k

t,' =91,' *YLo}r,

l/,

-rgq?H yrryyA

aa6an

BeKTOp

tt,t2,t3-6vx:r rooHyyA

N2' ,,.

vpsyy ropbrH orsn napannenonuneA Aorop k aerrop N1N2N:

TOOHbt yrra aBax Hu orTnrouxroil 6ahaa. EilnnrcsHilfi
1_p 6yc4 T3rBOfl k eerrop NIN]N:
rooHbr yrra aBHa, eepeep x3n63n, Tercner Kpr4crann 6yreq
Aoropx Srgn uooHbt

TOHqYY TOOHbt

yrra

I2:.^lTl"xail
TyH hx

30xr4Ho.

aBHa r3C9H Yr.

gonruo xoopoHAbrH xapunllaH yfinvnen, yflH xap,Mxarl gonruoHur

xspsrrsri 60ngor. conrpxaon KphcraflnHH

;,il;'e;ffi-'*

yFH xapurraxafr Aonn4oHbr

KBaHTnax (6yroy SoHoH rox receenenA rul4nxr4x; npoqegypurr
4 xaacprn#rc y.r" yy
3$. Kpracranrr ropbtH AynaaH 6arraaux

,KprcrannulH yRH xapruxarr Aonr,,oHbr opoHr KBaHr $rasr,rrlq eoxou xgMgox

4yftqyynx receefl.qer. oosoHur hMnyflc, Soronu aI,un,g;rrror", BeKropoop

P=frk
rgx roAopxorlnorgouo. [-eav gonruoHbr BeKrOp 3eBXeH Spunnrcexrfi
nsr Ayrcop
X.MXOOH

;m':n

AOgp fl yrra aBax y"r14p, [Hr,X rogopxoranorA@H XOMXnTAyvH

xyynuilr rep 6yp garagarryfi, HriMesc ryyHrafrr KBa3h rMnynbc

,ox

@ouonu gHeprr

r3x Hopnsx

eoronu agrn xsn6e nssnnilu AaBraMxaap

g = ttco

l.I togop*ofinorgono. Kpucrann.q yeH xapilMxafi 4onruoHyyA AynaaHbr xeAenre

ur crcrerurriH xuuuhn norenqnan, eo
31llr:_y.r_1111]:I
7ilaar lonoxoop eoHoH
xniln agun, rsrrerl TaHqyy.
oonoHur AaBraMx Hb AonruoHbr eerrop k 6a
repen(6yroy ryfinwnpanaap ) ro4opxorinorgono:
ar,(k) . i=1,2,...,3r
r - 9r9fl uoo AoTOpX aTOMbtH ToO.
ik reneag opu,,rx $orouur AyHAax roo, Eo3e-9 hnwteiutuit
ryrsnroep;
n.,
tK :-

,h-,(k)/r _ l

84

(7,3, 1)

!(pucrannuH oHepru
E=

Eo+\ha,(k)nn
ik

fr,3, 1)-ropnyynaxa4
E=

E^*

t 3,?JjI)

(7,3,2)

_1

"hai(k)lt
Sxgex cylrlrvr 6ara reuneparypuH 6onou eH4ep reMneparypuH MlDKt4A xflfl6aplul4H

ofrponqoo 6oAorAono.

Hau reuneparyp. Tervrneparyp anb q /Ayroop onr[K ruevprafin anu v SouoHH oHeprrec
rrrnooA gooryyp 6afir.

r <<tta,(k)

mnftioHbt Meqpyvgo,q xapran3ax rur.uyygurlr

meraMxrfif k = 0opvtttvtg

YnA33e.

lyynur AoflrnoHbl uevpyygufiu

a,=c,k, i=1,2,3

3-urH xodp xu xoHAneH AonruoHA Hgr Hb ryytx AonruoHA xapran3aHa.

xyynb
uyraMaH 6ailx, ene MyxttA, a,o) + da saacapt, ryxafiH I -4
flpcnepcrafrH

rsx 6u.{ue. eue

Va2da

,7{

-TooHbr

(7,3,3)

xsn6snssn 6arlx 6onno. ,[yyHur xon6sngsnurin 3 ruovupg

3Va2dr,t

7'3'4)

zrw

-rox6uque. YyH4 cHb, Aapaax yrraap, AyHAax xypg:

4.\:1
ci cl
c-

TyxafiH

l-g

xapran3ax cyMMbtr Aapaax ilHTerpaflaap corlbx 6nque (nr

ha Va'da
iJn"r,r,,
_l

Soroxurxnh agun)

zr2cl

HnrerpanuH AeoA xffiraapbtr xnsraapryfi rgx Aypaap aBcaHbl f{hp roBon, taHrongo r33A
rrrerpanuH yrra raBbrafi eepvnorgexryra( HHrerpan Aop xyBnapr dafrraa gKcnoHeHllran
muyyHttfr yJIMaac, otnhu eHgep )4rra rHTerpang Mogor4exyraq Heneenx vagaxryil).
0goo (7,3,2)nu

Uurerpanur ha

lr = x oPnYYflraap

Eo* .3Y,

,\h!:!l=d'

Zn'c' 1""'''

-l

aaHa (Vl 6yner (6, 4, 6-7) ys). Texeg

E=8..*7('l/=ro,
"u ' rortrr'
fpucrannu

rqynaaH 6a rraarux

c' =g=zt'tiu:''

AT

(7' 3' 5)

5c3h3

f,pucrann ropbtH AynaaH 6arraaux rrZnxyy Hanlt rbvrneparypr reMneparypuu 3 3oporr

nponopqroHafl rsx rapnaa. lrasnerrprK KpvrcraflflbrH AynaaH 6arraarux HaM TeMneparypr

&rs xauaapnur

KnaccLlx oHonbrH xypogHA rafrn6apnax 6onoruxryfi rcuaa.

85

'*
5

*E
xI

G
=
G

E
6

\o
Z

o
q

(t

"
3ypar 32. Xaryy aprouur

7l

ff"1 x,ffi ,xse il?

6,6,5

reMneparypblH AyraaH 6arraamx

I3

t{ ti

HaM

xwnurafi ryn cafin roxupq 6afiraa

Ougep reMneparyp.
eHepresc HunseA A3eryYp

?,ff

re. raraapax xaMaapa,^

Hu.

TeMneparyp anb

q / Ayreop onruK Met{phfiH anb q

SoHoHul

6air.

>>

tta,(k)

3He roxuongong
"ho,(klir

ynMaap

=l+ttailk)

Ic

ha,(k)

-h;ikr,,

(7,3,2)

,=T

Hb ogoo

E=Eo+rlt=r'o +3Nvt
tk'
eHgeec AynaaH 6arraarux

=* =3Nvkr
'aro,

Cn

.,,

3, 6)

Kpucrann ropbtH AynaaH 6arraaux rariHxyy eH4ep reMneparypr reMneparypaac

xaMaapaxrytl rorruon yrrarail oereog qeneenrft ssper 6ypr vxnn kB xoMxsorgfr 6ahx

axoo. 3Hs gyu KnacctaK $rasraruaftn gyHrefi roxr4pr{ lahraa nrra. Yvup Hb, Ny rooHbl ]
6eenaeec 6yp,qcsn Kpr4crann ropur 3Ny roosur ocrlhflnsrop rgBsn AynaaH 6arraarrrx xs j
I
KflacchK Te@onfleep 6on 3Nv.ku 6afix 6cror,r.

86

4 S. Ae6afiH uHrepnoflflLl

Ouuex eyftn,q Kpilcranfl TopbtH AynaaH 6arraaux reMneparypaac xaMaapax xaMaapnHr

uau 6a oHAop reMneparypHH MlDru4A Tyc rycag Hb rorroocoH. eHs 2 tycrah AyHr reMnepan/pblH 3aBcpbrH MyxuA xon6ox erger ,Qe6afiH ilHTepnonflLluiln aprarafr raurnqun.
,flracnepcrafiH xyynb uyraMaH xen6eprer7 6ailx 6ara gaerauxnfiH MpK]4fl (gyyuut
xsn6gngsnrraH rvrprilg) (a,rtt + dat) saecapr xapran3ax xsn6snssnrtZn roo
3Va2da
^1?
zc-

7t

(7, 4, 1)

Saacpux 6onon eHAep Aaerar4xilfiH My)Kl4A (onrrarniu xsn6enssnrliH luyaxrg) eus

nnepxrftnen roxrpoxryrZ. Xsgyfr rrfiu 6onoav ,[e6ara hHrepnoflsquilr sopunroop HaM
eHAep rox flaranryfi anu q AaBTaMxuftn rvrpxug aHs roruueor x9p9rfl9c3H 6ereeg, T9M33,
gaarauxuriH AooA xq3raapHr xsn6snsenilhu nui,n roo 3Nv 6ailxyil1aap coHrox aBqoo.
Tyxafin6an,

:!-'f
2ct

ardot:'?1= =3Nv.
2ct r,
x, Jo

Sxgssc gaararr,txuriH AgsA xs3raap:

*.=rl( 6ot,Nr\''t
)
0 = h a^-xeMxr rAyyuwilr ffe6ahH reMneparyp roAer.
Sueprn

3r
E=Eo*
:(J
'
2n'c3

ho3dio
.

,n'r' _ r'

r=h@/ropnyynraap

E=Eo.#'i*
fle6atax Qyxxq:
.

(7,

4,2)

.lr

D(x)=+lI3
x "oe"
-l

f[tnaau 6arraa ruxr itr ffe6aua Syx xqssp rnspxn fi n6en

=3Nvks{re\-*o'(9\)
r

[ \r,/

\r,lJ

ens 6on AynaaH Oarraauxrfis hHTepnonsqurlH rouudo MeH. eue rnepxnfinen xarrl 6a
q{Aep reMneparypbrH M}DKil,q eMHox syrZng rapcaH gyrrsrZ roxl4pHo. YyxnrZr (7, 4, 2)
rrcpxrafinnrftr uhHxnoH xnn6apxau xapyynx 6onxo. V, 4, 2) unepxnilnnnhr HaM
reuneparypuH MlDKr.q uuHxunbe. Harra reger Hb , << 0 recex yr. 3us roxuonp (7, 4, 2) -A
r{rerpanHH AsoA xffiraapbrr oo aap conilxog 6ypyyAaxryfi (nHrerparr Aopx unepxuilnnnhu
qlBaapbg eKcnoHeHlll4an ocAor riluvyH 1ailraa yvpaac). TlHrerpanurH yrra ro /15. exAssc
napax AynaaH 6arraarraxuha nnepxuilnen (7, 3, 5)rail AaBXqaHa.
(,4,2) nnspxntinnrfir engep reMneparypbrH MIDKnA r.ut4Hxr4flbe. Ongep reger xur >> 0
rcH Yr. eHe roxrong rHrerpaflHH A33A xe3raap ryH 6ara, rrlug mHrerpafl Aoopx
:mpxufinnuilr x-ni'm $proep 3aplaatr uHTerpan ae6an

E=Eo.;+Fff)'
rnspxurinenR 0 =tta*o,,
;3, 6) 6onx xyerpna.

t = ksT rex raBilaA Eapaa nu 7 *rsep ynaMxnafi

87

aBaxa4

2q

rti

'rn

(,S

6ueuiAH.,

xarw

reMneparypaac xaMaapax
5railAan. A6cqucc roHxner
Aaryy t l0 -r aBqoo. e Ae6ariH reMneparyp. T' xyynnhn tvqpx 0. 1 0 tkr-eec
Aoor.u opr.ur4Ho. r /0 nrtu

Ae6ariH

3arBapaap,

rorTMon 33n3xYYH AoX,

AyaaaH 6arraaux Cv

ffi

o
c
o

3ypar 33.

eHAsp yrraA xapransax,

uhn acuMnror

/
,8

,,

li

Cy

yrra

= 24.943x 'uonr-' . K-'

tle

3ypar 34. fle6arin 3arBapaap,

xaryy 6ueuitH sHepn4 6a qeneer

F=E-cS
reMneparypaac
eHepril:

6ahpan. 3HR

reMneparypur

i0

unepxufrncen yrra (

tf

xaMaapax

6on

,Qe6afrH

KenbB14H3Op

=ha,lks)

ty't "-'*

88

vlll 6Yn3r
TEPM OAl4 HAM

t4

K XeM Xt4

1 $.

rfl

YYH

14

H OnvKTvALl EA KOP

Enfl q

Sxrponu 6a Snyxryaq.

Greufix xgr xscrrfir cucreM ynAex xecrmrir repMocrar rae. Cmcreru repMocrar xodpooc
1uewiaa urrZr eurponnrar ,1, rse. CilcreMI repMocrar xodp reHlleeprefi 6afix yeg nuftr
xu nufrr eHepruec Sysrq 6arZx 6fisse.
S-,

= S(.&-,).

Cncreu repMocrarrari raxqsspryh 6aiar. TsxeA eHrponil

TsHrlBopr refloB pex S(E',) yrraacaa 6ara,

S,,

eneprrfrH ryxafiH

E, ytra[

AS,:S,,*S(.E,)<0.
35-p ayparr vpreflx uyraM S(E'") -$yuxqrafrr, ab 6ocoo

EH

xspt{]4M ( -4S,, )-r, bc x3Br33 xspt{hM crcreM repruocrarraft

renqeeprsfr 5ailcan ,c Lleroec ranqasprytl 6oncou b qgrr
ufinxhxoA Hufir eueprNtau eepqnergceH xgMxgsr ryc ryc
Aypmnx 6yra. Horoo ranaac bc xu crcteMnfir, repuocrarrail
rsHqssprsrl baracax c qergoc rsuqaepryti 6oncon b qerr,
u:unxyynexnrlH ryng ra.qHblH axnbrH yycryvpooc cucreM4
xr,rrZcsu xanarNrZH 6ara axrnrari rgHl-lyy. Xarrrrufin 6ara axnur

r3x ToMA3rflge.
Tepuocraraac xapbqaHryri uaur 6ara crcreMp nBargax npoqecc Hufir sxeprr, oHtponuilr
6ara xsr\axeorcep oepqflex ryn

AS,:
dS(E,)l dE, ynauxnan

rk)
ysus

_!!g)r,,,"
dE,,

tiltn

Hb crcrerrltnrlH roHrlBepr ronosilrl[.r reMneparyp, o. X., TepMocrarHH

MeH. Cucreuufir rgHr-lBspr 6ailgnaac Hb raprax xarrltrrfiu 6ara axun

yy)

W*l:58

_ cktdS + P(")5V

dE,6,S, 6V 60n
cucrerumrlu .qorooA eHepril, oHrponm, esnsxyyuuft ryxafrn yerilH yrraac
repruocrarrara rsHqaeprerl 6ailx yeuilu Hb frrbrr xaccaH flnraBpyyA roM.

/s,,/ : .--*@e
te) \
I

.',r(")d,s -r

Pk)6v)

(8, 1, 1)

rouuEo cilcreM repruocrar xodp rsxqaepryrZ 5ahraa roxrong oHrponil 6onouxnr

ux yrraacaa xsgyrl qilHgg nnraarail 5ailraar xapyynHa.
fix Aoroog snepnarir oHrponil 6a sesnxyynssc xaMaapcaH Qynxq rsx y3gH
qerrfiu opq14M qyBaaHfl eagan6an
6E

=(9{)
\ as

ur *(

E) u, *

/, \av ),
) ds, *r( a'E \5s6r/.f 9!) 6v2)+...
.;\ rrr.,l,
( asav )
\et/' ),
r(

a'1r:

Eue repruocrar xo6puru rsuqaepurZn Llor Amp

D
D\e)
-(.)
-l
- L ,l

B9

t .( a'r\ 5s, + ,( u'u )usav *(

(asarl

;t[a'J,
Vlhug (8, 1, 1)

t!)
ov'

ar,

),

lo,ut -6p6v\

Hb
5
AS,,

piV -drdS

(8,1,2)

2t@)

rex

Onvnrgexs.
Cncreuufi n roHqBsp aflAargaxag 6uewfru eHrponu (8,

1,2)

xsMxsereop eepqner4eHe

Y3HO.

Surponra MaraAnan xodpuH xon6oo 6coop

et,, = rs)-s,,*+q,* = gN,,+s,,o n
"*,,
Hb 6raryy crcreruurZn rgHqBspr rensrarZH oHTpon[. 3ns rouuEor

,S.*

cucreuufin

xoMxxrgvynyygrriu Snyxryaqutr yHonoxsg xoperno4er. (8, 1, 2) 6coop

apar -drds\
' l.
ZTt") )
(

(8, 1, 3)

W-eXDl

ryr3rr

2 $. l-ayccurH

Cucreu repMocrar xodpuu rgHqBopr roneBA

ofrpxox floKaflb renearfrr nnepxrfinex,
-lxoMxilrAyyxyygufir
ree. Vliu'l xsMxhrAyyHyvA Hb
xt,x2....x,
Qnyrryaqnarv
crcreunfix 5V,65,...6afix 6onno. Tsnqespr reneBA 6V =0,6,5=0,... fr uilttt yrraap
xgMxutrAyyH TgHqBgpr reneB Agx .r,0 yrraacaa xasafican xaaarlnr: 5x,=x,-x,r, nilt x, oop
TsMAornOB.

Tsuqaepr renehfiH opqr4MA eurponuftr xt,x2,...xn- rftn sepreop 3a4anx xo6pgyraap epervr6eep
xR3raapnaBan

e --]
-c-- -mu
;0,.0x,xr.

F,.* =

fr..,

(8,2, 1)

TeHqaepr reneB 6on exrpon uiau mat<euMyMbrH qsr MeH ryn oHA uyraMaH rnuvyg lairixryit,
KBa4parnar xsn6ep geper rogopxorinorAcoH 6arax Ecrora
dw =

exp 1*

!/. F,.o *,* o| dx dx... dx,

eaA Aufir uopuunonHH Hexqen:

?r

Al exp{-- B,.ox,x}&,dxr-...&,

(8,2,2)

=7

-eec onHo. Xegytireep (8, 2, 1) -g reagparnar ruuyy4oep xfl3raapnacaH xnpHoo oHo

xe3raapyygbrr xr3raapryil rex aBqoo, oHa r4Hrerpan ryprgH Hr4rinsx yqhpaac uHroxgA
rsx y3Aor 6ononrorl. HopuvunnutH rorrMon:

'

wl Hb fri.r- *o'.f'uo'u ro4opxofi,rorv

(8, 2, 3)

l-apranraa.
0,.r,x,xr =

xFx

- ufir aaq ysse. eue KBaAparnar xsn6spnrir uyraMaH xyBhpranr

: x = e aap xyBrpraBan

xBx= ydfray,
d xepaeceH Marpr4q. 4 MarpnqHr coHrox aBaxgaa
dBa=
6aftxaap roo'lox coHrox aBrrr.

Tsxe^

(8,2,41

*0*= yd\oy

(8, 2, 5)

Yi t Yi +.'.+ 11

= yy =

sro6raaH,

D(x,'xz'"'x,) _.1a.,,
ai'k Ml,iiurpkrubrH roAopxofilorq.
al' I a I us ai.k
D\y,,y.,.--)',)
2,4)eoc lAll Bll al=1, lal=lal, lol'l 9l=l

toe-L
JIB

1=

Ii

.r

ll A:lal(2tt)'t2.

L*g'}d*"J*2"'dx' i t*pi-

"J

o(y,.),:,...!,,)

= Ala,ir., tltfi

dy,dyr...dy,:

y: +...y:)\dv,(rv,...dv, = Alal(Zt')'''

3ug (8, 2,7)nfir opnyyncHbrAapaa (8,2, 3) rapq rpHs'

,* =
n

,\, D(tt
, + ...y;)t

y;

-In

ayccurH

(8,2,7)

exp{ -10,u*,*o\dxdxr"'dx,: 'r

I iJ exp{- 1lt,

(8, 2, 6)

xgMXSeCTTYrsnT.

ffi"*p{-*fr

(8, 2, 8)

.rx,xo\dx,dx,...dx,

r=1

toxronA
d*: F ,,r"*r{-l 0*t\d*

(2,t)'''

(9, 2, 9)

2'

HOr X9MX93CT ryr3nr.

X,

-#

(8, 2, 10)

= F,ox* 6on x, -A xocMor xYq.

rilH roouoo.

*&
t x =#i
(2n)"

*,8**,t^,t-j

g*,x',xr\dx'dx

9.*, \-lI prr^x,ldx,tlx"...drn

=-'llFl=i*
(2n12 r'' dxk
uHTerpanqun6an) = fo

uhu

ilo
x,xo

"'d*n =

*'"

roottoo. (8,2, 11)-g (8, 2, 10)

x,X t

=5,0'

rafir

(8,2, 11)

opnyynaxag

- Bo x,x, '= 6,0

Y30xoA

4*, =(B

'),,

(8,2,12)

KBaApar xa3afinr'
P Marprt-tblH ypByy Marpt4l{. t4frHxyy -rr xoMxrr4yynril AyHAax
H3r HOr gfleMeHT
xoopoHAblH Hb Koppeneq anb anu aa p uarpraqrfrnH ypByy rvrarprqrfiu

(g')oon

xoMxoocr roxilonA @,2, 12) eec

91

:X21

(8,2, 13)
B

X,Xo uhu rooqoo. (8,2,11)wiln xoep ranbrr 0,,asp ypxoog l-eep cyuru aBaxag
(8,2,14)
ffi=p,o
tztZHxyy

X, xeuxrrAyynrfi

AyHAax KBa,qpar xasarZnr, eep xoopoHAbtH Hb KoppenflLl anb

vrarpraquH Hsr Her ofleMeHT axog.

,Qypurn g(x,,xr\.,.,*,,)xoMxilrAyynrarZ gyHpax KBaApar

*r.u*::0,1 rolloo.

Ae =q(x,,x2.....x,) * rp(0,0....,0) = Fl 9E I ,,

?\ax,

1o'

ex4ssc

,^n=

(p,),,

;[#). [3i)...\ = I[#).[#).

3 $. Yugcsn repMoAuHaMuK x3MxurgyyHvyArarin Snyrcryaq

OnyrryaqurH MaraAnan ( B, 1, 3) rorrar,6o):

u!!-a'!!)

*"*r([1. Yn xauaapax xyBbcarqaap 'r,V xodparr

r3x

,r'

(8' 3' 1)

couroe. fiapanr, gHTponu xodpur

Y33H

u, = f+) a, ,

(!\
dr
\ay ),

sgc

<

(8, 3, 2)

),
spav = f9i) 6r6v +( 9!\ ur,
\.aY
\a,

t,V

),,
),
,r - f+j u, *[9) o, = *u,
u,
kor "(9\
\0r ),
1af ),
\AV ),
\or

5s5r:
d

p6v - dr6s

ffa,.

*(L),ura

6dv +( +\ 5y, 5t5,. *( !\ uru,

[+)
kur \ar ),- -- (8,
\0, ),
\Ar t,

Sapyyx rangexnuil 6a eqcratZs riluyyH xapr,rn{au ycranqaHa, yqilp

lAiluA (8, 3, 1) nu

(8, 3, 3)

(ap\
[as) a.r- ('a..1,
\M ),- avo'

3, 4)

Hb

'-'.n[+ (#),u'' -f7"')= *,(+(#),u")

*,(-#*')

l-ayccstn sHoxYy xodp xstuxeocr ryrsnr xoopoHgoo xon6ooryri Hor xgMxogcr xo6p ryrsflrtl
ypxBop xen6sprsrl 5ailna. lAirintp

drAtr-0,
(8,3,S)
Teuneparyp o3snxvyH xodputu Snroxryaq xoopoHgoo crarrcn4K xaMaapanryfr axss.
xoMxoecr ryronr ryc 6ypp (8,2,13)rovru6o)
g2

Y\
i7 = -,(\aPl,

(9, 3, 6)

k"t'
=;
br'* "

(8, 3, 7)

CV

hxcsx
Ssnsxyyurafi Snyrryaq reger Hb ro4opxoil TooHbl 6oeruutlH e3nexYYH caHaMcapryil
6rque
xyBaax
KBaApaTaA
r6oHbl
Garacax npoqecc nn"t. (4, 3, 6)rar,rH 2 ranslr 6eeurtan

(-n1'= r(aVtN)\
-r[
[u ,J

aP

(8, 3, 8)

.,l,

roo
f /Nxsrvrxnr,qyynraft Snyrryaqrat7r esnexyyH rorrMon roxt4ofiA aBq Ysex YY, gcBon 6eerrlrilu
rogopxofi
(8,
B)
eec
3,
L4rarr,tA
tusgeex.
xu
frrTMofl Toxuong aBq Ymx YY roArsoc xaraapa*rytl
GrloxyyH Asx 6oorvrrataH TooHbl Qnyxryaqrafrr onx 6onxo. Ssnsxyytt TorTMofl rox TooqBon

- -Lrr
6L:v6)N N'
N

'[i.y*urir (8, 3, 8-,q )opnyyncxst Aapaa roHpssc on6on

(#t'
\- - ./ 2. Yn xaryraapax xyBbcarqaap
Y3OH

S,

!:(Y\
V, \Ap ),

(8, 3, 9)

xodputr couro6. Bapanr, sHTponu xo$pulr S, Peec Qyxrq

(at\ 6s*rq) ar=ffas*( 91) ,"

0P

or-l-l

\as/,

)'

\aPl,

(8, 3, 1o)

drds=krtd-s,-fgf) 6P6S
o,
\ 0l'l,
6s1(L-) 6P
=(y\
\as/,, \iPls
5p6v :(Y) dsdp *(9L\ ur'
\ aP /,
\ as.i,
ds6p. (#), 6p2 -.Tut' -[#),
plv- drd,s = 6p6v:
[#)"
5v

rang gxnnil 6a sqcht4H riluYYH xaphnqaH ycranllaHa' yqt4p

(

\
(8, 3, 1)

Y\ =( !L\= fg)
i, IasaPl \aPi,

(8,3, 11)

dpds

(8, 3, 12)

Hb

oaa w(S,P) -enranunr.

a.s

Hu

, - ..0[+ (#),a r= -L.s,

*r(\*(#J, rr' .-r[-r[-r'')

)

l-ayccurx xo6p xsvrxsecr ryronr xoopoHgoo xon6ooryfr Hgr xsMxoocr xop ryrgnrl,lfH

xen6sprsft 6ataua. V1ilvry

6SdP = 0.

(8, 3, 13)

33onxyyH xo$putn Snrorryaq xoopoHgoo crarucTt4K xaMaapaflryfi axee' Her

ryronr ryc 6ypsec (( B, Z, 13) roul6o)

93

5S2 =

Snrcrryaq. Sxrponra,

14)

k6

=_.f!f)
\av I'

6p
Xapur.1axryfi

t'o

s3enxYYH 6on

(8,3, 15)

sxcreHcrB xoMxl,lrAYYHYYA' (8, 3,6) rfir

auurflaxaA
J

(av\
-rl"'
'\ap I lV

-av'

r{-

\aP ),
an
r3Bsfl 3H3 xapbqaa
SssnxyyH V nfrr 6eettnfiH roorotl nponopqfioH
I

'lar'
oHTponil v nnraaryfi (8, 3,

(8,3, 16)

.ffi'

14)-r auilrna XAA

t-

r/as'

Jru

Teuneparyp, Aapanr rox epquM xSMxNTAYYHYYA

auJnrflaxal
tl

t=
I
dr'
t Jt't'

(8, 3, 17)

q rScgH

Rnraaryft, (8, 3,7) 6a (8, 3, 15) ufrr

t-

tlA p'

(8,3, 18)

I'

JN

egreeposc y3sxoA MaKpocKon chcreM TepMoAuHaMilK rsHL{83p t6ailxye4 anbq

$nrcxryall Mau 6ara6aitx axso.

xoMxhrgvyxur7

Ene 6yxnespse flaBultH xegnex xypgHbt Snnxryaq. Opurnrofiroo rep

TgHqBopr reneBg oprut4x 6rae Oyxneopeo, opqilHrolrroo xapuqanrytZ rorrMofl xypgratl,

xeAnex 6onouxryfr. l-ee.{ gHs Hb $nrorryaqrafiu ynMaac 6ne Rnrxryfi, oMx

rnanynucrefi 6arix 6onoxryrZ recen yr 6ru. k1frrvr $nroxrya1uila MaraAnaflbtr rogopxofint.
TOXt4OflA Mr4HnMyM axhfl
R.,, = P2 lzM = MVz I 2
Yyxg P,V-6vreniu uMnynbc, xypp,. M -6uemfts uacc.

(n

w-expl (

)l=exfilf MVz\
r ) ' [ 2, )
'ttxt

eHAeec

;T

M
Hsrrslx QnyxryaqsrH opoH safin xoppennq. 3ue acyy4nbrr I 6ynsrr ysceH( I 6ynor 8-10
Eexuen r-eaFti

xr,rfr

Esx HqrrbtH $nyrryaqsrH opoH sarax xoppe nnqnilr xaBcpanraac

(5-p xaacpanr).

EoAnoro.
1. SneprufiH Qnoxryaqnilu raagparuH AyHAax frra onHo yy.
Eogonr. Yn xauaapax xyBbcarqaap t,V xo6pur coHroxog,

uu =(9!..\ d,

\or ),

YYHg
(

q\

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*( 9L\ u,

=,r91)

),

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94

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),

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( asl *P
fat
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( ap\

(as)
lar ),
5

=.

=9t5,,
kE

1-

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r,f9l
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Pbv

3epsr EeBtuyyncnrfi Aapaa AyHiqax aBbn. TsxAsg 6V5t

tdrl'

*lrl

@Ef
\--'

=0

rsgruhr

/ eo\

? I - pl' (5v)' t(8, 3, 6) 6a (8, 3,7) nvir opnyynaxas)

\or )v

+)
\al'l,

=?'-,'-L'f+)
kE " \arl,

Pf ,f

&ranunufrn QnrcrryalliltlH reagparblH AyHAax yrra onHo yy'

. Yn xaruaapax xyBbcarqaap P, S xo6putr coHroxofl

(5W)':
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r
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I

Teuneparyp Eapanr xoepblH Slrcrryaqr,rfiH roppennq:ArAP onHo yy'

. Yn xauaapax xyBbcarqaap r, Z xodpulr coHroxo,q
r,
/:o\
no
Y- i
,'
LrLP : (6W\2
l
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/ C,

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i,

easnrryyn Aapaflr xoEputn $nrcrryaqrafin xoppenn\: LVLP onHo yy.

Yn xarraaapax xyBbcarqaap t,V xodpur coHroxoA

nv

nt, -,

xodpurx Qn rorryaqratur n xo ppennq, A.SA

- Yn xaruaapax xyBbcarr{aap t, V xodPutr coHroxoA

&rrponra e3onxyyH

I'

onHo yy.

ev\
A.SA/-rl-l
\or

)n

xoepHH SnroxryaLlafin xoppennq,ASA, oflHo yy.

Yn xanaaapax xyBbcarqaaO r,V13pblr coHroxoA

reMneparyp

A,SAr : r
gyyxNxrrarZx
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Qnronryar-{ xasafinrulH AyHAaX KBaApaT
vv
6ocoo
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xaeat4x oxr-lormrZr

rce. 3Ho roxronA

eHqreep xasafinrax MexaHilK

axrn
a

6onH

--,

mgL

95

MhH14MyM

o.

ti,,,,, =

axilfl

Hb AYYxi4Hr xYHAt4tlH

L *gLQ'

xYt4H1414

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1 . Tepruogr,rHaMilK rsHl-{Bepr rofleBA opulr4x rycraap crcreM 6yroy ryyxra ti xgcrvtir
xyBbcAar Srsrx xoMxrr.qyyH aBL{ ysue. XyeucAar roxnsop xopBsg Tycraap crcreM aBq
6ahraa 6on rycraap crcreurriH oHeprh Mor xagraflarAax xeMxurgyyH 6ailx 6onoxryta.
xoMxhrAyyH AyHAax )rrrbtHxaa opqilM SnyxryaqnaH xyBbcaHa.
3Hs xsruxnrAyyH AyH.qax yrraacaa xasafix xasar7rrurx xeMxoor x(f) rex roM.qornoe.
rogopxorinonr Ocoop x = 0 , f Hs 6yp aruhH paxu x(t) yrryygbtH xoopoHg aflb HoroH
6afix 6onno. exs Hb / arlxilH paxa x -wila yrra eep l' arusu*g x -uhu aeax nus 6yp
Maragnang HoneeflHe rocsH yr. Xyraqaar xoppennqr,rrZr x(t)x(t') ypxaepr,rfix

<x(t)x(/)>-oep rnepxnfinue.,Qyx4ax rogor

Hb crarilcrl4KAyHAax,

t 6a t'arunHryyAaA

aBax flH3 6yp yrryygblH MaraAnanaap AyHAaxrnHa rocoH yr. 9Hsxyy crarucrr4K
xyrallaaraap aBcaH gyxpaxrarZ oKBuBaneHr, oHs roxr4onA t' -/ ffnraBpbtH erer.qceH yrraiq,
rtaH anu Horoop aBcaH gyugaxrafi oKBt,tBafleHr. 3Hs xsrvrxrrgvyH Hb, rsrgxflsgp, t'-l
xaMaapcaH Synru 6afix 6onHo.
q(t)=< x(o)x(r) >
(9, 4, 1)
yrpsxngep
Xyraqaanu enraBap Maul rx 6onooA
Koppenflq anra 6onox ryn q(t) SyHxq t
xn3raapr ror pyy roMvynHe. <x(t)x(/)> Hb t 6a t'xyraqaaHbt xyBbA r9rur
ropopxofinorgcoH Tyn
tp(t) = 9(t)
(8, 4,2)
x(t)nur xyraqaaHaac xaMaapcan SyHrq rex y3ox 6yr,r snexyy KflaccrK rogopxofinonrooc
ro4opxofinonrog tuhnxbe rseen x(l)ratlr xapransax i(t)oneparopoop conrx xopgrrsfi,
eep arurHA xaprafl3ax i(t), i(/) oneparopyyA KoMMyrarhB 6afix nu an6aryfi prrap
Qyuxqrrar

a(/ - t) = )\o6ot) r i(r')i(r))

(8,4, 3)

rsx roAopxofinox ussytlrsil. flyu4axutrr

KBaHT renoailfiH AonruoHu $yHrqeep asna.

Aaryy xyraqaaraap aBcaH AyHAax, crarilcn4KAyHAax xo6p sxaanenr).

2. x-xsruxhrAyyH Hb ryyurra (*')t'' -Qnyrryaqaac Hhnoo,q ilx rrrblr erexe,q crcreruufix

6}rut reHqaepr reneB 1aitpan rogopxofrnorg4or rrfiu xoMxrrgyyH 6aftr. Tyxafin6an
ererAcoH yrrag ryfiqea 6rur reuqaop rorrox penarcaqnraH xyrallaa .r- xsMxrr,qyvH eepee

roHr-lB3pr yrraAaa rufiflxhx penarcaqnfiH xyraqaaHaac xaBtaryil 6ara 6arir. eHe Hexuen
xyBbA coHl4pxoJlrori onou Hep repnrafiH xsMxrrAyynrarT xyBbA 6uenerp4er. v1ilu
QnyxryaqrtZr xsasilcralliloHap Snyxryarl rens. fiop 6ngvilta repnufix Snyrryaq aBq y3Ho,

r3x rooqHo.
TyyxvnsH ct4creM ryfiqsA rcHqmpr reneB.qee oriprox yeA, r -sgc eep, roHLlBspr
xagaftx xoMxflrAyvu 6aiaxryil rex rooqu6, oepeep xsn6sn, ToHqBepr 6raul renee 6yp
ufrx yrraap rogopxorZnor,q4or rse.
KflacclrK xsMxhrAyyH

fiurap HoroH

r arulnHA ir Hb AyHAax

enyxryaq

, (r')'"
"ac

vtx yrrarair

6ahe,an

eepeepxgn6en, cucrerra ryrlqs,q rgHqBopr refleBeeceo earigyyxaH 1ahcaa rse. Tgrsgn

qaauAaa rgHqBspr renoBA opoxbrr gpMsn3ox yqpaac xuhu ytra sBaaH,qaa 6aracax r
uila yrraap ryxarlx refleB 6ypsn rogopxoinorAoHo rox yssx lailraa 6onoxnoop
eepqner.qex xypA ,{ 6ac ryxafrn yeui,ra x : x(t) yrraap ro4opxofinorAox ecrofr:
dx

. =JG).

dt
rrlu
x
seprsep
saganx
uyraMaH Haprrlavnanaap xe3raapflaBan
/(x)-SyxxLluhr

96

dx

(8,4,4)

dt
TanA T3r spervr6rafrH riltt.tyyH 6aftx ecryra. Yvrap Hb TgHl-lBepT reneBA, x = 0

-4, 4-*UOOr",

(8, 4, 4) 6on rsHl-lBspT 6yc cncreuufrn xegenreenri

gHs
reruhrrsn cncreuurZu penaxcaqrtlH npoqeccnilr 6ilqtarnsxs.
Tgruhrrsn rcru.
.1 xu 6ypeH TsH LlBop rorrox xyrallaa H bt epsrvr6ra tir xapyyn Ha.
3. EyqaaA, TsHrlBgpr rerroBg oprxr4x cr4creM aBq y3be. /=0 arLunnA x ytratail 6atacan
MaaHb I >0 xyraqaaxur 4apaa f,(r) rscoH AyHflax yrraratZ 6oncoH ree. ene f,(r)
rycnaMxra ilraap p(r) -roppenqqiltZn Synxq
3oxr4Ho. .tr -eeper rorTMofl.

(8, 4, 5)
q(t)=(16,(r))
6uq14rAexs. 3n4 gyngaxuhr x vfrn I = 0 arur4HAaxb yrryyAblH Mararqnanaap
Alnrgax Snyrryaqaac xapbqaH ryir ux ,(r)-n (8, 4, 4)-rarurrrerl utix yxgcox gesp

!t*=--),4.(t),

t>o

aBHa.

(8, 4, 6)

6raque. ,(t)6on,qyHpaxrncaH xeMxurAvyH roAoryrraap, e,Q)uiaa AypbtH 6ara yrrag v (8,4,

ft,ruruTrsfl brenue rex y3sx Hu syilrsti. (8, 4, 6) Toruilrronilirr, t = 0 -n 6,(0) .r l'9X TooqoH,

'(t)

- xe-^' '

(8, 4, 5) *A opnyyflaxaA xyrallaar KoppeneqNfir nnspxilfinsx rouuOo rapHa:

QQ)-=(*')u

^''

(8,4,7)

Yurp uu rapraflraaH4aa 6raA 3eBxeH r>0 -A xarrlaapax (8,4,

nilr au.lurnacaH 6rnse. Horee raflaac p(l) Qynxq xyrallaaraap reru xsurefi 6aix Ecrofi ryn

eHg ro[4u6o

/>0-A

xaMaapHa.

q xyraqaaHA

q(t) =\r')r-^u

=L"-^'

(8, 4, 8)

6nvrrgsne. SHA < x' > 6on l-ayccurH ryrenvfrH Ahcnepc: B1 . eae nnspxnfinsn / = 0-A xoep
ynaMxnanrah. E,ug, KBa3hcraqiloHap oHorloop, (x Nfin ororgcou yrraA xapransax) ryfrqsg
rgHllBgp rorrox xyrallaaHaac xaauryri ilx xyraqaaHbr naacu:ra6 xopgrngcggp ufru 6afiAan1
Yr ss I = 0-A rerul SyHxtlrtau ynaMxnan rsr 6onox Ecrofi.
1. Cas y3coH oHorrooc apafi eep, apatl AaByy xyaran6apr rxrnxbe. x = x(r)xerrrxhrAyyH
j;
Qnyrryaqa acaa xaltryh ux yrrarari 6arZx rulaxmAaa = - 7 x -tsrwurroflfl 3axilpa rg.qar.
x -uiut AypbrH yrra4
(8, 4, 9)
=-lx+ y
(8, 4, 9)- railr urHo xoMxrrAyvH y - ui,tu rogopxotZnoflT rex 6onHo. y xoMxxrAyyHrfr
gex ganafrLl Hb xyraqaaraap eepqnerAoxryri, ryyHrarar x nila tax yrraA xapuqauryi 6ara

4, 9) reruilrron Hb (8, 4, 4) reru:urren 6onx xyBt4pHa. Suexyy y

Ayynrafrr caHaMcapryra xyv rex 6oroeA .r -xoMxrrgyynrara Qnyrryaqflax ex yycryyp 6onx

xspercexryrl 6on (8,

Canaucapryri xyvnr,rra xoppennqrfrx Synrq (y(O)y(l))rilr erexgee oHo Hb (8, 4, B) -sea

xyprgx 6afrxaap roor-loonHo. YyHrtt ryng

(y(o)y(r))

:z^(*')u(,)

ffaat

aa6an 3oxr4Ho. Tafin6apnan. (8, 4, B) rsruurrenuila uwit1ufir

x(t): s-t' I*t@)"^'' d,

97

(8,4,

10)

r3x 6hqbe.
(x(0)x(r))

0@)r(u'))e^t'*"'t ouou''

"-' LI
=

""

==

t(B' 4' 10) rtir xeperneasn]

*
L'!_+6(u'-u)e^tu'u')dudl.t'
0 ^^

| !!n=^,,

-L

Ou

"-^, J^B
IJ "-^,
(8, 4, 10) - ilnopxilfin3fl t *0 -A ror 6onpor nu y(r) -rafrH eeP eep arunH Aaxb
tou.
xoopoHpoo Koppenqq yryrZ recsn yr' YHeHgeo 3Hg AyrHorIT ofiponr-looncoH tllhHxrgfi
qaHapraa y(l) xervrxr,rrgYYH ryriqeg 6ru roHuBop Torrox xYprsn xyraqaaHAaa
6ereeg rsp xyrallaaHaac xaauryfi ux xyrallaaHbl uacura6 xePernex 6Yfi oHo oHon
roppennqrafrr 6yprrex bonorvrxryil 6ailraa xopor'
=

5S.XggxsA3HxsMxurAYYrrrara$nyxryaqufixxyraqaaTKoppengq.
y3c3H tyilnwilr x3A x9A3H xsMxflrAYYH TSHqBOpT yrraacaa
oMHex naparpa$g
'"pr"tr"*
6onuo. XervrxrarpyyH 6Yp AyH.qax yrraacaa xasafix
eper+xnfi Toxt4ong
x,,i =1,2,..n ro>KToM,qgrnoe. XaSafinrutH AyHAaX yrra rerrotZ rgHLlVY: 4 = 0' egroep
(8, 5, 1)
q,o(t' -l; = (x,(r')ro(/))
rox rogopxoilnorgoHo. 3us rogopxofinonrooc
(9, 5,2)
Q,oQ) = qkiet)
t
rsc3H chMMerpufiH [ut4Hx 6afix uu rnr. YyHeec oep ryr Sr3rax yrrarati Ct4MMerput4H
rerulurren
xoAeflreeHhfi
MexaHilK
6yrri. 3Hg glt4Hx nu 6ueuilr 6ypengyynsrv oosrucutlH
6yqaax xyBilpranTaHg uHBapuasr 6atlAarratZ xon6ooroit rou. 3ue uHeapraHT Ut4Hxl4l4H
< x,(/)xo(r) > -gyHgax yrra yr xo6p xoMxur.qYYuuil annilr TYpYYHA us annilr xoxl4M Hb
xaMaapax

yvra

pryfi . ryxafr n6an

\x,

(t) x o(r) >:<

x, (r)xo

(r'))

, eepeep xgn6gn,

e,o(t) =

e,o?t)

(8, 5, 3)

qn1)

(8, 5,4)

(8, 5, 2) 6a (8, 5, 3)aac

rP,rQ) =

3Hs gyrxsnrwilr xnftx4es xyraqaaHbl rsuprrrlr ecpsrssp corll4xoA xoMxhrAYYH 6YP

xyBnpraxryft rex canacan. l-3rgn, xhuieen6sn, MaKpocKon xoAenreeHnft xYPgrata
xaMxrrAyyn 6Yp t -+ -t xyBhpranraHg roMgoros ecpsreop conb4or. XaPaee xoP
xo6yn roMrqorss rarlnxyy corlbgor 6on (8, 5, 3) xapuqaa anAarAaxryil; xaPuu 3eBxeH
conugor 6on

(x,(t')xo(r)) = - (r,(r)x* (r')),

eepeep xsn6sn,

-Qr,?t)'

(8, 5, 5)

Q*Q)= -Qo,(t)'

(8, 5, 6)

Q,uQ\ --

Yyxr,rfir (8, 5,

2)reti

xarrararraxaA

ouHex naparpa+g ysceHr,rfr a$t/ln, snyrryaqrfrr xaasncrallhoHap r3e.

Oepeep xefl69n, x,,i=1,2,..r- 6aruun xoMxnrAYYx 6ypntan yrra AyHAax
6ailx rOxnonA (x, x2,...,x,,) -Ll3r anb uerex rytlqeg 6yc roHqBopr ronaulir 6ypott
6afir. Sypen rscsH $onoxoop, xi xoMxmrAYYnrarl xypg q MeHxYY qorcep rogopxofinorAoHo:
9B

*, = *,(xt,x",...,xn)
Qyxrqraftr(0,0,...,0)qerrfiH opt{LlM l-lyBaaHA 3aAanx uyraMaH HapufiBqnaflaap

(8, 5, 7)
-l,oxo
-rorrMon KoQ$ilqheHryyA.Cyn rrauyyH 6afixryrl, yql4p Hb (0,0,...,0)-6ypen rexqaeprfix qer
4 -xypA rarrsti reHl-lvy 6afix cror,r. ene nnepxufinsn (8, 4, 4) -uftu eprerren OM.
Sxgeec, eMHox naparpaQA ysceHrfi aAVn, xoppennqrfrH QyurqyygblH Torluurrsn raprax
t:0 arwwng (x,,xr,...,x,) Snyrryar-lrafi 1aitcau cucreutailH, t>0 xyraqaaHH Aapaax,
r-rrr gyngax yrrurr {,(r) rox roM.qornse. 3grssp SynrqyyA, AyHAax Qnyrryaqrati xrumxe4
6ara anu q yrraHAaa, (8, 5, 7) agun rgruilTren xaHraHa.

*,

(8, 5, 8)

, = -A,*40

(,(t)

uitr x, = x,(0) aap YpxcoH YpxBopoec xt -nfAH FH3 6Yp yrrHH

aBcaH pyHgaxrafi roHqoHo: g,,(t) =< ,(t)x,> 3xe yilngnnhr (8, 5, 8) Torurrren

in

Qynxq uu

ryfiqerrsxsg

(8, 5, 9)

-L,oQr(t)' t > 0

7O,,{t)=

.{eneerefr hHAeKc.
F, 5, 7) Hb roHqBepr 6yc cilcreNlnfrH xegenreeHrrrl uaxpocxonr4K TsrluhrrgnyYA totvt. Sgrsep
Hb o4creM reHqespnfir gpMon3ox npoqeccbtr unepxufrnHe. (8, 5, 9) rsrulrrranyy4
-A XaMaapHa, xyrallaaHH oHg Myxt4A rsArsepfiilr
(8, 5, 10)
e,o(o)= (x, (0)x* (0)) : (r,ro ) = B;'

/ -ungerc

Hb cyn

6ogox rogopxoftnno (onon xoMxoocr rayccbrH ryreJlreep: (*,*r) = B;t ).

Hereo Myx, l<0-g roppennqrrln Qyurqufrr roAopxotinx 3exex ouryfr, sHo MlDKt4A
QyHxq Hb, cl4MMerprafin Hexqen 6coop, l>0 ruyrxrg rogopxoilnorAcoH SyHrqeepee

aHxHbr Hexqenrefi

6 $. Kunerux

xos$SnqnexryygniH rontt xeM

Eara seper renqaspryri crcreM TsHqBopr ronoBpvyros reMyyrlsx penarcqqrftn npoqeccufir

MaKpocKonilK

reruHrreflyyA

:,,

=1,2,..n. Ogoo

:, :l

(8, 6, 1)

r_ r

.r, -A "xocMor"

v_
'

a^t

(8, 6,2)
0*,
rogopxofinr,. 3ne xoMxilrAyynufrr "xyv" rox HoprrgHe. Yyxg ,S renqaepryfr
11 ,

--

oHTponn, ryynnfir

S:

-!

Snv2'tKt

F,or,**,

(8,6,3)

F,o = Fo,

6u.{us. Texeg (8, 6, 2) sop ro4opxorZnorgox xyr{ Hb

Xi = fr,rxt
i = I,2,..n xgMxt4rAyyHyygrfi

4) eec

x, =
1)

r X,, i = 1,2,..n
F,ot

(8, 6,4)
xgMxur.qvyHvygesp unepxrailnx

Xo

(8,6, 5)

tt+r 6apyyH Taflbrr X,, i=1.,2,..n xsMxrrpyyHyyAoep nnepxufinx

*,:*T*Xo
99

(8,6,6)

-r'x 6t4qBon
T,o =

(8,6,7)
^,,gi'

Sgresp i/,ft KosQSil queHryyAu r Kh Heril K KooSQr Ui4eHryyg rsAar.

Krseru x xoeQQnqr,reHTyyA rerul xsn,trefi :
Ti*=Tti

(9,6,8)

YyHrafrr OncareprafrH Tgnu xoMrfrH 3apquM rs6or.

t =0 aruJ[HA (xpx2,...,
Terur xeureft regrufrx 6aranraa. Eun rsHLlBopr roneBAee
$nyxryaqrah }aircaa crcreuniu, t>0 xyraqaaHbl Aapaax, x, ui,ttt AyHAax yrrHr ,(t)
roMAornoe. Tenqaspr renailfiFt {,(l)-xsuxurAYYHYYA Hb (8, 6, 1) 6ytoy (8, 6, 6)
3axnparAaHa rox eMHex naparpa$g TsMAornocoH 6mnse. Earanraa

rynryypnax
t=0 aruunA (rp ir,...,x,\ Snyrryar-1rail 5ailcau crcreurtiH, t>0 xyraqaaHH Aapaax, 'r,
.qyHAax yrrurrf, oep, X, -rafiH 4yu4ax yrrHr E, (r) eep roMAernge. Tsraen (8, 6, 6) aac

t,=*T,oEn, />0

YYH .qogp

(8,

6,9)

Toxqaepr refleBA optut4x ct4creM gex Snyrryaqrrlx Koppenflq xyraqaar Oyqaax xyBhpra
eepunergexryfi:
(8,6, 1o)
< x,(r)xo(0) 2:< 4(0)x*(l) >
Yynrafi

r 6, (r)

Syuxr-lnfi n rycnaurxrafi 6Lt,{een

< (,(r)xo(0) >=<

3ug gyx4axrarar 6yx x,-nilu I =0 arwuu.qaxb

xyraqaaraap praSSepeHLlranqmflcHu Aapaa

<E,(t)xo )=

y,,

l=0

\(o)ek(t) >

flH3 6yp yrrurH Maragnanaap aBHa. (8,

{,(t)
T

(8, 6, 11)

6,11)

-ynaw:xnan 6ypg (8, 6, 9) rouuEo

< x,v

,(t) >

E, adX,reri,qaaxLlaxa, rfirrlg
(8, 6, 12)
T,t l Xir )= T*r <x,X, )
ypxurgyyn
xoEyn Her rxufl xyraqaaHA xapran3ax
flyx4axrftn reMAsr Aoropx xodp
anumng

ToroxJroop (( 8, 2, 11))

X,xo ): d,o , I x,X t )= 6,, .

Vlhu1 (8, 6, 12) aac (8, 6, B)rapHa.
9ne gynrrafiH Tanaap 2 ruian6ap xonbe. Hsr4yreepr, yr AyrHonr uexantarnfix
xyraLlaar 6yqaax xyBhpranraHg nHBapraHT 6anx urHxilA rynryypnacaH, gHo
aurnrnaaryfi 6on railn EyrHenr xrilx vagaxryil 5ailcan. XoEp Ayraapr, xnrg eprerv 6ne
raAHbrH copoH3oH opoHg oprurra{ crcreMA Agepx rouuEonong 3oxl4x eepqflerlT opox crofr.
gprorq 6re 6yrcy raAHbrH copoH3oH opoHA oprxurq crcreM.q ruexannrrfrH Torunrren
6y-laaxux xaMr eHqor xyp4brH BeKropbrr 6yoy copoH3oH opHbr vurnfir ocpor$p
roxr4onA n (ryxaran6an, t-+-t, d}+-fl 6yay ti-t, H-+-H xyBrpraaraug) rn
6afigar. egresp roxuong KhHerr4K xoes$rqraeHryyg eHqer xypAaac 6yroy copoxaon
napaMerp Maflraap, xaMaapax 6oreeg (8, 6, 8) xapbllaaHyy4.

T,o(Q)

: o,(Q) 6wY r,u(H) = ro, (-H)

T

(9,6, 13)

xsn6eprefr 6nvnrgsue.
Tyyueec ragHa (8, 6, B) xapuqaar rapraxAaa x,6a.rr xoMxnrAyyHyyA eepq4ee
6yqaax xyBnpranrag ToMAorgo eepvnexryfi rox caHacan. Xepase exs xop xsMxurAyyH
xo6ynaa xyraqaar 6yrlaax xyBrpraflTaHA roMAsrco scporeep conhgor 6on (8, 6, 8)
eepqnergexryli( ( 8, 5,4) -uha ynrvraac). Xaprn Her Hb raMgorse ocpor$p conhAor 6on( (8,
nfin ynuaac) (8, 6, 8) xapuqaaHbr opoHg

Tir: -Tri
-recoH xapbqaa rapHa. (8, 6, 6) rorruurronyy4refi cepryy
100

(8,6, 14)

(8,6, 15)

X,:-9itX*, 5*= fr,tlt*

KOsQQhqheHTyyAblH a4nn
E,k-Kl4HerrK Koe+Qt4queHryyA Hb Tir,*KUHeTUK
rur4HxTeft. Yynrafir rapranraaraap M3A3X 6OnnO, XapuH xi 6a X, xeuxrr4YYHYYA

A9X

Hgr H3rHnfirg3 Opnox xapran3aaTail r0rqr33c Y39XOA OHg Hb 6yp axxuaacaa

MXroft 3Yfin.
{ opnox xapraa3aa: X, =

31,

= 0,*x* . dS =

-X,fu,

: * 0*x*&, = -xidX,\

pranraHA,
Xepaee x,,i =1,2,..n -xsMxurAYVHYY.q 6YrA3ep3e, xyraqaar 6yqaax xyBn
Y3YYnAsr

(/,r =yri)6on xi-viAl xypA *,-r

*,:-of
, f =!T,*x,x*
'"i ax,''
2"

t4Xl4JlXsH

(8,6, 16)

rcyraapaa qyxan Bo roBon crcreMrfrH eHrponn eepqnergex xyp4Hr

rnepxrfinx 6ongor. TYxafin6an.

6rqrx 6onno. ,f $yHxq

s=9.r,
t' x,*
t --x,*,=
'AX,
Ox

/xu

xeagparnar xen6ep ryn 9finepnftH reopeuoop

(8,6, 17)
S =2.f 6onno.
vlilnn
TefleBA Ofiproxuu xrlposp eHTponh ecex MaKcLlMyM yrra pyy raa T3MYY1HO.
r Qynxq / yxsuxyy oepor rogopxofinorAcoH 6arax $crofi. Que uaapgl6rayik-Roo$Sr-

rogopxori Hexqon rynraHa. /-xervrxrargyynurftr .ri- xoMxhrAYYHYY.qsOp

ToxsA X,-nita xyp1 f rfiH ynanaxnanaap unspxutinsrAsHe

.af

1'
/t, -

'

0*,

=
, J-1
15i*xixr

l4nspxl4mnx

(8, 6, 18)

ypbAHH aAI4n

S=*x,*,:2.f
6a 6neeec 6YpgceH chcreMA (8, 6, 17 ) rouuEor aBq Y3be'
r, rex
TeHqBepggCeS xasafixaA cficTeMniln snrponn eepqnorgex xOMxSOr AS = -R*,n I
hpcoH $ranes (1$ ysHe yy), &, Hb crcreuutlr reHLlBopT refleBeec xa3afnraxaA

fagaag

optrvrH

rAax MhHtdMyM axutl

rorvr.

3Hg

-roAS + PvA'V
Y -6ueuilx, ro, Po-oPt{Hbl reMneparyp 6a Aapanr. SxrponrailH eepqnenTnfin 2 eep
fir rsnqyynx roHpsgc on6ooc
(8, 6, 19)
E -roS + PoV = -2f ro
TprafrH roxnonyyg:
llTsnqaepeec ilsafrx xagafinr rorTMofl reMneparyp 6a gapanraHg flBarAcaH 6on
&n,n = AE

@=

-2fru

(8,6,20)

8- Tsnrlaepeec xagafix xa3afinT rorTMon reMneparyp 6a esnexyYH,q flBarAcan 6on

: -2f

ro.

101

7 $ fiuccnnarnB Syxxq
Opvuug xr,rBceH 6ueniln MaKpocKonuK xegorlroounfir yponrnilayn 6yqax npoqecc
6ereeg yyurafr ynMaac yr xeAenreenrri xuuerrK oHeprr AyflaaHA uunxcoop 6ne sqscr
t4frtrl xegenreesrrir LloBop rraexanrxuilH xvposHg aBq y3sx 6onorvrxryri, y.{r4p Hb, Ma
xegeflreeHtafi sneprr 6ue 6a opqHu 6yx arorra MoneKynyyAbtH gynaaHH xegenreeHg
6onoxnoop MexaHrK apraap 6rqrrnoe roBsn gArgep 6yx 6eeucrfin xeAenreeHilfr rerulnr
aBq vsex 6yrsuryrl xgpsr rapHa. l4rZrrltssc xapfiH opqr4H Aoropx 6uenila 3eBxeH Q*Q,
MaKpocKonuK KooplqnHaryyA, re4rsspgec xyrallaaraap aBcaH geeg epena6uftn
aryyncaH xeAonrooHr4rZ rsrulurron 6ailx 6onox yy rgmH acyyAan raBtargar. l-oeq exe
epexxnfi xen6epeepes uufigergsx 6onoraxryfiH nu Mogoox.
XaprH ryxarlH aruuH Aaxb o4crerurfrH renea 6arlgan Q -rvraxpocKonhK Koop4uHa
MaKpocKonu K xypgyygaa p 6ypsx ropopxoilnorg4or( Q, niln pssg eperr,t6 rilu ynauxnanyygur
rox xoporcaxryrZ opxux 6ongor) 6on xoAenreeHhfr reruurrenyygufir epeuxnfi x
Torroox 6on4or lafiaa. FlvtA Q, xypAyyp xaHranrrarl 6ara rufrturgsc q
yflaMxnanyyflbtr xoporcsxryri opxr4x 6onuo rox rooqox 6re reHqeeprtiFt 6afipxaacaa
xasailx xsn6snssx xegenreeH aBq y3be. Q, -xoopguHaryy,qHr, reuqsspnfiu 6afrpang
6afrxyfiqaap, coHrox aBcaH rex rooqud.
Tersxnsep cncreuuiln K(Q) -xuueruK sHepn4 KoopguHaraac xaMaapaxryfi, xapun
KBagparnar xen6ep 6afrx 6onuo;noreHllhafi oHepril Hb ra.qHbtH opnur yfrnunsnrefi
6eree4 Q -xoopgranaryygaac KBa.qparnar xen6ep 6arZx 6onno.
Epenxr,rfi r,rrr,tnynuc

rarir

,,I , =aK(?,)

(8, 7, 1)

OQ,

rox roAopxofrnr,e. 3ns renqnyyA ilMnynb,cnitr,

xypAyyAbtH uyraMaH xorvlouHaq

unspxurinHe. 3n,qeec, ypByyraap, xypAHr l4Mnynbcsgp rnepxrfinvuxggA Kt4HernK
rouuEoxg opnyyn6an KrHertaK sHepr]4 uMnynbcosc KBaAparnar xen6sp 6onox 6ereeA Taxgoo

aKe)
o
4I -

(8,7,2)

AP

Xepase Ahccfinaqiltir orr xspercexryfi 6on xegenroeunh rsruurroflyvg Hb qoBsp rraexaxnrnfiu

TsruurronYyg 6onno. MexasrrntiH ToruhrrgflyyA rMnynbcgsc xyraLlaaraap aBcaH
xapran3ax epoHxrtZ xyvrsfires rgHLlyy recoH, yrra t4nspxt4rZnAsr:

b_
,,--

0u

(8, 7, 3)

aQ,

CIynu ypbA aHxaapaxaA, xspBso 55 -a opyyncaH x1,x2,...,x2, xoMxhrgyyH rogorr

KoopgnHaryyA {-rarvrnynucyy4ur ofinrox rov 6on (8,7,2), (8, 7, 3) roruurrenyyA Hb
xoeQ$rqraeHTyyAbtH Torril xeurfix sapvrnarafi, xsn6eprfiH xyBbA, nuriqxs. T
crcreunfir rsnqaepufin 6aripnaac Hb rapraH { -rarranynucyyg 6yxr,1fi e, -lailptuung
xaurrfrH 6ara axnn:R,n,n = K(\)+U(Q,). Vlhwig X1,X2,..,,X,.-xgMxrrAyyHyvAtlrZH yyprrafrr
oR,,n
aU
I 6Run,, I aK

x^ r 0Q,=lr0Q,' \ r 01 rAl

X^o'=l

Tycrycryfiqerrsx6onHo. (8,7,2),(8,7,3)'rerulurrenyyA

ii:TitXr

-epenxnfixapbllaa

TOXI4pHO, T3XA33

: *7 : -T e,'Q,
ens xu (8, 6, 14)- Aypervrreft urt7qsx lailraa rcrvr (xyraqaaHu roMArnftr scpereep conuxog
xoMxurAvya (Q,) Hu eepvnergexryft, xapmH Heree xoMxilrAyyn (4)Hu rerr,Ipsree
T

Q''',

conrxo).
102

-epexxnfr xapbqaaHyyATail nrfiqex,

fluccnnaqrailx npoqeccrfir Tool-lcoH, T3xA33 *,:T,*x^
3)
lu xegenreeHhtZ rsrult4rrsnYYp onx Torroox 3opilnro raBbf' YyxrarZ ryng (8, 7 , 2)'(8, 7,
Toru
{yyAbrH 6apyyn ranl X0,,Xr-xow>1<ttrpyynyygraraH, KilHerrK ros$St'tllneHTyyAblH
(8,_.r^,..?.).
3apqnM xaHraxyriq, ,yrrru" xou6nnaqrir onx H3M3x xeperrsfi. Texgee
hMnyIlbcl4l4H
op*r* uu syfirerl, yqhp Hb, yr xapbllaa 6on ep Aee _n
x3B93p
'"
O"iiu W'ALnxiA toy repsrreta orr xon6ooryfi). Xapran (8, 7, 3)
(graccvrnaq
nonr MeH
uylaMaH KoM6t'l'
6apyyH rang 3egxeH X,, ( oepoep xen6sn, AK I APt) -xsuxurgyynyygrftn
r HeMx 6onso, oc rsrBssc Kt/HeruK rcOes$raqneHryyAblH T3r[u xsM anAarAaHa'
Hfinxyy (8, 7, 3) rfiu oPoug
aK

- i,
'ib --au
aQ, fr''o

6rqux 6onox 6oree4,

TexA33

uJaapAnararafi. OAoo

AK
0Pr

oPo

rorrMotl xoe$QuqueHryyA Hb 3aaBan

Yi* =Tri

Q rg>KopflyynaH,

(8,7, 4)

eqgcngH, 6r'{eegc

y
i---a{J
ae,-\fr''o e^

(8,7,5)

rP

rerulurrsnYYA ueH. Xapeaac Ahcchnaqufru npoqecc, Y39x

xaprileunaflA, xerqeflreoHrl,t xypgaac uyraMaH xaMaapax HoMonr ypennaftn xYqHYYA 6nil
xyproxse. (8, 7, 4) xapbqaaHyygblH aqaap s,qreep xyvHyygrfir xypgaac KBaflparflar
duccunamue QYurcq:

6on xafix qecaH, xeAonreeHmfi

, =*4T,re,or
3ox14x

(8,

xypaaap aBcaH ynaMxflan xen6spreil 6rqrax 6onno(

D-___

tlarpanxrafin $ynrq:

L: K -U

-f
t'-

au

af
-

AQ,

OQ,

Ti*Qx:
t

daL aL=-._af
A8, AQ,

4 ). rrrro
-:k
ao.

(8,7 ,7)

opyynaH sgresprfir Aapaax xen6epreft

dt

7,6)

6rqrx

6onno:
(9, 7, 8)

AQ,

eprfiu

Avlccutranaa Qyxrqufin ynavrxnanaapaa s4roop ToruilTrgnYyg

,tfi H rerulrrronYYASsc Anfaaravi.
xe4onx 6yir }wevriaa srtZr uexashK 3Hepril (K +U ) wfir xoporAoxog xYprsHg' XoporAox
(65 )raran e[eHxrarl gyxryygreft Hrfiqen, A4ccvnartAB QyHxqeep ro4opxoftnorgouo. esA
isrrrgsrnsn 6$ aac eep 6afiraar xaprafi3aH yyHrarZr ulilHoqneH xufix xapyyntn'

rang 6afiraa

fit*.r, - r(# P .#,, ): i rlr, #,)

(8,7 ,7)uiar opnyyncHbl Aapaa .qilccl4naTrB Syxrq KBaApaTIlar Synxrl re1rui'tr aHxaapBan
(9, 7, 9)
,-2/

L,x*U)=-F Oildt'

A-'aQu

ulpoo rapnaa.

Qtgcr

roM,qgrfl oxoA, copoH3oH opoHA xeAonrooHml4

TgruilTr3n

MeH

fl (8, 7, 5) xen6sPreil

6onoaq (8,7,4) rilu oPong

T,o(Il) = 7*,(-H).
yflaMxnanaap Hb ypenlafru xYt{-nfl3p-xl4tZnergger rnfrut
aBcaH
xypgaap
UanTraanaaA
rrrae Synxq Oa,axiVra; rafivreec xegoflreeHuN rsiuNrrsn (8,7 ,7) xsn6eprsil 6ra'rrrgsxryti.
103

8 $. Onyrryaqufru cnexrP 3agapraa

Onyrrya qna rv x(r)

xarvrxra

rgyyH

r,r

fi

r Oyp ue n HrerpanA saAan 6an

x(/)

x,

tx.e"u'dro

(8, 8, 1)

(8, 8, 2)

x1\e-i'u'dt.

-!

ZN

gne uHrerpan qyxaM4aa capHyrx l,iHrerpan MeH, y'.{vrp Hb I -+ mxe3raaprx(r) xsr,lxurAYYH rcr
rgMyvnsxryrl Feeq oHg Hb gop xrrZrgsx oHreq rapranraaHg reArafrn Heneereft syfin
Koppennqraran Synrqraftn ro4opxotlnonroH,q (8, 8, 1) ruar opnyyn6an
eQ'

* t) =,< x(r')x(t)r:

i i . r,,*,,, > e-iot e-ia't dadrrt'.

=+
l/7r ) 7 :."

ToxqennilH 6apyyH TanbtH unepxnfinen

t'-l

(8, 8, 3)

flflraBpac xaMaapaxblH rynA hHTerpafl Aopx

unepxrfinsn
>= 2 n {x' ) ,u 5 (al l- ra')
3xe nnepxurinnuilr (x2), xoMxilrgYYnvrfr rogopxotinonr
1

6ailx 6crori.

(8, 8,4)

x ,,,x ,,,,

rsx

Y33x xepsrrefi.

1ogurotZ xstvrxt4rAYYH MeH, f{mp xu, (8, 8,

rnepxufinen 3oBxeH a=*a| -A Tgrooc snraanail 6ereeg 0),{.D'vtiA+ xyBbA TgrLu xoMTofi,
(*'),=(x')_,,eug auita rsugruilr gcporogp conhx Hb KoMnfleKc xgcMor aeCaHraft 3KBmBafleHT

xoMxnrAYYH eepoe KoMnneKc 6onoa.r

(8, B, 4)-r (8, 8, 3)

-g opnyynaag
QQ)

(x'),,

r.lo'33p

tlHrerpan aBaxaA

l?

fi

J*{*', ),,"-"u'

(9, 8, 5)

d a).

eugeec Qnyrrya rlna rq xeMxr rgyyu u fr AyHAax KBaApar :

(8, B, 6)
),,,d a.
[21x2
eHgeec xapaxaA Qnyrryaqrrin AyxAax KBaAparHH cnerffp Hsrr nu (x2), xsMxhrAYYH
6aftHa. Snsxyy xoMxilrgyyu uu (8, B, 5)Ecoop xoppennqraftH $yxrqrfrn Oypue KoMnoHeHr MeHVlhuA

e(o) =

*l_u'r,,a,

(*'). =l*etD"'''dr.

(9, 8, 7)

BilqcsH roruuonyygag x(r) -6on KnacchK xoMxhrAyyu 5ailnaa. KaaHr

Toxr4on.q 6on (8, 8, 1) - (8, 8, 2)-aagapraa nu xyraqaaHaac xaMaapcaH

xSMX14rA

i(t)

3aAapraa oaux boflHo.

Cnerrp nnrr(x2),

-brH

rogopxorlnonr( (8, 8, 4)

rariH

opong)

. *",*,,,, + i,,,,i,, >= 2r(x')*5(a + 6').

!2ru@@@\

(8, 8, 8)

Her xeuxrr4yyHrafi KBa3hcrauuoHap Qnyxryatyila KoppeflfiLlt4raH Qyxxq ((8,4, 18) )

eQ)

Yyurfi cneKrp 3a4apraa

- )e-tvt
p

I * I lr.,2\:lI
\" /o
Bll-iat ).+ia)

21

p1l2+a2)'

3ue unepxvilnnniar KBa3rcrallLlouap $nyrryall rsx naprfiavnanuH yrraHA

(9, 8, 9)
Toxt4pox

.qaBTaMxrHp, ryxafrn6an, ryfrqsg 6vtlu rsHqespniln xyrallaaHH ypByy x3MX3oT9U

6ara rnfiv AaBraMxuHA xopsrfl gHs.
104

4$

rt xy

:Xl":T::Til

xn

::

oplynx, -r -+n yKrya

qna rq xsMxu r^yy

y'Dbe
<Dypue

ilHTArnrnlrr A^hr^
rHrerpanHr
opnyynx onoxoA: (),_iat)x,, y
@ = /(D
xapaxaA

(/r),=(12 +a21(x21.
1

21

,...,x nr,c,H

HArSH 30por

auaaH aa

(8, g, 10)

6afix xu ofinroruxrofi.
3ne rorut60r rr ,x

rt xw

;;;;ffi;il##:
Hn

Snyrryaqnarq xeA

XSAOH TepMOAhHaMuK

,TT,:r:"*::::r::T,Tr?'o"*Koppennq*axgvHrqvvs;ri;;:;:;;;-,
. Cnerrp 3aAapraaHbr KoMnoHeHr
Hb
(*'*o)"' =
(g, g, 4) rfin

Q'o(t)e'''at ="[ < x'(t)x.10) > ei* dt'

(8, g, 11)

oporg
1 x,,xk,, >= 2n(x,xo),6 (a +

crt

(8, g, 12)

@nhxXHF
ll2rltln2.n
/--r.r*t""ol
a4un.
Hb, Llaaur,aaA,
--\ ooc KoMnfleKc
(xox,),
xocMor aaaxrari apun, uhug
^,il"o
)= eo,Gt) ((8, S, 2) )rsnqeneec

H.),]lT,il"I
rl;3,;,=*-],,,
rorru IlIi'^#:;!
xsuwilr
5, ,j ur'rr,'i,
,qaxb,

una.pxuilnceH (8,

(x,x),, = t(x,xo)-. = t(x,x)i

r'$ ;(*,*),_
r;; i l*,

;,rirr

,Earuur
; ;: m#::,
i,J: roxl4or.rA
SX
nnepxnrtnus. oxHrarl

l';l;ll,

onyrryaqrar", xvraqaa .vqaax

;;:"liffiL

(g. g- 14)

;
ran ra a uxn
n lnlr, l],_ u,,
*rr**oyy;;;;ffi,
;?;fi:_:il"r#r:
xoMToi, cyynwnu ToxhoflA
xyypMar, i, k _napexcyyAsopso
;,1

yB h p

ecper

xsurefr
*pp*ir;;;il;JH#ilLnyys

5g-s reaaracraqroHap
enyrryaqra,i"
p)' Sgrsep r,ruilrr,nyv.q
cneKrp 3arqapraaraap

6ra.rcex ( (8, 5,
xnn6ap 6040rgoHo. (g, 5, g)
r'flx]rrr,flyyA
,al,p rerrurrren,o Hsr ranuH oypue xyanpranr
xrrze.
noafl' Ter.urrrenyygvtilr ei^ -oop
_.y,'ypxoo dt
4 eep 0 aac
(t)-rruryynrafir xecernex rHrerpanqr4
nax6aa e,,(*)= 0 rox rooqro.
Tsxsg rapax Hb
-e,, (0) - iot(x,x,)lj) = * l,o @
ox,)lj)

Hi;'fl:::T:: :::::::.

*rr[rl,"r#ff'JJJ:I#:

'@

(*,*)li'

-urttt yrra "aHxHbr Hexller,, ((g,

s, ,o))

(8, g, 15)

[e,,Oe,,,dt

l"o rogopxorinor^oHo. Vlhua

(2* -iad,)(xox,)*)
= Fi,
_

tn-xosssraqreHryyAbrrororotti:-*l!".;):";il
opoHA rorur xoMsop
AeHryyp ik_KnHeruiroessrqraeHryyA
;,;;rjr:;l;;;'vvAbrFr
anre6puriu ct4creM tswutrsnniln
wnilA

rnrrorq 4ox,,-.r,, Hb ypByy

-,,:ff1[;;f,;:rfi;H roMAerne x
105

6yh.

opxoo,

Heree ranaac 1ngnuil coHl4pxox 6yfi cnexrp

3aflapraaHbr KoMnoHeHr (g, g, 1 1) Hu Hor rarrbrH
3a4apraaHbr (8, 8, 1 5) rorunoneHroop unepxrfiner4oHs:

;ifi ruf-J,I; ilHrerpanb,r ._* v X;l?},, uo *.,

yT:.!_*
I,ff
@ xYpron
H,1=g:,,.',ff
dscaH
2 t/HrerpanuH Hrafin6ep'6onron-or"r"g
",11
exHrfi uHTerpanA
t-+-t

niriw
coflr4H (8, 5, 2) -cnuruerpufi

^YProJl,

a wnuxui,tr,awurna. Vlrrrw r,lranox on6ooc

(*,*o), = G - iab,l + (E + ia$)i,,
(8,9, 17)
ronu xeuuiH wuuxuiln ynMaac (8, 8, 17) xeMxrrAvyHyyn
(8, B, 13)

ooc
r,,.^

2::,!.? (8,
*r 8,14)
.":]?liltyyruH
6Ygy
wuaxnfrr uyyA onHo.

xr{ opyynaH,
eep,qypcren xapyynx 6onro
";; ;;5#H;'
,t:fffr",flr$, I::T:3:.i::y::::f.._:r1u'"rery,4
a rq *,, *,'a
"
u,
;;:il'
;,;;
;
;;
w
il i"t YYr r. tvet. .s4
l1s" ;: : :' "Tll:
I,'_tl
l:rya
aAnnaap).
Texgse
repMoArHauurufia
xyBbA Hsr Hsrnraroe opnox x,,x, xooxrargyyxyy4rafrr
xon60cox *, = -e
,oxo -Tsruurron,q caHaMcapryra xyv - y, opyynlan xoppennquilH

:ffiI;

rul4Hx

xnn6ap rouuEonorgono. Tyxafin6an

J:,XlT1r.TyHyvA
Yvtrpulir
xyvu

oflrl

X,:

-(,oxo +Y,
Snyrryaqaacaa ux6afix yes (8, B, 18) rsruurren

y,ufir

,"" trrg.rrr-r'lql.r,

+.....-. -- ---fi uannana,..,i,i.

roppenn qr rin Syr
rqraft H cneKrp 3a4apra

(Y,Yo),u=e

(8, g, 1g)

**Co,

(8, g, 19)

rox rapHa. 3Arsep xoMxhrAyyx (8, g, 10) aghn

AaBTaMXaac xaMaapax ryit 6aiua,.
Xepeee caHaMcapryh xyu y,uhr (8,6, 6) rsrurrrronA
opyynaH

i,=*Y,oXo+y,

(8, g,

20)
rsx 6uqesn Koppenelll4rrn
eynxq xb, 6ac n (8, B, 19) urar rorraueoroo p nnspxnilnorAoHo.

(y,yo),,=T**Tri
\')/i')/t)ro:[*+Tti
"
(8,8,21)
hfru rouudo 6arix dcrorz rg.qgr Hb x,6ax,xautxfirAyyHyyA
Hsr Hs*fires opnox urrxxrsfr
uthxxtsfi
caHaxaA n ofinronaxrorZ.
(8,8, 19) 6a (8,8,21) rorrau6oHyy4btH
AaByy ran reBsrr agr$pr C*6a To,

eepcAee (/psyy nu 6raur) opx 6afrraa FBAan

MeH.

*1r:, 6onrox Hor xoMxoocr rapMoHr4* ocq,nnnrop aBq

I:::r:"r:I:n"lxqr.r:!srrcx
oepeep
xon6en, (e=0) ronqespr 6anpwunp rarzaaH
#;''""01r""- g: -''-"r:
u:o xsnoenssn xufix 6onouxrori 6ue aeq ysue. onyrryaqrafrx
ynMaac

"il;;,

::::::::].T

.. ,rvsHrq
KBa.qpar
I yrra
xasanx
J
H::::T ^?,.=.,2,,[:1* xafi
11.arzHa. _oHe .xasafinrus AyHAax
,o"X:,1
n,,vunit xoeeera q rae r r"u p *4op xofi nornono.
::T1 l:.:. il?l,,
Ocqrnnar_opHH
noreHllhan gHepru

yeA

(J =

m@o

g,

2m- "Macc" (epouxrfr nvtnynac p 6a 0 -xypA xoopurn xoopoHAox

roes$uquexr:

nponopuxoH
aro-veneer xsn6ensnurin paeranax (ypenrryia yenfia).Texeg
KBaApar gnyrryaq ( 35. 7. 6ognoro ysns yy)

p=me),

<O'>=

mai

ffi#;,?ilh,

.p
Q

(8,8,22)

=L,
m
106

(8, 9,23)

P=

3rtg,

-y'm = -yQ -ypsnnatZn xyv. Xspeee,

{, x, -xeuxilrgyyHyy4
F, 8, 23)-(8, 8,24)

(8,8,24)

-malQ-y m

7 S -g railn6apnacHaap, Q6a P xoMxilrgyyuyygrrZr

rgx y3Ben X r6a X, xoMxilr,qyyHyyA Hb moiQ

lt

6a P I mr 6onuo.
roruilrronyyg Hb, Toxs,q, *,=*T,rX*rorrxrrrenyyguila yyper ryfiqerroHo,

GD(A3O

Ttr =0, Tn = -Tzt: -T, Tzz = TT

Sgreep rgrtuilrrslrr4rar Snyrryaq.q xepsrnexwhu ryn (8, 8,24)
mpaax xen6eprerZ 6nque.

rfir caxaucapryfi xyq opyynaH

P=

-maiQ -y L+ y

(8, 8,25)

8, 23) rerutaTrgfl 6on rrunynucrfiH rogopxoftnonr ryn xsBoop Hb v.n,qggx xu eyfireri.

P, 8, 2 1 ) rorvruOo 6coop, caHaMcapryfi xyvnrari $nyxryaqra rZx cnerrp Hnrr
$g221.uitr ofloxbtH

(y'),=2y,r=2yr
ryn4 P : mQvilr (8, B, 25) - A opflyynN 6rqse
m0+yQ+malQ

(8, 8, 26)

(8,8,27)

=y

rsruhrrsn4 Q 6a y rriH Oypse 3aAapraar opnyynx on6on

(-*r' -iary +mai)Q, = y.,

(Q'),

2yr
m'(@'

- rd)' + a'y'

'

(9, 8,28)

9 $. Epenxufi xynesx aBax qagBap

Kaasncraqnonap Qnyrryatyila cneKrp 3agapraaHbr (8, B, 9) rorvrudo uJrr epeHxhfr rorr,tudor
n $nyrryaqrtin xyau4 raprax 6onorvrxryrl. Xaprx 3apuM ToxilonA Qnyrryaqrarin u:nHxnfir,
ro4opxotZ raAHbrH yfinvnsn,q ilnpox gaH ronsilfir nnspxrfinerv (xnaccur regnilryia
xeuxnrgyyurefr
xon6ox 6onAor ax. 3ns rareropurlx Srasrar xoMxrrAyyH 6ypA, Heneer Hb
),
raM14flbToHhaHA

(8, 9i 1)
V=*if(t),
6ycuuynarv oneparop Hsrvrx 6u.{eo4 3yparnax 6ongor, rrftu ragxurn yfinunen
. 3nA i -ererAcoH xoMxmrAyynuft oneparcp, f(t) -xyrauaaHaac xaMaaparv 6ycxrynarv
xrfi xpt. Vliu'n 6ycann 6ailraa HexqeflA i xauxurgyyHr,ra KBaHT MexaHrK AyHAax f rsreoc
(xapnH 6ycnnnryrl, reHqBopr reneBA 7:0 ) Sereep ryynuhr&,f(r) rsx receenx 6onxo,
Hb uHrerpan uyraMaH oneparop, ropoop /(r) Syuxq4 yranvnex AvpeM Hb

: a f : ?I a(u).f (t -u)du,

(8, 9, 2)

6neuila urHxssc xaMaapax, xyraLlaaHaac xaMaapcar-r Qynxq. T -ui,u ryxaftH aruJilH Aax yrra
xyvHttft eMHex yerarin )rrryy'Aaac xaMaapHa. Yynrarar (8, 9, 2) rorvruOo rycraxee. x(f)
rgvyH raAHur yfingeng chcreMooc erex xapryr unspxufinus.
Xyraqaanaac xaMaapcaH anwaaa 6ycnrnsrr, Oypue 3a4apraaHbt rycnaMxrahraap,
e'^ ro>K xaMaapax MoHoxpoMaruK KoMnoHeHryygbrH 6arq rex ysne.
9, 2)-A f 6a 7 nilr f.e-''' 6a i,,,e*''' xen6spretZ opnyynx xyv 6a 3oxrx xapuyHbl Oypse
xon6oor on6on
107

7,

a(at).f.

a(a)

laltP'''

(8, 9, 3)

Yvun
(8,

dt

9,4)

HefleeH AeX, 3aHTefleB

eHaxyy Qynxqrailr orceHeep lneuila, ryxarlH 6ycunnutH
rogopxofrnorAoHo.Srea(al)nilrepeHxutfixyneeHaBaxqaABaprgxHepnee'eus
x-xsuxnrgYYnuil
rafin6apnax 6yh oHonA ron Yvper ryfiqerrsre' ryYr$p
nnspxufrnerAex 6onso.

a(al) syHxq

xacrnfir
eponxrafiAoe KoMnneKc, ryynrarT 6o.qvrr 6a xyyprvrar

TgMrqornse:

(8, 9,

a'

tex

(8, 9, 5)

a(ot)=a'(a)+ia'(a)

4) rogoPxoilnonrooc

6a dn

= ar (o)
flflrax 6ill{son
xecrufrr
rax 6u.{t1x 6onuo. 3HA 6oArarofr 6a xyypnar
a' (-ro) = a' (c't), a' (-a) = -a' (a)'

a(-rti

(9, 9,6)

(8,9, 7)

qsr

ar=0
Asop
eepeep xen63n, a'(a)-rortu, a'(a)-cosAroft Synxq' a'(at) $yHxq
roHqYY 6onoos (saprarvr roxt4ona xnsraapryfr Ycpenr "y!:11:l:":,yt-::j?f3 ,,-^n ,,0
nnspxnfinen
xvq 6oararor drr*un xapry 6oArroft lailaa regrrfiu
Xepaee,f0) xVq qoBep MoHoxpoMarnr 6eree.q 6ograroil 6on

'"-H,ti1;",ir;;'6;;

(t) =Re j'oe-i''

=Llfo"-"''

* -f,ir''').

(8,9,8)

d oneparopulr xop rnuYYH ryc 6YpR xopsrnoBon

:ll

2L

o6)-[,,e'"u'

+ a(-co)J',,ie"''

(8, 9, 9)

3ne unepxuilnnuita 6ograrofr 6atZx Hoxqen (8, 9, 6)rati AaBxLlaHa'

yygHgoc sHo xfl3raapur rerrsil ToH1lYY r3x Y3be, rsrrofi rgHl-lYY 6tau rsxeg Aop rapax
rouu6ouyypa4 MsAssxntin, nnrxryfi eepvnenryYA opox 6onuo'
gHeprr uhHr9ox
/(t) xyvnrafi yrinvneneep 6raerafin roneB oepqflorAox npoqeccrftr
H yycrsBsp Hb raAHbtH yfinvnen 6ailx6a 6re utrursscsH eHepru6ne
gynru"g lrjr4nxhHe. 9He'gmcunaquilr 6ac n d, -aap rnepxrftnx 6onno. Yytnfi ryn
dE

At
dt -AH

-ToHqonauurnag,SHgTgHl.lgn6coop,AyHAaxgHeprhScxyraqaaraapaBcaHynai
aBcaH ryxatiH ynaMxnanblH AyHAax yrrarafi TeHqYY (lll 6ynsr'
raMnnbToHoo"
"yrrqrrraap
28)6yroy (3, 3, 29) Ys)
l-aurnronnaHA XyraqaaHaac

t4n

xaMaapAar Hb 3eBxea

dE _df

'6ycuvtn MeH Tyn

(8, 9, 10)
dt
anb Hr
eus xapuqaa rafrn6apnax 6yil oHonHH xopsrnseHg t{yxan Yvpor ryfiqerreus' Xepeee
(8' 9'
rogopxofi npolleccr eneprrilH eepqnenrl4fiu unepxrfinen MogsrAax 6afiean ryyHnilr
rsil xt41ussg conrapxox 6yfr x -xeMxnr4YyHNrl xyaup flMap xeMxhrAYYH f xyuauh
ryfi qsrrsxurl r rorroox 6onno.
7 6af -r,rrZH (8, 9, 8) - (8, 9, 9) rovrueouyygurr (8, 9, 10)-g opflyynaaA xyraqaaraap
MOHOXpOMaXTTT 6ycnnnurH Honsereep chcreMA HgrX xyraqaaHA Al4cohnaqflarAax
exeprrilr onu6. 3ne gyngaxnilr Q tee. e"'^ -aryyncaH riluYVA AyH4axnaxaA Tor 6onno,
rapcaH Hb

dt

-v

--:-

108

g=

9
to. - a) | fo 1' = a' (a)l

Jo

l'

(8,9, 11)

zr rogoPxofinox
^."^'o-'nnnr uL 6
guAegcY3gxeAXYIlggHaBaxqaABapblHxyypMarXScorHueHepruilHAt,lcchnaqrl
anb HOr xeMxesrssp Ar4cc4nall (Q>0 )Aaran,q.qar
nse. Ep Hb anhBaa 6oAur npoqeccnilr
xnffx 6onso:
gepsr"'
6onoxnoop Aapaax t{yxafl AYrHorlr
y" aA (1" Synrq r3r93c snraatah 6oreeA
u
anu
-xyBbcarqmilH
al
"
'"p"'
aurrflaH a(ar)-synrqraftn xyeug 3apuM eponxrafi
annapar
xyBbcarqrara
$yHrqnfiH
Korrannerc
'=
reX aBq Y3338 3Ho
()
xorunneKc xyBbcarv ( o a' +'ial" )
uftr
a)|t.
6onAOr
raprax
xapbqaa
ryeucaruuilHEe3Exaracxaarratlga(a)-$yrrxqrararruluuxuftrtxrHxnnbe.
a(ar)uu gsss
ana q sepsr ytt'o-1"-t"l::-l',1:,:'"
nha
t
a(t)Qynrq
6a
(8, 9, 4) rosopxofrnonr
qgrryfi) syxrq uon
6ongorryra (eepeep xofl6en, ouqrofi
xRsraapryfi
yrrarail,
HereH
xaarrail,
xarac
6yypgal
(8, 9,4)-g t/Hrerpan flop eKcnoHeHqman
ri,coH AyrHonT rapHa. Yvnp uu. a">06ailxaA
6oArr rsHxner
rercner. lAutagilHrerpan HrranHs' a(ar) synxu
e,,,,-ypxurgyyu 6rfi, a(l) Qyuxq
qsrrYft' A(a)oHLlrofi r-lsr 6mLu n 6on' epsec oullrofr
3x
KOOpAuHaTblH
x3pB33
(ar,=0) Assp,
6e
syrrrqAssAxaracxaerrat4Aour{rotiqorryrlrscsHAYrHgnTHb,Qnar,rrTanaacaa,uanTraaHT
6aitx rru auturrafi. Ujanrraanulr 'lax rycracau
(B'
9'
3apqnMblH MepAenree nru regrnilr-,*]u,p,
YYHufr vnruaac
reaen (8, 9,Z)-st4Hrerpanbrr ryxarH aruuHaac "*i11..1v;**:*:ecaH'
*v'* (-*'*)6l,1tu' xapun (0'm) 6ataraa oM'
-r;;#;;;;;;'a;;'nn"'"
(8, 9, 4) rogoPxofinoflrooc

a(-a.)

= a.

(a)

(8,9, 12)

hHrerpan (a(a)-a)flflraBpbtH rsrrliH roorofr reHqYY, oepeep xsn6on, a(ar)$yxrq

ytrarail ToHLlAer LlsrrliH rooroft rsHuYY.
l4xrerpanutr rooqoonoxblH ryn ryyunfi r

a-

lrda
-Q)ri !,a -a

rox 6rqbe. enA C' 6on axaarrafi Aospx C xypssr a xastrafi gesp 6yynraqrxcaH 6aitraa
xnsraapryil ancflargcaH xarac rofrporrarZu LlsrYYA, 6yrp,, a =0 qerr 6yyHa. Koopgnuarux
(ar = 0 ) xu eep 6oAur Ller: o0 -4 6yyHa. r:oxaawaitu 6apyyn 6a syyx 6oArr xoep xarac roHxJlor
a xaarraila AeeA 6a AooA xaBTrarZg 6yxnsopso xoBTax uapufiH reeerrsfi (epeuxrfigee
orronqcou) 2 - r,ttypyiap,6yyna. Sgrssp vrypyraxyyg (t=0,d=do xo6pooc eep eMapq
a6cqrcc teHxnerrfir orrnoxryt|, f{up Hb, a nu (ar=0 ooc eep) anb q Tercner 6OAur o)
6o4rr yrra aBaxryfi. C' xypesnr,rft oHs r.lrr4Hxl4fix ynuaac xYpser 6yren rofrpoxog a(a)
gKoMnneKC TooHbt apryuenrufiH eepqnergex xoMxsO 2r (xepBog a TOO Hb 36 sypar
y3yyn6sH ulnr 0 6a arufrx xoopOug Op[Jl4Boa), ecaen rer (xepeee 4 rOO Hb 0 6a aouilr
rHTepBanbtH rapHa loailean, Mypyir eepufiree xoAoH ygaa orroncoHooc xaMaapaxrytarsep).

nnepxNtlnsn 0<a <ao6ahaan Hsrrefi roHt-lYY, 4rooHu eep fiMap q yrraA

roHrlyy 6afrx 6onuo.
t4raHxyy, arxaarratiH AeeA xarac nsep, a(a;) SyHxq, AypAcaH hHrepBan4 optxt4x 6oArr
lrrra 6ypufir Hgr HsryAaa aBHa, gHg r4HrepBanbrH ra,qHa oput4x anbv. a yrrblr Horq yAaa a

(8, 9,

13)

rccoH rqYrHsnTeHA xYpnes.

Sn,qaec loyHbt ypbg,

d(o)

Qynxq 6ogur yrratail 6afrx xyypMar rsHxfisr A33p a(a)

rcAer Hb MsAerAoHo. Xspase rrilu 6uu.t 6on eug QyHxtt

HgroH yrrHr ,qop xaflx xo6p ygaa aBaxag xYpHo. rorcxnoop xyypMar ToHxnor 4eep a(ar)
MOHOTOH 6yypCaap a0 OOC r9r xYpronx yrrur H3r Hgr yAaa aBHa.

MaKchMyM .{ yryfi, MkiHr4MyM "t

yryit

Xepass d0:@, eepoop x3fl63n, a(a;) $yHrq a=0 qer 6sep nontocTof 6on
6aranraau6 3eBxeH Aapaax sepqflonT opHo: r0 -XaBTratIH 6ognr ToHXngr Aaryy
KoopAhHarbrH sxrlZr rorcrenryft 6ara pagvrycrarl xarac rofiproop roftpt{ eHrepex xgporrof.
36-p sypar gaxs C' xypaor, ao ui'u Hb xg3raaprYl4 pYY HYYnreH eopqnnHe. a(ar) SyHxq'
TOxuonA, xyypMar r3Hxfl3r A33p {o 3ec r3r xYprnsa MoHoroH 6yypna.
L{aaulrag a(a;) Qyuxttwi,nt 6o1nr 6a xyyprrl1ar xscryYgntir xoopoxg Hu xon6ocox
raprafl. Yyxrari rynp, a = ro0 rgcoH rMap HorgH oeper 6ogr,rr yrra aaq a l(a-ao)
37-p syparr AypcenmH xvpsoroop t4HTerpan aBbe.

3Hs xypss 6yx 6ograr roHxfior Aaryy eBax,qaa

o)= @o>0 rler A33ryyp (xspeee a =0 qer a(a)
Qynrqr,rrin nonrcc uou 6on 6ac sHs l-lor AoeryYp )
roipv eHrepHe. 3Hs xypss rercronryti aficbtH xarac
rofiproop nax 6nryypus. Xnsraapryttg u -+0 , uitwg
a l(at-ctt) Qynxq xnsraapryti nafru lla eec rypr3H *60
rsr pyy roMyynHo. lAiltap

ouh

sffi

3ypar 37

| 1da(ot)
,-Y q,

a(af $yurLl A33A xarac xaerrattg onqrofi qerryra 6ac o = @ot13[ C

raAHa laiaraaryn d,l(at-a)Synxq C xypeenraft Aoropx MyxtlA alanvfivt, rillrlesc 6nqcsn

-hHTerpan xurlnHs;

hHrerpan rsrrefi reHqyy.

110

Xnsraapryrl ancnarAcaH rofiproop aBcaH rHrerpaJr eopee rsr 6onxo. @ oor-lsrrfrx

=
AooxHyyp
rercrenryfi 6ara ( p + 0 paArayc lyxuil) xarac rorlproop qarurZn syyxrri
Aaryy qilrnsn4
rof,poxog [HTerpanA *ina(a) xeruxssrefi xyBb opHo. Xepass a0 rercfler 6on roopghHarbrH
maftr roripox Hb rnyy syiln, rHrexneep 6yx geper roHxJrorogp aBcaH rHTerpan:
(q,-p @
I

o ar*
| @-00
[ -d4al-ixalaul=s
'-oL*
d.rr-ro )
rin]]

9xxrafi
F-"'o.
LlixxyV

rmuYYH

Hb -@ aac

oo

xypgx

MIDK

td,

t-.y.1

a-a^
" ---da

Aoop, ron )rrraap ofinrox, aBcaH rHrerpafl MeH.

= inaQto)

(8, 9, 14)

.{U

eHg "r.y." Ycer hHrerpanHr ron )rrraap aaaapah rocoH aHxaapyyfira roru. On4 [HTerpanbrH
ryrBbcarq su 6ogrr xyBbcar'.{, ryynrarzr uhHoop f rsx, laci.i.ouilr rorox, 6ac a(al)
eyHxqg
yr 6a xyypMar x cruilr flrtraH a = d,, + ia,, rgx ryc ryc rsM4grflge.
9, 14)-A 6oAyrr 6a xyyprraar xecrnilr flflraH ryc rycaA Hu 6raqeesc

,.r.i a'(0aq
7t "_q a

a'1a1:7

(8, g, 15)

a'(r):-t,yig@-dc

(8,9, 16)

lf

"*q*(0
xapbqaar Arcnepc xapbqaa 6yroy Kparvrepc -KponrrrfiN xapbllaa reAor.
l4urerpanuu

;;;-;,;#;,;;;;;

YYPOT

a'(O

;;

a(ar)QyHxq AoeA xaBrrafi4 onqrorz qsrryri (uranrraaur 3apqMur ryciacax;

ro4or Hb
rytlqsrrecsn - v1ilt'tip' Kparraepc -KpoxmrrfiH xapbqaar uanrraaHT 3apqMHH Tycran rox
couprori Qynxq ryn (g, g, 15)Aapaax xen6eprefi 6nvmr4exs

a' 61: !

t
(1)
q' t>
r.ri
r,
n r.y.i ?" o,
'trE_,
7t
7t'''lq*r',

a'@yZ,

7r

Xspeee a(ar)

tiyt\rr
_o"
.oC_

(9, g, 17)

qer Aoep nonrc croil lailcaH 6on sHe qerrfru opr{l4MA

a=iA/a,
nonrccr fr r xa rac rofi proo p ro ripoxog r,tH Te rpaflA
-A I ao rscoH HsMonr xaHArB opx r4pHs, rop
tU4B (8, 9, 14) reHqsnnrZH 3yyH rarr4 HoMorgex dcrofi.
Yyng xaprafl3caH 3oxnx naulyyx (g, g,

Synrq

ar = 0

rourong 6urrl6onno:

a'(ot1:

qQfi.4
-fItr.y.TLE_o
a

(8, g, 1g)

(8, 9, '15) 6a (8, 9,17) rorvrudoxyyg eopvnerpexryrZ.

tpl,
a(at) uiu

A3o,q xyypMar xarac rsHxfior .qmpx lrrryyAHr 6ograr rsHxlor

Agopx a,(a) nirn
ap unspxwhncen rouu60 raprafl. yyauil Tyn
Aapaax 6raryy xypssnrfi rHrerpan aBq v3be

1 aa(a)
" a-+@o'

l,fla

Hs 6ogur rsHxflsr, AggA xarac xaerrarl4 xnsraapryrZ ancnarAcaH

rorZpor sne 2 ooc
aro -6ognr roo. OHs rurerpan hHTerpan
unepxufinnurta, o= iato -nonncg
Aopx
, cyyrraflaap rnepxnrinorAgHg.

111

Tercrenryfi aflcnarAcaH xarac rofiproop aBargcaH l4Hrerpan anra 6onso ' lAiamA
aru(ro);
aa = ixa(iao)
i

!*a'

+ ror"

Toxqenuiln 3YYH TanA fiHTerpanHx 6o4rr xscor rsr 6onuo, yt{t4p Hb l4HTerpanqflargax 6yfi
nu cou.qrofi. 3Hg aro 6a at-r a 6a { esp coflbcHbl Aapaa, eHgooc onoxoA

a(i,,) =21*"loraa

1e)

ftroE_+O-

Xepaes gHo xapbqaasar 2tan1*dcossp l4HTeJpan aa6an

(8,9,20)

IaQri_)do = [a'@)da
10 $. Onyrryaq -Auccl4naqblH reopeM

OAoo x xoMxrr4YYgrari Qnyrryaqblr, eMHex naparpaQg opyyncaH, epenxril xYfisoH

vagaaprafi xon6ox 3opl4nro 6yxnfi TootlooHg tul4flxbeI
+ i,,i,) -OneparopblH
1. F,ne n- craqnoHap rerreBA 6afir. gnexyy TeneBA

;G,i*

yrra

i,),,= T rtt
}

(8, 10, 1)
+ (*,,,),,,(i,)
^,f
^,
l{0,0,
^)
xaMaapcaH i(t) oneparop
XyraqaaHaac
6yfi.
aBq
reeu-rxyyAoop
6yx
3ug cyrvrrvrurr sneprrtin
Hb MarpnqnfiH sner\rexrrrir su xyraqaaHaac xaMaapcaH ,qonriloHbr QyHxqeep 6oAox crofi
yr. k1iltt4
+ i,n

1,,(i

(*,),, = I

x,,ei('u"'*')' dt

=2nx*5(a,,^ + ol)

(8, 10,2)

oneparopurn epnftH Marprll-lrfiH sneMeHt, i eepee 6neuha

Koop4rHaryypaap rnepxrfinsrgcsg, xyrallaaHaac xaMaapaaryfi, oneparop. o,-=(8,-8,

9uA

xM

Hb i

6on n 6a m teneyYArarin xoopoHgox u.trnxnnru tiH AaBTaMx'

}Hg xn.=x;.

(x-

6or;m xgMxurAYYu

t'4taHxyy

) rex rooqcoH' [yHg xaanr goropx 6

ypxBopyyAnhr gapaax Aypceop 6qux 6onno.

6 (a,^ * a)6(a + ra') + 5(a*, + a)6{at + at')
Yynraft Aapaa (8, 8, 8)refi xvtu:rxoA Aapaax roruuEo rapHa.

(r'), = oZl *,,1' 16(r* + a)+ 5(a*, + a))

(8, 10,3)

3us unspxnhnnnhu exe 6nqnsrrsfi xon6orAyynx Aapaax :yfrnuttr TaMAornse.

lueuitt exeprufru TeBUHYYA, 3apqMHH xyBhg, At4cKpeT 6onosq xoopoHAoo

MaKpocKon

uluryy, Hrn vprsrlxuncsH rsx 6onruoop.

(8, 10,3) rorvru6oHA cyMMbtr uHrerpanaap conbx 5-SyHrqryit6nqnx 6onxo. Xepaee

EssctaraexeprurstZ reneyypnfiH roo, O(E) =t-r"nryy.qhlaH TooHbl HflrT roBon

(*'), :
Oug

E-

= E, +

Ettl x,,,1' [Q(8,,) + Q(E.)]

tt@, E', = E ,-hot

112

(9, 10,4)

f(

2. 5ue4
=-.fi=-L;f,u-,., + flei,,)x
(9, 10,5)
rnspxrfinsr4sx @ _AaBraMx lyxnfi 6ycHran yfrnvnnx 6ahr. EycHnnuu
v

-oneparopoop

9p

ct4creMA luurxilflr sBar4ax 6eree4 ToxAoo n _>

m ur4nxhflT HSrX xyraqaaHA
MaraAnan Hu ( xaaur uexauwxwitx 6ycnunun ononoop)
w^, =

rouu_oxur

*^, l' l6(a,,

a)

5(a,,, +

(9, 10,6)

rt)f

2 ruwyyu (8, 10, 5) nila 2 nauyynsec yyccoH. UJranxranr,6yp4 cncreM

hot xaatt

'eex 6yroy LlaqHa.

6ycurnun Hefleereep ra,Haac, H'D{

xyraLlaaH.q, uhHrsox AyHAax gHepril

Q=Zw*,hl,,
eHepru us 6ne

Aorop oynu^r{*yBr4pHa. (g, 10, 6) uilropnyynaxag

4#\l

l' l5 (r., + a) + 6 (a,, + a)ko,,

6 -QyHr<q apryMeHT Hb 3eBxeH rerreti ToHtlyy lailxaprr rgrosc nnraatail

rsprnfircaHaBan
Q=

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11)

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12

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(8, 10,7)

xhruilx on6ooc

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at)l

(8, 10,9)

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froh

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to)

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p,
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